Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals

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{{Redirect|Bonn Convention|other agreements with similar names|Bonn Agreement (disambiguation){{!}}Bonn Agreement}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2013}}
{{refimprove|date=February 2017}}
[[Image:CMS Bonn Convention logo.png|right|thumb|200px|CMS Bonn Convention logo]]

The '''Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals''' -- more commonly abbreviated to just the Convention on Migratory Species (CMS) or the '''Bonn Convention''' -- aims to conserve terrestrial, marine and avian migratory [[species]] throughout their range. It is an intergovernmental treaty, concluded under the aegis of the [[United Nations Environment Programme]], concerned with the conservation of wildlife and habitats on a global scale. Since the Convention's entry into force, its membership has grown steadily to include over 120 Parties from Africa, Central and South America, Asia, Europe and Oceania. The Convention was signed in 1979 in Bad Godesberg, a suburb of [[Bonn]] (hence the name), and entered into force in 1983. The depositary is the government of the [[Federal Republic of Germany]].

The CMS is the only global and UN-based intergovernmental organization established exclusively for the conservation and management of terrestrial, aquatic and avian migratory species throughout their range. CMS and its daughter agreements determine policy and provide further guidance on specific issues through their Strategic Plans, Action Plans, resolutions, decisions and guidelines. All maintain on their websites a list of all decisions taken, guidelines issues and Action Plans adopted by the Member States.

== CMS Preamble==
{{quote|"Conservation and effective management of migratory species of wild animals require the concerted action of all States within the national jurisdictional boundaries of which such species spend any part of their life cycle."}}

==Fundamental principles==
Fundamental Principles of the Convention are set out in Article 2. The Parties acknowledge the importance of migratory species being conserved and of Range States agreeing to take action to this end "whenever possible and appropriate", "paying special attention to migratory species the conservation status of which is unfavourable and taking individually or in cooperation appropriate and necessary steps to conserve such species and their habitat." Further in Article 2(2) The Parties "acknowledge" [but do not commit in stronger language, cf Art 2(3) "shall"] "the need to take action to avoid any migratory species becoming endangered".

Article 2(3) of the Convention states that "the Parties:<br>
(a) Should promote, cooperate in and support research relating to migratory species;<br>
(b) Shall endeavour to provide immediate protection for migratory species included in Appendix I; and<br>
(c) Shall endeavour to conclude AGREEMENTS covering the conservation and management of migratory species included in Appendix II."

==Parties to the Convention==
The Parties acknowledge the importance of conserving migratory species and agree that Range States – those countries through which migratory species pass or spend part of their lives - should take joint action. At August 2016, there were 124 Parties to the Convention.<ref>[http://www.cms.int/en/parties-range-states Parties and Range States]</ref>

==Species Coverage==
The CMS Family covers a great diversity of migratory species. The Appendices of CMS include many mammals, including land mammals, [[marine mammals]] and bats; birds; fish; reptiles and one insect. Among the instruments, AEWA covers 254 species of birds that are ecologically dependent on wetlands for at least part of their annual cycle. [[EUROBATS]] covers 52 species of bat, the [[Memorandum of Understanding on the Conservation of Migratory Sharks]] seven species of shark, the [[Memorandum of Understanding on the Conservation and Management of Marine Turtles and their Habitats of the Indian Ocean and South-East Asia|IOSEA Marine Turtle MOU]] six species of marine turtle and the [[Raptors MoU]] 76 species of birds of prey.

===Appendix I – Threatened Migratory Species===
Migratory species threatened with extinction are listed on Appendix I of the Convention, with relevant provisions outlined in Article III, paragraphs 4 and 5. Parties that are Range States to Appendix I species are obliged to afford them strict protection. CMS Parties strive towards strictly protecting these animals, conserving or restoring the places where they live, mitigating obstacles to migration and controlling other factors that might endanger them. Besides establishing obligations for each State joining the Convention, CMS promotes concerted action among the [[Range States]] of many of these species.

