Kazakhstan Encyclopedia - User contributions [en]

Bnito

2017-04-22T01:26:38Z

Look2See1: /* References */ link, cat focus.

'''Bnito''' ''(from Russian "Batumskoye Neftepromyshlennoye i Torgovoye Obschestvo", "Батумское нефтепромышленное и торговое общество")'', or the '''Caspian and Black Sea Oil Company''', was an oil business founded in 1883<ref>{{cite new
|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/europe/article716961.ece
|title=Stalin and a giant moustache
|publisher=The Times
|date=May 13, 2006
|author=Julian Evans}}</ref> by Alphonse Rothschild of the [[Rothschild banking family of France]].<ref>{{cite book
|title=Oil and geopolitics in the Caspian Sea Region
|author=Michael P. Croissant, Bülent Aras
|isbn= 0-275-96395-0
|publisher=Praeger Publishers
|date=1999
|pages=10}}</ref>

In 1911, the company was acquired by [[Royal Dutch Shell]].

==See also==
* {{C|Black Sea energy}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Rothschilds}}
{{Royal Dutch Shell}}

[[Category:Oil companies of France]]
[[Category:Black Sea energy]]
[[Category:Caspian Sea]]
[[Category:Energy companies established in 1883]]
[[Category:Non-renewable resource companies established in 1883]]
[[Category:Non-renewable resource companies disestablished in 1911]]
[[Category:1883 establishments in France]]
[[Category:1911 disestablishments in France]]
[[Category:Rothschild family]]
[[Category:Royal Dutch Shell]]

{{-}}
{{petroleum-company-stub}}

Convention on Biological Diversity

2017-04-20T00:39:48Z

Look2See1: /* External links */ cats.

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2013}}
{{Infobox treaty
| name = Convention on Biological Diversity
| long_name =
| image = Convention on Biological Diversity2.svg
| image_width =250px
| caption = {{legend|#00aa00|Parties to the convention}}
{{legend|#926ec6|Signed, but not ratified}}
{{legend|#ff9911|Non-signatory}}
| type =
| date_drafted =
| date_signed = 5 June 1992
| location_signed =Rio de Janeiro
| date_sealed =
| date_effective = 29 December 1993
| condition_effective = 30 ratifications
| date_expiration =
| signatories =168
| parties =196
| ratifiers =
| depositor = [[Secretary-General of the United Nations]]
| language =
| languages = Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian and Spanish
| wikisource =
}}
The '''Convention on Biological Diversity''' ('''CBD'''), known informally as the '''Biodiversity Convention''', is a [[multilateral treaty]]. The Convention has three main goals including: the conservation of biological diversity (or [[biodiversity]]); the sustainable use of its components; and the fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from [[genetic resource]]s.

In other words, its objective is to develop national strategies for the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity. It is often seen as the key document regarding [[sustainable development]]. The Convention was opened for signature at the [[Earth Summit]] in Rio de Janeiro on 5 June 1992 and entered into force on 29 December 1993. At the 2010 10th Conference of Parties (COP) to the Convention on Biological Diversity in October in [[Nagoya]], Japan, the Nagoya Protocol was adopted.<ref name=autogenerated1>[http://www.cbd.int/cop10/ Welcome to COP 10]</ref>

==Origin and Scope of the Convention==

The notion of an international convention on biological diversity was conceived at a [[United Nations Environment Programme]] (UNEP) Ad Hoc Working Group of Experts on Biological Diversity in November 1988. The subsequent year, the Ad Hoc Working Group of Technical and Legal Experts was established for the drafting of a legal text which addressed the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity, as well as the sharing of benefits arising from their utilization with sovereign states and local communities.
In 1991, an intergovernmental negotiating committee was established, tasked with finalizing the convention's text.<ref name="CBDweb01">{{cite web|url=https://www.cbd.int/history/|title=History of the Convention|work=Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity (SCBD)|accessdate= 14 November 2016}}</ref>

A Conference for the Adoption of the Agreed Text of the Convention on Biological Diversity was held in Nairobi, Kenya, in 1992, and its conclusions were distilled in the [[Nairobi Final Act]].<ref name="nairAct">[https://www.cbd.int/doc/handbook/cbd-hb-09-en.pdf Nairobi Final Act of the Conference for the adoption of the agreed text of the Convention on Biological Diversity], Heinrich, M. (2002). Handbook of the Convention on Biological Diversity: Edited by the Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity, Earthscan, London, 2001. ISBN 9781853837371</ref> The Convention's text was opened for signature on 5 June 1992 at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (the Rio "Earth Summit"). By its closing date, 4 June 1993, the convention had received 168 signatures. It entered into force on 29 December 1993.<ref name="CBDweb01" />

The convention recognized for the first time in international law that the conservation of biological conservation of biodiversity is "a common concern of humankind" and is an integral part of the development process. The agreement covers all [[ecosystem]]s, [[species]], and genetic resources. It links traditional conservation efforts to the economic goal of using biological resources sustainably. It sets principles for the fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising from the use of genetic resources, notably those destined for commercial use. It also covers the rapidly expanding field of biotechnology through its [[Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety]], addressing technology development and transfer, benefit-sharing and [[biosafety]] issues. Importantly, the Convention is legally binding; countries that join it ('Parties') are obliged to implement its provisions.

The convention reminds decision-makers that natural resources are not infinite and sets out a philosophy of [[sustainable use]]. While past [[conservation biology|conservation]] efforts were aimed at protecting particular species and habitats, the Convention recognizes that ecosystems, species and genes must be used for the benefit of humans. However, this should be done in a way and at a rate that does not lead to the long-term decline of biological diversity.

The convention also offers decision-makers guidance based on the [[precautionary principle]] which demands that where there is a threat of significant reduction or loss of biological diversity, lack of full scientific certainty should not be used as a reason for postponing measures to avoid or minimize such a threat. The Convention acknowledges that substantial investments are required to conserve [[biodiversity|biological diversity]]. It argues, however, that conservation will bring us significant environmental, economic and social benefits in return.

The Convention on Biological Diversity of 2010 banned some forms of [[climate engineering|geoengineering]].

==Issues==
{{ref section|date=February 2017}}

Some of the many issues dealt with under the convention include:

* Measures the incentives for the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity.
* Regulated access to genetic resources and [[traditional knowledge]], including Prior Informed Consent of the party providing resources.
* Sharing, in a fair and equitable way, the results of research and development and the benefits arising from the commercial and other utilization of [[Genetics|genetic]] resources with the Contracting Party providing such resources (governments and/or local communities that provided the traditional knowledge or biodiversity resources utilized).
* Access to and transfer of technology, including [[biotechnology]], to the governments and/or local communities that provided traditional knowledge and/or biodiversity resources.
* Technical and scientific cooperation.
* Coordination of a global directory of taxonomic expertise (Global Taxonomy Initiative).
* Impact assessment.
* Education and public [[awareness]].
* Provision of financial resources.
* National reporting on efforts to implement treaty commitments.

==Cartagena Protocol==
{{ref section|date=February 2017}}

{{main article|Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety}}
The '''Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety''' of the Convention, also known as the Biosafety Protocol, was adopted in January 2000. The Biosafety Protocol seeks to protect biological diversity from the potential risks posed by living modified organisms resulting from modern biotechnology.

The Biosafety Protocol makes clear that products from new technologies must be based on the [[precautionary principle]] and allow developing nations to balance public health against economic benefits. It will for example let countries ban imports of a [[genetically modified organism]] if they feel there is not enough scientific evidence the product is [[safe]] and requires exporters to label shipments containing [[genetically modified]] commodities such as corn or cotton.

The required number of 50 instruments of ratification/accession/approval/acceptance by countries was reached in May 2003. In accordance with the provisions of its Article 37, the Protocol entered into force on 11 September 2003.

== Global Strategy for Plant Conservation ==
{{ref section|date=February 2017}}

{{main article|Global strategy for plant conservation}}

In April 2002, the parties of the UN CBD adopted the recommendations of the Gran Canaria Declaration Calling for a Global Plant Conservation Strategy, and adopted a 16-point plan aiming to slow the rate of plant extinctions around the world by 2010.

==Parties==
As of 2016, the Convention has 196 parties, which includes 195 states and the [[European Union]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cbd.int/convention/parties/list/|title=CBD List of Parties}}</ref> All UN member states—with the exception of the United States—have ratified the treaty. Non-UN member states that have ratified are the [[Cook Islands]], [[Niue]], and the [[State of Palestine]]. The [[Holy See]] and the [[List of states with limited recognition|states with limited recognition]] are non-parties. The US has signed but not ratified the treaty,<ref>{{cite news|title=India Presses U.S. to Pass Biotic Treaty|last=Hazarika|first=Sanjoy|work=[[New York Times]]|date=23 April 1995|page=1.13}}</ref> and has not announced plans to ratify it.

==International bodies established==
{{ref section|date=February 2017}}

'''Conference of the parties:'''
The convention's governing body is the Conference of the parties (COP), consisting of all governments (and regional economic integration organizations) that have ratified the treaty. This ultimate authority reviews progress under the Convention, identifies new priorities, and sets work plans for members. The COP can also make amendments to the Convention, create expert advisory bodies, review progress reports by member nations, and collaborate with other international organizations and agreements.

The Conference of the Parties uses expertise and support from several other bodies that are established by the Convention. In addition to committees or mechanisms established on an ad hoc basis, two main organs are:

'''Secretariat:'''
The CBD Secretariat, based in [[Montreal]], operates under the [[United Nations Environment Programme]]. Its main functions are to organize meetings, draft documents, assist member governments in the implementation of the programme of work, coordinate with other international organizations, and collect and disseminate information.

'''Subsidiary body for Scientific, Technical and Technological Advice (SBSTTA):'''
The Subsidiary Body on Scientific, Technical and Technological Advice (SBSTTA). The SBSTTA is a committee composed of experts from member governments competent in relevant fields. It plays a key role in making recommendations to the COP on scientific and technical issues. 13th Meeting of the Subsidiary Body on Scientific, Technical and Technological Advice (SBSTTA-13) held from 18 to 22 February 2008 in the [[Food and Agriculture Organization]] at Rome, Italy. SBSTTA-13 delegates met in the Committee of the Whole in the morning to finalize and adopt recommendations on the in-depth reviews of the work programmes on agricultural and forest biodiversity and SBSTTA's modus operandi for the consideration of new and emerging issues. The closing plenary convened in the afternoon to adopt recommendations on inland waters biodiversity, [[marine (ocean)|marine]] biodiversity, [[invasive alien species]] and biodiversity and [[climate change]]. The current chairperson of the SBSTTA is Dr. Senka Barudanovic.

==Country implementation==

===National Biodiversity Strategies and Action Plans (NBSAP)===
"National Biodiversity Strategies and Action Plans (NBSAPs) are the principal instruments for implementing the Convention at the national level (Article 6). The Convention requires countries to prepare a national biodiversity strategy (or equivalent instrument) and to ensure that this strategy is mainstreamed into the planning and activities of all those sectors whose activities can have an impact (positive and negative) on biodiversity. To date [2012-02-01], 173 Parties have developed NBSAPs in line with Article 6."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cbd.int/nbsap/|title= National Biodiversity Strategies and Action Plans (NBSAPs) }}</ref>

For example, the United Kingdom, New Zealand and Tanzania have carried out elaborate responses to conserve individual species and specific habitats. The United States of America, a signatory who has not yet ratified the treaty,<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2010/oct/27/harrison-ford-conservation-nagoya | location=London | work=[[The Guardian]] | first=Jonathan | last=Watts | title=Harrison Ford calls on US to ratify treaty on conservation | date=27 October 2010}}</ref> has produced one of the most thorough implementation programs through species Recovery Programs and other mechanisms long in place in the USA for species conservation.

