Kazakhstan Encyclopedia - User contributions [en]

Protection of Diplomats Convention

2016-10-18T07:04:45Z

Mimid: + zambia accession; lf

{{Infobox treaty
| name = Protection of Diplomats Convention
| long_name = Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of Crimes against Internationally Protected Persons, including Diplomatic Agents
| image =
| image_width =
| caption =
| type = [[anti-terrorism]], [[international criminal law]], privileges and immunities; diplomatic relations
| date_drafted = 14 December 1973
| date_signed = 28 December 1973<ref>First signed by the United States.</ref>
| location_signed = [[New York City|New York]], [[United States]]
| date_sealed =
| date_effective = 20 February 1977
| condition_effective = 22 ratifications
| date_expiration =
| signatories = 25
| parties = 180
| depositor = [[United Nations Secretary-General]]
| language =
| languages = Chinese, English, French, Russian, and Spanish
| website =
| wikisource =
}}
The '''Protection of Diplomats Convention''' (formally, the '''Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of Crimes against Internationally Protected Persons, including Diplomatic Agents''') is a [[United Nations]] [[anti-terrorism]] [[Multilateral treaty|treaty]] that codifies some of the traditional principles on the necessity of protecting [[diplomat]]s.

==Adoption==
The convention was adopted as a resolution of the [[United Nations General Assembly]] on 14 December 1973 in response to a series of kidnappings and murders of diplomatic agents, beginning in the 1960s. It was drafted by the [[International Law Commission]] (ILC), which began work on it in 1971. It was adopted within two years, which was exceptionally fast by ILC standards.<ref>Blumenau, Bernhard. ''The United Nations and Terrorism. Germany, Multilateralism, and Antiterrorism Efforts in the 1970s'' Palgrave Macmillan, 2014, pp. 104–13.</ref>

==Content==
Parties to the convention agree to criminalise the commission of murders or kidnappings of internationally protected persons as well as violent attacks against the [[Diplomatic mission|official premises]], private accommodation, or means of transport of such persons. Parties to the convention also agree to criminalise the attempted commission or threatened commission of such acts. "Internationally protected persons" is a term created by the convention, and refers explicitly to [[head of state|heads of state]], [[head of government|heads of government]], [[foreign minister]]s, [[ambassador]]s, other official diplomats, and members of their families.

A central provision of the convention is the principle of ''[[aut dedere aut judicare]]''—that a party to the treaty must either (1) prosecute a person who commits an offence against an internationally protection person or (2) send the person to another state that requests his or her [[extradition]] for prosecution of the same crime.

==Ratifications and parties==
By the end of 1974, the convention had been signed by 25 states and it came into force on 20 February 1977 after it had been ratified by 22 states. As of October 2016, it has been ratified by 180 state parties, which includes 177 [[United Nations member states]] plus the [[Holy See]], [[Niue]] and the [[State of Palestine]]. The UN member states that have not ratified the convention are:
{{Columns-list|3|
*{{flag|Angola}}
*{{flag|Chad}}
*{{flag|Republic of the Congo}}
*{{flag|East Timor}}
*{{flag|Eritrea}}
*{{flag|Gambia}}
*{{flag|Indonesia}}
*{{flag|Samoa}}
*{{flag|Solomon Islands}}
*{{flag|Somalia}}
*{{flag|South Sudan}}
*{{flag|Suriname}}
*{{flag|Tanzania}}
*{{flag|Tuvalu}}
*{{flag|Vanuatu}}
*{{flag|Zimbabwe}}
}}

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
*B. Blumenau, ''The United Nations and Terrorism. Germany, Multilateralism, and Antiterrorism Efforts in the 1970s''. Palgrave Macmillan, 2014, ch. 3. ISBN 978-1-137-39196-4.
*A. B. Green, "Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of Crimes Against Diplomatic Agents and Other Internationally Protected Persons: An Analysis", ''[[Virginia Journal of International Law]]'', vol. 14 (1973–1974) pp. 703–728.
*F. Przetacznik, "Convention on the prevention and punishment of crimes against internationally protected persons", ''Revue de droit international, de sciences diplomatiques et politiques'', vol. 52 (1974) pp. 208–247.
*M. C. Wood, "The Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of Crimes against Internationally Protected Persons, including Diplomatic Agents", ''[[International and Comparative Law Quarterly]]'', vol. 23 (1974) pp. 791–817

==External links==
*Michael Wood, [http://untreaty.un.org/cod/avl/ha/cppcipp/cppcipp.html "Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of Crimes against Internationally Protected Persons, including Diplomatic Agents"], un.org
*[http://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/RES/3166(XXVIII) Text].
*[https://treaties.un.org/pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XVIII-7&chapter=18&clang=_en Ratifications].

