Kazakhstan Encyclopedia - User contributions [en]

Tourism in Kazakhstan

2017-04-11T13:37:43Z

Mx. Granger: {{Wikivoyage-inline}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2016}}
[[File:Mausoleum of Khoja Ahmed Yasawi in Hazrat-e Turkestan, Kazakhstan.jpg|thumb|right|300px|View of [[Mausoleum of Khoja Ahmed Yasawi]]]]
Kazakhstan is the ninth-largest country by area and the largest landlocked country. As of 2014, tourism has accounted for 0.3% of Kazakhstan's GDP, but the government has plans to increase it to 3% by 2020.<ref name="theguardian1">{{cite web|author=Joanna Lillis for EurasiaNet, part of the New East |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jul/17/kazakhstan-eases-visa-restrictions-attract-tourists |title=Summer holiday in Kazakhstan? Astana eases visa restrictions to attract tourists | World news |work=The Guardian |date= |accessdate=2015-11-18}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eurasianet.org/node/68601 |title=Kazakhstan: Astana Announces Visa-Free Travel for 10 High-Investing States |publisher=EurasiaNet.org |date=16 June 2014 |accessdate=2015-11-18}}</ref> According to the World Economic Forum's Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Report 2017, travel and tourism industry GDP in Kazakhstan is $3.08 billion or 1.6 percent of total GDP. The WEF ranks Kazakhstan 81st in its 2017 report, which four positions higher compared to the previous period.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://reports.weforum.org/travel-and-tourism-competitiveness-report-2017/country-profiles/#economy=KAZ|title=Country profiles|work=Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Report 2017|access-date=2017-04-07|language=en-US}}</ref>

==Industry==
In 2012, Kazakhstan ranked 51st in the world in terms of number of tourist arrivals. In 2000 total 1.47 million international tourists visited Kazakhstan, which was increased to 4.81 million in 2012.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mecometer.com/whats/kazakhstan/international-tourism-number-of-arrivals/ |title=International tourism, number of arrivals – Kazakhstan |publisher=Mecometer.com |date= |accessdate=2015-11-18}}</ref> [[The Guardian]] describes tourism in Kazakhstan as, "hugely underdeveloped," despite the attractions of the country's dramatic mountain, lake and desert landscapes.<ref name=Lillis/> Factors hampering an increase in tourist visits are said to include high prices, "shabby infrastructure," "poor service" and the logistical difficulties of travel in a geographically enormous, underdeveloped country.<ref name=Lillis/> Even for locals, going for holiday abroad may cost only half the price of taking a holiday in Kazakhstan.<ref name=Lillis>{{cite news|last1=Lillis|first1=Joanna|title=Summer holiday in Kazakhstan? Astana eases visa restrictions to attract tourists|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/jul/17/kazakhstan-eases-visa-restrictions-attract-tourists|accessdate=11 December 2015|publisher=[[The Guardian]]|date=17 July 2014}}</ref> High-end tourists like Britain's [[Prince Harry]] have visited for the skiing.<ref name=PrinceHarry>{{cite news|title=Prince Harry in Kazakhstan: ski resorts and other attractions|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/snowandski/10720930/Prince-Harry-in-Kazakhstan-ski-resorts-and-other-attractions.html|accessdate=11 December 2015|publisher=The Daily Telegraph}}</ref>

===Government initiative===
The Kazakh Government, long characterized as authoritarian with a history of human rights abuses and suppression of political opposition,<ref name="time">{{cite news|last=Zarakhovich|first=Yuri|date=27 September 2006|url=http://content.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1539999,00.html|title=Kazakhstan Comes on Strong|work=Time|accessdate=13 December 2015}}</ref> has started an initiative named the "Tourism Industry Development Plan 2020". This initiative aims to establish five tourism clusters in Kazakhstan: Astana city, Almaty city, East Kazakhstan, South Kazakhstan, and West Kazakhstan Oblasts. It also seeks investment of $4 billion and the creation of 300,000 new jobs in the tourism industry by 2020.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.tengrinews.kz/environment/Kazakhstan-to-develop-its-tourism-industry-254241/ |title=Kazakhstan to develop its tourism industry. Environment. Tengrinews.kz |publisher=En.tengrinews.kz |date=18 June 2014 |accessdate=2015-11-18}}</ref><ref name=Lillis/>