Singapore has also established a detailed ''National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan''.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130606095712/http://www.nparks.gov.sg/cms/docs/nbc/NPark-booklet-final-4sep.pdf National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan]</ref> The ''National Biodiversity Centre'' of Singapore represents Singapore in the Convention for Biological Diversity.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150119041729/https://www.nparks.gov.sg/cms/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=122&Itemid=124 National Biodiversity Centre]</ref>

===National Reports===
In accordance with Article 26 of the Convention, Parties prepare national reports on the status of implementation of the Convention.

==Executive secretary==
The current executive secretary is [[Cristiana Pașca Palmer]], who took up this post on 17 March 2017.<ref name="exec">[https://www.cbd.int/secretariat/es/default.shtml] as on 20th March 2017</ref> [[Braulio Ferreira de Souza Dias]] was the previous executive secretary.<ref>[https://www.cbd.int/secretariat/former-es/default.shtml]</ref>

==Nagoya Protocol==
{{main article|Nagoya Protocol}}

The Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and the Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits Arising from their Utilization to the Convention on Biological Diversity<ref name="nagoya_text">{{cite web |url=http://www.cbd.int/abs/text/ |title=Text of the Nagoya Protocol |work=cbd.int |publisher=Convention on Biological Diversity }}</ref> is a supplementary agreement to the Convention on Biological Diversity. It provides a transparent legal framework for the effective implementation of one of the three objectives of the CBD: the fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising out of the utilization of genetic resources. The Protocol was adopted on 29 October 2010 in Nagoya, Aichi Province, Japan, and entered into force on 12 October 2014. Its objective is the fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from the utilization of genetic resources, thereby contributing to the conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.cbd.int/abs/about/|title= Nagoya Protocol}}</ref>

==Meetings of the parties==
{{expand section|date=December 2013}}

===1994 COP 1===
The first ordinary meeting of the parties to the convention took place in November and December 1994, in [[Nassau, Bahamas]].<ref>[http://www.cbd.int/doc/?meeting=cop-01 Meeting Documents]</ref>

===1995 COP 2===
The second ordinary meeting of the parties to the convention took place in November 1995, in [[Jakarta]], [[Indonesia]].<ref>[http://www.cbd.int/doc/?meeting=cop-02 Meeting Documents]</ref>

===1996 COP 3===
The third ordinary meeting of the parties to the convention took place in November 1996, in [[Buenos Aires]], [[Argentina]].<ref>[http://www.cbd.int/doc/?meeting=cop-03 Meeting Documents]</ref>

===1998 COP 4===
The fourth ordinary meeting of the parties to the convention took place in May 1998, in [[Bratislava]], [[Slovakia]].<ref>[http://www.cbd.int/doc/?meeting=cop-04 Meeting Documents]</ref>

===1999 EXCOP 1===
The First Extraordinary Meeting of the Conference of the Parties took place in February 1999, in [[Cartagena, Colombia]].<ref>[http://www.cbd.int/doc/?meeting=excop-01 Meeting Documents]</ref>

===2000 COP 5===
The fifth ordinary meeting of the parties to the convention took place in May 2000, in [[Nairobi]], [[Kenya]].<ref>[http://www.cbd.int/doc/?meeting=cop-05 Meeting Documents]</ref>

===2002 COP 6===
The sixth ordinary meeting of the parties to the convention took place in April 2002, in [[The Hague]], [[Netherlands]].<ref>[http://www.cbd.int/doc/?meeting=cop-06 Meeting Documents]</ref>

===2004 COP 7===
The seventh ordinary meeting of the parties to the convention took place in February 2004, in [[Kuala Lumpur]], [[Malaysia]].<ref>[http://www.cbd.int/doc/?meeting=cop-07 Meeting Documents]</ref>

===2006 COP 8===
The eighth ordinary meeting of the parties to the convention took place in March 2006, in [[Curitiba]], Brazil.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cbd.int/doc/?meeting=cop-08|title=Eighth Ordinary Meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity (COP 8)}}</ref>

===2008 COP 9===
The ninth ordinary meeting of the parties to the convention took place in May 2008, in [[Bonn]], [[Germany]].<ref>[http://www.cbd.int/cop9/default.shtml Welcome to COP 9]</ref>

===2010 COP 10===
The tenth ordinary meeting of the parties to the convention took place in October 2010, in [[Nagoya]], [[Japan]].<ref name=autogenerated1 />

===2012 COP 11===
{{Main article|2012 Hyderabad Biodiversity Conference}}
Leading up to the Conference of the Parties (COP 11) meeting on biodiversity in [[Hyderabad, India]] 2012, preparations for a World Wide Views on Biodiversity has begun, involving old and new partners and building on the experiences from the [[World Wide Views on Global Warming]].<ref>[http://biodiversity.wwviews.org/ World Wide Views on Biodiversity]</ref>

===2014 COP 12===
Under the theme, "Biodiversity for Sustainable Development," thousands of representatives of governments, NGOs, indigenous peoples, scientists and the private sector gathered in [[Pyeongchang County|Pyeongchang]], Republic of Korea in October 2014 for the 12th meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity (COP 12).<ref>http://www.cbd.int/cop2014; Webcasting: http://www.liveto.com/cop12/floor/index.html</ref>

From 6–17 October 2014, Parties discussed the implementation of the Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011-2020 and its Aichi Biodiversity Targets, which are to be achieved by the end of this decade. The results of Global Biodiversity Outlook 4, the flagship assessment report of the CBD informed the discussions.

The conference gave a mid-term evaluation to the UN Decade on Biodiversity (2011-2020) initiative, which aims to promote the conservation and sustainable use of nature.

At the end of the meeting, the meeting adopted the "Pyeongchang Road Map," which addresses ways to achieve biodiversity through technology cooperation, funding and strengthening the capacity of developing countries.<ref>(Source http://www.cbd.int/doc/press/2014/pr-2014-10-06-cop-12-en.pdf)</ref>

===2016 COP 13===
[[File:COP13 Mexico conference.jpg|thumb|COP13 Mexico meeting]]
The thirteenth ordinary meeting of the parties to the convention is taking place between 2 and 17 December 2016 in Cancun, Mexico.

==Commemorative periods==
2010 was the [[International Year of Biodiversity]]. The Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity is the focal point for the International Year of Biodiversity. On 22 December 2010, the UN declared the period from 2011 to 2020 as the [[United Nations Decade on Biodiversity]]. They, hence, followed a recommendation of the CBD signatories during COP10 at [[Nagoya]] in October 2010.

==Criticism==

Although the convention explicitly states that all forms of life are covered by its provisions,<ref name="cbd1">{{cite web|url=http://www.cbd.int/convention/text/ |title=Text of the CBD|publisher=www.cbd.int|accessdate=7 November 2014}}</ref> examination of reports and of national biodiversity strategies and action plans submitted by participating countries shows that in practice this is not happening. The fifth report of the European Union, for example, makes frequent reference to animals (particularly fish) and plants, but does not mention bacteria, fungi or protists at all.<ref name="cbd_eur1">{{cite web|url=http://www.cbd.int/doc/world/eur/eur-nr-05-en.pdf |title=Fifth Report of the European Union to the Convention on Biological Diversity. June 2014 |publisher=www.cbd.int |accessdate=7 November 2014}}</ref> The International Society for Fungal Conservation has assessed more than 100 of these CBD documents for their coverage of fungi using defined criteria to place each in one of six categories. No documents were assessed as good or adequate, less than 10% as nearly adequate or poor, and the rest as deficient, seriously deficient or totally deficient.<ref name="isfc1">{{cite web|url=http://www.fungal-conservation.org/micheli.htm |title=The Micheli Guide to Fungal Conservation |publisher=www.fungal-conservation.org |accessdate=7 November 2014}}</ref>

==See also ==
* [[2010 Biodiversity Indicators Partnership]]
* [[2010 Biodiversity Target]]
* [[Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights]] (TRIPs)
* [[Biodiversity banking]]
* [[Biological Diversity Act, 2002]]
* [[Biopiracy]]
* [[Bioprospecting]]
* [[Biosphere Reserve]]
* [[Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals]]
* [[Convention on the International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna]]
* [[Convention on Wetlands of International Importance, especially as Waterfowl Habitat]]
* [[Ecotourism]]
* [[Endangered species]]
* [[Endangered Species Recovery Plan]]
* [[Environmental agreements]]
* [[Environmental Modification Convention]], another ban on [[weather modification]] / [[climate engineering]].
* [[Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems|Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems (GIAHS)]]
* [[Green Development Initiative (GDI)]]
* [[Holocene extinction]]
* [[Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services]]
* [[International Cooperative Biodiversity Group]]s
* [[International Organization for Biological Control]]
* [[International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture]]
* [[International Year of Biodiversity]]
* [[Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918]]
* [[National Biodiversity Centre (Singapore)#Singapore Red Data Book|Red Data Book of Singapore]]
* [[Red Data Book of the Russian Federation]]
* [[Satoyama]]
* [[Sustainable forest management]]
* [[United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification]]
* [[United Nations Decade on Biodiversity]]
* [[United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change]]
* [[World Conservation Monitoring Centre]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

''This article is partly based on the relevant entry in the [[CIA World Factbook]], {{As of|2008|lc=on}} edition.''

==Further reading==
*Davis, K. 2008. A CBD manual for botanic gardens [http://www.bgci.org/files/cbd_manual.pdf English version], [http://www.bgci.org/files/cbd_manual_italian.pdf Italian version] [[Botanic Gardens Conservation International]] (BGCI)

==External links==
* [https://www.cbd.int/ The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)] website
* [https://www.cbd.int/convention/convention.shtml Text of the Convention] from CBD website
*[http://treaties.un.org/pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XXVII-8&chapter=27&lang=en Ratifications] at depositary
* [http://www.bgci.org/ourwork/1414/ Case studies on the implementation of the Convention] from BGCI website with links to relevant articles
* [http://legal.un.org/avl/ha/cpbcbd/cpbcbd.html Introductory note by Laurence Boisson de Chazournes, procedural history note and audiovisual material] on the ''Convention on Biological Diversity'' in the [http://legal.un.org/avl/historicarchives.html Historic Archives of the United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law]

{{Sustainability}}
{{Portal bar|United Nations|Environment|Ecology}}

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Kazakhstan Engineering

2017-04-19T19:46:39Z

Look2See1: /* External links */

{{Infobox company
| name = JSC National Company Kazakhstan Engineering
| logo =
| logo_size =
| logo_alt =
| logo_caption =
| native_name = {{lang-kz|Национальная компания Казахстан инжиниринг АҚ}} {{lang-ru|АО Национальная компания Казахстан инжиниринг}}
| type = [[State-owned enterprise]]
| location =
| industry = [[Arms industry|defense]]
| founded = {{start date and age|2003}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ke.kz/en/kompaniya/istoriya.html|title=Company history - Kazakhstan Engineering|author=Kazakhstan Engineering|accessdate= August 11, 2016}}</ref>
| founder =
| hq_location_city = [[Astana]]
| hq_location_country = [[Kazakhstan]]
| num_locations =
| num_locations_year =
| area_served = [[Central Asia]]
| key_people = [[Yerlan Idrisov (businessman)|Yerlan Idrisov]] ([[Chairman]])<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ke.kz/en/upravlenie/sostav-pravleniya|title=Management board - Kazakhstan Engineering|author=Kazakhstan Engineering|accessdate=August 11, 2016}}</ref>
| products = [[Munition]]s, [[Small arms]], [[Artillery]], [[Explosives]], [[Combat vehicle]], [[Warship]], Civil and military aerospace, [[Electro-optics|Electro-optical device]]s
| services =
| revenue =
| revenue_year =
| operating_income =
| income_year =
| net_income =
| net_income_year =
| assets =
| assets_year =
| equity =
| equity_year =
| owner = [[Samruk-Kazyna]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ke.kz/en/kompaniya/struktura.html|title=Company structure - Kazakhstan Engineering|author=Kazakhstan Engineering|accessdate= August 11, 2016}}</ref>
| num_employees = ≈6000
| num_employees_year =
| homepage = [http://ke.kz/en ke.kz]
| footnotes =
}}
'''Kazakhstan Engineering''' ({{lang-kz|Казахстан инжиниринг}}) is a defense giant established by the [[Government of Kazakhstan|Kazakhstan government]] to unite Kazakhtsan's state owned defence industry companies. The headquarters of this group is in Astana.