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Optional Protocol to the Convention against Torture

2016-10-11T21:16:43Z

Mimid: add CAR, lf

{{Infobox Treaty
| name = Optional Protocol to the Convention against Torture
| long_name = Optional Protocol to the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment
| image =
| image_width =
| caption =
| type = [[International human rights instruments|Human rights convention]]
| date_drafted = 18 December 2002<ref name=untc/>
| date_signed = 18 December 2002
| location_signed = New York
| date_sealed =
| date_effective = 22 June 2006<ref name=untc/>
| condition_effective = 20 ratifications<ref name=Article28>[http://www2.ohchr.org/english/law/cat-one.htm OPCAT], Article 28. Retrieved on 30 December 2008.</ref>
| date_expiration =
| signatories = 75<ref name=untc/>
| parties = 83<ref name=untc/>
| depositor = [[Secretary-General of the United Nations|UN Secretary-General]]<ref name=Article27>[http://www2.ohchr.org/english/law/cat-one.htm OPCAT], Article 27. Retrieved on 30 December 2008.</ref>
| language =
| languages = Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian and Spanish<ref name=Article37>[http://www2.ohchr.org/english/law/cat-one.htm OPCAT], Article 37. Retrieved on 30 December 2008.</ref>
| website =
| wikisource =
}}

The '''Optional Protocol to the Convention against Torture and other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment''' ('''OPCAT''') is a [[treaty]] that supplements to the 1984 [[United Nations Convention Against Torture]]. It establishes an international inspection system for places of detention modeled on the system that has existed in Europe since 1987 (the [[Committee for the Prevention of Torture]]).

The OPCAT was adopted by the [[United Nations General Assembly]] in New York on 18 December 2002,<ref name=untc/> and it entered into force on 22 June 2006.<ref name=untc/> As of October 2016, the Protocol has 75 signatories and 83 parties.<ref name=untc>{{cite web |url=https://treaties.un.org/pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-9-b&chapter=4&clang=_en |title=Parties to the Optional Protocol to the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment |publisher=United Nations Treaty Collection |accessdate=13 September 2012}}</ref>

==History==
The idea for this scheme of torture prevention goes back to the Swiss Committee for the Prevention of Torture (today [[Association for the Prevention of Torture]], APT), founded in 1977 by Jean-Jacques Gautier in [[Geneva]]. It envisaged the establishment of a worldwide system of inspection of places of detention, which later took the form of an Optional Protocol to the UN Convention against Torture and other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (1984). For a long time, however, the necessary support for such an optional protocol was not forthcoming. As a consequence, the UN Committee Against Torture (CAT) had at its disposal only relatively weak instruments: it could analyse and discuss the self-reports of the respective governments and create the institution of a [[Special Rapporteur (UN)|Special Rapporteur]] on Torture. But neither CAT nor its Special Rapporteur had the power to visit countries, let alone inspect prisons, without the respective government's permission. In 1987, the [[Council of Europe]] realized the original idea on a regional level with its [[European Convention for the Prevention of Torture]]. On this basis, the [[Committee for the Prevention of Torture|European Committee for the Prevention of Torture]] has demonstrated that regular visits, reports and recommendations to the governments as well as the publication of these reports and the governments' reactions the viability of this model. This in turn led to a breakthrough within the United Nations: OPCAT was created and opened for signatures on 18 December 2002 by the [[UN General Assembly]].

After ratification by 20 states, the Optional Protocol came into force on 22 June 2006.<ref name=untc/>

==Ratification status==
[[File:OPCAT members.svg|thumb|right|400px|Parties to the OPCAT
{{legend|#008000|Ratified or acceded}}
{{legend|#00ff00|Signed but not ratified}}
{{legend|#E0E0E0|Non-parties}}]]
As of October 2016, 83 states have ratified the protocol: Albania, Argentina, Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belize, Benin, Bolivia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Brazil, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cambodia, Cape Verde, the Central African Republic, Chile, Costa Rica, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Denmark, Ecuador, Estonia, Finland, France, Gabon, Georgia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Guatemala, Honduras, Hungary, Italy, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Lebanon, Liberia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macedonia, Maldives, Mali, Malta, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Moldova, Mongolia, Montenegro, Morocco, Mozambique, Nauru, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Rwanda, Senegal, Serbia, Slovenia, South Sudan, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Togo, Tunisia, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom, and Uruguay.<ref name=untc/>

A further 16 states have signed but not ratified the protocol: Angola, Australia, Belgium, Cameroon, Chad, Republic of the Congo, East Timor, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Iceland, Ireland, Madagascar, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Venezuela, and Zambia.<ref name=untc/>

==See also==
* [[Istanbul Protocol]]
* [[International Rehabilitation Council for Torture Victims]]
* [[Center for Victims of Torture]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www2.ohchr.org/english/law/cat-one.htm Text of the protocol] — Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights
* [http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-9-b&chapter=4&lang=en List of parties]
* [http://www.apt.ch Association for the Prevention of Torture]
* [http://www.cvt.org/ The Center for Victims of Torture]

{{Human rights}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Torture Convention Optional Protocol}}
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[[Category:United Nations treaties]]
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[[Category:Treaties entered into force in 2006|Optional Protocol to the Convention against Torture]]
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