===Appendix II – Migratory Species requiring international cooperation===
Migratory species that need or would significantly benefit from international co-operation are listed in Appendix II of the Convention. These species, either individually or by taxonomic group, are the basis for establishing instruments – regional or global – under CMS. For this reason, the Convention encourages the Range States to conclude global or regional Agreements.

==Agreements==
In this respect, CMS acts as a framework Convention. The Agreements may range from legally binding treaties (called Agreements) to less formal instruments, such as Memoranda of Understanding, and can be adapted to the requirements of particular regions. The development of models tailored according to the conservation needs throughout the migratory range is a unique capacity to CMS.

Several Agreements have been concluded to date under the auspices of CMS. They aim to conserve:

*Populations of European Bats ([[EUROBATS]])
*[[Cetacean]]s of the Mediterranean Sea, Black Sea and Contiguous Atlantic Area ([[ACCOBAMS]])
*Small Cetaceans of the Baltic, North East Atlantic, Irish and North Seas ([[ASCOBANS]])
*[[Pinniped|Seals]] in the [[Wadden Sea]] ([[Wadden Sea Agreement]])
*African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds ([[AEWA]])
*[[Albatross]]es and [[Petrel]]s ([[Agreement on the Conservation of Albatrosses and Petrels|ACAP]])
*Gorillas and Their Habitats ([[Gorilla Agreement]])

==Memoranda of Understanding (MoU)==
In addition, several Memoranda of Understanding (MoU) have been concluded to date under the auspices of CMS. They aim to conserve:

* [[High Andean Flamingos Memorandum of Understanding|High Andean Flamingos MoU]]
* [[Aquatic Warbler Memorandum of Understanding|Aquatic Warbler MoU]]
* [[Memorandum of Understanding on the Conservation of Migratory Birds of Prey in Africa and Eurasia]] ([[Raptors MoU]])
* [[Bukhara Deer Memorandum of Understanding|Bukhara Deer MoU]]
* [[Dugong]] MoU
* [[South Andean Huemul Memorandum of Understanding|South Andean Huemul MoU]]
* [[Marine turtle|Marine Turtles]] of the Indian Ocean and South-East Asia ([[IOSEA]]) MoU
* [[Mediterranean Monk Seal Memorandum of Understanding|Mediterranean Monk Seal MoU]]
* [[Great Bustard Memorandum of Understanding|Middle-European Population of the Great Bustard MoU]]
* [[Pacific Islands Cetaceans Memorandum of Understanding|Pacific Islands Cetaceans MoU]]
* [[Ruddy-headed Goose Memorandum of Understanding|Ruddy-headed Goose MoU]]
* [[Saiga Antelope Memorandum of Understanding|Saiga Antelope MoU]]
* [[Migratory Sharks MoU]]
* [[Siberian Crane Memorandum of Understanding|Siberian Crane MoU]]
* [[Slender-billed Curlew]] MoU
* [[Southern South American Migratory Grassland Bird Species Memorandum of Understanding|Grassland Birds MoU]]
* [[West African Aquatic Mammals Memorandum of Understanding|Western African Aquatic Mammals MoU (Small Cetaceans and Manatees)]]
* [[West African Elephant Memorandum of Understanding|West-African Populations of the African Elephant]] MoU
* [[Memorandum of Understanding concerning Conservation Measures for Marine Turtles of the Atlantic Coast of Africa|Marine Turtles of the Atlantic Coast of Africa MoU]]

==Organizational Structure of CMS==

===Conference of the Parties===
The Conference of the parties is the CMS' principal decision-making body. It meets every three years. Its functions are enumerated in Article VII of the Convention. For example, it reviews the Convention's implementation, adopts budgets, resolutions and recommendations, amends Appendix I and II and decides on priorities for future CMS activities.

===Standing Committee===
The Standing Committee was established by Resolution 1.1 of the Conference of the Parties (COP). It is responsible for carrying out interim activities on behalf of the COP to

* Ensure that decisions are implemented,
* Monitor the budget,
* Make recommendations for consideration by the next COP,
* Provide advice and guidance to the Secretariat,
* Represent the COP in negotiations with the Host Government and UNEP with regard to the Secretariat,
* Act as a bureau at the COP, and to
* Undertake any other ad hoc task assigned to it by the COP.