Kazakhstan Engineering includes 24 subsidiaries, which operate in the development, manufacture, sale, repair and modernization of weapons, military and special equipment and ammunition, and participating in military-technical cooperation with foreign states.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{official website|http://ke.kz/en}}

[[Category:Manufacturing companies of Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Military industry]]
[[Category:Military of Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Government-owned companies of Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Manufacturing companies established in 2003]]
[[Category:2003 establishments in Kazakhstan]]

List of mammals of Kazakhstan

2017-04-08T23:46:40Z

Look2See1: /* See also */

This is a list of the '''mammal species recorded in Kazakhstan'''. [[Kazakhstan]] has 124 mammal species, of which 1 is critically [[Endangered species|endangered]], 5 are endangered, 12 are vulnerable, and 4 are near-threatened.
One of the species listed for Kazakhstan can no longer be found in the wild.<ref>This list is derived from the [[IUCN Red List]] which lists species of mammals and includes those mammals that have recently been classified as extinct (since 1500 AD). The taxonomy and naming of the individual species is based on those used in existing Wikipedia articles as of 21 May 2007 and supplemented by the common names and taxonomy from the IUCN, Smithsonian Institution, or University of Michigan where no Wikipedia article was available.</ref>

The following tags are used to highlight each species' conservation status as assessed by the [[World Conservation Union|IUCN]]:
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:left"
|-
| EX ||'''Extinct'''|| No reasonable doubt that the last individual has died.
|-
| EW ||'''Extinct in the wild'''|| Known only to survive in captivity or as a naturalized populations well outside its previous range.
|-
| CR ||'''Critically Endangered'''|| The species is in imminent risk of extinction in the wild.
|-
| EN ||'''Endangered'''|| The species is facing an extremely high risk of extinction in the wild.
|-
| VU ||'''Vulnerable'''|| The species is facing a high risk of extinction in the wild.
|-
| NT ||'''Near Threatened'''|| The species does not meet any of the criteria that would categorise it as risking extinction but it is likely to do so in the future.
|-
| LC ||'''Least Concern'''|| There are no current identifiable risks to the species.
|-
| DD ||'''Data Deficient'''|| There is inadequate information to make an assessment of the risks to this species.
|}

Some species were assessed using an earlier set of criteria. Species assessed using this system have the following instead of Near Threatened and Least Concern categories:
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:left"
|-
| LR/cd || '''Lower Risk/conservation dependent''' || Species which were the focus of conservation programmes and may have moved into a higher risk category if that programme was discontinued.
|-
| LR/nt || '''Lower Risk/near threatened''' || Species which are close to being classified as Vulnerable but are not the subject of conservation programmes.
|-
| LR/lc || '''Lower Risk/least concern''' || Species for which there are no identifiable risks.
|}

==Subclass: [[Theria]]==

===Infraclass: [[Eutheria]]===

====Order: [[Rodent]]ia (rodents)====
----
[[Image:Bobak-drawing.jpg|thumb|[[Bobak marmot]]]]
[[Image:Pallas Sicista betulina 1778-79.png|thumb|[[Northern birch mouse]]]]
[[Image:Chomik europejski.jpg|thumb|[[European hamster]]]]
[[Image:Phodopus sungorus 2 - Colour corrected.jpg|thumb|[[Winter white Russian dwarf hamster]]]]
[[Image:Rötelmaus I.jpg|thumb|[[Bank vole]]]]
[[Image:TundraVole23.jpg|thumb|[[Tundra vole]]]]
Rodents make up the largest order of mammals, with over 40 percent of mammalian species. They have two [[incisor]]s in the upper and lower jaw which grow continually and must be keep short by gnawing. Most rodents are small though the [[capybara]] can weigh up to 45 kg (100 lb).

*Suborder: [[Hystricognathi]]
***Family: [[Hystricidae]] (Old World porcupines)
*****Genus: [[Hystrix (porcupine)|Hystrix]]
****** [[Indian porcupine]] ''Hystrix indica'' LR/lc
*Suborder: [[Sciurognathi]]
***Family: [[Sciuridae]] (squirrels)
****Subfamily: [[Xerinae]]
*****Tribe: [[Xerini]]
******Genus: [[Spermophilopsis]]
******* [[Long-clawed ground squirrel]] ''Spermophilopsis leptodactylus'' LR/lc
*****Tribe: [[Marmotini]]
******Genus: [[Marmota]]
******* [[Gray marmot]] ''Marmota baibacina'' LR/lc
******* [[Bobak marmot]] ''Marmota bobak'' LR/cd
******* [[Menzbier's marmot]] ''Marmota menzbieri'' VU
******Genus: [[Spermophilus]]
******* [[Red-cheeked ground squirrel]] ''Spermophilus erythrogenys'' LR/lc
******* [[Yellow ground squirrel]] ''Spermophilus fulvus'' LR/lc
******* [[Russet ground squirrel]] ''Spermophilus major'' LR/nt
******* [[Little ground squirrel]] ''Spermophilus pygmaeus'' LR/lc
******* [[Tien Shan ground squirrel]] ''Spermophilus relictus'' LR/lc
******* [[Long-tailed ground squirrel]] ''Spermophilus undulatus'' LR/lc
******Genus: [[Tamias]]
******* [[Siberian chipmunk]] ''Tamias sibiricus'' LR/lc
***Family: [[Gliridae]] (dormice)
****Subfamily: [[Leithiinae]]
*****Genus: [[Dryomys]]
****** [[Forest dormouse]] ''Dryomys nitedula'' LR/nt
*****Genus: [[Selevinia]]
****** [[Desert dormouse]] ''Selevinia betpakdalaensis'' EN
***Family: [[Dipodidae]] (jerboas)
****Subfamily: [[Allactaginae]]
*****Genus: [[Allactaga]]
****** [[Small five-toed jerboa]] ''Allactaga elater'' LR/lc
****** [[Great jerboa]] ''Allactaga major'' LR/lc
****** [[Severtzov's jerboa]] ''Allactaga severtzovi'' LR/lc
****** [[Mongolian five-toed jerboa]] ''Allactaga sibirica'' LR/lc
****** [[Vinogradov's jerboa]] ''Allactaga vinogradovi'' LR/lc
*****Genus: [[Pygeretmus]]
****** [[Lesser fat-tailed jerboa]] ''Pygeretmus platyurus'' LR/lc
****** [[Dwarf fat-tailed jerboa]] ''Pygeretmus pumilio'' LR/lc
****** [[Greater fat-tailed jerboa]] ''Pygeretmus shitkovi'' LR/nt
****Subfamily: [[Cardiocraniinae]]
*****Genus: [[Cardiocranius]]
****** [[Five-toed pygmy jerboa]] ''Cardiocranius paradoxus'' VU
*****Genus: [[Salpingotus]]
****** [[Thick-tailed pygmy jerboa]] ''Salpingotus crassicauda'' VU
****** [[Heptner's pygmy jerboa]] ''Salpingotus heptneri'' LR/nt
****** [[Pallid pygmy jerboa]] ''Salpingotus pallidus'' LR/lc
****Subfamily: [[Dipodinae]]
*****Genus: [[Dipus]]
****** [[Northern three-toed jerboa]] ''Dipus sagitta'' LR/lc
*****Genus: [[Eremodipus]]
****** [[Lichtenstein's jerboa]] ''Eremodipus lichtensteini'' LR/lc
*****Genus: [[Paradipus]]
****** [[Comb-toed jerboa]] ''Paradipus ctenodactylus'' LR/lc
*****Genus: [[Stylodipus]]
****** [[Thick-tailed three-toed jerboa]] ''Stylodipus telum'' LR/lc
****Subfamily: [[Sicistinae]]
*****Genus: [[Sicista]]
****** [[Northern birch mouse]] ''Sicista betulina'' LR/nt
****** [[Altai birch mouse]] ''Sicista napaea'' LR/lc
****** [[Gray birch mouse]] ''Sicista pseudonapaea'' DD
****** [[Southern birch mouse]] ''Sicista subtilis'' LR/nt
****** [[Tien Shan birch mouse]] ''Sicista tianschanica'' LR/lc
***Family: [[Spalacidae]]
****Subfamily: [[Myospalacinae]]
*****Genus: [[Myospalax]]
****** [[Siberian zokor]] ''Myospalax myospalax'' LR/lc
****Subfamily: [[Spalacinae]]
*****Genus: [[Spalax]]
****** [[Giant mole-rat]] ''Spalax giganteus'' VU
***Family: [[Cricetidae]]
****Subfamily: [[Cricetinae]]
*****Genus: [[Allocricetulus]]
****** [[Eversmann's hamster]] ''Allocricetulus eversmanni'' LR/lc
*****Genus: [[Cricetulus]]
****** [[Long-tailed dwarf hamster]] ''Cricetulus longicaudatus'' LR/lc
****** [[Gray dwarf hamster]] ''Cricetulus migratorius'' LR/nt
*****Genus: [[Cricetus]]
****** [[European hamster]] ''Cricetus cricetus'' LR/lc
*****Genus: [[Phodopus]]
****** [[Roborovski hamster]] ''Phodopus roborovskii'' LR/lc
****** [[Winter white Russian dwarf hamster]] ''Phodopus sungorus'' LR/lc
****Subfamily: [[Arvicolinae]]
*****Genus: [[Alticola]]
****** [[Flat-headed vole]] ''Alticola strelzowi'' LR/lc
*****Genus: [[Clethrionomys]]
****** [[Bank vole]] ''Clethrionomys glareolus'' LR/lc
****** [[Northern red-backed vole]] ''Clethrionomys rutilus'' LR/lc
*****Genus: [[Ellobius]]
****** [[Northern mole vole]] ''Ellobius talpinus'' LR/lc
****** [[Zaisan mole vole]] ''Ellobius tancrei'' LR/lc
*****Genus: [[Eolagurus]]
****** [[Yellow steppe lemming]] ''Eolagurus luteus'' LR/cd
*****Genus: [[Lagurus (rodent)|Lagurus]]
****** [[Steppe lemming]] ''Lagurus lagurus'' LR/lc
*****Genus: [[Microtus]]
****** [[Field vole]] ''Microtus agrestis'' LR/lc
****** [[Tien Shan vole]] ''Microtus kirgisorum'' LR/lc
****** [[Tundra vole]] ''Microtus oeconomus'' LC
****** [[Social vole]] ''Microtus socialis'' LR/lc
***Family: [[Muridae]] (mice, rats, voles, gerbils, hamsters, etc.)
****Subfamily: [[Gerbillinae]]
*****Genus: [[Meriones (genus)|Meriones]]
****** [[Libyan jird]] ''Meriones libycus'' LC
****** [[Midday jird]] ''Meriones meridianus'' LR/lc
****** [[Tamarisk jird]] ''Meriones tamariscinus'' LR/lc
*****Genus: [[Rhombomys]]
****** [[Great gerbil]] ''Rhombomys opimus'' LR/lc
****Subfamily: [[Murinae]]
*****Genus: [[Apodemus]]
****** [[Ural field mouse]] ''Apodemus uralensis'' LR/lc

====Order: [[Lagomorpha]] (lagomorphs)====
----
The lagomorphs comprise two families, [[Leporidae]] ([[hare]]s and [[rabbit]]s), and Ochotonidae ([[pika]]s). Though they can resemble [[rodent]]s, and were classified as a [[Taxonomic rank|superfamily]] in that order until the early 20th century, they have since been considered a separate order. They differ from rodents in a number of physical characteristics, such as having four incisors in the upper jaw rather than two.

**Family: [[Leporidae]] (hares and rabbits)
***Genus: [[Lepus]]
**** [[European hare]] ''Lepus europaeus'' LC
**** [[Tolai hare]] ''Lepus tolai'' LC
**Family: [[Ochotonidae]] (pikas)
***Genus: [[Ochotona]]
**** [[Alpine pika]] ''Ochotona alpina'' LR/lc
**** [[Large-eared pika]] ''Ochotona macrotis'' LR/lc
**** [[Steppe pika]] ''Ochotona pusilla'' VU
**** [[Turkestan red pika]] ''Ochotona rutila'' LR/lc

====Order: [[Erinaceomorpha]] (hedgehogs and gymnures)====
----
[[Image:AB001 Hedgehog from Rajasthan.jpg|thumb|[[Brandt's hedgehog]]]]
The order Erinaceomorpha contains a single family, Erinaceidae, which comprise the [[hedgehog]]s and [[gymnure]]s. The hedgehogs are easily recognised by their spines while gymnures look more like large rats.

**Family: [[Erinaceidae]] (hedgehogs)
***Subfamily: [[Erinaceinae]]
****Genus: [[Hemiechinus]]
***** [[Brandt's hedgehog]] ''Hemiechinus hypomelas'' LR/lc

====Order: [[Soricomorpha]] (shrews, moles, and solenodons)====
----
The "shrew-forms" are insectivorous mammals. The shrews and solenodons closely resemble mice while the moles are stout-bodied burrowers.

**Family: [[Soricidae]] (shrews)
***Subfamily: [[Crocidurinae]]
****Genus: [[Crocidura]]
***** [[Gueldenstaedt's shrew]] ''Crocidura gueldenstaedtii'' LR/lc
***** [[Lesser rock shrew]] ''Crocidura serezkyensis'' LR/lc
***** [[Lesser white-toothed shrew]] ''Crocidura suaveolens'' LR/lc
****Genus: [[Diplomesodon]]
***** [[Piebald shrew]] ''Diplomesodon pulchellum'' LR/lc
****Genus: [[Suncus]]
***** [[Etruscan shrew]] ''Suncus etruscus'' LC
***Subfamily: [[Soricinae]]
****Tribe: [[Nectogalini]]
*****Genus: [[Neomys]]
****** [[Eurasian water shrew]] ''Neomys fodiens'' LR/lc
****Tribe: [[Soricini]]
*****Genus: [[Sorex]]
****** [[Tien Shan shrew]] ''Sorex asper'' LR/lc
****** [[Laxmann's shrew]] ''Sorex caecutiens'' LR/lc
****** [[Eurasian pygmy shrew]] ''Sorex minutus'' LR/lc
**Family: [[Talpidae]] (moles)
***Subfamily: [[Talpinae]]
****Tribe: [[Desmanini]]
*****Genus: [[Desmana]]
****** [[Russian desman]] ''Desmana moschata'' VU

====Order: [[Chiroptera]] (bats)====
----
[[Image:GreaterNoctule.JPG|thumb|[[Greater Noctule bat]]]]
The bats' most distinguishing feature is that their forelimbs are developed as wings, making them the only mammals in the world naturally capable of flight. Bat species account for about 20% of all mammals.

**Family: [[Vespertilionidae]]
***Subfamily: [[Myotinae]]
****Genus: [[Myotis]]
***** [[Lesser mouse-eared bat]] ''Myotis blythii'' LR/lc
***** [[Brandt's bat]] ''Myotis brandti'' LR/lc
***** [[Pond bat]] ''Myotis dasycneme'' VU
***** [[Geoffroy's bat]] ''Myotis emarginatus'' VU
***Subfamily: [[Vespertilioninae]]
****Genus: [[Eptesicus]]
***** [[Bobrinski's serotine]] ''Eptesicus bobrinskoi'' LR/lc
***** [[Botta's serotine]] ''Eptesicus bottae'' LC
****Genus: [[Hypsugo]]
****Genus: [[Gofer]] "panda" EX
***** [[Savi's pipistrelle]] ''Hypsugo savii'' LR/lc
****Genus: [[Nyctalus]]
***** [[Greater noctule bat]] ''Nyctalus lasiopterus'' LR/nt
***** [[Lesser noctule]] ''Nyctalus leisleri'' LR/nt
***** [[Common noctule]] ''Nyctalus noctula'' LR/lc
****Genus: [[Pipistrellus]]
***** [[Kuhl's pipistrelle]] ''Pipistrellus kuhlii'' LC
***** [[Common pipistrelle]] ''Pipistrellus pipistrellus'' LC
****Genus: [[Plecotus]]
***** [[Grey long-eared bat]] ''Plecotus austriacus'' LR/lc
**Family: [[Rhinolophidae]]
***Subfamily: [[Rhinolophinae]]
****Genus: [[Rhinolophus]]
***** [[Greater horseshoe bat]] ''Rhinolophus ferrumequinum'' LR/nt
***** [[Lesser horseshoe bat]] ''Rhinolophus hipposideros'' LC

====Order: [[Carnivora]] (carnivorans)====
----

[[Image:Lightmatter snowleopard.jpg|thumb|[[Snow leopard]]]]
[[Image:Vulpes vulpes sitting.jpg|thumb|[[Red fox]]]]
[[Image:Canis lupus laying in grass.jpg|thumb|[[Gray wolf]]]]
[[Image:Suffolk-stoats.jpg|thumb|[[Stoat]]]]
[[Image:Marbled polecat.jpg|thumb|[[Marbled polecat]]]]
There are over 260 species of carnivorans, the majority of which feed primarily on meat. They have a characteristic skull shape and dentition.

*Suborder: [[Feliformia]]
***Family: [[Felidae]] (cats)
****Subfamily: [[Felinae]]
*****Genus: [[Acinonyx]]
****** [[Asiatic cheetah]] ''Acinonyx jubatus venaticus'' CR
*****Genus: [[Caracal]]
****** [[Caracal]] ''Caracal caracal'' LC
*****Genus: [[Felis]]
****** [[Jungle cat]] ''Felis chaus'' LC
****** [[Turkestan sand cat]] ''Felis margarita thinobia'' NT
****** [[Asiatic wildcat]] ''Felis silvestris ornata'' LC
****** [[Pallas's cat]] ''Felis manul'' NT
*****Genus: [[Lynx]]
****** [[Turkestan lynx]] ''Lynx lynx isabellinus'' NT
****Subfamily: [[Pantherinae]]
*****Genus: [[Panthera]]
****** [[Caspian tiger]] ''Panthera tigris virgata'' EX
*****Genus: [[Uncia (genus)|Uncia]]
****** [[Snow leopard]] ''Uncia uncia'' EN
*Suborder: [[Caniformia]]
***Family: [[Canidae]] (dogs, foxes)
****Genus: [[Vulpes]]
***** [[Corsac fox]] ''Vulpes corsac'' LC
***** [[Red fox]] ''Vulpes vulpes'' LC
****Genus: [[Canis]]
***** [[Gray wolf]] ''Canis lupus'' LC
****Genus: [[Cuon]]
***** [[Tien Shan dhole]] ''Cuon alpinus hesperius'' EN
***Family: [[Ursidae]] (bears)
****Genus: [[Ursus (genus)|Ursus]]
***** [[Brown bear]] ''Ursus arctos'' LR/lc
***Family: [[Mustelidae]] (mustelids)
****Genus: [[Mustela]]
***** [[Mountain weasel]] ''Mustela altaica'' LR/lc
***** [[Stoat]] ''Mustela erminea'' LR/lc
***** [[Steppe polecat]] ''Mustela eversmannii'' LR/lc
***** [[European mink]] ''Mustela lutreola'' EN
***** [[Least weasel]] ''Mustela nivalis'' LR/lc
****Genus: [[Vormela]]
***** [[Marbled polecat]] ''Vormela peregusna'' LR/lc
****Genus: [[Martes]]
***** [[Beech marten]] ''Martes foina'' LR/lc
****Genus: [[Meles (genus)|Meles]]
***** [[Asian badger]] ''Meles leucurus'' LR/lc
****Genus: [[Lutra]]
***** [[European otter]] ''Lutra lutra'' NT
***Family: [[Phocidae]] (earless seals)
****Genus: [[Pusa]]
***** [[Caspian seal]] ''Pusa caspica'' VU

====Order: [[Perissodactyla]] (odd-toed ungulates)====
----
[[Image:Prezewalsky 26-9-2004-2.JPG|thumb|[[Wild horse]]]]
The odd-toed ungulates are browsing and [[grazing]] mammals. They are usually large to very large, and have relatively simple stomachs and a large middle toe.

**Family: [[Equidae]] (horses etc.)
***Genus: [[Equus (genus)|Equus]]
**** [[Przewalski's horse]] ''Equus ferus przewalskii'' EN
**** [[Mongolian wild ass]] ''Equus hemionus hemionus'' NT
**** [[Turkmenian kulan]] ''Equus hemionus kulan'' EN

====Order: [[Artiodactyla]] (even-toed ungulates)====
----
[[Image:Saiga.jpg|thumb|[[Saiga antelope]]]]
The even-toed ungulates are [[ungulate]]s whose weight is borne about equally by the third and fourth toes, rather than mostly or entirely by the third as in [[perissodactyls]]. There are about 220 artiodactyl species, including many that are of great [[economic]] importance to [[human]]s.

*Family: [[Camelidae]] (camels, llamas)
**Genus: [[Camelus]]
*** [[Wild Bactrian camel]] ''Camelus ferus'' '''CR'''
**Family: [[Cervidae]] (deer)
***Subfamily: [[Cervinae]]
****Genus: [[Cervus]]
***** [[Red deer]] ''Cervus elaphus'' LR/lc
***Subfamily: [[Capreolinae]]
****Genus: [[Alces]]
***** [[Moose]] ''Alces alces'' LR/lc
****Genus: [[Capreolus]]
***** [[Siberian roe deer]] ''Capreolus pygargus'' LR/lc
**Family: [[Bovidae]] (cattle, antelope, sheep, goats)
***Subfamily: [[Bovidae]]
****Genus: [[Bos]]
***** [[Aurochs]] ''Bos Primigenius'' EX
***Subfamily: [[Antilopinae]]
****Genus: [[Gazella]]
***** [[Goitered gazelle]] ''Gazella subgutturosa'' VU
****Genus: [[Procapra]]
***** [[Zeren]] ''Procapra gutturosa'' LC
****Genus: [[Saiga]]
***** [[Saiga antelope]] ''Saiga tatarica'' CR
***Subfamily: [[Caprinae]]
****Genus: [[Capra (genus)|Capra]]
***** [[Siberian ibex]] ''Capra sibrica'' LR/lc
****Genus: [[Ovis]]
***** [[Argali]] ''Ovis ammon'' VU

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
*{{cite web
|url=http://www.iucnredlist.org/search/search.php?kingname=ANIMALIA&phyname=CHORDATA&claname=MAMMALIA&freetext=&modifier=phrase&criteria=wholedb&taxa_species=1&redlistCategory%5B0%5D=all&redlistAssessyear%5B0%5D=all&country%5B0%5D=KZ&aquatic%5B0%5D=all&regions%5B0%5D=all&habitats%5B0%5D=all&threats%5B0%5D=all&Submit_x=34&Submit_y=9&extendedResults=0&terrestrial=0&marine=0&freshwater=0&offset=0&sortorder%5B0%5D=spcscientificname&sortorder%5B1%5D=genname&sortorder%5B2%5D=spcname&sortorder%5B3%5D=spcauthor&sortorder%5B4%5D=spcinfrarank&sortorder%5B5%5D=spcinfraepithet&sortorder%5B6%5D=spcinfrarankauthor&sortorder%5B7%5D=spcstockname&sortorder%5B8%5D=comname_comp&sortorder%5B9%5D=rlcabb&sortorder%5B10%5D=rlscriteria&sortorder%5B11%5D=poptrend_code&sortorder%5B12%5D=rlcatcrit2001&sortorder%5B13%5D=spcrecid&sortorder%5B14%5D=kingname&debug=0&taxa_subspc=0&taxa_stock=0&newsort=Genus
|title=The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Mammals of Kazakhstan
|publisher=IUCN
|year=2001
|accessdate = 22 May 2007
}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}
*{{cite web
|url=http://nmnhgoph.si.edu/msw/
|title=Mammal Species of the World
|publisher=Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History
|year=2005
|accessdate=22 May 2007
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070427043030/http://nmnhgoph.si.edu/msw/
|archivedate=27 April 2007
|deadurl=yes
|df=
}}
*{{cite web
|url=http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/index.html
|title=Animal Diversity Web
|publisher=University of Michigan Museum of Zoology
|date=1995–2006
|accessdate = 22 May 2007
}}

==See also==
*[[List of chordate orders]]
*[[List of regional mammals lists]]
*[[List of prehistoric mammals]]
*[[Mammal classification]]
*[[New mammal species]]

{{Asia topic|List of mammals of}}
{{Europe topic|List of mammals of}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:List of mammals of Kazakhstan}}
[[Category:Mammals of Kazakhstan|.]]
[[Category:Lists of biota of Kazakhstan|Mammals]]
[[Category:Lists of mammals of Asia|Kazak]]
[[Category:Lists of mammals by location|Kazakhstan]]

Category:Invertebrates of Kazakhstan

2017-04-06T05:06:20Z

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[[Category:Fauna of Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Invertebrates of Asia|Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Invertebrates by country|Kazakhstan]]

Bothriochloa bladhii

2017-04-04T06:41:28Z

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{{italic title}}
{{taxobox
| image = Bothriochloa bladhii.jpg
| regnum = [[Plantae]]
| unranked_divisio = [[Angiosperms]]
| unranked_classis = [[Monocots]]
| unranked_ordo = [[Commelinids]]
| ordo = [[Poales]]
| familia = [[Poaceae]]
| genus = ''[[Bothriochloa]]''
| species = '''''B. bladhii'''''
| binomial = ''Bothriochloa bladhii''
| binomial_authority = ([[Anders Johan Retzius|Retz.]]) [[Stanley Thatcher Blake|S.T.Blake]] <ref name=trop1> Under it treatment as ''Bothriochloa bladhii'' (from its basionym ''Andropogon bladhii''), this plant name was first published in ''Proceedings of the [[Royal Society of Queensland]]'' 80(6): 62–64. 1969. {{ cite web |url=http://www.tropicos.org/Name/25511659 |quote=Basionym: ''Andropogon bladhii'' Retz.|title=Name - ''Bothriochloa bladhii'' (Retz.) S.T.Blake |work=Tropicos |publisher=[[Missouri Botanical Garden]] |location=[[Saint Louis, Missouri]] |accessdate=November 9, 2011}}</ref>
| synonyms =
* ''Amphilophis intermedia'' var. ''acidula'' ([[Otto Stapf|Stapf]]) Stapf
* ''Andropogon bladhii'' Retz. ([[basionym]])
* ''A. caucasicus'' [[Carl Bernhard von Trinius|Trin.]]
* ''A. glaber'' [[William Roxburgh|Roxb.]]
* ''A. intermedius'' [[Robert Brown (botanist, born 1773)|R.Br.]]
* ''A. intermedius'' var. ''caucasicus'' (Trin.) [[Eduard Hackel|Hack.]]
* ''A. pertusus'' var. ''vegetior'' Hack.
* ''Bothriochloa caucasica'' (Trin.) [[Charles Edward Hubbard|C.E.Hubb.]]
* ''B. glabra'' (Roxb.) [[Aimée Antoinette Camus|A.Camus]]
* ''B. insculpta'' var. ''vegetior'' (Hack.) C.E.Hubb.
* ''B. intermedia'' (R.Br.) A.Camus
* ''B. intermedia'' var. ''punctata'' (Roxb.) [[Yi-Li Keng|Keng]]
| synonyms_ref = <ref name=grin>{{ cite web |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?103434 |title=''Bothriochloa bladhii'' information from NPGS/GRIN |author=[[Germplasm Resources Information Network|GRIN]] |work=Taxonomy for Plants |publisher=[[United States Department of Agriculture|USDA]], [[Agricultural Research Service|ARS]], National Genetic Resources Program |location=National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, [[Beltsville, Maryland]] |date=May 28, 2003 |accessdate=November 9, 2011}}</ref><ref name=trop2> ''Andropogon bladhii'' (the basionym of ''B. bladhii'') was originally described and published in ''Observationes Botanicae'' 2: 27. 1781. {{ cite web |url=http://www.tropicos.org/Name/25518415 |title=Name - ''Andropogon bladhii'' Retz. |quote=Type-Protologue: Collector: Bladh; Distribution: China |work=Tropicos |publisher=Missouri Botanical Garden |location=Saint Louis, Missouri |accessdate=November 9, 2011}}</ref>
}}
'''''Bothriochloa bladhii''''' (commonly called, variously, '''Australian bluestem''', '''Caucasian bluestem''', '''forest-bluegrass''', '''plains bluestem''', and '''purple plume grass''')<ref name=grin/> is a [[neotropic ecozone|neotropic]] grass in the [[Poaceae]] family, found primarily in tropical [[Africa]], and tropical and temperate [[Asia]], and [[Australia]]. The [[type (biology)|type specimen]] was collected from China by Finnish botanist [[Peter Johan Bladh]].<ref name=trop2/><ref name=huh>{{ cite web |url=http://kiki.huh.harvard.edu/databases/botanist_search.php?mode=details&id=1502 |title=Entry for Peter Johan Bladh |work=Index of Botanists |publisher=Harvard University Herbarium |date=May 21, 2009 |accessdate=November 9, 2011}}</ref> The name of Bladh is honored in the [[specific name (botany)|specific epithet]].

==Distribution==
''Bothriochloa bladhii'' is native to northeast, west, west-central, and south tropical, and southern '''Africa''' (in [[Angola]]; [[Botswana]]; [[Burkina Faso]]; [[Cameroon]]; the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]]; [[Ethiopia]]; [[Ghana]]; [[Kenya]]; [[Malawi]]; [[Mozambique]]; [[Namibia]]; [[Nigeria]]; [[Senegal]]; the [[provinces of South Africa|provinces]] of [[Eastern Cape]], [[Gauteng]], [[KwaZulu-Natal]], [[Limpopo]], [[Mpumalanga]], [[North West (South African province)|North West]], and [[Northern Cape]] of [[South Africa]]; [[Swaziland]]; [[Tanzania]] (including the [[Zanzibar Archipelago]]); [[Uganda]]; [[Zambia]]; and [[Zimbabwe]]); much of temperate and tropical, southern and eastern '''Asia''', eastern '''Eurasia''', '''Malesia''', and the '''Middle East''' (in [[Afghanistan]]; [[Armenia]]; [[Azerbaijan]]; [[Bhutan]]; [[Burma]]; [[Cambodia]]; the [[province of China|province]]s of [[Anhui]], [[Fujian]], [[Guangdong]], [[Guangxi]], [[Guizhou]], [[Hubei]], [[Hunan]], [[Shaanxi]], [[Sichuan]], [[Xinjiang]], and [[Yunnan]] of [[China]]; [[India]]; [[Iran]]; [[Japan]] (including the [[Ryukyu Islands]]); southern [[Kazakhstan]]; [[Kyrgyzstan]]; [[Laos]]; [[Malaysia]]; [[Nepal]]; [[Pakistan]]; [[Papua New Guinea]]; [[Ciscaucasus|Ciscaucasian]] [[Russia]]; [[Sri Lanka]]; [[Taiwan]]; [[Thailand]]; and [[Vietnam]]); and the [[states and territories of Australia|state]]s of [[New South Wales]], [[Northern Territory]], [[Queensland]], [[South Australia]], [[Western Australia]] of Australia.<ref name=grin/>

''B. bladhii'' has also become [[naturalisation (biology)|naturalized]] elsewhere in the neotropics.<ref name=grin/>

==Uses==
''Bothriochloa bladhii'' is used as [[fodder|stored food]] for local [[livestock]], and as a [[grazing]] plant by both livestock and wild [[ruminant]]s.<ref name=grin/> It is sometimes planted as a [[revegetation|revegetator]], to restore [[disturbance (ecology)|disturbed]] land.<ref name=grin/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.kew.org/data/grasses-db/www/imp01357.htm GrassBase page for ''Bothriochloa bladhii'']
*[http://www.hear.org/pier/imagepages/singles/vchr_bish_593618.htm Picture of ''Bothriochloa bladhii''] from the [[Hawaiian Ecosystems at Risk project]] (HEAR) website, courtesy of the [[Bishop Museum]], Herbarium Pacificum

[[Category:Bothriochloa|bladhii]]
[[Category:Grasses of Africa]]
[[Category:Grasses of Asia]]
[[Category:Grasses of Oceania]]
[[Category:Grasses of China]]
[[Category:Grasses of India]]
[[Category:Grasses of New Zealand]]
[[Category:Grasses of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Grasses of Russia]]
[[Category:Flora of Indo-China]]
[[Category:Flora of East Tropical Africa]]
[[Category:Flora of Southern Africa]]
[[Category:Flora of South Tropical Africa]]
[[Category:Flora of temperate Asia]]
[[Category:Flora of Afghanistan]]
[[Category:Flora of Armenia]]
[[Category:Flora of Australia]]
[[Category:Flora of Azerbaijan]]
[[Category:Flora of Bhutan]]
[[Category:Flora of Burkina Faso]]
[[Category:Flora of Cameroon]]
[[Category:Flora of the Democratic Republic of the Congo]]
[[Category:Flora of Ethiopia]]
[[Category:Flora of Ghana]]
[[Category:Flora of Iran]]
[[Category:Flora of Japan]]
[[Category:Flora of the Ryukyu Islands]]
[[Category:Flora of Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Flora of Kyrgyzstan]]
[[Category:Flora of Malesia]]
[[Category:Flora of Nepal]]
[[Category:Flora of Nigeria]]
[[Category:Flora of Papua New Guinea]]
[[Category:Flora of Senegal]]
[[Category:Flora of Sri Lanka]]
[[Category:Flora of Taiwan]]
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[[Category:Flora of Fujian]]
[[Category:Flora of Guangdong]]
[[Category:Flora of Guangxi]]
[[Category:Flora of Guizhou]]
[[Category:Flora of Hubei]]
[[Category:Flora of Hunan]]
[[Category:Flora of Shaanxi]]
[[Category:Flora of Sichuan]]
[[Category:Flora of Xinjiang]]
[[Category:Flora of Yunnan]]
[[Category:Poales of Australia]]
[[Category:Plants described in 1781]]

{{Panicoideae-stub}}

Eurasia Insurance Company

2016-11-26T05:10:36Z

Look2See1: /* External links */

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2013}}
{{Orphan|date=May 2013}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Eurasia Insurance Co.
| logo = Eurasia Insurance Company.svg
| type = [[Joint Stock Company|JSC]]
| traded_as =
| foundation = 1995
| founder =
| location = Zheltoksan str., 59, 050004, [[Kazakhstan]]:[[Almaty]]
| area_served =
| key_people = Boris Umanov ([[Chairman]] and [[chief executive officer|CEO]])
| products = compulsory and voluntary insurance classes, [[reinsurance]]
| homepage = [http://www.theeurasia.kz/en theeurasia.kz]
| industry = [[Financial services]]
| revenue =
| capital =
| assets = KZT83.6bn (as of 1 January 2014)
| equity =
| net_income =
| num_employees =
| intl =
| website = http://www.theeurasia.kz/en/
}}
'''Eurasia Insurance Co.''' – is a [[Kazakhstan]] based insurance company, established in 1995 and headquartered in [[Almaty]]. As a results of 2013 Eurasia, Kazakhstan's largest insurance company maintained its position as first in terms of assets, insurance reserves, equity and authorized capital, as well as the volume of insurance premiums.

==Senior management==
Chairman of the Management Board – Boris Umanov.
Members of the Board - Larissa Slabkevich, Nazym Tulchinsky, Rolan Sakenov, Samat Kabdolov, Tulbaev Nurmukhamed, Rauza Davletbaeva.

==Activity and operations==
Eurasia Insurance Co. is licensed to embrace all type of covers under compulsory and voluntary insurance classes in accordance with the legislation of the Republic of Kazakhstan.

The premium income of Eurasia in 2013 amounted to KZT27.238bn, claim payments totaled to KZT12.057bn, with retained earnings of KZT4.016bn

As part of its overall business strategy for growth in the long term, Eurasia Insurance Co. places emphasis on the geographic diversification of risks and developing partnerships with companies around the world to achieve a good spread of premium income and to strike the right balance between exposure. Today Eurasia has developed its inward reinsurance portfolio to the extent that it currently reinsures risks located over 150 countries worldwide. As at 1 January 2013 the Eurasia underwrote for 49% of the total reinsurance placements in Kazakhstan insurance market, and about 97% of the total reinsurance placements from abroad.

In 2008, Eurasia reached new heights by being appointed as an approved reinsurer for the Ariane Space Programme. In connection with this class of insurance, Eurasia has paid the following claims:

On 18 August 2011 Eurasia paid KZT747m as a reinsurance compensation for the loss of [[Ekspress-AM4]] spacecraft. Ekspress-AM4 spacecraft was launched by [[Proton-M]] carrier rocket from [[Baikonur Cosmodrome]] spaceport in August 2011, but it was placed in an unplanned orbit.

On 15 January 2012 the company paid US$3.4m in respect of the loss of the Russian spacecraft [[Fobos-Grunt]]. The spacecraft burned up in the dense layers of the atmosphere, its unburned fragments fell into the [[Pacific Ocean]]. Property interest of Federal State Unitary Enterprise "Center for operation of ground-based space infrastructure" is reinsured by Eurasia, which within its share of the responsibility made a claim payment of about KZT500m

Eurasia has paid KZT1.5bn (US$10m) in respect of total loss of the telecommunication space satellite Telcom-3 owned by [[PT Telekomunikasi Indonesia]]. In August 2012 rocket [[Proton-M]] with the upper stage [[Briz-M]] and the spacecraft - Indonesian Telcom-3 was launched from the Baikonur Cosmodrome, but the boosters required to place it in its final orbit malfunctioned due to defects resulting in the satellite being placed in an unplanned orbit. The satellite was designed to provide telephone service communications and the broadcasting in Indonesia and Indochina.

==Ratings==
In March 14, 2014 rating agency A.M. Best affirmed its "bbb+" financial strength rating and "B++" credit rating for Eurasia Insurance Co. The outlook for both ratings is stable. This credit rating is the highest among insurance and reinsurance companies of CIS countries and Central Asia.<ref>http://www3.ambest.com/ambv/bestnews/newscontent.aspx?altsrc=23&refnum=163580</ref>

In May 27, 2014 [[Standard & Poor's]] Ratings Services had affirmed its 'BB+' insurer financial strength and counterparty credit ratings on Kazakhstan-based Eurasia Insurance Co. The outlook is stable.At the same time, we affirmed our 'kzAA-' Kazakhstan national scale rating on the company. To date, this credit rating is the highest among all private domestic financial institutions.<ref>http://www.xprimm.com/KAZAKHSTAN-S-P-Affirms-Ratings-On-Eurasia-Insurance-articol-2,12,32-5134.htm</ref>

==International and national memberships==
Eurasia is a member of the following organizations:

* ''IUA''<ref>http://www.iua.co.uk/</ref> the International Underwriting Association, which is the most influential non-governmental organization in the global insurance industry ([[London]], UK);
* ''IIS''<ref>http://www.iisonline.org/</ref> the International Insurance Society (United States, [[New York City]])
* ''FAIR''<ref>http://www.fair.org.eg/</ref> the insurance pools Federation of Afro-Asian Insurers and Reinsurers ([[Turkey]], [[Bahrain]], [[Morocco]]);
* ''IUMI''<ref>http://www.iumi.com/</ref> the International Union of Marine Insurance ([[Zurich]], Switzerland);
* ''FIAK''<ref>http://www.afk.kz/index.php/en</ref> the Financial Institutions’ Association of [[Kazakhstan]].

==Major events==
In October 2004, for the implementation and the development of the youth policy and the state insurance program, not only in Kazakhstan but also in CIS countries, Eurasia Insurance Company organized the Annual International Scientific and Practical competition for the best work in the field of insurance ''“Just One Step from Idea to Implementation”''.<ref>http://theeurasia.kz/index.php?lang=eng&uin=1222082531</ref> The main purpose of the contest is to promote the insurance industry, to inspire the best business ideas and the search for the potential staff among gifted students from within the Republic of Kazakhstan and the CIS countries.

From 2005, Eurasia Insurance Company is a permanent organizer of the ''Annual International Risk Management Conference'',<ref>http://theeurasia.kz/index.php?lang=eng&uin=1222080840&id=1222080840&hh=1</ref> a spring event which is held every year in Almaty. Over the past years the conference has attracted such influential speakers as [[Andrei Illarionov]] - former economic advisor to President of the Russian Federation who is now a senior fellow at the Cato Institute, the late [[Yegor Gaidar]] - former acting Prime Minister and Director of the "Institute for the Economy in Transition", [[Nouriel Roubini]] – economic advisor of President Obama; David Waldron - known London lawyer, who serves on the problems of corruption and bribery; [[Ruslan Grinberg]] – Director of Economics Institute of RAS; Tali Sharot<ref>http://www.brainfacts.org/about-us/people/tali-sharot/</ref> - the head of the acclaimed research project The [[Optimism bias]], [[Marcos Prado Troyjo]] - director of Research Center BRICLab <ref>http://www.sipa.columbia.edu/briclab/about.html</ref> at the [[Columbia University]], as well as representatives of Government agencies of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the leaders of the major international rating agencies, including popular international economists. The moderator of these Conferences is the leading TV journalist – [[Igor Vittel]].<ref>http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Igor_Vittel_.jpg</ref>
[[File:International Risk Management Conference.ogv|thumb|International Risk Management Conference]]

In April 2006, the radio programs ''“Two Lives After”'' part of an international collaborative media project, produced by Evgeny Bychkov<ref>http://www.bychkov.com/</ref> and Eurasia Insurance Company, took to the airwaves. The author of the programs is Evgeny Bychkov - an Almaty native, professional musician, musical critic and radio-journalist, who currently resides and works in Toronto, Canada. In 2007 the programme was recognized by connoisseurs of music and was awarded Popov's International Prize in the category "Best Music Radio Program" in Russia.

In May 2009 Eurasia Insurance Co. participated in the [[Cannes International Film Festival]] not only as a guest but as an insurer also. The world movie and sports stars and other celebrities, including [[Mark Weber]], Sir [[Steve Redgrave]], [[Ben Affleck]], [[Matt Damon]], [[Robert Downey Jr.]], [[Gwyneth Paltrow]], [[Luis Garcia]]{{disambiguation needed|date=December 2013}}, President of [[Hugo Boss]] Fashions - [[Roberto Carlos (singer)|Roberto Carlos]], and others were among the guests. The International Cannes Film Festival - the annual cinematic festival held in Cannes (France), is considered to be one of the most prestigious film festivals in the world.

In October, 2009 Eurasia Insurance Co. and Oakeshott Insurance Broker<ref>http://oakinsur.com/</ref> published a two-volume collection of insurance, reinsurance and risk management papers, under the title, ''“Let’s talk with you”''.<ref>http://theeurasia.kz/index.php?lang=eng&uin=1256701141&id=1256701141&hh=1</ref>

In May 2010 Eurasia launched a new radio series ''“The 9th Archipelago”'' a "radio series" program on the key personalities in the history of rock with issues in detail of the life and works of such artists as [[John Lennon]], [[Paul Simon]], [[Janis Joplin]], [[Jimi Hendrix]], the music bands [[The Doors]], [[Procol Harum]], [[The Hollies]] and others.

On 14 December 2010 Eurasia Insurance Company organized the Annual Film Festival in Kazakhstan CinemaFest "StrahOFF!"<ref>http://theeurasia.kz/index.php?uin=1223637782&pg=1354812543&act=archive_date&day=05&month=12&year=2012</ref> as part of its efforts to improve financial literacy of the citizens. The film festival is devoted to the fascinating explanation of the nature and characteristics of insurance and risk management through the movie.

On 18 October 2011 Dr. Umanov gave a lecture on the topic of ''“Kazakhstan and Central Asian insurance/reinsurance market"'' in the Old Library of the New [[Lloyd’s]] of London Building. The Insurance Institute of London<ref>http://www.iilondon.co.uk/</ref> requested Dr. Umanov to give a lecture for the members of Lloyd's and other participants in the international reinsurance market. More than 150 persons attended the lecture, including senior managers from Lloyd’s syndicates, international insurance/reinsurance companies, brokers, major international rating agencies, and others, this being the largest attendance of such an event there.

==Notes==
{{reflist|33em}}

==References==
*http://www3.ambest.com/ambv/bestnews/newscontent.aspx?altsrc=23&refnum=163580</references>

==External links==
*{{official website|http://theeurasia.kz}}

[[Category:Insurance companies]]
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2016-10-24T23:07:25Z

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Iris ludwigii

2016-09-19T01:58:53Z

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{{italic title}}{{taxobox
|name = Iris ludwigii
|image =
|regnum = [[Plantae]]
|unranked_divisio = [[Angiosperms]]
|unranked_classis = [[Monocots]]
|ordo = [[Asparagales]]
|familia = [[Iridaceae]]
|subfamilia = [[Iridoideae]]
|tribus = [[Irideae]]
|genus = ''[[Iris (plant)|Iris]]''
|subgenus = ''[[Iris subg. Limniris]]''
|series = ''[[Iris series Spuriae]]''
|species = '''''Iris ludwigii'''''
|binomial = ''Iris ludwigii''
|binomial_authority = [[Karl Johann Maximowicz|Maxim.]]
|synonyms = {{Species list
| Chamaeiris ludwigii |(Maxim.) M.B.Crespo
| Xyridion ludwigii |(Maxim.) Rodion.<ref>{{cite web |title=Iris ludwigii Maxim. is an accepted name |date= 23 March 2013 |url=http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-322070 |publisher=theplantlist.org ([[The Plant List]])|accessdate=14 January 2015}}</ref>}}
}}
'''''Iris ludwigii''''', with the common name '''Ludwig Iris''', is a species in the genus ''[[Iris (plant)|Iris]]''. It is also in the subgenus of [[Iris subg. Limniris]] and in [[Iris series Spuriae|series Spuriae]]. It is a [[bulbous]] [[perennial plant]] with violet-blue flowers. It is native to the [[Altai Mountains]] in [[Central Asia]], where Russia, China, Mongolia, and Kazakhstan meet. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in [[temperateness|temperate]] regions.

==Description==
''Iris ludwigii'' is similar in form to ''[[Iris pontica]]'', but differs in shape and size of the rhizome.<ref name=signa>{{cite web |first=D |last=Kramb |title=Iris ludwigii |date=28 March 2005 |url=http://www.signa.org/index.pl?Iris-ludwigii |publisher=signa.org (Species Iris Group of North America) |accessdate=23 January 2015}}</ref>

It has a stout, creeping rhizome.<ref name=USSR>{{cite web|first=V.L. |last=Komarov |year=1935 |title=Akademiya Nauk SSSR (FLORA of the U.S.S.R.) Vol. IV |publisher=archive.org | url=https://archive.org/stream/floraofussr04bota/floraofussr04bota_djvu.txt | accessdate=9 October 2014}}</ref> That forms compact and often crowded plants.<ref name=signa/>

It has between 2 and 4, linear, grass-like, lanceolate, {{convert|20|-|40|cm|0|abbr=on}} long,<ref name=cassidy>{{cite book |last1=Cassidy |first1=George E. |last2=Linnegar |first2=Sidney |date=1987 |edition=Revised |title=Growing Irises |location=Bromley |publisher=Christopher Helm | isbn=0-88192-089-4}}</ref><ref name=america>{{cite web |first=Alain |last=Franco |title=(SPEC) Iris Ludwigii Maxim |date=29 November 2013 |url=http://wiki.irises.org/bin/view/Spec/SpecLudwigii |publisher=wiki.irises.org (American Iris Society) |accessdate=14 January 2015}}</ref><ref name=lesnoj>{{cite web|first=M.M. |last=Silanteva. |title=IRIS LUDWIGII MAXIM. - IRIS (iris) Ludwig |url=http://lesnoj-atlas.com/page/257/iris-ludwigii-maxim-iris-kasatik-lyudviga.html?group=2 |publisher=lesnoj-atlas.com |accessdate=11 February 2015}}</ref> and 5mm wide leaves.<ref name=USSR/> The leaves have 3-7 veins.<ref name=USSR/><ref name=lesnoj/>

It has very variable sized stems that can be obsolete or underground,<ref name=signa/> or 2–3 cm long,<ref name=USSR/><ref name=pacific>{{cite web |title=Iris summary |date=14 April 2014 |url=http://www.pacificbulbsociety.org/pbswiki/files/Iris/Iris_Summary.pdf |format=PDF |publisher=pacificbulbsociety.org |accessdate=23 November 2014}}</ref> or up to {{convert|10|-|20|cm|0|abbr=on}} cm long.<ref name=cassidy/><ref name=america/>

It has lanceolate and green, paper-like [[spathe]]s (leaves of the flower bud).<ref name=signa/><ref name=USSR/><ref name=lesnoj/>

The stems hold 1-2 terminal (top of stem) flowers,<ref name=signa/><ref name=USSR/><ref name=cassidy/> between May and June.<ref name=USSR/><ref name=lesnoj/>
The flowers last on the plant between 6–8 days.<ref name=lesnoj/>

It has flowers that are {{convert|5|-|6|cm|0|abbr=on}} in diameter,<ref name=lesnoj/> that are violet-blue.<ref name=USSR/><ref name=cassidy/><ref name=america/><ref name=lesnoj/><ref name=pacific/>
It has 2 pairs of petals, 3 large [[sepals]] (outer petals), known as the 'falls' and 3 inner, smaller petals (or [[tepals]], known as the 'standards'.<ref name=ClaireAustin>{{cite web| first=Claire | last=Austin | title=Irises A Garden Encyclopedia| pages=274–275 | url=https://worldtracker.org/media/library/Reference/Encyclopedia's/Encyclopedia%20of%20Irises.pdf | format=pdf | publisher=worldtracker.org | accessdate=29 October 2014}}</ref> The falls are lanceolate, with white marks and violet-blue veining. In the centre of the falls is covered with short unicellular hairs,<ref name=USSR/> (looking similar to a yellow beard).<ref name=cassidy/><ref name=america/> The standards are erect, narrow and oblong.<ref name=USSR/>

It has a slender [[Leaf shape|filiform]] (thread-like), perianth tube.<ref name=USSR/><ref name=lesnoj/>

It has linear style branches, that white with violet-blue tips.<ref name=USSR/> It has yellow or white filaments and orange anthers.<ref name=USSR/><ref name=lesnoj/>

After the iris has flowered, it produces a seed capsule (not described) between August and September.<ref name=lesnoj/>

===Biochemistry===
As most irises are [[diploid]], having two sets of [[chromosomes]]. This can be used to identify hybrids and classification of groupings.<ref name=ClaireAustin/>
It has a chromosome count: 2n=38.<ref name=pacific/>

In 2003, a study was carried out on the chromosome sequencing of various Irises from the Siberian region of central Asia. They sequenced the [[RuBisCO|rbcL gene]] from some Siberian Iris species belonging to different subgenera including, ''[[Iris halophila]]'', ''Iris ludwigi'', ''[[Iris uniflora]]'', ''[[Iris pseudacorus]]'', ''[[Iris glaucescens]]'', ''[[Iris tigridia]]'', and ''[[Iris laevigata]]''.
Their results supported Brian Mathew’s classification from 1989. That ''Iris halophila'' and ''Iris ludwigii'' form a cluster.<ref name=phlogenetic>{{cite journal |last=Makarevitch |first=Irina |last2=Golovnina |first2=Kseniya |last3=Scherbik |first3=Svetlana |last4=Blinov |first4=Alexander |date=2003 |title=Phylogenetic Relationships of the Siberian Iris Species Inferred from Noncoding Chloroplast DNA Sequences |url=http://www.researchgate.net/publication/249158477_Phylogenetic_Relationships_of_the_Siberian_Iris_Species_Inferred_from_Noncoding_Chloroplast_DNA_Sequences |journal=Int. J. Plant Sci. |publisher=The University of Chicago |volume=164 |issue=2 |pages=229–237 |doi= |accessdate=11 February 2015}}</ref>

== Taxonomy==
The Latin [[Botanical name#Binary name|specific epithet]] ''ludwigii'' refers to the 18th century Professor of natural history and medicine, [[Christian Gottlieb Ludwig]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Searching Dave's Garden |url=http://davesgarden.com/sitewidesearch.php?q=ludwig |publisher=davesgarden.com |accessdate=11 February 2015}}</ref>

It has the common name of ''Ludwig Iris''.<ref name=russia/><ref name=Burkhatskiy>{{cite web |title=Burkhatskiy Pass |url=http://www.kazakhstan.orexca.com/burkhat_pass_kazakhstan.shtml |publisher=kazakhstan.orexca.com |accessdate=11 February 2015}}</ref><ref name=krasnaya>{{cite web |first=B. M. |last=Doronkin |title=Iris (Iris) Ludwig (Iris ludwigii) |url=http://www.calc.ru/krasnaya-kniga/Kasatik-(iris)-Lyudviga.html |publisher=calc.ru |accessdate=11 February 2015}}</ref>

It was originally published and described by [[Karl Maximovich|Karl Johann Maximowicz]] in the 'Bulletin of the Academy of Imperial Science, Saint-Pétersburg Vol.26 pages508-509 in 1880.<ref name=ipni>{{cite web|title=Iridaceae Iris ludwigii Maxim. |url=http://www.ipni.org/ipni/idPlantNameSearch.do?id=438817-1 |publisher=ipni.org (International Plant Names Index) |accessdate=14 January 2015}}</ref>

It was later published in Mélanges Biol. Bull. Phys.-Math. Acad. Imp. Sci. Saint-Pétersbourg Vol.10 page721 in 1880 (Diagn. pl. nov. asiat.).<ref name=grin/>

In his book (Iris,1913) [[William Rickatson Dykes]] was once thought ''Iris ludwigii'' to a form of ''[[Iris humilis]]'' with stoloniferous rhizomes, the Academy of Imperial Science, Saint-Pétersburg did not agree with this.<ref name=USSR/> It was later treated as a separate species by [[Brian Mathew]].<ref name=america/> [[Georgi Rodionenko]] had proposed ''Series Ludwigia'' for this species.<ref name=pacific/>
But after chromosomal studies were carried out it was then placed in ''Series Spuriae''.<ref name=phlogenetic/>

It was mentioned in 'Vascular Plants of Russia and Adjacent States (the Former USSR)'.<ref>Sergeĭ Kirillovich Cherepanov (1981){{Google books | Vascular Plants of Russia and Adjacent States (the Former USSR) | Up0XgqTk2pkC |page=280}}</ref>

It was verified by [[United States Department of Agriculture]] [[Agricultural Research Service]] on 4 April 2003.<ref name=grin>{{cite web |title=Taxon: Iris ludwigii Maxim. | url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?428807 |publisher=ars-grin.gov ([[Germplasm Resources Information Network]]) |accessdate=11 February 2015}}</ref>

==Distribution and habitat==
''Iris ludwigii'' is [[native plant|native]] to [[temperateness|temperate]] regions of [[Asia]].<ref name=ipni/><ref name=grin/>

===Range===
It is found in [[Altai Mountains]],<ref name=signa/><ref name=cassidy/><ref name=pacific/><ref name=ipni/> between east [[Kazakhstan]],<ref name=lesnoj/><ref name=krasnaya/><ref name=innature>{{cite web |title=Red Book (Flora) 2 |url=http://innature.kz/viewpage.php?page_id=383 |publisher=innature.kz |accessdate=19 August 2015}}</ref> and [[Siberia]],<ref name=pacific/><ref name=ipni/> and [[Altai Republic]] in [[Russia]].<ref name=USSR/><ref name=grin/>

It is listed with ''[[Iris bloudowii]]'', ''[[Iris psammocola]]'', ''[[Iris ruthenica]]'', ''[[Iris sibirica]]'', ''[[Iris tenuifolia]]'' and ''[[Iris tigridia]]'' as being found in the [[Altai-Sayan region]] (where Russia, China, Mongolia and Kazakhstan come together).<ref>{{cite web |title=Biodiversity of Altai-Sayan Ecoregion |url=http://www.bioaltai-sayan.ru/regnum/eng/species_all.php?right=box-spec-p/iris.php |publisher=bioaltai-sayan.ru |accessdate=15 August 2015}}</ref>

It is also found in the Altai-Dzungarian region of the Altai mountains (between [[Mongolia]] and [[China]]).<ref>{{cite journal |last=Olonova |first=Marina V. |last2=Zhang |first2=Daoyuan |last3=Duan |first3=Shiming |last4=Yin |first4=Linke |last5=Pan |first5=Borong |date=2010 |title=Rare and endangered plant species of the Chinese Altai Mountains |url=http://jal.xjegi.com/fileup/PDF/38.pdf |journal=Journal of Arid Land |publisher= |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=222–230 |doi= |accessdate=11 February 2015}}</ref>

===Habitat===
It grows on the [[steppe]]s,<ref name=signa/> in meadows, in thickets of ''[[Stipa splendens]]'', and on gravelly slopes.<ref name=USSR/><ref name=lesnoj/>

==Conservation==
It is listed in the [[IUCN]] ''Red Book of the Altai Territory''.<ref name=lesnoj/>

It is at risk due to the effects of cattle grazing, ploughing and other farming methods.<ref name=krasnaya/>

In April 2005, a Working draft of Species Action Plan for ''Iris ludwigii'' was created for the at risk plants on the Altai Mountains.<ref>{{cite web |title=Darwin Initiative for the Survival of Species Project: 162 / 11 / 025 Cross-border conservation strategies for Altai Mountain endemics (Russia, Mongolia, Kazakhstan) Annual Report (Year 3) |date=April 2005 |url=http://www.darwininitiative.org.uk/documents/11025/4023/11-025%20AR3%20-%20edited.pdf |publisher=darwininitiative.org.uk |format=PDF |accessdate=11 February 2015}}</ref>

It is mentioned as one of the 17 species of plants are included in the 'Red Book of Kazakhstan', and they are: Steppe peony (''[[Paeonia hybrida]]''), Spring asphodel, (''[[Adonis vernalis]]''), Pink rhodiola (''[[Rhodiola rosea]]''), Altai rhubarb (''[[Rheum altaicum]]''), Altai daphne (''[[Daphne altaica]]''), Snow (''[[Macropodium nivale]]''), Siberian adder's-tongue (''[[Erythronium sibiricum]]''), Maral root (''[[Rhaponticum carthamoides]]''), Vereschagin (''[[Limnas veresczaginii]]''), Heteropetals tulip (''[[Tulipa heteropetala]]''), Small-fruit cranberry (''[[Oxycoccus microcarpus]]''), (''[[Cymbaria dahyrica]]''), Altai anthrax (''[[Sibiraea altaiensis]]''), Stemless (''[[Leiospora excapa]]''), Altai gimnospermium (''[[Gimnospermium altaicum]]'') and Fir club moss (''[[Lycopodium selago]]'').
5 species of plant were put into the 'Red Book of Russian Federation', they are Steppe peony (''Paeonia hybrida''), Altai rhubarb (''Rheum altaicum''), Altai daphne (''Daphne altaica''), Ludwig iris (''Iris ludwigii'') and Siberian adder's-tongue (''Erythronium sibiricum'').<ref name=russia>{{cite web |title=The exhibition "Iris Russia" |url=http://flower-iris.ru/en/knigi-pro-iridariy/zaglyanut-v-knigu/66/ |publisher=flower-iris.ru |accessdate=23 January 2015}}</ref><ref name=Burkhatskiy/>

==Cultivation==
''Iris ludwigii'' is cultivated as an [[ornamental plant]] for gardens. It prefers locations in full sun, on soils with good drainage.<ref name=signa/>

In nature and in cultivation, it was found that the plant, flowers but they are [[sterility (physiology)|sterile]] with underdeveloped stamens. Therefore, does not produce seeds.<ref name=russia/>

It is hardy enough to grow and be cultivated in the botanical gardens of [[Barnaul]], [[Novosibirsk]] and [[Chita, Zabaykalsky Krai|Chita]], [[Zabaykalsky Kra]], in Russia. It was trialled at The Botanical Garden of [[St. Petersburg]] in 1971. It bloomed three times but then died after flowering.<ref name=russia/>

==Propagation==
It can be propagated by [[Division (horticulture)|division]] or by seed growing.<ref name=lesnoj/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

===Other sources===
*Komarov, V. L. et al., eds. 1934–1964. Flora SSSR.
*Mathew, B. 1981. The Iris. 113.
*Rare and Endangered Plants of Siberia, 1980

==External links==
*{{Commons category-inline|Iris ludwigii}}
*{{Wikispecies-inline|Iris ludwigii}}

[[Category:Iris (plant)|ludwigii]]
[[Category:Altai Mountains]]
[[Category:Flora of Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Flora of Mongolia]]
[[Category:Flora of Siberia]]
[[Category:Flora of Xinjiang]]
[[Category:Plants described in 1880]]
[[Category:Garden plants of Asia]]

Category:Ecoregions of Kazakhstan

2016-06-20T17:36:08Z

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*'''{{C|Ecoregions}}''' of '''{{C|Kazakhstan}}''' — the country located in [[Central Asia]].

[[Category:Environment of Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Geography of Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Ecoregions of Asia|Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Ecoregions by country|Kazakhstan]]

Leymus akmolinensis

2016-06-20T17:14:53Z

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{{taxobox
|image = Leymus akmolinensis - Botanischer Garten, Dresden, Germany - DSC08961.JPG
|regnum = [[Plantae]]
|unranked_divisio = [[Angiosperms]]
|unranked_classis = [[Monocots]]
|unranked_ordo = [[Commelinids]]
|ordo = [[Poales]]
|familia = [[Poaceae]]
|genus = ''[[Leymus]]''
|species = '''''L. akmolinensis'''''
|binomial = ''Leymus akmolinensis''
|binomial_authority = (Drobow) Tzvelev
|}}
{{Commons category}}

'''''Leymus akmolinensis''''' is a species of [[Poaceae|grass]] endemic to [[Russia]] and [[Kazakhstan]].

==Synonyms==
* ''Aneurolepidium akmolinense'' (Drobow) Nevski
* ''Elymus akmolinensis'' Drobow
* ''Elymus dasystachys'' f. ''glaber'' Korsh.
* ''Leymus paboanus'' subsp. ''akmolinensis'' (Drobow) Tzvelev
* ''Leymus paboanus'' subsp. ''korshinskyi'' Tzvelev

==References==
* [http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?102168 USDA Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN) entry for ''Leymus akmolinensis'']
* Botanicheskie Materially Gerbariia Botanicheskogo Instituta imeni V. L. Komarova Akademii Nauk SSSR 20: 430. 1960. (Bot. Mater. Gerb. Bot. Inst. Komarova Akad. Nauk SSSR)
* Flora URSS 2: 708. 1934. (Fl. URSS)
* Czerepanov, S. K. 1995. Vascular plants of Russia and adjacent states (the former USSR).
* [http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-422560 The Plant List entry]
* [http://eol.org/pages/5803444/overview Encyclopedia of Life entry]
* [http://www.gbif.org/species/4135847 GBIF entry]

[[Category:Leymus|akmolinensis]]
[[Category:Grasses of Asia]]
[[Category:Grasses of Europe]]
[[Category:Grasses of Russia]]
[[Category:Flora of Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Eurasian Steppe]]

Category:Biota of the Caspian Sea

2016-05-19T04:13:34Z

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[[Category:Caspian Sea]]
[[Category:Biota by sea or ocean|Caspian Sea]]
[[Category:Marine biota of Western Asia|Caspian Sea]]
[[Category:Marine biota of Europe|Caspian Sea]]

Category:Biota of Kazakhstan

2016-05-19T03:38:58Z

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[[Category:Environment of Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Biota of Asia|Kaz]]
[[Category:Biota by country|Kaz]]
[[Category:Palearctic ecozone biota|Kazakhstan biota]]

Category:Categories by locality in Kazakhstan

2015-12-28T00:33:54Z

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[[Category:Geography of Kazakhstan|•]]

Ovis ammon ammon

2015-08-16T02:26:15Z

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#REDIRECT [[Altai argali]]

[[Category:Ovis|ammon ammon]]
[[Category:Fauna of Central Asia]]
[[Category:Megafauna of Eurasia]]
[[Category:Mammals of China]]
[[Category:Mammals of Russia]]
[[Category:Mammals of Mongolia]]
[[Category:Fauna of Kazakhstan]]

Category:Fossils of Kazakhstan

2015-08-12T19:05:35Z

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[[Category:Fossils of Asia|Kazak]]
[[Category:Geology of Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Paleontology in Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Fossils by country|Kazakhstan]]

Kushva

2015-07-12T06:15:36Z

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{{Infobox Russian town
|en_name=Kushva
|ru_name=Кушва
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|mun_data_as_of=June 2009
|urban_okrug_jur=Kushvinsky Urban Okrug
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|mun_admctr_of=Kushvinsky Urban Okrug
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'''Kushva''' ({{lang-ru|Кушва}}) is a [[types of inhabited localities in Russia|town]] in [[Sverdlovsk Oblast]], [[Russia]], located in the [[Ural Mountains]] near [[Yekaterinburg]]. Population: {{ru-census|p2010=30,167|p2002=35,555|p1989=43,096}}

==History==
[[File:Vasnetsov Blagodat hill.jpg|thumb|left|''Blagodat Mountain'', by [[Apollinary Vasnetsov]], 1890]]

Originally a mining settlement founded in 1735 at the [[Blagodat Mountain]] to explore its [[iron ore]] deposits, it was granted town status in 1926 and was then renamed from '''Kushvinsky Zavod''' ({{lang|ru|Кушвинский Завод}}) to Kushva.{{citation needed|date=November 2012}} Currently it is stagnant and its population is decreasing as most of the mining industry closed down.

==Administrative and municipal status==
Within the [[subdivisions of Russia#Administrative divisions|framework of the administrative divisions]], it is, together with the [[types of inhabited localities in Russia|town]] of [[Verkhnyaya Tura]] and twelve rural localities, incorporated as the '''[[City of federal subject significance|Town]] of Kushva'''<ref name="OKATO">{{OKATO reference|65 470}}</ref>—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the [[administrative divisions of Sverdlovsk Oblast|districts]].<ref name="SverdlovskO_adm">Law #30-OZ</ref> As a [[subdivisions of Russia#Municipal divisions|municipal division]], Kushva and twelve rural localities are incorporated as '''Kushvinsky Urban Okrug'''.<ref name="SverdlovskO_mun">Law #85-OZ</ref> The town of Verkhnyaya Tura is incorporated separately as Verkhnyaya Tura Urban Okrug.<ref name="SverdlovskO_mun" />

==Honors==
A [[impact crater|crater]] on [[Mars]] was named in honor of the town.

==References==
===Notes===
{{Reflist}}

===Sources===
*{{RussiaAdmMunRef|sve|adm|law}}
*{{RussiaAdmMunRef|sve|mun|list}}

{{Cities and towns in Sverdlovsk Oblast}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=November 2012}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Sverdlovsk Oblast]]
[[Category:Verkhotursky Uyezd]]
[[Category:Ural Mountains]]

Category:21st-century establishments in Kazakhstan

2014-12-18T19:25:47Z

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[[Category:21st-century establishments in Asia|K]]
{{EstcatCountryCentury|20|21st|20th|22nd|3rd|Kazakhstan}}