==Visa policy==
{{main|Visa policy of Kazakhstan}}
Kazakhstan offers a permanent visa-free regime for up to 90 days to citizens of [[Armenia]], [[Belarus]], Georgia, [[Moldova]], [[Kyrgyzstan]], [[Mongolia]], Russia and [[Ukraine]] and for up to 30 days to citizens of [[Argentina]], [[Azerbaijan]], [[Serbia]], [[South Korea]], [[Tajikistan]], [[Turkey]] and [[Uzbekistan]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Visa Information|url=https://www.timaticweb.com/cgi-bin/tim_website_client.cgi?FullText=1&COUNTRY=KZ&SECTION=VI&SUBSECTION=00&user=KLMB2C&subuser=KLMB2C|work=[[Timatic]]|publisher=[[IATA]]|accessdate=30 April 2016}}</ref>

In 2014 Kazakhstan adopted a no-visa pilot program for 10 developed nations with the highest investment in Kazakhstan economy in order to attract tourists and investors. According to this policy, visitors from the United Kingdom, the United States, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, [[Malaysia]] and the [[Netherlands]] can stay in Kazakhstan without any visa for a period of up to 15 days.<ref name="theguardian1" /> In 2015, Kazakhstan further expanded this program to 19 countries by including Australia, [[Finland]], [[Hungary]], [[Monaco]], [[Norway]], Singapore, Spain, [[Sweden]], [[Switzerland]] and the [[United Arab Emirates]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Turebekova |first=Aiman |url=http://astanatimes.com/2015/07/kazakhstan-expands-visa-free-regime-up-to-19-countries-extends-it-to-end-of-2017/ |title=Kazakhstan Expands Visa-Free Regime up to 19 Countries, Extends It to End of 2017 |publisher=Astanatimes.com |date=2 July 2015 |accessdate=2015-11-18}}</ref>

==Arrivals by country==
Most visitors arriving to Kazakhstan on short term basis were from the following countries:
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|- style="color:white;"
! style="width:5px; background:#00966E;"|Rank
! style="width:130px; background:#00966E;"| Country
! style="width:50px; background:#00966E;"| 2015
! style="width:50px; background:#00966E;"| 2016
|-
|1||{{flagcountry|Russia}}|| N/A || 615,877
|-
|2||{{flagcountry|Uzbekistan}}|| N/A || 409,600
|-
|3||{{flagcountry|Kyrgyzstan}}|| N/A || 220,000
|-
|4||{{flagcountry|South Korea}} || N/A || 176,259
|-
|5||{{flagcountry|Turkmenistan}} || N/A || 90,377
|-
|6||{{flagcountry|China}} || N/A || 81,433
|-
|7||{{flagcountry|Turkey}} || N/A || 50,722
|-
|8||{{flagcountry|India}} || N/A || 49,061
|-
|9||{{flagcountry|Mongolia}} || N/A || 15,810
|-
|10||{{flagcountry|Germany}} || N/A || 8,650
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* {{Wikivoyage-inline|Kazakhstan}}
{{Tourism in Asia}}

[[Category:Tourism in Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Tourism in Europe|Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Tourism in Asia|Kazakhstan]]

Buran (wind)

2017-03-18T00:36:51Z

Mx. Granger: Disambiguated: Shamal → Shamal (wind)

{{Other uses|Buran (disambiguation){{!}}Buran}}
The '''buran''' ([[Turkish language|Turkish]]: ''boran'') is a wind which blows across eastern [[Asia]], specifically [[Xinjiang]], [[Siberia]], and [[Kazakhstan]]. Over the [[tundra]], it is also known as purga.

The buran takes two forms: in summer, it is a hot, dry wind, whipping up sandstorms; in winter, it is bitterly cold and often accompanied by blizzards. Winter buran winds are strong and full of ice and snow. The sky is often laden with snow, which swirls about and reduces the visibility to near zero at times. In [[Alaska]] this severe north-easterly wind is known as burga and brings snow and ice pellets.

The Russian Space Programme has named a class of spacecraft after the buran (see [[Buran programme]]).

==See also==
*[[Dust storm]]
*[[N'aschi]]
*[[Shamal (wind)]]

==References==
*[http://www.weatheronline.co.uk/reports/wind/The-Buran-or-Burga.htm Buran on Winds of the World]

[[Category:Winds]]

{{climate-stub}}
{{kazakhstan-stub}}
{{russia-stub}}

[[pl:Wiatr#Lokalne wiatry nazwane]]

Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, especially Women and Children

2017-01-05T19:03:00Z

Mx. Granger: Reverted edits by 73.78.113.171 (talk) to last version by Good Olfactory

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2013}}
{{Infobox treaty
| name = Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children, supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime
| long_name =
| image =
| image_width =
| caption =
| type = [[Organized crime]]; [[international criminal law]]
| date_drafted = 15 Nov 2000
| date_signed = 12 Dec 2000
| location_signed = New York City, United States
| date_sealed =
| date_effective = 25 Dec 2003
| condition_effective = 40 ratifications
| date_expiration =
| signatories = 117
| parties = 170
| depositor = [[Secretary-General of the United Nations]]
| language =
| languages = Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian, and Spanish
| website =
| wikisource =
}}
The '''Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, especially Women and Children''' (also referred to as the '''Trafficking Protocol''' or '''UN TIP Protocol''') is a [[Protocol (diplomacy)|protocol]] to the [[Convention against Transnational Organised Crime]]. It is one of the three [[Palermo protocols]], the others being the [[Protocol against the Smuggling of Migrants by Land, Sea and Air]] and the [[Protocol against the Illicit Manufacturing and Trafficking in Firearms]].

The protocol was adopted by the [[United Nations General Assembly]] in 2000 and entered into force on 25 December 2003. As of September 2016 it has been ratified by 170 parties.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XVIII-12-a&chapter=18&lang=en |title=UNODC – Signatories to the CTOC Trafficking Protocol |publisher=Treaties.un.org |date= |accessdate=16 Mar 2013}}</ref>

The [[United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime]] (UNODC) is responsible for implementing the protocol. It offers practical help to states with drafting laws, creating comprehensive national anti-trafficking strategies, and assisting with resources to implement them. In March 2009, UNODC launched the [[Blue Heart Campaign]] to fight human trafficking, to [[raising awareness|raise awareness]], and to encourage involvement and inspire action.

The protocol commits ratifying states to prevent and combat trafficking in persons, protecting and assisting victims of trafficking and promoting cooperation among states in order to meet those objectives.

== Content of the protocol ==
The protocol covers the following:

*Defining the crime of [[trafficking in human beings]]; To be considered trafficking in persons, a situation must meet three conditions: act (i.e., recruitment), means (i.e., through the use of force or deception) and purpose (i.e., for the purpose of forced labour)

::''"Trafficking in persons" shall mean the recruitment, transportation, transfer, harbouring or receipt of persons, by means of the threat or use of force or other forms of coercion, of abduction, of fraud, of deception, of the abuse of power or of a position of vulnerability or of the giving or receiving of payments or benefits to achieve the consent of a person having control over another person, for the purpose of exploitation. Exploitation shall include, at a minimum, the exploitation of the prostitution of others or other forms of sexual exploitation, forced labour or services, slavery or practices similar to slavery, servitude or the removal of organs... The consent of a victim of trafficking in persons to the intended exploitation set forth [above] shall be irrelevant where any of the means set forth [above] have been used.''

*Facilitating the return and acceptance of children who have been victims of cross-border trafficking, with due regard to their safety
*Prohibiting the [[trafficking of children]] (which is defined as being a person under 18 years of age) for purposes of [[commercial sexual exploitation of children]] (CSEC), exploitative labour practices, or the removal of body parts
*Suspending parental rights of parents, caregivers, or any other persons who have parental rights in respect of a child should they be found to have trafficked a child
*Ensuring that definitions of trafficking reflect the need for special safeguards and care for children, including appropriate legal protection
*Ensuring that trafficked persons are not punished for any offences or activities related to their having been trafficked, such as prostitution and immigration violations
*Ensuring that victims of trafficking are protected from deportation or return where there are reasonable grounds to suspect that such return would represent a significant security risk to the trafficked person or their family
*Considering temporary or permanent residence in countries of transit or destination for trafficking victims in exchange for testimony against alleged traffickers, or on humanitarian and compassionate grounds
*Providing for proportional criminal penalties to be applied to persons found guilty of trafficking in aggravating circumstances, including offences involving trafficking in children or offences committed or involving complicity by state officials
*Providing for the confiscation of the instruments and proceeds of trafficking and related offences to be used for the benefit of trafficked persons

The convention and the protocol obligate ratifying states to introduce national trafficking legislation.

==Regional action against trafficking in human beings==
In [[Warsaw]] on 16 May 2005, the [[Council of Europe]] [[Convention on Action against Trafficking in Human Beings]] was opened for accession. The convention established a Group of Experts on Action against Trafficking in Human Beings (GRETA) which monitors the implementation of the convention through country reports. It has been ratified (as of January 2016) by 45 European states, while a further one state (Turkey) has signed but not yet ratified it.<ref>http://www.coe.int/ro/web/conventions/full-list/-/conventions/treaty/197/signatures?p_auth=Gn9RcCwG</ref>

Complementary protection is ensured through the Council of Europe [[Convention on the Protection of Children against Sexual Exploitation and Sexual Abuse]] ([[Lanzarote]], 25 Oct 2007).

In addition, the [[European Court of Human Rights]] of the [[Council of Europe]] in [[Strasbourg]] has passed judgments involving trafficking in human beings which violated obligations under the [[European Convention on Human Rights]]: ''Siliadin v France'', judgment of 26 July 2005, and ''Rantsev v Cyprus and Russia'', judgment of 7 January 2010.

The Council of Europe co-operates closely with the United Nations.

==See also==
*[[Child laundering]]
*[[Child harvesting]]
*[[Convention for the Suppression of the Traffic in Persons and of the Exploitation of the Prostitution of Others]]
*[[1921 International Convention for the Suppression of the Traffic in Women and Children]]
*[[List of international adoption scandals]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/human-trafficking/index.html UNODC site]
*[http://www2.ohchr.org/english/law/protocoltraffic.htm Wording of protocol]
*[http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=IND&mtdsg_no=XVIII-12-a&chapter=18&lang=en Ratifications TIP Protocol - UN Treaty Collection]
*[http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/treaties/CTOC/travaux-preparatoires.html Travaux Préparatoires of the negotiations for the elaboration of the United Nations Convention against Organized Crime and the Protocols thereto]
*[http://www.coe.int/t/dghl/monitoring/trafficking/default_en.asp GRETA action by the Council of Europe]
*[http://conventions.coe.int/Treaty/Commun/QueVoulezVous.asp?NT=197&CM=8&DF=11/01/2011&CL=ENG Warsaw Convention on Action against Trafficking in Human Beings]
*[http://conventions.coe.int/Treaty/Commun/QueVoulezVous.asp?NT=201&CM=8&DF=11/01/2011&CL=ENG Lanzarote Convention on the Protection of Children against Sexual Exploitation and Sexual Abuse]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Trafficking in Persons Protocol}}
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Jubilee Medal "50 Years of Victory in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945"

2016-07-18T15:13:51Z

Mx. Granger: removing/replacing citations to Wikipedia, which is not a reliable source

{{Infobox military award
|name=Jubilee Medal "50 Years of Victory in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945"
|image=[[File:50 ann WW2 obverse.jpg|200px]]
|caption=Jubilee Medal "50 Years of Victory in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945" (obverse)
|awarded_by={{flag|Russian Federation}}<br />{{flag|Ukraine}}<br />{{flag|Armenia}}<br />{{flag|Belarus}}<br />{{flag|Kazakhstan}}
|type=State Commemorative Medal
|eligibility= Citizens of the Russian Federation and foreign nationals<ref name="statute"/>
|for=World War 2 service<ref name="statute"/>
|status=No longer awarded<ref name="decree1099"/>
|established=July 7, 1993<ref name="law"/>
|first_award=
|last_award=
|total=
|posthumous=
|recipients=
|individual=
|higher=
|same=
|lower=
|related=
|image2=[[File:50 years of victory rib.png|80px]]
|caption2=Ribbon of the Jubilee Medal "50 Years of Victory in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945"
}}
[[File:50 ann WW2 reverse.jpg|150px|thumb|right|Reverse of the Jubilee Medal "50 Years of Victory in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945"]]
The '''Jubilee Medal "50 Years of Victory in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945"''' ({{lang-ru|Юбилейная медаль «50 лет Победы в Великой Отечественной войне 1941–1945 гг.»}}) is a state commemorative medal of the [[Russian Federation]] created to denote the 50th anniversary of the 1945 victory over [[Nazi Germany]]. It was established on July 7, 1993 by the Law of the Russian Federation № 5336-1.<ref name="law">{{cite web | authorlink = Russian Government | title = Law of the Russian Federation № 5336-1of July 7, 1993 | publisher = Commission under the President of the Russian Federation on state awards | date = 1999-12-15 | url = http://award.adm.gov.ru/doc/z5336.htm | language = Russian | accessdate =2012-02-18}}</ref> It was also established in Ukraine, in Kazakhstan by Decision of the Supreme Council of the [[Republic of Kazakhstan]] № 2485-XII of October 26, 1993, and in the [[Republic of Belarus]] on the basis of [[Presidential Decree]] № 102 of March 14, 1995.

== Medal statute ==
The Jubilee Medal "50 Years of Victory in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945" is awarded to veterans of the Armed Forces of the [[USSR]] who participated in the fighting in the [[Great Patriotic War]], [[guerrillas]], the [[Resistance during World War II|Underground]], those awarded the [[Medal "For the Victory over Germany in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945"]] or [[Medal "For the Victory over Japan"|"For the Victory over Japan"]], persons awarded for their selfless work the medal [[Medal "For Valiant Labour in the Great Patriotic War 1941-1945"]] or "Citizen of the siege of Leningrad" or any of the "Defence" medals of the cities or regions of the [[USSR]]; to persons who worked in the period from 22 June 1941 to May 9, 1945 for no less than six months, excluding the period of work in the temporarily [[German-occupied Europe|occupied territories]]; former under-age prisoners of concentration camps, ghettos and other places of detention established by the Nazis and their allies; foreign nationals from outside the [[Commonwealth of Independent States]] who fought in the national military forces in the USSR, as part of guerilla units, underground groups, and other anti-fascist groups who have made significant contribution to victory in the Great Patriotic War and who were awarded state awards of the USSR or Russian Federation.<ref name="statute">{{cite web | authorlink = Russian Government | title = Statute of the Jubilee Medal "50 Years of Victory in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945" | publisher = Commission under the President of the Russian Federation on state awards | date = 1999-12-15 | url = http://award.adm.gov.ru/medal/medal_14.htm | language = Russian | accessdate =2012-02-18}}</ref>

Presidential Decree 1099 of September 7, 2010<ref name="decree1099">{{cite web | authorlink = Russian Government | title = Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of September 7, 2010 No 1099 | publisher = Russian Gazette | date = 2010-09-07 | url = http://www.rg.ru/2010/09/15/nagrady-dok.html | language = Russian | accessdate =2012-02-18}}</ref> removed the Jubilee Medal "50 Years of Victory in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945" from the list of state awards of the Russian Federation. It is no longer awarded.