The Standing Committee usually meets immediately before and after the COP. Intersessionally it usually meets once a year. The Committee consists of representatives of every global region, of the Depositary, of the country that hosted the previous COP and where applicable, of the country which plans to host the next meeting of the COP. The two regions with the largest membership (Europe and Africa) have three representatives each, Central & South America & the Caribbean and Asia both have two and Oceania one. There are no Parties from North America.

===Secretariat===
A Secretariat under the auspices of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) provides administrative support to the Convention. It is based in the UN Campus in Bonn, Germany. Since 2013 the Executive Secretary of the Convention has been [[Bradnee Chambers]].

==Implementation==

===Reporting===
Article 6(3) requires Parties which are Range States for migratory species listed in Appendix I or II to inform the CoP through the Secretariat, at least six months prior to each ordinary meeting of the Conference, on measures that they are taking to implement the Convention for these species.

===Domestic legislation===
To varying degrees the Bonn Convention has been incorporated into domestic law by the Parties.

==See also==
* [[Animal migration]]
* [[Highly migratory species]]
* [[Memorandum of Understanding on the Conservation of Migratory Birds of Prey in Africa and Eurasia]] ([[Raptors MoU]])
* [[West African Elephant Memorandum of Understanding|Memorandum of Understanding concerning Conservation Measures for the West African Populations of the African Elephant]]
* [[Aquatic Warbler Memorandum of Understanding|Memorandum of Understanding concerning Conservation Measures for the Aquatic Warbler]]
* [[Bukhara Deer Memorandum of Understanding|Memorandum of Understanding concerning Conservation and Restoration of the Bukhara Deer]]
* [[Pacific Islands Cetaceans Memorandum of Understanding|Memorandum of Understanding for the Conservation of Cetaceans and Their Habitats in the Pacific Island Region]]
* [[Great Bustard Memorandum of Understanding|Memorandum of Understanding on the Conservation and Management of Middle-European Populations of the Great Bustard]]
* [[High Andean Flamingos Memorandum of Understanding|Memorandum of Understanding on the Conservation of High Andean Flamingos and their Habitats]]
* [[Memorandum of Understanding concerning Conservation Measures for Marine Turtles of the Atlantic Coast of Africa]]
* [[Mediterranean Monk Seal Memorandum of Understanding|Memorandum of Understanding concerning Conservation Measures for the Eastern Atlantic Populations of the Mediterranean Monk Seal]]
* [[Ruddy-headed Goose Memorandum of Understanding|Memorandum of Understanding concerning Conservation Measures for the Ruddy-headed Goose]]
* [[Saiga Antelope Memorandum of Understanding|Memorandum of Understanding Concerning Conservation, Restoration and Sustainable Use of the Saiga Antelope]]
* [[Southern South American Migratory Grassland Bird Species Memorandum of Understanding|Memorandum of Understanding on the Conservation of Southern South American Migratory Grassland Bird Species and Their Habitats]]
* [[Siberian Crane Memorandum of Understanding|Memorandum of Understanding Concerning Conservation Measures for the Siberian Crane]]
* [[South Andean Huemul Memorandum of Understanding|Memorandum of Understanding on the Conservation of the South Andean Huemul]]
* [[West African Aquatic Mammals Memorandum of Understanding|Memorandum of Understanding Concerning the Conservation of the Manatee and mall Cetaceans of Western Africa and Macaronesia]]
* [[Convention on Biological Diversity]]
* [[Convention on the International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna]] (CITES)
* [[List of international environmental agreements]]
* [[Ramsar Convention]]
* [[Japan–Australia Migratory Bird Agreement]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{empty section|date=May 2016}}

==External links==
*[http://www.cms.int Convention on Migratory Species]
*[http://www.cms.int/sites/default/files/instrument/appendices_e.pdf Bonn Convention – Appendices I and II]
*[http://www.cms.int/en/parties-range-states Ratifications].

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Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals