Kazakhstan Encyclopedia - User contributions [en]

Tubeteika

2017-04-16T18:42:37Z

Narky Blert: Link to DAB page repaired

[[File:Тебетей.jpg|thumb|A Kyrgyz tebetey]]
[[Image:tubeteika.JPG|thumb|A [[Kazakhs|Kazakh]] tubeteika|right]]
[[File:Crimean Tatar hat - Tubeteika.jpg|thumb|[[Crimean Tatars|Crimean Tatar]] tubeteika.]]

A '''tubeteika''' or '''tübätäy''' ({{lang-ky|Тебетей}}, {{lang-tt|Түбәтәй}}, [[Turkmen language|Turkmen]]:Tahiya, {{lang-ru| Тюбетейка}}) is a [[Central Asia]]n [[cap]], today worn in [[Tajikistan]], [[Kazakhstan]], [[Kyrgyzstan]], and [[Uzbekistan]], as well as in Muslim-populated regions of [[Russia]] (mainly [[Tatars]]). The tubeteika is worn typically by the [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] ethnic groups of the region. It bears some superficial resemblance to the [[yurt]], another Central Asian cultural icon. The cap is called in Uzbek ''duppi'' or ''kalpoq'' and is considered an [[applied art]] form and an important part of the traditional folk costume.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.sairamtour.com/news/gems/37.html|title= Tubeteika suits everybody|accessdate=11 July 2011}}</ref> Black with a flat, square base,<ref name="MentgesShamukhitdinova2013">{{cite book|last1=Mentges|first1=Gabriele|last2=Shamukhitdinova|first2=Lola|title=Modernity of Tradition: Uzbek Textile Culture Today|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aUy-AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA115|year=2013|publisher=Waxmann Verlag|isbn=978-3-8309-7906-7|page=115}}</ref> The ''-ka'' at the end is a Russian diminutive, as with [[wikt:shapka|shapka]], [[ushanka]] and [[budenovka]]. In [[Chust, Uzbekistan|Chust]] the caps are made with white embrodiery with "four arches [which] represent impenetrable gates that will keep all enemies at bay; the burning peppers protect against the evil eye; and the almonds or ''bodom'' are said to symbolise life and fertility".<ref name="Lovell-Hoare2013">{{cite book|last1=Lovell-Hoare|first1=Sophie|last2=Lovell-Hoare|first2=Max|title=Uzbekistan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qF6PJda90gYC&pg=PA117|date=8 July 2013|publisher=Bradt Travel Guides|isbn=978-1-84162-461-7|page=117}}</ref>

Also, there is a trend among Sephardic and Moroccan Jews to wear Uzbeki tubeteikas as a [[kippah]].

Uyghurs wear a cap called a [[doppa]].

==References==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Commons category-inline|Tubeteikas}}

{{Hats|state=collapsed}}

[[Category:Caps]]
[[Category:Kazakhstani culture]]
[[Category:Kyrgyzstani culture]]
[[Category:Tajikistani culture]]
[[Category:Tatar culture]]
[[Category:Uzbekistani culture]]

{{clothing-stub}}

[[tt:Түбәтәй]]

Oskemen

2017-04-15T15:12:24Z

Narky Blert: Link to DAB page repaired

{{Infobox settlement
| native_name = Өскемен {{kk icon}} / Усть-Каменогорск {{ru icon}}
| official_name = Öskemen / Ust-Kamenogorsk
| image_skyline = ust1.jpg
| image_flag = Oskemen_flag.jpg
| image_seal = Oskemen seal.jpg
| image_map =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = Kazakhstan
| pushpin_label = Oskemen
| pushpin_label_position = bottom
| pushpin_mapsize = 280
| pushpin_map_caption =Location in Kazakhstan
| subdivision_type = [[Countries of the world|Country]]
| subdivision_type1 = [[Regions of Kazakhstan|Region]]
| subdivision_name = [[Kazakhstan]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[East Kazakhstan Region]]
| established_title = Founded
| established_date =1720
| established_title1 = Incorporated ([[city]])
| established_date1 = 1868
| government_type =
| leader_title = Akim ([[mayor]])
| leader_name = [[hjmgmghm]]
| area_magnitude =
| area_total_km2 = 540
| area_land_km2 =
| area_urban_km2 =
| area_metro_km2 =
| population_as_of=2013
| population_footnotes =
| population_total = 321251
| population_urban =
| population_metro =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| timezone = [[Almaty Time|ALMT]]
| utc_offset = +6
| timezone_DST =
| utc_offset_DST =
| coordinates = {{coord|49|59|N|82|37|E|region:KZ|display=inline}}
| elevation_footnotes=
| elevation_m = 283
| postal_code_type = [[Postal code]]
| postal_code = 070000–070019
| area_code = +7 7232
| registration_plate = F, 16
| website = {{URL|http://www.oskemen.kz}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Oskemen''' ({{lang-kk|Өскемен/Öskemen}}, ؤسكەمەن) or '''Ust-Kamenogorsk''' ({{lang-ru|Усть-Каменого́рск}}) is the administrative center of [[East Kazakhstan Region]] of [[Kazakhstan]]. It is served by [[Oskemen Airport]]. Population: {{Kz-census2009|303,720|punct=;}} {{Kz-census1999|310,950|punct=.}}

==Name==

The city has two official names.<ref>[http://oskemen.vko.gov.kz/ru/ Oskemen's official website]</ref> In the Kazakh language accepted name ''Өскемен/Öskemen'', in Russian - ''Усть-Каменогорск''. Both names are imaged on the seal of the city. In English used both Oskemen and Ust-Kamenogorsk.<ref>[http://aboutkazakhstan.com/ust-kamenogorsk-city Ust-Kamenogorsk city, Kazakhstan (Oskemen)]</ref>

==History==
The city was founded in 1720 at the confluence of the [[Irtysh]] and [[Ulba River|Ulba]] rivers as a [[fort]] and [[trading post]] named ''Ust-Kamennaya''.<ref>[http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9074531/Ust-Kamenogorsk Encyclopædia Britannica] on-line</ref> It was established according to the order of the Russian Emperor [[Peter the Great]], who sent a military expedition headed by major Ivan Vasilievich Likharev in the search of Yarkenda gold. Likharev’s expedition directed up the Irtysh river to [[Zaysan Lake]]. There, at the confluence of the Ulba and the Irtysh rivers the new fortress was laid – the Ust-Kamennaya Fortress. The Ust-Kamennaya Fortress appeared on the map of the Russian Empire, the very southern end of the Irtysh line.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oskemen.kz/en/city2_2.htm |title=Информация о городе |publisher=www.oskemen.kz |date= |accessdate=January 25, 2011}}</ref> In 1868 the city became the capital of the [[Semipalatinsk Oblast, Russia|Semipalatinsk Oblast]]. It was the site of [[Georgy Malenkov]]'s 30-year internal [[exile]], during which he managed a local hydroelectric plant.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,862609,00.html |title=RUSSIA: The Quick & the Dead |work=[[TIME]] |date=July 22, 1957 |accessdate=August 1, 2010}}</ref>

The city developed into a major [[mining]] and [[metallurgy|metallurgical]] center during the [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] period. Mining of [[non-ferrous metals]], especially [[uranium]], [[beryllium]], [[tantalum]], [[copper]], [[lead]], [[silver]] and [[zinc]] remain important. It is a center for the construction industry producing manufactured housing and [[ferroconcrete]] articles. The post-war industrial history of the city is very closely intertwined with the [[Soviet nuclear bomb project]], and the city was therefore kept closed to outsiders. One of the main industrial enterprises, the [[Ulba Metal Works]] (UMW) which produced and still produces uranium products, was kept entirely secret despite it employing thousands of workers. An explosion at the UMW's beryllium production line in 1990 led to the diffusion of a highly toxic beryllium-containing "cloud" over the city. The health effects of this incident are not entirely known, partly because the incident was kept secret by the Soviet authorities. Kazakhs who have visited the city state it is highly polluted which has led to alarmingly high cancer rates ({{As of|2014|lc=y}}).

==Economy==
Under the name of the Ust-Kamenogorsk Lock, the highest [[Lock (water transport)|lock]] in the world lies at Ablaketka where it allows river traffic to pass around a [[Ust-Kamenogorsk Hydroelectric Power Plant|hydroelectric dam]] on the Irtysh river. It has a drop of more than 40m.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.waterwaysworld.com/latest.cgi?month=012008&start=20 |title=Latest |publisher=Waterways World |date= |accessdate=August 1, 2010}}</ref>

Since the opening of the [[Three Gorges Dam#Locks|Three Gorges locks in China]], the upper lock of that five-lock [[Staircase locks|cascade]] is theoretically on a par with this lock, but its full drop will be used only in extreme cases, while the Ust-Kamenogorsk lock is designed for permanent use at this height.

A new car plant owned jointly by [[AvtoVAZ]] and [[Azia Avto]], which will produce 120,000 cars a year, will be opened in 2016.<ref>http://tengrinews.kz/kazakhstan_news/120-tyisyach-kazahstanskih-avto-v-god-budut-proizvodit-v-ust-kamenogorske-245229/</ref>

==Higher education==
{{main|List of universities in Kazakhstan#Oskemen}}

==Sports==
* [[Kazzinc-Torpedo]]: an [[ice hockey]] team. Alma mater of [[National Hockey League|NHL]] players: [[Nik Antropov]], [[Vitali Kolesnik]], [[Konstantin Pushkaryov]], [[Alexander Perezhogin]] and [[Evgeni Nabokov]]. Kazzinc-Torpedo is currently playing in the [[Supreme Hockey League]] (VHL).
* [[FC Vostok]]: [[football (soccer)|football]] club, currently playing in [[Kazakhstan First Division]]
* The city sent a [[bandy]] team to the [[Spartakiade]] 2009 and finished third.<ref>http://akghaik.ru/photo/9-2-0-0-2?photo=170</ref>
* In 2014 the national [[rink bandy]] championship was organised in town.<ref>http://timeskz.kz/3670-na-chempionate-rk-po-rink-bendi-komanda-zko-zanyala-pervoe-mesto.html</ref>

==Religion==
[[File:Mosque oskemen.jpg|right|Mosque in Oskemen|thumb|200px]]
[[File:Church oskemen.jpg|right|Russian Orthodox Church|thumb|200px]]
There are 32 religious unions, presenting 15 religious confessions, including [[Muslim]], [[Christianity|Christian]] and non-traditional religions. There are 21 cultural buildings in the city: among them [[mosques]] and [[Orthodox Christian]] churches.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oskemen.kz/en/politics5.htm |title=Domestic policy |publisher=www.oskemen.kz |date=April 19, 2001 |accessdate=January 25, 2011}}</ref>

==Transport==
The city has an international [[Oskemen Airport]].

The most popular form of public transport is the tram, although its share in total traffic is less than the bus.

Intercity bus service is carried out on two bus stations. The most extensive network (more than 35 lines) is the oldest railway station, which is located at the Sports Palace on the avenue to them. Abay (street Novoshkolnaya). From this station, buses are not only in the field of human settlements and the Republic, but also in the cities of Russia, such as Krasnoyarsk. The route network of the second station, located on the street. Grange, covers only the area (17 lines).

==Climate==
Oskemen has a continental climate with intermittent precipitation. The coldest months are November through March. Record low temperatures range from −49 °C in January to 4 °C in July, and record highs range from 8 °C in January to 43 °C in July.

==Ecology==
The number of enterprises in Ust-Kamenogorsk is very high relatively to the number of people living there. There are about 169 firms according to the data from 2002.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.greensalvation.org/old/Russian/Facts/Documents/U_Kamenogorsk_01.htm |title=About the ecological situation of the environment of the city of Ust-Kamenogorsk |publisher=www.greensalvation.org |date=March 20, 2002 |accessdate=April 10, 2016}}</ref> Most of them are industrial firms, which work on mining and processing raw materials and mostly heavy metals. To name a few there are several giants among those enterprises that all are situated in just one city:

1) [[Kazzinc]] is a major fully integrated zinc producer with considerable copper, precious metals and lead credits. The company was established in 1997 through the merger of Eastern Kazakhstan's three main non-ferrous metal companies - "Ust-Kamenogorsk Lead and Zinc Combinate", "Leninogorsk Polymetallic Combinate" and "Zyryanovsk Lead Combinate". The company continues to develop seeking to have its stable position among the world's five lowest cost zinc producers. Apart from zinc it produces on a large-scale lead, silver, copper, and many more.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kazzinc.com/en/About_us |title=About us |publisher=www.kazzinc.com |date=n.d. |accessdate=April 11, 2016}}</ref>

2) Titanium-Magnesium plant specializes on production and selling nonferrous metals.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kase.kz/en/emitters/show/UTMK |title=Ust-Kamenogorsk Titanium Magnesium Plant JSC (UTMK) |publisher=www.kase.kz |date=n.d. |accessdate=April 11, 2016}}</ref>

3) [[Ulba metallurgical plant]] produces hi-tech uranium, beryllium and tantalum products for the needs of atomic engineering, electronics, metallurgical and other spheres of operation. The company is among the leaders in production of their specific goods.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ulba.kz/en/company1.htm |title=Company purposes |publisher=www.ulba.kz |date=n.d. |accessdate=April 10, 2016}}</ref>

4) Apart from the mining and processing companies there are numerous thermoelectric power stations and about 5 hydro power plants concentrated around the Ust-Kamenogorsk region of Eastern Kazakhstan.

As it should be expected all of the plants have their own contribution to the pollution of atmosphere, water, and the soil. This city’s situation is different from other cities like [[Almaty]] where the most part of the ecological problem comes from the [[car emissions]]. Here the atmosphere of the city holds the by-products of the heavy metals production as different as Nitrogen dioxide, Sulfur dioxide, Zn, Cd, Cl, As, C, Be, Phenol, Benzol, NaOH, NH3, Radioactivity etc. in general there are about 170 polluting components found in the city.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.greensalvation.org/old/Russian/Facts/Documents/U_Kamenogorsk_01.htm |title=About the ecological situation of the environment of the city of Ust-Kamenogorsk |publisher=www.greensalvation.org |date=March 20, 2002 |accessdate=April 10, 2016}}</ref>

There are 3 impact points that are influenced in Ust-Kamenogorsk. The atmosphere is hit most. With a poor urban ventilation (the average percentage of calm 48%),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.greensalvation.org/old/Russian/Facts/Documents/U_Kamenogorsk_01.htm |title=About the ecological situation of the environment of the city of Ust-Kamenogorsk |publisher=www.greensalvation.org |date=March 20, 2002 |accessdate=April 10, 2016}}</ref> with a large number of vehicles and stationary sources relevance of air pollution in Ust-Kamenogorsk is not in doubt. The concentration of harmful substanes in the air is increasing each year because of the nature of the companies which are looking for increases in the production and profits. As usual, the pollution is enhanced by the low quality of car fuels and increase in the number of cars. As a result of all this, Ust-Kamenogorsk is often recognized as one of the most polluted regional centers of Kazakhstan.

The most polluted rivers of the Republic are those flowing through the territory of the East Kazakhstan region, where the highest index of surface water pollution is observed in the mining areas and enrichment of polymetallic ores.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.greensalvation.org/old/Russian/Facts/Documents/U_Kamenogorsk_01.htm |title=About the ecological situation of the environment of the city of Ust-Kamenogorsk |publisher=www.greensalvation.org |date=March 20, 2002 |accessdate=April 10, 2016}}</ref> Mostly the water is affected through the industrial wastes and the storages of waste. Contamination of the water with lead, selenium, cadmium, nitrates spreads on many kilometers as a consequence of which a few drinking water intakes in the Western part of the city are closed or to be closed.

The soil close to the industry territories holds the solid wastes of the firms and becomes less suitable for planting. An increasing number of industrial waste requires a large area for the storage of waste.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.greensalvation.org/old/Russian/Facts/Documents/U_Kamenogorsk_01.htm |title=About the ecological situation of the environment of the city of Ust-Kamenogorsk |publisher=www.greensalvation.org |date=March 20, 2002 |accessdate=April 10, 2016}}</ref>

As a result of large production of uranium and presence of other radioactive elements such thorium, radon or radioactive dust the radioactive background of the city is remarkable with the zones of radioactive anomaly which are spread around the city.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.greensalvation.org/old/Russian/Facts/Documents/U_Kamenogorsk_01.htm |title=About the ecological situation of the environment of the city of Ust-Kamenogorsk |publisher=www.greensalvation.org |date=March 20, 2002 |accessdate=April 10, 2016}}</ref>

Ust-Kamenogorsk is known to be the leader in Kazakhstan by the number of people having respiratory problems and the diseases of immune system. The statistics shows that the most frequent diseases are respiratory diseases and the urogenital system diseases. In the last years, the number of people having cancer is also increasing.

==Culture==

The city has three cinemas (although during the Soviet era, there were a lot more), three museums, a drama theater with Russian and Kazakh (since 2000) troupes, the [[Boris Alexandrov Sports Palace]].

==International relations==
{{see also|List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Asia#Kazakhstan|l1=List of twin towns and sister cities in Kazakhstan}}

===Twin towns – Sister cities===
Oskemen is [[Twin towns and sister cities|twinned]] with:
* {{flagicon|BLR}} [[Babruysk]], Belarus
* {{flagicon|KOR}} [[Gangneung]], South Korea (2011)
* {{flagicon|TUR}} [[Bursa]], Turkey (2011)
* {{flagicon|ISR}} [[Yokneam Illit|Yokneam]], Israel (2012)
* {{flagicon|RUS}} [[Barnaul]], Russia (2012)

==Notable residents==
*[[Max Birbraer]], ice hockey player (Right Wing) currently playing for the Cardiff Devils of the Elite Ice Hockey League.
*[[Anton Khudobin]], ice hockey player (Goalie) currently playing for the [[Boston Bruins]] of the [[NHL]].
*[[Nik Antropov]], ice hockey player (Centre) currently playing for the Barys Astana of the KHL.
*[[Georgy Malenkov]], former [[Premier of the Soviet Union]]; exiled by [[Nikita Khrushchev]] to Oskemen to manage the hydroelectric plant after [[Anti-Party Group|an abortive coup plot]].
*[[Evgeni Nabokov]], former ice hockey player (Goalie) Played for the [[San Jose Sharks]], [[New York Islanders]] and [[Tampa Bay Lightning]] of the NHL. Ranks 18th all time in the NHL for regular season wins and holds every major goaltending record for San Jose.

== See also ==
* [[Project Sapphire]]

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.oskemen.kz Oskemen]

{{East Kazakhstan Region}}
{{Cities of Kazakhstan}}
{{Coord|49|59|N|82|37|E|region:KZ_type:city|display=title}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Oskemen}}
[[Category:Altai Mountains]]
[[Category:Populated places established in 1720]]
[[Category:Populated places in East Kazakhstan Region]]
[[Category:Semipalatinsk Oblast]]
[[Category:1720 establishments in Russia]]

Moskva (Almaty Metro)

2017-04-11T16:55:53Z

Narky Blert: Link to DAB page repaired

{{Infobox station
| name = Moskva
| type = [[Almaty Metro]] [[rapid transit]] station
| style =
| image = Alma-Ata tube -Moscow- station.JPG
| image_size = 300px
| image_caption =
| address =
| country =
| coordinates ={{Coord|43.229342|N|76.866112|E|region:MX-DIF_type:railwaystation|display=it}}
| elevation =
| line =
| other =
| structure =
| platform = island
| depth = {{convert|20|m}}
| levels =
| tracks = 2
| parking =
| bicycle =
| baggage_check =
| opened = 18 April 2015
| closed =
| rebuilt =
| electrified =
| ADA =
| code =
| owned = [[Almaty Metro]]
| operator =
| zone =
| smartcardname =
| smartcardstatus =
| former =
| passengers =
| pass_year =
| pass_percent =
| pass_system =
| mpassengers =
| services = {{s-rail|title=Almaty Metro}} {{s-line|system=AlmatyMetro|line=1|previous=Sayran|next=Saryarka}}
| map_locator =
}}
{{First Line (Almaty)|right}}
'''Moskva''' ({{lang-kk|Мәскеу}}) is a station at the [[Line 1 (Almaty)|Line 1]] of the [[Almaty Metro]] serving as its western terminus.<ref name="schwandl">{{Cite web|last=Schwandl|first=Robert|url=http://www.urbanrail.net/as/alma/almaty.htm|title=UrbanRail.Net > Asia > Kazakhstan > Almaty Metro|accessdate=4 May 2015}}</ref> The station is located behind [[Sayran (Almaty Metro)|Sayran station]]. It was opened on 18 April 2015 as a part of the second stretch of Line 1 between [[Alatau (Almaty Metro)|Alatau]] and Moskva.<ref name="schwandl"/>

The station is located west of the city center, at [[Abay Avenue]] east of crossing with [[Altynsarin Avenue]]. It is built underground and has one island platform.<ref name="schwandl"/>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Almaty Metro stations]]
[[Category:Railway stations opened in 2015]]
[[Category:2015 establishments in Kazakhstan]]

International (Nice) Classification of Goods and Services

2017-04-05T18:44:12Z

Narky Blert: Link to DAB page repaired

The '''[[Nice]] Classification''', established by the Nice Agreement (1957),<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/classification/nice/ | title=Nice Agreement}}</ref> is a system of classifying [[Good (economics)|goods]] and [[service (economics)|service]]s for the purpose of registering [[trademark]]s. It is updated every five years and its latest 10th<ref>{{cite web|url=http://web2.wipo.int/classifications/nice/nicepub/en/fr/edition-20170101/taxonomy/class-7/?pagination=no&lang=en&mode=flat&explanatory_notes=show&basic_numbers=show|title=Nice Classification|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref> version of the system groups products into 45 classes (classes 1-34 include goods and classes 35-45 embrace services), and allows users seeking to trademark a good or service to choose from these classes as appropriate. Since the system is recognized in numerous countries, this makes applying for trademarks internationally a more streamlined process. The classification system is specified by the [[World Intellectual Property Organization]] (WIPO).

==Origin of the Nice Classification==

The Nice Classification is based on a multilateral treaty administered by [[WIPO]].
This treaty, consummated on 15 June 1957 in Nice, France, is called the "Nice Agreement Concerning the International Classification
of Goods and Services for the Purposes of the Registration of Marks".
This Classification is commonly referred to as the "Nice Classification". The Nice Agreement is open to states who are parties to the "Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property".

== Contracting states==
{{div col|3}}
*[[Albania]]
*[[Algeria]]
*[[Argentina]]
*[[Armenia]]
*[[Australia]]
*[[Austria]]
*[[Azerbaijan]]
*[[Bahrain]]
*[[Barbados]]
*[[Belarus]]
*[[Belgium]]
*[[Benin]]
*[[Bosnia and Herzegovina]]
*[[Bulgaria]]
*[[China]]
*[[Croatia]]
*[[Cuba]]
*[[Czech Republic]]
*[[Democratic People's Republic of Korea]]
*[[Denmark]]
*[[Dominica]]
*[[Egypt]]
*[[Estonia]]
*[[Finland]]
*[[France]]
*[[Georgia (country)|Georgia]]
*[[Germany]]
*[[Greece]]
*[[Guinea]]
*[[Hungary]]
*[[Iceland]]
*[[Ireland]]
*[[Israel]]
*[[Italy]]
*[[Jamaica]]
*[[Japan]]
*[[Kazakhstan]]
*[[Kyrgyzstan]]
*[[Latvia]]
*[[Lebanon]]
*[[Liechtenstein]]
*[[Lithuania]]
*[[Luxembourg]]
*[[Malawi]]
*[[Malaysia]]
*[[Mexico]]
*[[Moldova]]
*[[Monaco]]
*[[Mongolia]]
*[[Montenegro]]
*[[Morocco]]
*[[Mozambique]]
*[[Netherlands]]
*[[New Zealand]]
*[[Norway]]
*[[Paraguay]]
*[[Poland]]
*[[Portugal]]
*[[Republic of Korea]]
*[[Republic of Macedonia]];<ref>Signed as "[[Macedonia naming dispute|the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia]]"</ref>
*[[Romania]]
*[[Russian Federation]]
*[[Saint Kitts and Nevis]]
*[[Saint Lucia]]
*[[Serbia]]
*[[Singapore]]
*[[Sint Maarten]]
*[[Slovakia]]
*[[Slovenia]]
*[[Spain]]
*[[Suriname]]
*[[Sweden]]
*[[Switzerland]]
*[[Syrian Arab Republic]]
*[[Tajikistan]]
*[[Trinidad and Tobago]]
*[[Tunisia]]
*[[Turkey]]
*[[Turkmenistan]]
*[[Ukraine]]
*[[United Kingdom]]
*[[United Republic of Tanzania]]
*[[United States of America]]
*[[Uruguay]]
*[[Uzbekistan]]
{{div col end}}

==Application==

The trademark offices of the nations signatory to the Nice Agreement agree to employ the designated classification codes in their official documents and publications.

==Advantages and uniqueness of the Nice Classification==

Use of the Nice Classification by national offices has the advantage that trademark applications are coordinated with reference to a single classification system. Filing is thereby greatly simplified, as the goods and services to which a given mark applies will be classified the same in all countries that have adopted the system. That the Nice Classification exists in several languages also saves applicants a considerable amount of work when filing internationally.

==Worldwide use==

As of January 2014, there were 84 signatory nations to the Nice Agreement; these countries have officially adopted the Nice Classification and apply it in the registration of trademarks. In addition, 65 non-member countries, four organizations and the International Bureau of [[WIPO]] also use the Nice Classification.

==The structure of the Nice Classification==

The Nice Classification consists of ''class headings,'' ''explanatory notes,'' and an ''alphabetical list of goods and services.''
The class headings are the official, descriptive names of the 34 categories or "classes" of goods and of the 11 classes of services.
These are accompanied, where appropriate, by ''explanatory notes'' that provide detailed descriptions of the types of products or services included within the respective classes.
The alphabetical list is an alphabetized enumeration of about 10,000 goods and about 1,000 services.

==Updating the treaty==

The Nice Classification is continuously revised by a "Committee of Experts",<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.wipo.int/meetings/en/topic.jsp?group_id=201 | title=Committee of Experts}}</ref> whose membership is representative of all signatory states, and a new edition is published every five years. The current (tenth) edition has been in effect since 1 January 2013.

==List of Classes (11th edition)==
'''''GOODS'''''

''Class 1'' [[Chemical substance|Chemicals]] used in [[industry]], science and photography, as well as in agriculture, horticulture and forestry; unprocessed artificial resins, unprocessed [[Plastic|plastics]]; [[Manure|manures]]; [[Fire extinguisher|fire extinguishing compositions]]; tempering and soldering preparations; [[Preservative|chemical substances for preserving foodstuffs]]; tanning substances; adhesives used in industry

''Class 2'' [[Paint|Paints]], [[Varnish|varnishes]], [[Lacquer|lacquers]]; preservatives against rust and against deterioration of wood; [[Colourant|colorants]]; [[Mordant|mordants]]; [[Resin|raw natural resins]]; metals in foil and powder form for use in painting, decorating, printing and art

''Class 3'' [[Bleach|Bleaching preparations and other substances for laundry use]]; cleaning, polishing, scouring and abrasive preparations; non-medicated [[Soap|soaps]]; [[Perfume|perfumery]], [[Essential oil|essential oils]], [[Cosmetics|non-medicated cosmetics]], [[Lotion|non-medicated hair lotions]]; non-medicated [[Dentifrice|dentifrices]]

''Class 4'' Industrial oils and greases; [[Lubricant|lubricants]]; dust absorbing, wetting and binding compositions; [[Fuel|fuels]] (including motor spirit) and illuminants; candles and wicks for lighting

''Class 5'' [[Pharmaceutical drug|Pharmaceuticals]], medical and veterinary preparations; sanitary preparations for medical purposes; dietetic food and substances adapted for medical or veterinary use, [[Baby food|food for babies]]; dietary supplements for humans and animals; plasters, materials for dressings; material for stopping teeth, dental wax; [[Disinfectant|disinfectants]]; [[Vermin|preparations for destroying vermin]]; fungicides, [[Herbicide|herbicides]]

''Class 6'' Common metals and their alloys, ores; metal building materials for building and construction; transportable buildings of metal; [[Railway tracks|materials of metal for railway tracks]]; non-electric cables and wires of common metal; ironmongery, small items of metal hardware; pipes and tubes of metal;metal containers for storage or transport; safes;; [[Ore|ores]]

''Class 7'' Machines and [[Machine tool|machine tools]]; [[Motor|motors]] and [[Engine|engines]] (except for land vehicles); [[Coupling|machine coupling and transmission components]] (except for land vehicles); [[Agricultural machinery|agricultural implements other than hand-operated]]; [[Incubator (egg)|incubators for eggs]]; automatic vending machines

''Class 8'' [[Hand tool|Hand tools and implements]] (hand-operated); [[cutlery]]; [[Side arm|side arms]]; [[Razor|razors]]

''Class 9'' Scientific, nautical, [[surveying]], photographic, [[Cinematography|cinematographic]], [[Optics|optical]], weighing, measuring, signalling, checking (supervision), life-saving and teaching apparatus and instruments; apparatus and instruments for conducting, switching, transforming, accumulating, regulating or controlling electricity; apparatus for recording, transmission or reproduction of sound or images; [[Magnetic storage|magnetic data carriers]], recording discs; [[Compact disc|compact discs]], [[DVD|DVDs]] and other digital recording media; mechanisms for coin-operated apparatus; cash registers, [[Mechanical calculator|calculating machines]], data processing equipment, [[Computer|computers]]; computer software; fire-extinguishing apparatus

''Class 10'' [[Surgery|Surgical]], [[Medicine|medical]], dental and veterinary apparatus and instruments; artificial limbs, eyes and teeth; [[Orthopedic surgery|orthopaedic]] articles; suture materials; therapeutic and assistive devices adapted for the disabled; massage apparatus; apparatus, devices and articles for nursing infants; sexual activity apparatus, devices and articles

''Class 11'' Apparatus for [[lighting]], [[HVAC|heating]], [[Nuclear power plant|steam generating]], [[cooking]], [[Refrigeration|refrigerating]], [[drying]], [[Ventilation (architecture)|ventilating]], [[Water supply|water supply and sanitary purposes]]

''Class 12'' [[Vehicle|Vehicles]]; apparatus for locomotion by land, air or water

''Class 13'' [[Firearm|Firearms]]; [[ammunition]] and projectiles; [[explosives]]; [[fireworks]]

''Class 14'' [[Precious metal|Precious metals]] and their alloys; [[jewellery]], [[Precious stones|precious and semi-precious stones]]; horological and chronometric instruments

''Class 15'' [[Musical instrument|Musical instruments]]

''Class 16'' [[Paper|Paper and cardboard]]; printed matter; bookbinding material; photographs; stationery and office requisites, except furniture; adhesives for stationery or household purposes; artists’ and drawing materials; paintbrushes; typewriters and office requisites (except furniture); instructional and teaching materials (except apparatus); [[plastic]] materials forsheets, films and bags for wrapping and packaging; printers’ type,; printing blocks

''Class 17'' Unprocessed and semi-processed [[Natural rubber|rubber]], gutta-percha, gum, [[asbestos]], [[mica]] and substitutes for all these materials; plastics and resins in extruded form for use in manufacture; packing, stopping and insulating materials; flexible pipes, tubes and hoses, not of metal

''Class 18'' [[Leather]] and [[Artificial leather|imitations of leather]]; animal skins, and [[Hide (skin)|hides]]; trunks and [[Baggage|travellingluggage]] and carrying bags; [[Umbrella|umbrellas]] and parasols; walking sticks; whips, harness and [[saddlery]]; collars, leashes and clothing for animals

''Class 19'' Building materials (non-metallic); non-metallic rigid pipes for building; [[Asphalt|asphalt, pitch and bitumen]]; non-metallic transportable buildings; monuments, not of metal

''Class 20'' [[Furniture]], [[Mirror|mirrors]], picture frames; containers, not of metal, for storage or transport; unworked or semi-worked [[bone]], horn, ivory, [[Baleen|whalebone]] or mother-of-pearl; shells; [[Meerschaum pipe|meerschaum]]; yellow [[amber]]

''Class 21'' [[Kitchen utensils|Household or kitchen utensils]] and containers; combs and sponges; brushes, (except paintbrushes); brush-making materials; articles for cleaning purposes; [[Steel wool|steelwool]]; unworked or semi-worked [[glass]], (except building glass used in building); [[List of glassware|glassware]], [[porcelain]] and [[earthenware]]

''Class 22'' [[Rope|Ropes]] and string; nets; [[Tent|tents]], awnings, and [[Tarpaulin|tarpaulins]]; awnings of textile or synthetic materials; sails; sacks for the transport and storage of materials in bulk; padding, [[cushioning]] and stuffing materials, (except of paper, cardboard, rubber or plastics); raw fibrous textile materials and substitutes therefor

''Class 23'' [[Yarn|Yarns and threads, for textile use]]

''Class 24'' [[Textile|Textiles]] and substitutes for textiles; bed covers; table covershousehold linen; curtains of textile or plastic

''Class 25'' [[Clothing]], [[footwear]], [[headgear]]

''Class 26'' [[Lace]] and embroidery, ribbons and braid; buttons, hooks and eyes, pins and needles; artificial flowers; hair decorations; [[Wig|false hair]]

''Class 27'' [[Carpet]]s, [[Rug (textile)|rugs]], mats and matting, [[linoleum]] and other materials for covering existing floors; wall hangings (non-textile)

''Class 28'' [[Game|Games]], [[Toy|toys]] and playthings; video game apparatus; gymnastic and sporting articles; decorations for Christmas trees

''Class 29'' [[Meat]], [[fish]], [[poultry]] and game; meat extracts; [[Food preservation|preserved]], frozen, [[Drying|dried]] and cooked fruits and vegetables; jellies, [[jams]], [[Compote|compotes]]; eggs; [[Milk|milk and milk products]]; [[Cooking oil|edible oils and fats]]

''Class 30'' Coffee, tea, cocoa and artificial coffee; [[rice]]; [[tapioca]] and sago; flour and preparations made from cereals; bread, pastries and confectionery; edible ices; [[sugar]], [[honey]], [[treacle]]; [[yeast]], [[Baking powder|baking-powder]]; [[salt]]; mustard; [[vinegar]], sauces (condiments); [[Spice|spices]]; [[ice]]

''Class 31'' Raw and unprocessed agricultural, [[Aquacultural engineering|aquacultural]], horticultural and forestry products; [[Grain|raw and unprocessed grains and seeds]]; fresh fruits and [[Vegetable|vegetables]], [[Herb|fresh herbs]]; natural plants and [[Flower|flowers]]; bulbs, [[Seedling|seedlings]] and [[Seed|seeds for planting]]; live animals; foodstuffs and beverages for animals; [[malt]]

''Class 32'' [[Beer|Beers]]; [[Water|mineral and aerated waters and other non-alcoholic beverages]]; [[Juice|fruit beverages and fruit juices]]; syrups and other preparations for making beverages

''Class 33'' [[Alcoholic drink|Alcoholic beverages]] (except beers)

''Class 34'' [[Tobacco]]; smokers’ articles; [[Match|matches]]

'''''SERVICES'''''

''Class 35'' [[Advertising]]; business management; business administration; office functions

''Class 36'' [[Insurance]]; financial affairs; monetary affairs; real estate affairs

''Class 37'' [[Construction|Building construction]]; repair; installation services

''Class 38'' [[Telecommunication|Telecommunications]]

''Class 39'' [[Transport]]; packaging and storage of goods; travel arrangement

''Class 40'' Treatment of materials

''Class 41'' [[Education]]; providing of training; entertainment; [[sporting]] and cultural activities

''Class 42'' Scientific and technological services and research and design relating thereto; industrial analysis and research services; design and development of computer hardware and software

''Class 43'' [[Restaurant|Services for providing food and drink]]; [[Accommodation|temporary accommodation]]

''Class 44'' [[Health care|Medical services]]; [[Veterinary medicine|veterinary services]]; hygienic and beauty care for human beings or animals; [[agriculture]], horticulture and forestry services

''Class 45'' [[Legal services]]; security services for the physical protection of tangible property and individuals; personal and social services rendered by others to meet the needs of individuals
== See also ==

* [[Madrid System]]
* [[World Intellectual Property Organization]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/classification/nice/ Nice Agreement] {{ref-en}} in the [[WIPO Lex]] database — official website of [[WIPO]].
**The full text of the [http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/treaties/text.jsp?file_id=287532 Nice Agreement Concerning the International Classification of Goods and Services for the Purposes of the Registration of Marks (as amended on September 28, 1979)]
*[http://en.mktu.info/ MKTU.info - Class Search Tool] {{ref-en}} {{ref-fr}} {{ref-ru}}

{{Trademark law}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:International (Nice) Classification Of Goods And Services}}
[[Category:Trademark law]]
[[Category:Intellectual property treaties]]
[[Category:Treaties concluded in 1957]]
[[Category:World Intellectual Property Organization treaties]]
[[Category:Treaties entered into force in 1961]]
[[Category:Treaties of Albania]]
[[Category:Treaties of Algeria]]
[[Category:Treaties of Argentina]]
[[Category:Treaties of Armenia]]
[[Category:Treaties of Australia]]
[[Category:Treaties of Austria]]
[[Category:Treaties of Azerbaijan]]
[[Category:Treaties of Bahrain]]
[[Category:Treaties of Barbados]]
[[Category:Treaties of Belarus]]
[[Category:Treaties of Belgium]]
[[Category:Treaties of the People's Republic of Benin]]
[[Category:Treaties of Bosnia and Herzegovina]]
[[Category:Treaties of Bulgaria]]
[[Category:Treaties of the People's Republic of China]]
[[Category:Treaties of Croatia]]
[[Category:Treaties of Cuba]]
[[Category:Treaties of the Czech Republic]]
[[Category:Treaties of Czechoslovakia]]
[[Category:Treaties of North Korea]]
[[Category:Treaties of Denmark]]
[[Category:Treaties of Dominica]]
[[Category:Treaties of Egypt]]
[[Category:Treaties of Estonia]]
[[Category:Treaties of Finland]]
[[Category:Treaties of France]]
[[Category:Treaties of Georgia (country)]]
[[Category:Treaties of West Germany]]
[[Category:Treaties of Greece]]
[[Category:Treaties of Guinea]]
[[Category:Treaties of the Hungarian People's Republic]]
[[Category:Treaties of Iceland]]
[[Category:Treaties of Ireland]]
[[Category:Treaties of Israel]]
[[Category:Treaties of Italy]]
[[Category:Treaties of Jamaica]]
[[Category:Treaties of Japan]]
[[Category:Treaties of Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Treaties of Kyrgyzstan]]
[[Category:Treaties of Latvia]]
[[Category:Treaties of Jordan]]
[[Category:Treaties of Lebanon]]
[[Category:Treaties of Liechtenstein]]
[[Category:Treaties of Lithuania]]
[[Category:Treaties of Luxembourg]]
[[Category:Treaties of Malawi]]
[[Category:Treaties of Malaysia]]
[[Category:Treaties of Mexico]]
[[Category:Treaties of Monaco]]
[[Category:Treaties of Mongolia]]
[[Category:Treaties of Montenegro]]
[[Category:Treaties of Morocco]]
[[Category:Treaties of Mozambique]]
[[Category:Treaties of the Netherlands]]
[[Category:Treaties of New Zealand]]
[[Category:Treaties of Norway]]
[[Category:Treaties of Poland]]
[[Category:Treaties of the Estado Novo (Portugal)]]
[[Category:Treaties of South Korea]]
[[Category:Treaties of Moldova]]
[[Category:Treaties of Romania]]
[[Category:Treaties of the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:Treaties of Saint Kitts and Nevis]]
[[Category:Treaties of Saint Lucia]]
[[Category:Treaties of Serbia and Montenegro]]
[[Category:Treaties of Singapore]]
[[Category:Treaties of Slovakia]]
[[Category:Treaties of Slovenia]]
[[Category:Treaties of Francoist Spain]]
[[Category:Treaties of Suriname]]
[[Category:Treaties of Sweden]]
[[Category:Treaties of Switzerland]]
[[Category:Treaties of Syria]]
[[Category:Treaties of Tajikistan]]
[[Category:Treaties of the Republic of Macedonia]]
[[Category:Treaties of Trinidad and Tobago]]
[[Category:Treaties of Turkey]]
[[Category:Treaties of Tunisia]]
[[Category:Treaties of Turkmenistan]]
[[Category:Treaties of Ukraine]]
[[Category:Treaties of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Treaties of Tanzania]]
[[Category:Treaties of the United States]]
[[Category:Treaties of Uruguay]]
[[Category:Treaties of Uzbekistan]]
[[Category:Treaties of Yugoslavia]]
[[Category:Treaties extended to Aruba]]

2015 Astana Victory Day Parade

2017-03-28T19:06:21Z

Narky Blert: Link to DAB page repaired

{{Orphan|date=March 2017}}

[[File:Т-72Б Вооружённых Сил Казахстана.JPG|thumb|A [[T-72BA]] Tank on the square during the parade.]]
The '''2015 Astana Victory Day Parade''' was held on [[Kazakh Nation Square]] in [[Astana]] on May 7, 2015 in honor of the 70th anniversary of the [[Great patriotic war|Great Patriotic War]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YJAIutK6L_c|title=A military parade to commemorate the 70th anniversary of the Soviet victory in the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945 is due to be held in the Kazakh capital Astana on May 7.|last=|first=|date=|website=Youtube|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref> It also celebrates [[Defender of the Fatherland Day]] which celebrates the founding of the [[Kazakh Armed Forces]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=http://astanatimes.com/2015/05/military-parade-commemorates-fatherland-defenders-day-70th-wwii-victory-anniversary/|title=Military Parade Commemorates Fatherland Defenders’ Day, 70th WWII Victory Anniversary - The Astana Times|date=2015-05-14|work=The Astana Times|access-date=2017-03-19|language=en-US}}</ref> The parade commander was the Chief of Kazakhstan’s Land Forces, Lieutenant General [[Murat Maikeyev]], who then reported to [[Minister of Defense (Kazakhstan)|Minister of Defence]] [[Imangali Tasmagambetov]] who presided over the parade.<ref name=":0" /> The Defense Minister then reported to [[President of the Republic of Kazakhstan]] [[Nursultan Nazarbayev]] who then inspected the parade.<ref name=":0" /> The [[Anthem of the Republic of Kazakhstan|Anthem of the Kazakhstan]] was played by the Central Band of the Armed Forces. More than 5,000 servicemen, around 200 units of military machinery and 70 military jets took part in the parade.<ref name=":0" /> On the Square were members of the [[Kazbrig]], a special unit trained and equipped in accordance with the standards of the United Nations peacekeeping forces.<ref name=":0" />

Several historical units on the march were dressed in World War II-era [[Red Army]] uniforms with insignias that were staffed by personnel from Kazakhstan. They held weaponry from the era as well. Among the parade’s historical features was a ceremonial display of the [[Victory Banner]], which is an exact copy of the red flag that was first erected at the entrance to the [[Reichstag building|Reichstag]] in [[Berlin]], which was erected by a Kazakh Lieutenant.<ref name=":0" /> The copy was delivered to Astana from the Museum of Great Patriotic War in [[Moscow]].

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Astana]]
[[Category:Events in Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Parades in Asia]]
[[Category:May 2015 events]]
[[Category:Military parades]]
[[Category:Victory Day]]

Rabban Bar Sauma

2017-03-23T20:49:34Z

Narky Blert: Link to DAB page repaired

{{Infobox Christian leader
|honorific-prefix = [[Rebbe|Rabban]] (Master in [[Aramaic]])
|name = Bar Sauma (Son of Fasting)
|church = [[Church of the East|Nestorian Church]]
|see = [[Baghdad]]
|birth_date = 1220
|birth_place = [[Zhongdu]] ([[Beijing]])
|death_date = 1294
|death_place = [[Baghdad]]
|residence = [[Baghdad]], [[Maragheh]]
|occupation = [[Monk]], [[Ambassador]], [[Writer]]
|religion = [[Church of the East|Nestorian Christianity]]
}}

[[Image:VoyagesOfRabbanBarSauma.jpg|450px|thumb|Rabban Bar Sauma travelled from Beijing in the East, to Rome, Paris<ref name="Rossabi2014">{{cite book|author=Morris Rossabi|title=From Yuan to Modern China and Mongolia: The Writings of Morris Rossabi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GXejBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA670&lpg=PA670#v=onepage&q&f=false|date=28 November 2014|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-28529-3|pages=670–}}</ref> and Bordeaux in the West, meeting with the major rulers of the period.]]
'''Rabban Bar Sauma''' ({{abbr|c.|circa}} 1220–1294) ({{lang|syc|ܪܒܢ ܒܪ ܨܘܡܐ}}; {{IPA-syr|rɑbbɑn bɑrsˤɑuma}}), also known as '''Rabban Ṣawma''' or '''Rabban Çauma''',<ref name=mantran>Mantran, p. 298</ref> ({{zh|c=拉賓掃務瑪|p=lābīnsǎowùmǎ}}), was a Turkic/Chinese monk turned diplomat of the "[[Nestorian]]" [[Church of the East in China]]. He is known for embarking on a pilgrimage from Mongol-controlled China to [[Jerusalem]] with one of his students, [[Rabban Markos]]. Due to military unrest along the way, they never reached their destination, but instead spent many years in [[Ilkhanate|Mongol]]-controlled [[Baghdad]]. The younger Markos was eventually chosen as [[Patriarch of the Church of the East]], and later suggested his teacher Rabban Bar Sauma be sent on another mission, as Mongol ambassador to Europe. The elderly monk met with many of the European monarchs, as well as the Pope, in attempts to arrange a [[Franco-Mongol alliance]]. The mission bore no fruit, but in his later years in Baghdad, Rabban Bar Sauma documented his lifetime of travel. His written account of his journeys is of unique interest to modern historians, as it gives a picture of medieval Europe at the close of the Crusading period, painted by a keenly intelligent, broadminded and statesmanlike observer. His travels occurred prior to the return of [[Marco Polo]] to Europe, and his writings give a reverse viewpoint, of the East looking to the West.

==Early life==
{{double image|right|Young man, Khocho, Nestorian Temple, 602-654 AD, wall painting - Ethnological Museum, Berlin - DSC01740.JPG|110|Palm Sunday (probably), Khocho, Nestorian Temple, 683-770 AD, wall painting - Ethnological Museum, Berlin - DSC01741.JPG|180|'''Right image:''' A young man, possibly Uyghur or Chinese, from a [[Nestorian Church]] in [[Gaochang]], China, [[Tang dynasty|Tang period]], 602-654 AD '''Left image:''' Wall painting from a Nestorian Christian church showing a scene of preaching on [[palm sunday]], [[Kingdom of Qocho|Qocho]] ([[Gaochang]]), China, 683–770 AD}}
Rabban (Master) Bar Sauma was born c. 1220 in or near modern-day [[Beijing]], known then as ''[[Zhongdu]]'',<ref name="encyclopedia britannica raban bar sauma">Kathleen Kuiper & editors of Encyclopædia Britannica (Aug 31, 2006). "[https://www.britannica.com/biography/Rabban-bar-Sauma Rabban bar Sauma: Mongol Envoy]." ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' (online source). Accessed 6 September 2016.</ref> later as [[Khanbaliq]] under Mongol rule. According to Gregory [[Barhebraeus]] he was of [[History of the Uyghur people|Turkic]] [[Kingdom of Qocho|Uyghur]] origin.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NZRFAAAAMAAJ&dq=One+such+Uigur+Christian%2C+Rabban+Marcos%2C+born+near+Peking%2C+was+appointed+in+1281+patriarch-general+of+the+Nestorian+Church+with+Baghdad+as+his+place+of+residence+.+His+close+friend%2C+Rabban+Sauma%2C+another+Christian+of+Uigur+race+from&q=christian+rabban+marcos+1281+patriarch+general+church|title=The invention of printing in China and its spread westward|author=Thomas Francis Carter|editor=|year=1955|publisher=Ronald Press Co.|edition=2|location=|page=171|isbn=|pages=|accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref> Chinese accounts describe his heritage as ''Wanggu'' ([[Ongud]]), a tribe of [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] origin classified as part of the [[Mongol]] Caste of the [[Yuan Dynasty]].<ref>Moule, A. C., ''Christians in China before 1500'', 94 & 103; also Pelliot, Paul in ''T'oung-pao'' 15(1914), pp.630-36.</ref> The name ''bar Ṣauma'' is Aramaic for "Son of Fasting"<ref>Phillips, p. 123</ref> though he was born to a wealthy family. He was a follower of the "[[Church of the East|Nestorian]]" faith (see: [[Church of the East in China]]), and became an ascetic monk around the age of 20 and then a religious teacher for decades.

==Pilgrimage to Jerusalem==
In his middle age, Rabban Bar Sauma and one of his younger students [[Rabban Marcos]] embarked on a journey from China, to make a pilgrimage to the religious center of [[Jerusalem]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jqb7L-pKCV8C&pg=PA377 |title=A history of Chinese civilization|author=Jacques Gernet|year=1996|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=|isbn=0-521-49781-7|page=376|pages=|accessdate=2010-10-28}}</ref> They travelled by way of the former [[Tangut people|Tangut]] country, [[Khotan]], [[Kashgar]], [[Taraz|Talas]] in the [[Syr Darya]] valley, [[greater Khorasan|Khorasan]] (present day Afghanistan), [[Maragha]] (Azerbaijan) and [[Mosul]], arriving at [[Ani (Armenia)|Ani]] in [[Armenia]]. Warnings of danger on the routes to southern [[Syria]] turned them from their purpose, and they traveled to Mongol-controlled Persia, the [[Ilkhanate]], where they were welcomed by the Patriarch of the [[Church of the East]], [[Mar Denha I]]. The Patriarch requested the two monks to visit the court of the Mongol Ilkhanate ruler [[Abaqa]], in order to obtain confirmation letters for Mar Denha's ordination as Patriarch in 1266. During the journey, Rabban Markos was declared a "[[Church of the East|Nestorian]]" bishop. The Patriarch then attempted to send the monks as messengers back to China, but military conflict along the route delayed their departure, and they remained in Baghdad. When the Patriarch died, Rabban Marcos was elected as his replacement, [[Mar Yaballaha III]] in 1281. The two monks traveled to [[Maragha]] to have the selection confirmed by Abagha, but the Ilkhanate ruler died before their arrival, and was succeeded by his son, [[Arghun Khan]].

[[Image:RabbanBarSauma.svg|thumb|120px|Chinese characters representing "Rabban Ṣawma"]]
It was Arghun's desire to form a strategic [[Franco-Mongol alliance]] with the Christian Europeans, against their common enemy the Muslim [[Mamluk]]s. A few years later, the new patriarch Mar Yaballaha suggested his former teacher Rabban Bar Sauma for the embassy, to meet with the Pope and the European monarchs.

==Ambassador to Europe==
{{further information|Europeans in Medieval China}}
In 1287, the elderly Bar Sauma embarked on his journey to Europe, bearing gifts and letters from Arghun to the [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] emperor, the Pope, and the European kings. He followed the embassy of another "[[Church of the East|Nestorian]]", [[Isa Kelemechi]], sent by Arghun to [[Pope Honorius IV]], in 1285.<ref name="Jackson">[https://books.google.com/books?id=7FLUMVIqIvwC&pg=PA169 ''The Mongols and the West, 1221-1410'' Peter Jackson p.169]</ref><ref name="Cambridge">[https://books.google.com/books?id=BxRwJUrnr20C&pg=PA370 ''The Cambridge history of Iran'' William Bayne Fisher, John Andrew Boyle p.370]</ref>

Rabban Bar Sauma traveled with a large retinue of assistants, and 30 riding animals. Companions included the Church of the East Christian (''archaon'') Sabadinus; Thomas de Anfusis or Tommaso d'Anfossi),<ref name="Rossabi2014 1">{{cite book|author=Morris Rossabi|title=From Yuan to Modern China and Mongolia: The Writings of Morris Rossabi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GXejBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA387 |date=28 November 2014|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-28529-3|pages=387–}}</ref> who helped as interpreter and was also a member of a famous [[Republic of Genoa|Genoese]] banking company;<ref name=phillips-102>Phillips, p. 102</ref> and an Italian interpreter named Uguetus or Ugeto (Ughetto).<ref>Grousset, p.845</ref><ref>Rossabi, pp. 103-104</ref> Bar Sauma likely did not speak any European languages, though he was known to be fluent in Chinese, Turkish, and Persian.<ref name="Rossabi2014 2">{{cite book|author=Morris Rossabi|title=From Yuan to Modern China and Mongolia: The Writings of Morris Rossabi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GXejBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA385 |date=28 November 2014|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-28529-3|pages=385–}}</ref> Europeans communicated to him in Persian.<ref name="Rossabi2014 3">{{cite book|author=Morris Rossabi|title=From Yuan to Modern China and Mongolia: The Writings of Morris Rossabi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GXejBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA386 |date=28 November 2014|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-28529-3|pages=386–}}</ref>

He traveled overland through Armenia to the [[Empire of Trebizond]] or through the [[Sultanate of Rum]] to the [[Samsun|Simisso]]<ref>Zehiroğlu, Ahmet M. (2014) [https://www.academia.edu/11320426/Bar_Saumas_Black_Sea_Journey_1287_ Bar Sauma's Black Sea Journey]</ref> on the [[Black Sea]], then by boat to [[Constantinople]], where he had an audience with [[Andronicus II Palaeologus]]. Bar Sauma's writings give a particularly enthusiastic description of the beautiful [[Hagia Sophia]]. He next travelled to Italy, again journeying by ship. As their course took them past the island of [[Sicily]], he witnessed and recorded the great eruption of [[Mount Etna]] on June 18, 1287. A few days after his arrival, he also witnessed a naval battle in the [[Bay of Sorrento]] on [[John the Baptist|St. John's Day]], June 24, 1287, during the conflict of the [[Sicilian Vespers]]. The battle was between the fleet of [[Charles II of Naples|Charles II]] (whom he calls "Irid Shardalo", i.e. "Il re Charles Due"), who had welcomed him in his realm, and [[James II of Aragon]], king of [[Sicily]] (whom he calls ''Irid Arkon'', i.e. "Il re de Aragon"). According to Bar Sauma, James II was victorious, and his forces killed 12,000 men.

He next travelled to [[Rome]], but too late to meet Pope [[Honorius IV]], who had recently died. So Bar Sauma instead engaged in negotiations with the [[cardinal (Catholicism)|cardinals]], and visited [[St. Peter's Basilica]].

Bar Sauma next made stops in [[Tuscany]] (''Thuzkan'') and the [[Republic of Genoa]], on his way to [[Paris]]. He spent the winter of 1287–1288 in Genoa, a famous banking capital.<ref name=phillips-102/> In France (''Frangestan''), he spent one month with King [[Philip IV of France|Philip the Fair]], who seemingly responded positively to the arrival of the Mongol embassy, gave him numerous presents, and sent one of his noblemen, [[Gobert de Helleville]], to accompany Bar Sauma back to Mongol lands. Gobert de Helleville departed on February 2, 1288, with two clercs Robert de Senlis and Guillaume de Bruyères, as well as ''arbaletier'' (crossbowman) Audin de Bourges. They joined Bar Sauma when he later returned through Rome, and accompanied him back to Persia.<ref>"Histoires des Croisades III", Rene Grousset</ref>

In [[Gascony]] in southern France, which at that time was in English hands, Bar Sauma met King [[Edward I of England]], probably in the capital of [[Bordeaux]]. Edward responded enthusiastically to the embassy, but ultimately proved unable to join a military alliance due to conflict at home, especially with the [[Welsh people|Welsh]] and the [[Kingdom of Scotland|Scots]].

Upon returning to Rome, Bar Sauma was cordially received by the newly elected [[Pope Nicholas IV]], who gave him communion on [[Palm Sunday]], 1288, allowing him to celebrate his own [[Eucharist]] in the capital of Latin Christianity. Nicholas commissioned Bar Sauma to visit the Christians of the East, and entrusted to him a precious tiara to be presented to Mar Yaballaha (Rabban Bar Sauma's former student, Markos). Bar Sauma then returned to Baghdad in 1288, carrying messages and many other gifts from the various European leaders.<ref>Boyle, in Camb. Hist. Iran V, pp. 370-71; Budge, pp. 165-97. [http://www.encyclopediairanica.com/articles/v10f2/v10f216a.html Source]</ref>

The delivered letters were in turn answered by Arghun in 1289, forwarded by the Genoese merchant [[Buscarello de Ghizolfi]], a diplomatic agent for the Il-khans. In the letter to Philip IV, Arghun mentions Bar Sauma:<ref>Encyclopedia Iranica [http://www.encyclopediairanica.com/articles/v10f2/v10f216a.html Source]</ref>

[[Image:ArghunLetterToPhilippeLeBelExtract1289.jpg|thumb|Extract of the letter of Arghun to Philip IV, in the [[Uyghur-Mongolian script]], dated 1289, in which Rabban Bar Sauma is mentioned. The seal is that of the Great Khan, with Chinese Script: “辅国安民之宝”, which means "Seal of the upholder of the State and the purveyor of peace to the People". French National Archives.]]
{{quote|"Under the power of the eternal sky, the message of the great king, Arghun, to the king of France..., said: I have accepted the word that you forwarded by the messengers under Saymer Sagura (Rabban Bar Sauma), saying that if the warriors of Il Khaan invade Egypt you would support them. We would also lend our support by going there at the end of the Tiger year’s winter [1290], worshiping the sky, and settle in Damascus in the early spring [1291].

If you send your warriors as promised and conquer Egypt, worshiping the sky, then I shall give you Jerusalem. If any of our warriors arrive later than arranged, all will be futile and no one will benefit. If you care to please give me your impressions, and I would also be very willing to accept any samples of French opulence that you care to burden your messengers with.

I send this to you by Myckeril and say: All will be known by the power of the sky and the greatness of kings. This letter was scribed on the sixth of the early summer in the year of the Ox at Ho’ndlon."|France royal archives<ref>[http://chass.colostate-pueblo.edu/history/seminar/sauma/saumaletter.htm Source]</ref>}}

The exchanges towards the formation of an alliance with the Europeans ultimately proved fruitless, and Arghun's attempts were eventually abandoned.<ref name=mantran/> However, Rabban Bar Sauma did succeed in making some important contacts which encouraged communication and trade between the East and West. Aside from King Philip's embassy to the Mongols, the Papacy also sent missionaries such as [[Giovanni da Montecorvino]] to the Mongol court.

==Later years==
After his embassy to Europe, Bar Sauma lived out the rest of his years in Baghdad. It was probably during this time that he wrote the account of his travels, which was published in English in 1928 as ''The Monks of Kublai Khan, Emperor of China'' or ''The History of the Life and Travels of Rabban Sawma, Envoy and Plenipotentiary of the Mongol Khans to the Kings of Europe, and Markos Who as Mar Yahbh-Allaha III Became Patriarch of the [[Church of the East]] in Asia'', translated and edited by Sir [[E. A. Wallis Budge]]. The narrative is unique for its observations of medieval Europe during the end of the Crusading period, through the eyes of an observant outsider from a culture thousands of miles away.

Rabban Bar Sauma died in 1294, in Baghdad.

==See also==
*[[Nestorianism in China]]
*[[Roman Catholicism in China]]
*[[John of Montecorvino]]
*[[Odoric of Pordenone]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==References==
{{Portal|Christianity in China}}
*[[C. R. Beazley|Beazley, C. R.]], ''Dawn of Modern Geography'', ii.15, 352; iii.12, 189-190, 539-541.
* [[J. B. Chabot|Chabot, J. B.]]'s translation and edition of the ''Histoire du Patriarche Mar Jabalaha III. et du moine Rabban Cauma'' (from the Syriac) in ''[[Revue de l'Orient Latin]]'', 1893, pp. 566–610; 1894, pp. 73–143, 235-300
*{{EB1911}}
* {{cite book|author=Mantran, Robert|editor=Fossier, Robert|chapter=A Turkish or Mongolian Islam|title=The Cambridge Illustrated History of the Middle Ages: 1250-1520|series=volume 3|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|year=1986|isbn=978-0-521-26646-8}}
* [[Odericus Raynaldus]], ''[[Annales Ecclesiastici]]'' (continuation of Baronius), AD 1288, f xxxv-xxxvi; 1289, lxi
* {{cite book|author=Phillips, J. R. S.|title=The Medieval Expansion of Europe|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|year=1998|edition=second |isbn=0-19-820740-9 }}
*''Records of the Wardrobe and Household, 1286-89'', ed. Byerly and Byerly (HMSO, 1986), nos. 543, 1082 (for the meeting with Edward I at St Sever).
* {{cite book|author=Rossabi, Morris|title=Voyager from Xanadu: Rabban Sauma and the first journey from China to the West|year=1992|isbn=4-7700-1650-6|publisher=[[Kodansha International Ltd.]]}}
* [[Luke Wadding|Wadding, Luke]], ''Annales Minorum'', v.169, 196, 170-173
* Zehiroglu, Ahmet M. (2014) ; [https://www.academia.edu/11320426/Bar_Saumas_Black_Sea_Journey_1287_ "Bar Sauma's Black Sea Journey"]

==Translations==
Rabban Bar Sauma's travel narrative has been translated into English twice:
* Montgomery, James A., ''History of Yaballaha III'', (New York: Columbia University Press, 1927)
*[[E. A. Wallis Budge|Budge, E. A. Wallis]], ''The Monks of Kublai Khan'', (London: Religious Tract Society, 1928). [http://www.aina.org/books/mokk/mokk.htm Online]

==External links==
*{{cite book|author=|title=The history and Life of Rabban Bar Sauma}} ([http://www.nestorian.org/history_of_rabban_bar_sawma_1.html online])

{{Syriacs}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sauma, Rabban}}
[[Category:1220 births]]
[[Category:1294 deaths]]
[[Category:13th-century explorers]]
[[Category:13th-century writers]]
[[Category:Chinese Christians]]
[[Category:Mongol Empire Christians]]
[[Category:Uyghur Christian clergy]]
[[Category:Uyghurs]]
[[Category:Nestorians]]
[[Category:Church of the East in China]]
[[Category:Medieval diplomats]]
[[Category:13th-century Christians]]
[[Category:Ambassadors to the Mongol Empire]]

Nazarbayev Intellectual Schools

2017-03-15T15:11:40Z

Narky Blert: Link to DAB page repaired

The '''Nazarbayev Intellectual Schools''' (NIS) are a network of schools for exceptional students of age 5 to 18 throughout [[Kazakhstan]].<ref name=Randstad/> The schools are named after [[Nursultan Nazarbayev]], president of Kazakhstan, who has promoted the idea as a means of developing the intellectual life of the country.<ref name=EANet/> Each school focuses primarily on a specific set of subjects: either physical sciences and mathematics, or chemical and biological sciences, as well as foreign languages.<ref name=EANet/> Instruction is trilingual, in [[Kazakh language|Kazakh]], [[Russian language|Russian]] and [[English language|English]],<ref name=Randstad/> shifting to exclusively English by the senior year.<ref name=EANet/>

==Partnerships==
The program was initially set up with the assistance of faculty members from the [[University of Pennsylvania Graduate School of Education]].<ref name=GSE/> Subsequently, Nazarbayev Intellectual Schools partnered with the [[University of Cambridge|University of Cambridge Faculty of Education]] on curriculum development; [[Cambridge Assessment]] on design of the assessment system; CiTO, [[Netherlands]] on the testing and measurement; and [[Johns Hopkins University]] on working with talented youth.

==Schools==
Currently there are 22 NIS or associated schools located in the following localities:
* [[Astana]]: Four schools (NIS Astana PhM, NIS Astana (an [[International Baccalaureate]] World School), the International School of Astana, and the National Physics and Mathematics School)
* [[Semey]]: One school (NIS Semey PhM)
* [[Kokshetau]]: One school (NIS Kokshetau PhM)
* [[Taldykorgan]]: One school (NIS Taldykorgan PhM)
* [[Oral, Kazakhstan|Uralsk]]: One school (NIS Uralsk PhM)
* [[Oskemen]]: One school (NIS Oskemen PhM)
* [[Aktobe]]: One school (NIS Aktobe PhM)
* [[Karaganda]]: One school (NIS Karaganda PhM)
* [[Shymkent]]: Two schools (NIS Shymkent PhM and NIS Shymkent ChB)
* [[Taraz]]: One school (NIS Taraz PhM)
* [[Kyzylorda]]: One school (NIS Kyzylorda ChB)
* [[Pavlodar]]: One school (NIS Pavlodar ChB)
* [[Atyrau]]: One school (NIS Atyrau ChB)
* [[Almaty]]: Two schools (NIS Almaty PhM and NIS Almaty ChB)
* [[Kostenai]]: One school (NIS Kostenai PhM)
* [[Petropavl|Petropavlovsk]]: One school (NIS Petropavlovsk ChB)
* [[Aktau]]: One school (NIS Aktau ChB)

Currently NIS operates twenty intellectual schools throughout the country, in addition to an international school and specialist mathematics school in Astana.<ref name=Randstad/>

==Conferences==
The NIS International Conference is one of the largest educational conferences in Central Asia, and the largest focusing exclusively on preschool, primary and secondary education, typically attracting around 1000 participants. Previous keynote speakers have included Colleen McLaughlin, [[Patrick Griffin]], [[Fred Genesee]], William Schmidt, Richard Phelps, Miho Taguma, David Bridges, and John Elliott.

==Criticism==
The Nazarbayev network has been criticized for its concentration on only the best and brightest at the expense of the bulk of the student population.<ref name=EANet/>

==References==
{{reflist|refs=
<ref name=EANet>
{{cite web
|url=http://www.eurasianet.org/node/65035
|title=Kazakhstan: Elite Schools May Limit Opportunities
|publisher=EurasiaNet
|first=Paul|last=Bartlett
|date=22 February 2012
|accessdate=3 July 2013
}}
</ref>
<ref name=Randstad>
{{cite web
|url=http://www.tes.co.uk/Upload/Attachments/TES/3096326/Nazarbayev%20Info%20sheet%20v2.pdf
|title=Nazarbayev Intellectual Schools
|publisher=Randstad: Teach Anywhere
|accessdate=3 July 2013
}}
</ref>
<ref name=GSE>
{{cite web
|url=http://www.thedp.com/article/2011/02/gse_works_to_improve_kazakh_schools
|title=GSE works to improve Kazakh schools
|first=Rachel|last=Weinberg
|work=The Daily Pennsylvanian
|date=10 February 2011
|accessdate=3 July 2013
}}
</ref>
}}

== External links ==
*[http://www.nis.edu.kz/ Nazarbayev Intellectual Schools Official website]
*[http://conferences.nis.edu.kz/?lang=en NIS Conferences website]
*[http://research.nis.edu.kz/?lang=en NIS Research]

[[Category:Education in Kazakhstan]]

Giorgi Gogiashvili

2017-01-30T12:56:32Z

Narky Blert: Link to DAB page repaired

{{Orphan|date=June 2009}}
{{Infobox football biography
| name= Giorgi Gogiashvili
| fullname = Giorgi Demurovich Gogiashvili
| image =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1971|1|7}}
| birth_place = [[Leselidze (town)|Leselidze]], [[Georgian SSR]]
| height = {{height|m=1.76}}
| position = [[Midfielder]]/[[Striker (association football)|Striker]]
| youthyears1 =
| youthclubs1 =
| years1 = 1990
| years2 = 1991–1993
| years3 = 1993–1996
| years4 = 1996–2002
| years5 = 2002–2004
| years6 = 2006
| clubs1 = [[FC Sikharuli-90 Gagra]]
| clubs2 = [[FC Tskhumi Sukhumi]]
| clubs3 = [[FC Samtredia]]
| clubs4 = [[FC Zhemchuzhina Sochi]]
| clubs5 = [[FC Neftyanik Ufa]]
| clubs6 = [[FC Vostok]]
| caps1 = 38
| caps2 = 82
| caps3 = 76
| caps4 = 110
| caps5 = 80
| goals1 = 22
| goals2 = 30
| goals3 = 17
| goals4 = 14
| goals5 = 39
| manageryears1 =
| managerclubs1 =
}}

'''Giorgi Demurovich Gogiashvili''' ({{lang-ru|Георгий Демурович Гогиашвили}}; born 7 January 1971 in [[Leselidze (town)|Leselidze]]) is a retired [[Georgia (country)|Georgian]] professional [[Association football|football]]er. He made his professional debut in the [[Pirveli Liga]] in 1992 for [[FC Sikharuli-90 Gagra]].<ref name=career>[http://www.klisf.info/numeric/index.app?cmd=ln&lang=ru&id=869542246977531 Career stats by KLISF]</ref> He also holds [[Russia]]n citizenship.

==Honours==
* [[Umaglesi Liga]] runner-up: 1992, 1995.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{use dmy dates|date=September 2011}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gogiashvili, Giorgi}}
[[Category:1971 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Footballers from Georgia (country)]]
[[Category:Russian Premier League players]]
[[Category:Expatriate footballers in Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:FC Zhemchuzhina Sochi players]]
[[Category:FC Neftyanik Ufa players]]
[[Category:Georgian expatriates in Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Naturalised citizens of Russia]]
[[Category:Expatriate footballers in Russia]]

{{Georgia-footy-bio-stub}}

Kadisha Onalbayeva

2017-01-24T18:00:52Z

Narky Blert: Link to DAB page repaired

[[File:Onalbayeva, Kadisha Photo (1).jpg|thumb|Kadisha Onalbayeva]]
'''Kadisha Onalbayeva''' (born 1972 in [[Zhetisay]], [[Kazakhstan]]) is a pianist and composer.

== Early life and education ==

She began her musical training at age five, when she was recruited to attend the exclusive Zhubanov School for Talented Children in [[Almaty]], Kazakhstan.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Республиканская казахская специализированная музыкальная школа-интернат для одаренных детей им. А.Жубанова|url = http://zhubanov.kz|website = zhubanov.kz|access-date = 2016-01-26}}</ref> While at the Zhubanov School, she excelled in piano and composition, garnering awards including prizes from the Soviet Union’s New Talent competitions, Kazakhstan national piano competitions and other competitions and festivals in Central Asia, Germany, Turkey, Russia, and Uzbekistan. After graduating from the Zhubanov School, Kadisha entered the [[Kurmangazy District|Kurmangazy]] National Conservatory of Music.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Kurmangazy kazakh national conservatory - Welcome to Kurmangazy Conservatoire|url = http://www.conservatoire.kz/index.php?id=1352|website = www.conservatoire.kz|access-date = 2016-01-26}}</ref>

In 1988, Onalbayeva was presented the President’s Award for Young Artists and Chevron Award for Talented Students in piano and composition. After immigrating to the United States in 2003, she earned dual M.M degrees in composition and piano performance at the [[University of New Orleans]], Louisiana (2005, 2006), followed by a DMA in piano performance in 2010 from [[Louisiana State University]] in Baton Rouge, Louisiana.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Sofia Gubaidulina: Chaconne for Solo Piano in The Context of Her Life and Work|url = http://etd.lsu.edu/docs/available/etd-04052010-231449/|website = etd.lsu.edu|date = 2010-04-07|access-date = 2016-01-28|first = Kadisha|last = Onalbayeva-Coleman}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title = Music Faculty - Kadisha Onalbayeva|url = http://pensacolastate.edu/sites/mt/bios/mfac_bios_onalbayeva.asp|website = pensacolastate.edu|access-date = 2016-01-28}}</ref>

== Career ==

Throughout her career, Onalbayeva has participated in festivals of new and classical music as composer, performer and festival organizer throughout Kazakhstan, Russia, Uzbekistan, Costa Rica, Austria, and England. She was commissioned by the Kazakhstan National Philharmonic Orchestra in 2013 to write a symphonic poem, which she titled ''Zherym'' (My Motherland). This new work premiered in May 2014 and was performed by the Kazakhstan National Philharmonic Orchestra.<ref>{{Citation|title = "ZHERYM" SYMPHONIC POEM BY KADISHA ONALBAYEVA|url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DawF_QgfTlc|date = 2014-06-05|accessdate = 2016-01-26|last = ProPianist777}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title = Казахская Государственная Филармония им. Жамбыла {{!}} Жамбыл атындағы қазақ мемлекеттік филармониясы|url = http://fil.kz|website = fil.kz|access-date = 2016-01-26}}</ref> She has performed with the University of Mobile Orchestra, the Mobile Symphonic Band, the Pensacola Civic Band, the Albany Symphony Orchestra (Georgia),<ref>{{Cite web|title = OPENING FIREWORKS: Albany Symphony Orchestra opens season with Fire|url = http://www.albanyherald.com/news/opening-fireworks-albany-symphony-orchestra-opens-season-with-fire/article_b75c898d-f50d-5d7f-983f-08f7145af963.html|website = Albany Herald|access-date = 2016-01-28|first = Jim|last = Hendricks}}</ref> Kazakhstan National Philharmonic Orchestra as well as the [[Astana]] Philharmonic Orchestra. Chamber performances include collaborations with the [[Gaziza Zhubanova]] String Quartet in Kazakhstan, the Emerald Coast Trio, Gulf Coast Virtuosi, and violinist [[Emanuel Borok]], among others. She is also an international piano performance adjudicator, clinician, and lecturer.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Music Faculty - Kadisha Onalbayeva|url = http://pensacolastate.edu/sites/mt/bios/mfac_bios_onalbayeva.asp|website = pensacolastate.edu|access-date = 2016-01-28}}</ref>

In 2013, Onalbayeva became Kazakhstan's first [[Steinway & Sons|Steinway]] Artist.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Steinway Artists - Last name begins with “O”|url = http://www.steinway.com/artists/solo-profile/o/KadishaOnalbayeva|website = www.steinway.com|access-date = 2016-01-26}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title = Впервые почетного звания Steinway Artist удостоена пианистка из Казахстана Хадиша Оналбаева|url = http://m.inform.kz/ru/article/2525892|website = m.inform.kz|access-date = 2016-01-26}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|title = Kadish Onalbayeva: Steinway Artist No. 1,601 - Latest News & Announcements|url = http://www.lsualumni.org/news/Kadish-Onalbayeva-Steinway-Artist-No-1601|website = www.lsualumni.org|access-date = 2016-01-26}}</ref> She currently serves on the faculty as Professor of Music at the [[University of Mobile]],<ref>{{Cite web|title = Kadisha Onalbayeva - University of Mobile|url = http://umobile.edu/cpa-faculty-bios/kadisha-onalbayeva-2/|website = University of Mobile|access-date = 2016-01-26|language = en-US}}</ref> in addition to being President and Founder of the Gulf Coast Steinway Society. <ref>{{Cite web|title = Gulf Coast Steinway Society, Mobile, AL|url = http://www.gulfcoaststeinwaysociety.org|website = www.gulfcoaststeinwaysociety.org|access-date = 2016-01-26}}</ref>

The Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Kazakhstan recently filmed a full-length documentary on her life and musical career titled "Independent National’s Heritage." This video was released in 2015 in both Kazakh and Russian.<ref>{{Citation|title = Kadisha Onalbayeva -Хадиша Оналбаевa "Independent National’s Heritage" ( English subtitle)|url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nfcSuZu3r5I&sns=em|date = 2015-07-18|accessdate = 2016-01-26|last = ProPianist777}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
*{{official|www.kadishaonalbayeva.com}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Onalbayeva, Kadisha}}
[[Category:Articles created via the Article Wizard]]
[[Category:1972 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Kazakhstani pianists]]
[[Category:Kazakhstani composers]]

Alash Autonomy

2017-01-18T15:12:59Z

Narky Blert: Links to DAB page repaired

{{Mergeto |Alash Orda |discuss=Talk:Alash Orda |date=March 2016}}
{{Refimprove|date=June 2011}}
{{Infobox former country
|conventional_long_name = Alash Autonomy
|native_name = Алаш аутономиясы
|common_name = Kazakhstan
|continent = Asia
|region = Central Asia
|country = Kazakhstan
|status = Unrecognized state
|p1 = Russian Turkestan
|flag_p1 = Flag of Russia.svg
|s1 = Kirghiz Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic (1920–25){{!}}Kirghiz Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic
|flag_s1 = Flag RSFSR 1918.svg
|image_flag = Flag of the Alash Autonomy.svg
|national_motto = Оян, Қазақ Oyan, Qazaq! Очнись, казах! Wake up, Kazakh!
|national_anthem =
|image_map = |image_map_caption =
|capital = [[Semey]]
|common_languages = [[Kazakh language|Kazakh]] [[Russian language|Russian]]
|religion = Sunni Islam
|government_type = Republic
|title_leader = Chairman of [[Alash Orda]]
|leader1 = Alikhan Bukeikhanov
|era = World War I , Russian Civil War
|date_start = December 13
|year_start = 1917
|date_end = August 26
|year_end = 1920
|today = {{flag|Kazakhstan}} {{flag|Russia}}
}}

'''Alash Autonomy''' ({{lang-kz|Алаш аутономиясы ''Alaş awtonomïyası''}}; {{lang-ru|Алашская автономия ''Alashskaya avtonomiya''}}) was a [[Kazakh people|Kazakh]] [[Sovereign state|state]] that existed between December 13, 1917 and August 26, 1920 on, approximately, the territory of the present-day [[Republic of Kazakhstan]]. The capital city was [[Semey]], then known as "Alash-qala".

Vasile Balabanov was appointed governor and administrator of Kazakhstan (at that time known as Russian Turkestan) in 1905 and continued in that position until 1920. He fled the Russian Red Army in 1920, going to China. China at that time considered him the legitimate governor of Kazakhstan.

The Alash Autonomy of 1917 was in name only. Kazakhstan was controlled by the anti-communist White Army and the appointed administrator, who were in control until the Red Army was able to take over in 1920.

The Alash Autonomy was proclaimed in December 1917. Alash leaders established [[Alash Orda]], a Kazakh government, which was aligned with the [[White Army]] and fought against the [[Bolsheviks]]. The first legislation of the Alash government of June 11-24, 1918 is the following: "Agreed to invalidate all decrees issued by the Soviet authorities on the territory of the autonomous Alash. Chairman of Alash-Orda: [[Alikhan_Bukeikhanov|Bokeikhanov]], Members: [[Tynyshpaev,_Mukhamedzhan_Tynyshpaevich|Tynyshpaev]], Gabbasov." In 1919, when the White forces were losing, Alash Autonomous government began negotiations with the Bolsheviks. In 1919–20 the Bolsheviks defeated the White Russian forces in the region and occupied Kazakhstan. On August 26, 1920, the Soviet government disbanded the Alash Autonomy, and established the [[Kirghiz Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic (1920–1925)|Kyrgyz Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic]], which in 1925 changed its name to [[Kirghiz Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic (1926–36)|Kazak Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic]] and to [[Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic]] in 1936.

== See also ==
* [[Alash Party]]
* [[Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus]]
* [[Turkestan Autonomy]]
* [[Turkestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic]]
* [[Kazak Autonomous Socialist Republic]]

== References ==
{{refbegin}}
* Peimani, Hooman. ''Conflict and Security in Central Asia and the Caucasus''. Santa Barbara: [[ABC-CLIO]], 2009, p.124
* Galick, David. ''Responding to the Dual Threat to Kazakhness: The Rise of Alash Orda and its Uniquely Kazakh Path'', Vestnik: The Journal of Russian and Asian Studies (March 29 2014)
{{refend}}

{{Kazakhstan topics}}

{{coord missing|Kazakhstan}}
[[Category:1917 establishments in Asia]]
[[Category:1920 disestablishments in Asia]]
[[Category:History of Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Post–Russian Empire states]]
[[Category:Former countries in Central Asia]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1917]]

{{Kazakhstan-geo-stub}}

Hong Beom-do

2016-12-04T12:53:10Z

Narky Blert: Link to DAB page repaired

{{Cleanup|date=August 2008}}
{{korean name|[[Hong (Korean name)|Hong]]}}
{{Infobox Korean name
|hangul=홍범도
|hanja={{linktext|洪|範|圖|}}
|rr=Hong Beom-do
|mr=Hong Pŏmdo
}}
'''Hong Beom-do''' {{lang-ru|Хон Бом До}}; August 27, 1868 – October 25, 1943), was a [[Korean independence movement|Korean independence activist]]. Hong was born in [[Chasong]], [[North Pyongan]].

== Biography ==
Hong was originally a [[hunter]]. In September 1907 Japan proclaimed a law to gather hunters' guns to weaken [[Korean independence movement|Korean resistance]]. The law made hunters angry, including Hong. So, he organized a [[Righteous Army]] which defeated [[Imperial Japanese Army|Japanese garrisons]] around Bukcheong through the use of [[guerrilla warfare|hit-and-run attacks]].

In 1910, He moved to [[Jiandao|Gando]]. After [[March First Movement]], He became a [[Commander-in-Chief]] of [[Korean Independence Army]]. In August 1919, Hong crossed [[Tumen River]] with 200 soldiers. He assaulted Japanese troops in Hyesanjin and [[Kapsan]]. He would cross the river twice more, each time carrying out more successful attacks.

In June 1920, Hong and his army fought against Japanese forces, killing hundreds of Japanese soldiers in [[Battle of Samdunja|Samdunja]]({{ko-hhrm|삼둔자|三屯子}}) and [[Battle of Bongo-dong|Bongodong]]({{ko-hhrm|봉오동|鳳梧洞}}). In October, working together with [[Kim Jwa-jin]], Hong again fought against Japanese troops ([[Battle of Chingshanli]]).

In June 1921 as the [[Soviet Union]] disarmed Korean troops by force and internal trouble occurred, resulting in the collapse of the Korean independence army. Hong ended up as a member of the [[Red Army|Russian red army]].

In 1937, Hong and other Koreans were [[Population transfer in the Soviet Union|deported]] to [[Kazakhstan]] by [[Joseph Stalin]]. Hong would die there in 1943.

On October 25, 1963, Hong was posthumously awarded [[Order of Merit for National Foundation|the Republic of Korea Medal of merit for national foundation]].

==Battle of Bongo-dong==
After [[March First Independence Movement]]({{ko-hhrm|3.1운동|三一運動}}), there are several armed resistance of Korean independence army in [[Manchuria]]. [[Japanese Imperialism]] carried forward a suppression operation from on May 1920. After on August 1919, Hong Beom-do set a advance operations to Korea briskly, he succeeded to integration of army in north [[Jiandao|Gando]]. On May 28, 1920, Hong Beom-do's Korean Independence Army({{ko-hhrm|대한독립군|大韓獨立軍}}), Ahn-Mu's National Army({{ko-hhrm|국민회군|國民會軍}}) and Choi Jin-dong's Military Affair Command({{ko-hhrm|군무도독부|軍務都督府}}) was combined to Korean Northern Army Command({{ko-hhrm|대한북로독군부|大韓北路督軍府}}). They assembled troops and ready for huge advance operation.<ref>{{Cite web|title = The Academy of Korean Studies(한국학중앙연구원) : 봉오동전투(Battle of Bongo-dong)|url = http://terms.naver.com/entry.nhn?docId=577150&cid=46623&categoryId=46623}}</ref>

On June 4, 1920, troops of Korean Democratic Corps({{ko-hhrm|대한신민단|大韓新民團}}) attacked to Japanese army in [[Hamgyeongbuk-do]] Gangyang-dong({{ko-hhrm|강양동|江陽洞}}). The next day Japanese platoon chased independence army, Korean Northern Army Command assaulted on Japanese pursuers in Samdunja({{ko-hhrm|삼둔자|三屯子}}) and defeated them.<ref>{{Cite web|title = 『한국독립운동사(韓國獨立運動史)』 : 한국일보사(Company of Hangook Ilbo), 1987}}</ref>

On the pretext of this war, Japanese Army organized into a battalion in 19th division which was stationed at Nanam({{ko-hhrm|나남|羅南}}). The battalion launched an attack on Bongo-dong({{ko-hhrm|봉오동|鳳梧洞}}). Independence combined arms led by Hong Beom-do hid in ambush for mountain of Bongo-dong and besieged the pursuers battalion in three ways and destroyed them. The Japanese army withdrew with many casualties.<ref>{{Cite web|title = 두산백과(Doopedia) : 봉오동전투(Battle of Bongo-dong)|url = http://terms.naver.com/entry.nhn?docId=1103499&cid=40942&categoryId=31778}}</ref>

===influence===
The Battle of Bongo-dong was a first large scale battle between Korean independence army and Japanese army in [[Manchuria]] which was chinese land. All Korean army included Korean Northern Army Command had high morale as the battle's win. This war served as a momentum that Independence war were more briskly operated in 1920s.<ref>{{Cite web|title = 두산백과(Doopedia) : 봉오동전투(Battle of Bongo-dong)|url = http://terms.naver.com/entry.nhn?docId=1103499&cid=40942&categoryId=31778}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
* {{ko icon}} 한국민족문화대사전 (Ethnic Korean Culture Dictionary)
* {{ko icon}} [http://hongbumdo.org Homepage of General Hong Beom-do]
</div>

{{DEFAULTSORT:Hong, Beom-do}}
[[Category:1868 births]]
[[Category:1943 deaths]]
[[Category:Korean generals]]
[[Category:Korean independence activists]]
[[Category:Korean expatriates in the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:Koryo-saram]]

1999–2000 Kazakhstan Cup Final

2016-12-03T11:28:39Z

Narky Blert: Typo

{{Multiple issues|
{{unreferenced|date=December 2015}}
{{refimprove|date=November 2015}}
}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2015}}
{{Infobox football match
| title = 1999–2000 Kazakhstan Cup Final
| other_titles =
| image =
| caption = The [[Football programme|match programme]] cover
| event = [[1999–2000 Kazakhstan Cup]]
| team1 = [[FC Kairat|Kairat]]
| team1score = 5
| team2 = [[FC Kyzylzhar|Access-Golden Grain]]
| team2score = 0
| details =
| date = 6 Jule 2000
| stadium = [[Kazhimukan Munaitpasov Stadium (Astana)|Kazhimukan Munaitpasov Stadium]]
| city = Astana
| man_of_the_match1a =
| referee = {{nobreak|[[Aleksandr Borisov (referee)|Aleksandr Borisov]] ([[Semey]])}}
| attendance = 7,500
| weather =
| previous = [[1998–99 Kazakhstan Cup Final|1998-99]]
| next = [[2000–01 Kazakhstan Cup Final|2000-01]]
}}
The '''1999–2000 Kazakhstan Cup Final''' was the 8th [[Kazakhstan Cup|final]] of the [[Kazakhstan Cup]]. The match was contested by [[FC Kairat|Kairat]] and [[FC Kyzylzhar|Access-Golden Grain]] at [[Kazhimukan Munaitpasov Stadium (Astana)|Kazhimukan Munaitpasov Stadium]] in Astana. The match was played on 6 July 2000 and was the final match of the [[1999–2000 Kazakhstan Cup|competition]].

==Background==
[[FC Kairat|Kairat]] played the third Kazakhstan Cup Final. In both finals they beat rivals ([[FC Taraz|Fosfor]], [[1992 Kazakhstan Cup Final|1992 final]], 5-1; [[FC Vostok|Vostok-Adil]], [[1996–97 Kazakhstan Cup Final|1996-97 final]], 2-0)

[[FC Kyzylzhar|Access-Golden Grain]] played the first Kazakhstan Cup Final.

Kairat and Access-Golden Grain played twice during the season of league. Access-Golden Grain have won both matches with the score 2-0 of Kairat.

==Route to the Final==

===Kairat===
<div class="thumb tleft">
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;margin:0"
|-
!scope="col" style="width:35px"|Round
!scope="col" style="width:175px"|Opposition
!scope="col" style="width:125px"|Score
|-
!scope=row style="text-align:center"|FR
|[[FC Shakhter|Shakhter-Ispat-Karmet]]
|2–0(0–0 ([[Road (sports)|A]]) / 2–0 ([[Home (sports)|H]]))
|-
!scope=row style="text-align:center"|QF
|[[FC Kaisar|Kaisar-Hurricane]]
|4–2 (3–0 ([[Home (sports)|H]]) / 2–1 ([[Road (sports)|A]]))
|-
!scope=row style="text-align:center"|SF
|[[FC Vostok|Vostok-Altyn]]
|2–6 (2–2 ([[Road (sports)|A]]) / 4–0 ([[Home (sports)|H]]))
|-
|colspan="3" style="background-color:white"|'''Key:''' (h) = Home venue; (a) = Away venue; (n) = [[Home advantage#Neutral venues|Neutral venue]].
</div>
|}

===Access-Golden Grain===
<div class="thumb tleft">
{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;margin:0"
|-
!scope="col" style="width:35px"|Round
!scope="col" style="width:175px"|Opposition
!scope="col" style="width:175px"|Score
|-
!scope=row style="text-align:center"|FR
|[[FC Astana-64|Zhenis]]
|0–1(0–0 ([[Home (sports)|H]]) / 0–1 ([[Road (sports)|A]]))
|-
!scope=row style="text-align:center"|QF
|[[FC Tobol|Tobol]]
|1–3 (0–1 ([[Road (sports)|A]]) / 2–1 ([[Home (sports)|H]]))
|-
!scope=row style="text-align:center"|SF
|[[FC Irtysh|Irtysh]]
|3–6 (3–0 ([[Road (sports)|A]]) / 6–0 ([[Home (sports)|H]]))
|-
|colspan="3" style="background-color:white"|'''Key:''' (h) = Home venue; (a) = Away venue; (n) = [[Home advantage#Neutral venues|Neutral venue]].
</div>
|}