== Medal description ==
The Jubilee Medal "50 Years of Victory in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945" is a 32mm in diameter [[tombac]] circular medal. Its obverse bears the relief image of the [[Kremlin wall]] with the [[Spasskaya Tower]] and [[Saint Basil's Cathedral]], all under fireworks. At the bottom, a relief image of the [[Order of the Patriotic War]] over a laurel wreath, the dates "1945" on the left, and "1995" on the right of the image of the Order. On the otherwise plain reverse, the relief inscription in six lines "50 Years of Victory in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945" {{lang-ru| "50 лет Победы в Великой Отечественной войне 1941–1945"}}). AT center below the inscription, the dates "1941 – 1945". A laurel wreath surrounds the reverse inscriptions from the bottom to just over halfway up along the medal circumference.

The medal is suspended by a ring through the award's suspension loop to a standard Russian pentagonal mount covered with an overlapping 24mm wide silk [[moiré]] ribbon, the right half is red, the left half is the [[Ribbon of Saint George]].

== Recipients (partial list) ==
The individuals below were all recipients of the Jubilee Medal "50 Years of Victory in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945".

===Russian Federation===
* [[Anna Yegorova|World War 2 combat pilot Hero of the Soviet Union senior lieutenant Anna Yegorova]]
* [[Anatoly Kornukov|Army General Anatoly Kornukov]]
* [[Ivan Ladyga|World War 2 artillery officer Colonel Ivan Fedorovich Ladyga]]
* [[Vasil Bykaŭ|World War 2 infantry officer and author Vasil Bykaŭ]]
* [[Yuri Lyubimov|Veteran of Stalingrad, stage actor and director Yuri Petrovich Lyubimov]]
* [[Tikhon Khrennikov|World War 2 veteran, pianist and composer Tikhon Nikolayevich Khrennikov]]
* [[Vasily Ivanovich Petrov|Marshal of the Soviet Union Vasily Ivanovich Petrov]]
* [[Lyudmila Zykina|Folk singer Lyudmila Georgievna Zykina]]
* [[Vladimir Dolgikh|Politician Vladimir Ivanovich Dolgikh]]

===Foreign nationals===
* [[Wojciech Jaruzelski|Polish General and President Wojciech Jaruzelski]]
* [[Bill Stone (Royal Navy sailor)|British Royal Navy Chief Petty Officer William Frederick "Bill" Stone]]

== See also ==
{{Portal|Soviet Union|Russia|Ukraine|Armenia|Belarus|Kazakhstan}}
*[[Awards and decorations of the Russian Federation]]
*[[Awards and decorations of the Soviet Union]]
*[[Eastern Front (World War II)]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://award.gov.ru/ The Commission on State Awards to the President of the Russian Federation]
* [http://www.rg.ru/ The Russian Gazette] In Russian

{{Russian Awards}}
{{Medals of the Commonwealth of Independent States}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Jubilee Medal 50 Years of Victory in the Great Patriotic War 1941-1945}}
[[Category:Civil awards and decorations of Russia]]
[[Category:Russian awards]]
[[Category:Military awards and decorations of Russia]]
[[Category:Orders, decorations, and medals of Ukraine]]
[[Category:Orders, decorations, and medals of Armenia]]
[[Category:Orders, decorations, and medals of Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Orders, decorations, and medals of Belarus]]
[[Category:Awards established in 1993]]