==Match==

===Details===
{{football box
|date=6 Jule 2000
|time =
|team1=[[FC Kairat|Kairat]]
|score= 5–0
|report= [http://kpfl.kz/kaz/cup_kaz_1999_00 Report]
|team2=[[FC Kyzylzhar|Access-Golden Grain]]
|goals1= [[Sergei Ivanov (footballer born 1980)|Ivanov]] {{goal|11}} [[Oleg Litvinenko|Litvinenko]] {{goal|20||90}} [[Rafael Khamidullov|Khamidullov]] {{goal|63|pen.}} [[Yevgeni Tarasov|Tarasov]] {{goal|69}}
|goals2=
|penaltyscore =
|penalties1 =
|penalties2 =
|stadium=[[Kazhimukan Munaitpasov Stadium (Astana)|Kazhimukan Munaitpasov Stadium]], [[Astana]]
|attendance=7500
|referee= Aleksandr Borisov ([[Semey]])
}}

{| style="width:100%;"
|-
| style="vertical-align:top; width:50%;"|
{| style="font-size: 90%" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"
|-
!width=25| !!width=25|
|-
|GK ||{{flagicon|KAZ}} [[Yevgeni Naboychenko]]
|-
|DF ||{{flagicon|KAZ}} [[Sergei Pasko]]
|-
|DF ||{{flagicon|KAZ}} [[Almas Kulshinbayev]]
|-
|DF ||{{flagicon|KAZ}} [[Andrei Tetushkin]]
|-
|DF ||{{flagicon|KAZ}} [[Yerlan Eleusinov]]
|-
|MF ||{{flagicon|KAZ}} [[Roman Vorogovskiy]]
|-
|MF ||{{flagicon|KAZ}} [[Yuri Bordolimov]]
|-
|MF ||{{flagicon|KAZ}} [[Rafael Khamidullov]] {{yel|12}} {{suboff|79}}
|-
|MF ||{{flagicon|KAZ}} [[Sergei Ivanov (footballer born 1980)|Sergei Ivanov]] {{suboff|67}}
|-
|FW ||{{flagicon|KAZ}} [[Oleg Litvinenko]] {{yel|85}}
|-
|FW ||{{flagicon|KAZ}} [[Yevgeni Tarasov]] {{suboff|70}}
|-
|colspan=4|'''Substitutes:'''
|-
|GK ||{{flagicon|KAZ}} [[Nikolai Rodionov]]
|-
|DF ||{{flagicon|KAZ}} [[Konstantin Gorovenko]] {{subon|67}}
|-
|DF ||{{flagicon|TKM}} [[Azat Kuldzhagazov]] {{subon|70}}
|-
|MF ||{{flagicon|KAZ}} [[Andrei Travin]] {{subon|79}}
|-
|FW ||{{flagicon|KAZ}} [[Yerlan Urazayev]]
|-
|FW ||{{flagicon|KAZ}} [[Sergei Klimov (footballer)|Sergei Klimov]]
|-
|colspan=4|'''Manager:'''
|-
|colspan="4"|{{flagicon|KAZ}} [[Vladimir Nikitenko]]
|}
|valign="top"|
| style="vertical-align:top; width:50%;"|
{| cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="font-size:90%; margin:auto;"
|-
!width=25| !!width=25|
|-
|GK ||{{flagicon|RUS}} [[Vyacheslav Krykanov]]
|-
|DF ||{{flagicon|KAZ}} [[Nurmat Mirzabayev]] {{suboff|46}}
|-
|DF ||{{flagicon|RUS}} [[Dmitri Bystrov]] {{yel|83}}
|-
|DF ||{{flagicon|KAZ}} [[Aleksandr Familtsev]]
|-
|DF ||{{flagicon|KAZ}} [[Sergei Timofeev]]
|-
|MF ||{{flagicon|RUS}} [[Aleksei Zakharov]]{{dn|date=December 2016}} {{yel|81}}
|-
|MF ||{{flagicon|RUS}} [[Aleksei Babenko]] {{sentoff|0|72}}
|-
|MF ||{{flagicon|KAZ}} [[Ruslan Gumar]] {{suboff|46}}
|-
|MF ||{{flagicon|KAZ}} [[Igor Avdeev]] {{yel|23}}
|-
|MF ||{{flagicon|KAZ}} [[Sergei Kalabukhin]]
|-
|FW ||{{flagicon|TKM}} [[Vladimir Bayramov]] {{suboff|58}}
|-
|colspan=4|'''Substitutes:'''
|-
|GK ||{{flagicon|KAZ}} [[Kirill Pryadkin]]
|-
|DF ||{{flagicon|KAZ}} [[Andrei Kucheryavykh]] {{subon|46}}
|-
|MF ||{{flagicon|KAZ}} [[Yuri Chukhleba]] {{subon|46}}
|-
|MF ||{{flagicon|TKM}} [[Muslim Agayew]] {{subon|58}}
|-
|MF ||{{flagicon|RUS}} [[Ildar Khuzhinov]]
|-
|FW ||{{flagicon|RUS}} [[Vyacheslav Koloda]]
|-
|FW ||{{flagicon|KAZ}} [[Rustam Usmanov]]
|-
|colspan=4|'''Manager:'''
|-
|colspan="4"|{{flagicon|KAZ}} [[Dmitri Ogay]]
|}
|}

{| width=82% style="font-size:90%"
|width=50% valign=top|
'''Match officials'''
*Assistant referees:

'''Man of the match'''

|width=50% valign=top|
'''Match rules'''
*90 minutes.
*30 minutes of extra-time if necessary.
*Penalty shoot-out if scores still level.
*Seven named substitutes.
*Maximum of three substitutions.
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Kazakhstan Cup}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:1999-2000 Kazakhstan Cup Final}}
[[Category:2000 domestic association football cups]]
[[Category:2000 in Kazakhstani football]]
[[Category:1999 domestic association football cups]]
[[Category:1999 in Kazakhstani football]]
[[Category:Kazakhstan Cup]]
{{Kazakhstan-sport-stub}}

Aykin Tolepbergen

2016-06-17T16:54:42Z

Narky Blert: /* SuperStar KZ performances */ DN -> redlink> songtitle case. Bluelinks

'''Aykin Tolepbergen''' ({{lang-kk|Айқын Төлепберген}}) (born February 10 1982 in [[Almaty]], [[Kazakh SSR]], [[Soviet Union]] (present [[Kazakhstan]])) is a [[Kazakhs|Kazakh]] singer who rose to popularity after placing ninth in ''[[SuperStar KZ]]'', the Kazakh version of ''[[Pop Idol]]'', shown by [[Perviy Kanal Evraziya]]. In 2006, Aykin has been in the studio recording songs for his first CD, he has already released his first music video "Корабли" which was filmed in downtown [[Kuala Lumpur]], [[Malaysia]].

Aykin lives with his mother Gulzada; father Nurtan; brother Aydyn; sister Gaukhar.

Musical influences: [[Boyz II Men]], [[India.Arie]] & [[Jennifer Lopez]]. Favorite actors: [[Jennifer Lopez]], [[Marilyn Monroe]] & [[Nicole Kidman]].

==SuperStar KZ performances==
Semi Finals: Top 12: ''[[Can't Help Falling in Love]]'' by [[Elvis Presley]] Top 11: ''Где Же Ты?'' by [[K-7 (band)|K-7]] Top 10: ''Я Встретил Девушку'' Top 9: ''[[I Just Called to Say I Love You]]'' by [[Stevie Wonder]]

==External links==
*[http://superstar.alfaspace.net/Superstar_kz_-_Finalists_2003_-_2004_-_09_-_Aykin_Tolepbergen.htm Aykin Tolepbergen] - Bio (In Russian)

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tolepbergen, Aykin}}
[[Category:1982 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Idols (TV series) participants]]
[[Category:Kazakhstani male singers]]
[[Category:SuperStar KZ]]

{{Kazakhstan-bio-stub}}
{{pop-singer-stub}}

Verkhoturye

2016-05-03T16:13:22Z

Narky Blert: /* The Gateway to Siberia */ DN resolved using Wiki

{{Distinguish|Verkhnyaya Tura}}
{{Coord|58|52|N|60|48|E|display=title}}
[[File:Coat of Arms of Verkhoturie (Sverdlovsk oblast) coat ot arms.png|thumb|Coat of arms of Verkhoturye]]

'''Verkhoturye''' ({{lang-ru|Верхоту́рье}}) is a [[historical city of Russia|historical]] [[types of inhabited localities in Russia|town]] and the [[administrative center]] of [[Verkhotursky District]] of [[Sverdlovsk Oblast]], [[Russia]], located in the middle [[Ural Mountains]] on the left bank of the [[Tura River]] {{convert|306|km|sp=us}} north of [[Yekaterinburg]]. Population: {{ru-census2010|8,820|;}} 7,815 ([[Russian Census (2002)|2002 Census]];<ref name="2002Census">{{ru-pop-ref|2002Census}}</ref> {{su-census1989|8,973|;}} 10,900 (1967).

==History==
Verkhoturye was founded in 1598 by Vasily Golovin and Ivan Voyeykov on the site of the [[Mansi people|Vogul]] settlement of Neromkar. There were major fires in 1674 and 1738. The railroad arrived in 1906. It lost town status in 1926 and regained it in 1947. Two oil pipelines pass through the area and there are plans to build an oil refinery.

In contrast to the surrounding mining towns, Verkhoturye has been relatively untouched by industrialization and much of its historic appearance has been preserved. Being one of the oldest Russian settlements east of the Urals, and with forty churches in the area, Verkhoturye is considered one of the centers of Russian Christianity. Famous churches include the Trinity Church (1703—1712), Nikolay Monastery (established in 1604) with the Cathedral of Exaltation of the Holy Cross (1905—1913), and Transfiguration Church (1821). In addition, the town houses the oldest female monastery beyond Urals (established in 1621).

===The Gateway to Siberia===
[[File:Trinity Cathedral Verkhoturie.jpg|thumb|The Trinity Cathedral was built in 1703-12]]
The relatively low middle Ural Mountains at the latitude of Verkhoturye form a natural gateway into Siberia from the west. With the [[Russian conquest of Siberia]] and the foundation of the trans-Ural Russian towns of [[Tyumen]] in 1586 and [[Tobolsk]] in 1587 the problem arose of finding the best route to them from European Russia. Around 1580, [[Yermak Timofeyevich]] had ascended the [[Chusovaya River]] south of Verkhoturye and crossed to the Barancha, a tributary of the [[Tagil River]]. This route was abandoned because the upper Tagil was too shallow. Around 1590 a [[Cherdyn Route|more northerly route]] was opened from [[Cherdyn]] north of [[Solikamsk]] up to the [[Vishera River (Perm Krai)|Vishera River]] and down the [[Lozva River]]. In 1597 [[Artemy Babinov]] pioneered what became the standard route. This [[Babinsky Road]] ran overland from [[Solikamsk]] on the western slope of the Urals to Verkhoturye. An ''[[Ostrog (fortress)|ostrog]]'' (fort) was built at Verkhoturye in 1598 and a customs house in 1600 or 1601. Until about 1763, Babinov's route was the main road into Siberia. All winter sledges would haul goods from Solikamsk to Verkhoturye where they were stockpiled until the spring thaw. Siberian furs collected as ''[[yasak]]'' (tribute) passed through Verkhoturye ''en route'' to the Sable Treasury in Moscow. Privately owned furs leaving Siberia paid a 10% tax unless the merchant could prove that the tax had been paid in Siberia. Goods entering Siberia paid a 4% tax (in addition to the 10% paid when the goods were sold). Goods coming and going were inspected and inventoried to prevent contraband. Guard posts were set up in the region to prevent people from slipping around the custom house.
[[File:Verkhoturye 1910 LOC prok 02108.jpg|thumb|right|Verkhoturye in 1910]]

Around 1600, [[Turinsk]] was built downriver and a winter [[ice road | ice-road]] was built to connect the two settlements. At some point the [[Irbit Fair]] downriver became a major trading place. In 1695, all routes from the Kama basin except Verkhoturye were legally closed. Verkhoturye declined from about 1763 when the [[Siberian Route]] was built through [[Yekaterinburg]] to the south. In the 1770s the toll for crossing into Siberia was abolished or reduced.

===Other Ural crossings===
To the north the three crossing points were the [[Arctic Ocean]], the [[Usa River (Komi Republic)|Usa River]], and the [[Northern Sosva River]]. These all connected the lower [[Ob River]] to the [[Pechora River]] and the export port of [[Arkhangelsk]]. The routes around Verkhoturye connected [[Tobolsk]] to the [[Kama River]] tributary of the Volga and on to the Sable Treasury at Moscow. Below Verkhoturye there was an old caravan route which led to the [[Ufa]] steppe and the Volga River. This became more important as the Volga population increased, but remained minor because it did not lead to either Moscow or Arkhangelsk.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commonscat|Verkhoturie}}

*[http://uralring.eunnet.net/verh/ History and culture of the town and the region] {{ru icon}}

{{Cities and towns in Sverdlovsk Oblast}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=December 2012}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Sverdlovsk Oblast]]
[[Category:Verkhotursky Uyezd]]
[[Category:Ural Mountains]]
[[Category:Populated places established in 1598]]