Kazakhstan Encyclopedia - User contributions [en]

Baku–Tbilisi–Ceyhan pipeline

2017-04-10T19:28:20Z

Lklundin: /* See also */ {{Portal|Azerbaijan|Turkey|Georgia (country)|Energy}} replaces {{Portal|Azerbaijan|Turkey|Energy}}

{{Infobox pipeline
| name = Baku–Tbilisi–Ceyhan pipeline
| type = oil
| photo =
| caption =
| map = Baku pipelines.svg
| map_caption = Location of Baku–Tbilisi–Ceyhan pipeline
| country = [[Azerbaijan]], [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]], [[Turkey]]
| coordinates =
| operator = [[BP]]
| partners = [[BP]], [[State Oil Company of Azerbaijan|SOCAR]], [[Chevron Corporation|Chevron]], [[Statoil]], [[Türkiye Petrolleri Anonim Ortaklığı|TPAO]], [[Eni]], [[Total S.A.]], [[Itochu]], [[Inpex]], [[ConocoPhillips]], [[Hess Corporation]]
| length_km = 1768
| discharge = {{convert|1|Moilbbl|m3}} of oil per day
| direction = east–south-west
| start = [[Baku]] ([[Sangachal Terminal]]), [[Azerbaijan]]
| finish = [[Ceyhan]], [[Turkey]]
| est = 2006
| through = [[Tbilisi]] Georgia, [[Erzurum]] Turkey, [[Sarız]] Turkey
| par = [[South Caucasus Pipeline]]
}}
{{Economy of Turkey}}
The '''Baku–Tbilisi–Ceyhan (BTC) pipeline''' is a {{convert|1768|km|mi}} long [[petroleum|crude oil]] pipeline from the [[Azeri-Chirag-Guneshli]] [[oil field]] in the [[Caspian Sea]] to the [[Mediterranean Sea]]. It connects [[Baku]], the capital of [[Azerbaijan]] and [[Ceyhan]], a port on the south-eastern Mediterranean coast of [[Turkey]], via [[Tbilisi]], the capital of [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]]. It is the second-longest [[Pipeline transport|oil pipeline]] in the former Soviet Union, after the [[Druzhba pipeline]]. The first oil that was pumped from the Baku end of the pipeline reached Ceyhan on 28 May 2006.<ref name=azer2006>
{{cite news
| newspaper = Azerbaijan International
| first = Tamam | last = Bayatli
| url = http://www.azer.com/aiweb/categories/magazine/ai143_folder/143_articles/143_bp_developments.html
| title = Tankers Finally Leave Ceyhan Port for World Markets
| date = Autumn 2006
| accessdate = 2014-09-01}}
</ref>

==History==

===Planning===
The [[Caspian Sea]] lies above one of the world's largest collections of oil and gas fields. As the sea is landlocked, transporting oil to Western markets is complicated. During Soviet times, all transportation routes from the Caspian region were through Russia. The collapse of the Soviet Union inspired a search for new routes. Russia first insisted that the new pipeline should pass through its territory, then declined to participate.<ref name=kommersant/><ref name=pravda>
{{cite news
| publisher= Pravda
| title = Moscow Negative About Baku-Ceyhan Pipeline
| url= http://english.pravda.ru/main/18/89/357/11772_pipeline.html
| date= 2004-01-13
| accessdate=2007-12-30}}
</ref>

In the spring of 1992, the Turkish Prime Minister [[Süleyman Demirel]] proposed to Central Asian countries including Azerbaijan that the pipeline run through Turkey. The first document on the construction of the Baku–Tbilisi–Ceyhan pipeline was signed between Azerbaijan and Turkey on 9 March 1993 in [[Ankara]].<ref name=dailynews2>
{{cite news
| newspaper = [[Hürriyet Daily News]]
| title = Timeline of the Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan pipeline
| url = http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/timeline-of-the-baku-tbilisi-ceyhan-pipeline.aspx?pageID=438&n=timeline-of-the-baku-tbilisi-ceyhan-pipeline-2006-07-13
| date = 2006-07-13
| accessdate = 2016-10-24
| deadurl = no
| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20161024173903/http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/timeline-of-the-baku-tbilisi-ceyhan-pipeline.aspx?pageID=438&n=timeline-of-the-baku-tbilisi-ceyhan-pipeline-2006-07-13
| archivedate = 2016-10-24
|df = dmy}}
</ref> The Turkish route meant a pipeline from Azerbaijan would run through Georgia or [[Armenia]], but the route through Armenia was politically impossible due to the unresolved war between Armenia and Azerbaijan over the [[Nagorno-Karabakh war|status of Nagorno-Karabakh]]. This left the circuitous Azerbaijan-Georgia-Turkey route, longer and more expensive to build than the other option.<ref name=silkroad6/>

The project gained momentum following the Ankara Declaration, adopted on 29 October 1998 by [[President of Azerbaijan]] [[Heydar Aliyev]], [[President of Georgia]] [[Eduard Shevardnadze]], [[list of Presidents of Kazakhstan|President of Kazakhstan]] [[Nursultan Nazarbayev]], [[President of Turkey]] [[Süleyman Demirel]], and [[President of Uzbekistan]] [[Islam Karimov]]. The declaration was witnessed by the [[United States Secretary of Energy]] [[Bill Richardson]], who expressed strong support for the pipeline. The intergovernmental agreement in support of the pipeline was signed by Azerbaijan, Georgia, and Turkey on 18 November 1999, during a meeting of the [[Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe]] (OSCE) in [[Istanbul]], Turkey.<ref name=silkroad6>
{{cite journal
| publisher= The Central Asia-Caucasus Institute, Silk Road Studies Program
| first= Zeyno | last = Baran
| authorlink = Zeyno Baran
| title = The Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan Pipeline: Implications for Turkey
| url= http://www.silkroadstudies.org/component/jifile/download/MTc3NTAwNDI4NGJjMzMxODZiMmM1MmQxOGJiMGRlNjU=/btc-6-pdf.html
| journal= The Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan Pipeline: Oil Window to the West
| pages=103–118
| format=PDF
| year=2005
| accessdate=2007-12-30}}
</ref>

===Construction===
The Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan Pipeline Company (BTC Co.) was established in London on 1 August 2002.<ref name=alex1>
{{cite news
| publisher= Alexander's Gas & Oil Connections
| title = Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan Pipeline Company founded
| url=http://www.gasandoil.com/goc/company/cnc23849.htm
| date = 2002-08-30
| accessdate=2007-12-30}}
</ref> The ceremony launching construction of the pipeline was held on 18 September 2002.<ref name=bbc1>
{{cite news
| publisher= BBC News
| title = Caspian pipeline dream becomes reality
| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/2263611.stm
| date = 2002-09-17
| accessdate=2007-12-30| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20071203185710/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/2263611.stm| archivedate= 3 December 2007 | deadurl= no}}
</ref> Construction began in April 2003 and was completed in 2005. The Azerbaijan section was constructed by [[Consolidated Contractors Company|Consolidated Contractors International]] of Greece, and Georgia's section was constructed by a joint venture of France’s [[AMEC|Spie Capag]] and UK Petrofac International. The Turkish section was constructed by [[BOTAŞ]] Petroleum Pipeline Corporation. [[Bechtel]] was the main contractor for engineering, procurement and construction.<ref name=alex1/>

===Inauguration===
On 25 May 2005, the pipeline was inaugurated at the [[Sangachal Terminal]] by President [[Ilham Aliyev]] of the Azerbaijan Republic, President [[Mikhail Saakashvili]] of Georgia and President [[Ahmet Sezer]] of Turkey, joined by President [[Nursultan Nazarbayev]] of Kazakhstan and [[United States Secretary of Energy]] [[Samuel Bodman]].<ref name=edm310505>
{{cite news
| publisher = [[The Jamestown Foundation]]
| newspaper = [[Eurasia Daily Monitor]]
| first = Vladimir | last = Socor
| authorlink = Vladimir Socor
| url = http://www.jamestown.org/single/?tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=30462
| title = Baku–Tbilisi–Ceyhan pipeline Inaugurated
| date = 2005-05-31
| accessdate = 2014-09-01}}
</ref><ref name=bbc2>
{{cite news
| publisher= BBC News
| title = Giant Caspian oil pipeline opens
| url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/4577497.stm
| date = 2005-05-25
| accessdate=2007-12-30}}
</ref> The inauguration of the Georgian section was hosted by President Mikheil Saakashvili at the pumping station near [[Gardabani]] on 12 October 2005.<ref name=rferl>
{{cite news
| publisher= RFERL
| title = Georgia: Regional Leaders Inaugurate Oil Pipeline Amid Environmental Concerns
| author=Jean-Christophe Peuch
| url= http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2005/10/e5ce7b6a-4d3c-4bb1-af9b-74bdc62c6e83.html
| date = 2005-10-12
| accessdate=2007-12-30| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20080110065558/http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2005/10/e5ce7b6a-4d3c-4bb1-af9b-74bdc62c6e83.html| archivedate= 10 January 2008 | deadurl= no}}
</ref> The inauguration ceremony at Ceyhan terminal was held on 13 July 2006.<ref name=azer2006/><ref name=bp3>
{{cite pressrelease
|publisher=BP
|title=BTC Celebrates Full Commissioning
|url=http://www.bp.com/genericarticle.do?categoryId=9006615&contentId=7020655
|date=2006-07-13
|accessdate=2007-12-30
|deadurl=yes
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071030113814/http://www.bp.com/genericarticle.do?categoryId=9006615&contentId=7020655
|archivedate=2007-10-30
|df= dmy}}
</ref>

The pipeline was gradually filled with 10 million barrels of oil flowing from Baku and reaching [[Ceyhan]] on 28 May 2006.<ref name=azer2006/> The first oil was loaded at the Ceyhan Marine Terminal (Haydar Aliyev Terminal) onto a tanker named ''British Hawthorn''.<ref name=turkishweekly2>
{{cite news
| publisher= Turkish Weekly
| title = Caspian Oil Reaches Turkey's Mediterranean Port Ceyhan
| url= http://www.turkishweekly.net/news.php?id=32563
| date = 2006-05-29
| accessdate=2007-03-01}}
</ref> The tanker sailed on 4 June 2006 with about {{convert|600000|oilbbl|m3}} of crude oil.<ref name=azer2006/><ref name=downstream050606>
{{cite news
| publisher= Downstream Today
| title = BP: First Ship Loads Oil from New Caspian Pipeline
| url= http://www.downstreamtoday.com/News/Articles/200606/BP_First_Ship_Loads_Oil_from_New_Caspia_722.aspx
| date = 2006-06-05
| accessdate=2008-11-02}}
</ref>

==Description==
[[Image:Oil pipelines in Europe.png|thumb|350px|Petroleum pipelines to Europe]]

===Route===
The {{convert|1768|km|mi}} long pipeline starts at the [[Sangachal Terminal]] near Baku in Azerbaijan, crosses Georgia and terminates at the Ceyhan Marine Terminal (Haydar Aliyev Terminal) on the south-eastern Mediterranean coast of Turkey. {{convert|443|km|mi}} of the pipeline lie in Azerbaijan, {{convert|249|km|mi}} in Georgia and {{convert|1076|km|mi}} in Turkey. It crosses several mountain ranges at altitudes to {{convert|2830|m|ft|-2}}.<ref name=bp2/> It also traverses 3,000 roads, railways, and utility lines—both overground and underground—and 1,500 watercourses up to {{convert|500|m|ft|-2}} wide (in the case of the [[Ceyhan River]] in Turkey).<ref name=bp5>
{{cite journal
|publisher=[[BP]]
|title=Caspian Connection
|journal=Frontiers Magazine
|url=http://www.bp.com/liveassets/bp_internet/globalbp/STAGING/global_assets/downloads/F/Frontiers_magazine_issue_7_Caspian_connection.pdf
|pages=18–26
|format=PDF
|date=August 2003
|accessdate=2008-11-02
|deadurl=yes
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081219210158/http://www.bp.com/liveassets/bp_internet/globalbp/STAGING/global_assets/downloads/F/Frontiers_magazine_issue_7_Caspian_connection.pdf
|archivedate=2008-12-19
|df= dmy}}
</ref> The pipeline occupies a corridor eight meters wide, and is buried to a depth of at least one meter.<ref name=silkroad4>
{{cite journal
|publisher=The Central Asia-Caucasus Institute, Silk Road Studies Program
|author=Svante E. Cornell, Fariz Ismailzade
|title=The Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan Pipeline: Implications for Azerbaijan
|url= http://www.silkroadstudies.org/component/jifile/download/MTc3NTAwNDI4NGJjMzMxODZiMmM1MmQxOGJiMGRlNjU=/btc-4-pdf.html
|journal=The Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan Pipeline: Oil Window to the West
|pages=61–84
|format=PDF
|year=2005
|accessdate=2007-12-30
|deadurl= no
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080227022315/http://www.silkroadstudies.org/BTC_4.pdf
|archivedate=2008-02-27
|df= dmy}}
</ref> The pipeline runs parallel to the [[South Caucasus Pipeline|South Caucasus Gas Pipeline]], which transports natural gas from the [[Sangachal Terminal]] to [[Erzurum]] in Turkey.<ref name=bp2/> From [[Sarız]] to Ceyhan, the [[Samsun–Ceyhan pipeline|Samsun–Ceyhan oil pipeline]] will be parallel to the BTC pipeline.<ref name=iea>
{{cite journal
| publisher= [[International Energy Agency]]
|url= http://www.iea.org/Textbase/work/2006/energy_security/Cavanna.pdf
| title = Trans Anatolian Pipeline Project
| format = PDF
| date = October 2006
| accessdate=2007-04-26}}
</ref>

===Technical features===
The pipeline has a projected lifespan of 40 years, and at normal capacity it transports {{convert|1|Moilbbl/d}}. It needs {{convert|10|Moilbbl}} of oil to fill the pipeline.<ref name=bp>
{{cite web
|publisher=BP
|title= Operations
|url= http://www.bp.com/genericarticle.do?categoryId=9006669&contentId=7014361
|accessdate=2007-03-01
|deadurl=yes
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061014133033/http://www.bp.com/genericarticle.do?categoryId=9006669&contentId=7014361
|archivedate=2006-10-14
|df= dmy}}
</ref> Oil flows at {{convert|2|m|ft}} per second.<ref name=bp5/> There are eight pump stations, two in Azerbaijan, two in Georgia, four in Turkey. The project includes also the Ceyhan Marine Terminal (officially the Haydar Aliyev Terminal, named after the Azerbaijani late president [[Heydar Aliyev]]), three intermediate [[pigging]] stations, one pressure reduction station, and 101 small block valves.<ref name=bp2>
{{cite web
|publisher=[[BP]]
|title=Overview of the BTC pipeline
|url=http://www.bp.com/genericarticle.do?categoryId=9006669&contentId=7014358
|accessdate=2007-12-29
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080125051855/http://www.bp.com/genericarticle.do?categoryId=9006669&contentId=7014358
|archivedate=25 January 2008
|deadurl=yes
|df= dmy}}
</ref> It was constructed from 150,000 individual joints of line pipe, each measuring {{convert|12|m|ft}} in length.<ref name=bp5/> This corresponds to a total weight of {{convert|655000|ST}}.<ref name=bp5/> The pipeline is {{convert|1070|mm|in}} diameter for most of its length, narrowing to {{convert|865|mm|in}} diameter as it nears Ceyhan.<ref name=dillinger>{{cite web
| publisher= Dillinger Hütte GTS
| title = Dillinger plates for the BTC pipeline, the world's longest oil export pipeline
| url= http://www.dillinger.de/dh/referenzen/linepipe/01611/index.shtml.en
| accessdate=2007-12-30}}
</ref>

===Cost and financing===
The pipeline cost US$3.9 billion.<ref name=upstream2006>
{{cite news
| url=http://www.upstreamonline.com/live/article108550.ece
| title=BTC costs hit $3.9bn
| newspaper = [[Upstream (newspaper)|Upstream Online]]
| publisher = NHST Media Group
| date=2006-04-19
|accessdate=2008-03-07}}
</ref> The construction created 10,000 short-term jobs and the operation of the pipeline requires 1,000 long-term employees across a 40-year period.<ref name=silkroad4/> 70% of the costs are funded by third parties, including the [[World Bank]]'s [[International Finance Corporation]], the [[European Bank for Reconstruction and Development]], export credit agencies of seven countries and a syndicate of 15 commercial banks.<ref name=bp2/>

===Source of supply===
The pipeline is supplied by oil from Azerbaijan's [[Azeri-Chirag-Guneshli]] [[oil field]] in the [[Caspian Sea]] via the [[Sangachal Terminal]]. This pipeline may also transport oil from Kazakhstan's [[Kashagan Field|Kashagan oil field]] and other oil fields in [[Central Asia]].<ref name=kommersant>
{{cite news
| publisher= Kommersant
| title = Revolutions in the Pipeline
| url= http://www.kommersant.com/page.asp?id=580345
| date=2005-05-25
| accessdate=2007-12-30| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20071211070956/http://www.kommersant.com/page.asp?id=580345| archivedate= 11 December 2007 | deadurl= no}}
</ref> The government of Kazakhstan announced that it would build a [[Trans-Caspian Oil Pipeline|trans-Caspian oil pipeline]] from the Kazakhstani port of [[Aktau]] to Baku, but because of the opposition from both Russia and [[Iran]] it started to transport oil to the BTC pipeline by tankers across the Caspian Sea.<ref name=itar-tass>
{{cite news
|publisher=Itar-Tass
|title=Kazakhstan starts transporting oil by Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan pipeline
|url=http://www.itar-tass.com/eng/level2.html?NewsID=13236773&PageNum=0
|date=2008-11-03
|accessdate=2008-11-11
}}{{dead link|date=October 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
</ref>

===Possible transhipment via Israel===
It has been proposed that oil from the pipeline be transported to eastern [[Asia]] via the Israeli oil terminals at [[Ashkelon]] and [[Eilat]], the overland trans-Israel sector being bridged by the [[Eilat-Ashkelon Pipeline]] owned by the [[Eilat Ashkelon Pipeline Company]] (EAPC).<ref name=haaretz>
{{cite news
| publisher= Haaretz.com
| title = Israel proposes crude pipeline from Georgia to Eastern Asia
| author=Avi Bar-Eli
| url= http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/945484.html
| date = 2008-01-17
| accessdate=2008-01-19| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20080120112856/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/945484.html| archivedate= 20 January 2008 | deadurl= no}}
</ref><ref name=tw3>
{{cite news
| publisher= Turkish Weekly
| title = Israeli Pipeline: Ashelon-Eilat-The Second Breath
| author=Rovshan Ibrahimov
| url= http://www.turkishweekly.net/comments.php?id=2564
| date = 2007-04-09
| accessdate=2008-01-19| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20080125044852/http://www.turkishweekly.net/comments.php?id=2564| archivedate= 25 January 2008 | deadurl= no}}
</ref>

==Ownership==
The pipeline is owned and operated by BTC Co, a consortium of 11 energy companies. The consortium is managed by [[BP]]. Shareholders are:

*[[BP]] (United Kingdom): 30.1%
*[[State Oil Company of Azerbaijan]] (SOCAR) ([[Azerbaijan]]): 25.00%
*[[Chevron Corporation|Chevron]] (United States): 8.90%
*[[Statoil]] (Norway): 8.71%
*[[Türkiye Petrolleri Anonim Ortaklığı]] (TPAO) ([[Turkey]]): 6.53%
*[[Eni]] (Italy): 5.00%
*[[Total S.A.|Total]] (France): 5.0%
*[[Itochu]] (Japan): 3.4%
*[[Inpex]] (Japan): 2.50%
*[[ConocoPhillips]] (USA): 2.50%
*[[Hess Corporation]] (USA) 2.36%<ref name=bp3/>

On 7 September 2012, Hess announced sale of its stake to [[Oil and Natural Gas Corporation|ONGC]].<ref name=upstream070912>
{{cite news
| url= http://www.upstreamonline.com/live/article1265019.ece
| title= Hess sells off ACG stake for $1bn
| newspaper = [[Upstream (newspaper)|Upstream Online]]
| publisher = [[NHST Media Group]]
| first = Luke | last = Johnson
| date=2012-09-07
| accessdate=2012-09-08
}}</ref>

==Archaeology==
Azerbaijani, Georgian, Turkish, British, and American archaeologists began archaeological surveys 2000, sponsored by BP. Several cultural artifacts were uncovered during the construction, resulting in a coordinated research of the archaeological sites such as Dashbulaq, Hasansu, Zayamchai, and Tovuzchai in Azerbaijan; [[Prehistoric Georgia|Klde]], Orchosani, and Saphar-Kharaba in Georgia; and Güllüdere, Yüceören, and Ziyaretsuyu in Turkey.<ref>Taylor, Paul Michael, Christopher R. Polglase, Najaf Museyibli, Jared M. Koller, and Troy A. Johnson (2010), ''[http://agt.si.edu/ AGT - Ancient Heritage in the BTC-SCP Pipelines Corridor: Azerbaijan – Georgia – Turkey]''. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. Accessed July 22, 2012.</ref>

==Controversial aspects==

===Politics===
Even before its completion, the pipeline was having an effect on the world's [[petroleum politics]]. The [[South Caucasus]], previously seen as Russia's backyard, is now a region of great strategic significance. The U.S. and other Western nations have become much more involved in the affairs of the three nations through which oil will flow. The countries have been trying to use the involvement as a counterbalance to Russian and Iranian economic and military dominance in the region.<ref name=silkroad4/><ref name=silkroad5/> Russian specialists claim that the pipeline will weaken the Russian influence in the Caucasus. The Russian Parliament Foreign Affairs Committee chairman {{Interlanguage link multi|Konstantin Kosachev|2=ru|3=Косачев, Константин Иосифович|preserve=1}} stated that the United States and other Western countries are planning to station soldiers in the Caucasus on the pretext of instability in regions through which the pipeline passes.<ref name=aia>
{{cite news
| publisher= Axis Information and Analysis
| author= Can Karpat
| title = Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan: Pipeline of Friendship or War?
| url= http://www.axisglobe.com/article.asp?article=380
| date = 2005-09-15
| accessdate=2007-12-30}}
</ref>

The project has been criticised due to bypassing and regional isolation of [[Armenia]],<ref>
{{cite web
|last=Boland |first=Vincent
|url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/92c5e7f6-cd84-11d9-aa26-00000e2511c8.html#axzz24LMrU4NU
|title=BTC pipeline the 'new Silk Road'
|newspaper = [[Financial Times]]
|date=2005-05-26
|accessdate=2012-11-06}}
</ref><ref name="bradsherman.house.gov">
{{cite web
|url=http://bradsherman.house.gov/2006/06/pr-060614a.html.shtml
|title=Sherman Joins Amendment to Block Funds For Railroad Route Bypassing Armenia
|publisher=Bradsherman.house.gov
|date=2006-06-14 |accessdate=2012-11-06
|deadurl=yes
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121017134730/http://bradsherman.house.gov/2006/06/pr-060614a.html.shtml
|archivedate=2012-10-17
|df= dmy}}
</ref> as well as for [[human right]]s and safety concerns.<ref>
{{cite web
|url=http://www.gnn.tv/articles/1512/The_Baku_Ceyhan_Pipeline_BP_s_Time_Bomb
|title=The Baku Ceyhan Pipeline: BP's Time Bomb
|publisher=Gnn.tv
|accessdate=5 June 2010
| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20081216115050/http://www.gnn.tv/articles/1512/The_Baku_Ceyhan_Pipeline_BP_s_Time_Bomb
| archivedate = 2008-12-16
| deadurl = yes}}
</ref> [[Ilham Aliev]], the president of [[Azerbaijan]], which is in conflict with Armenia, was cited as saying, "If we succeed with this project, the Armenians will end in complete isolation, which would create an additional problem for their future, their already bleak future".<ref name="bradsherman.house.gov"/>

The project also constitutes an important leg of the East–West energy corridor, gaining Turkey greater geopolitical importance. The pipeline supports Georgia's independence from Russian influence. Former President Eduard Shevardnadze, one of the architects and initiators of the project, saw construction through Georgia as a guarantee for the country's future economic and political security and stability. President Mikhail Saakashvili shares this view. "All strategic contracts in Georgia, especially the contract for the Caspian pipeline are a matter of survival for the Georgian state," he told reporters on 26 November 2003.<ref name=stimes>
{{cite news
| publisher= Seattle Times
| title = Georgia's Saakashvili backs oil-pipeline plan
| url= http://community.seattletimes.nwsource.com/archive/?date=20031127&slug=georgia27
| date = 2003-11-27
| accessdate = 2008-08-12}}
</ref>

===Economics===
Although some have touted the pipeline as easing the dependence of the US and other Western nations on oil from the [[Middle East]], it supplies only 1% of global demand during its first stage.<ref name=dailymail>
{{cite news
| publisher= Daily Mail Online
| title= The Pipeline War: Russian bear goes for West's jugular
| url= http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/worldnews/article-1043185/The-Pipeline-War-Russian-bear-goes-Wests-jugular.html
| date= 2008-08-10
| accessdate= 2008-08-24
| location=London
| first1=Svetlana
| last1=Skarbo
| first2=Jonathan
| last2=Petre| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20080824072411/http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/worldnews/article-1043185/The-Pipeline-War-Russian-bear-goes-Wests-jugular.html| archivedate= 24 August 2008 | deadurl= no}}
</ref>

The pipeline diversifies the global oil supply and so insures, to an extent, against a failure in supply elsewhere. Critics of the pipeline—particularly Russia—are skeptical about its economic prospects.<ref name=rian>
{{cite news
| publisher= RIA Novosti
| title = Russia skeptical about Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan pipeline
| url= http://en.rian.ru/business/20050602/40460669.html
| date = 2005-06-02
| accessdate=2007-12-30}}
</ref>

Construction of the pipeline has contributed to the economies of the host countries. In the first half of 2007, a year after the launch of the pipeline as the main export route for Azerbaijani oil, the real GDP growth of Azerbaijan hit a record of 35%.<ref name=imf>
{{cite web
| publisher= [[International Monetary Fund]]
| title = Republic of Azerbaijan — Concluding Statement of the IMF Mission
| url= http://www.imf.org/external/np/ms/2007/092607.htm
| date = 2007-09-06
| accessdate=2007-12-30}}
</ref> Substantial transit fees accrue to Georgia and Turkey. For Georgia, the transit fees are expected to produce an average of US$62.5 million per year.<ref name=silkroad5>
{{cite journal
|publisher=The Central Asia-Caucasus Institute, Silk Road Studies Program
|author=Vladimer Papava
|title=The Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan Pipeline: Implications for Georgia
|url= http://www.silkroadstudies.org/component/jifile/download/MTc3NTAwNDI4NGJjMzMxODZiMmM1MmQxOGJiMGRlNjU=/btc-5-pdf.html
|journal=The Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan Pipeline: Oil Window to the West
|pages=85–102
|format=PDF
|year=2005
|accessdate=2007-12-30
|deadurl= no
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080227022145/http://www.silkroadstudies.org/BTC_5.pdf
|archivedate=2008-02-27
|df= dmy}}
</ref> Turkey is expected to receive approximately US$200 million in transit fees per year in the initial years of operation, with the possibility that the fees increase to US$290 million per year from year 17 to year 40. Turkey also benefits from an increase of commerce in the port of Ceyhan and other parts of eastern Anatolia, the region which had experienced significant decrease in economic activities since the [[Gulf War]] in 1991.<ref name=silkroad3/> The reduction of oil tanker traffic on the [[Bosphorus]] will contribute to greater security for Istanbul.<ref name=zaman>
{{cite news
|publisher=Today's Zaman
|title=Loading of Azeri Crude Oil from BTC Pipeline Begins
|url=http://www.zaman.com/?bl=hotnews&alt=&trh=20060603&hn=33694
|date=2006-06-03
|accessdate=2007-03-01
|deadurl=yes
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605052509/http://www.zaman.com/?bl=hotnews&alt=&trh=20060603&hn=33694
|archivedate=2011-06-05
|df= dmy}}
</ref>

To counter concerns that oil money would be siphoned off by corrupt officials, Azerbaijan set up a state oil fund (SOFAZ), mandated with using revenue from natural resources to benefit future generations, bolster support from key international lenders, and improve transparency and accountability. Azerbaijan became the first oil-producing country to join EITI, the British-led [[Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative]].<ref name=silkroad4/>

===Security===
Concerns have been addressed about the security of the pipeline.<ref name=guardian2>
{{cite news
| publisher= The Guardian
| author= Nick Paton Walsh
| title = Russia accused of plot to sabotage Georgian oil pipeline
| url= https://www.theguardian.com/international/story/0,3604,1096825,00.html
| date = 2003-12-01
| accessdate=2007-12-30
| location=London| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20071228073659/http://www.guardian.co.uk/international/story/0,3604,1096825,00.html| archivedate= 28 December 2007 | deadurl= no}}
</ref><ref name=iags>
{{cite journal
| publisher= Institute for the Analysis of Global Security
| author= Gal Luft
| title = Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan pipeline: not yet finished and already threatened
| url= http://www.iags.org/n1104041.htm
| date = 2004-11-04
| accessdate=2007-12-30| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20071211231156/http://www.iags.org/n1104041.htm| archivedate= 11 December 2007 | deadurl= no}}
</ref> It bypasses [[Armenia]], which has an unresolved conflict with Azerbaijan over the status of [[Nagorno-Karabakh conflict|Nagorno-Karabakh]], crosses through Georgia, which has two unresolved separatist conflicts, and goes through the edges of the [[Kurdish people|Kurdish]] region of Turkey, which has seen a prolonged and bitter conflict with Kurdish separatists.<ref name=guardian3/> It will require constant guarding to prevent sabotage, though the fact that almost all of the pipeline is buried will make it harder to attack.<ref name=silkroad4/> Georgia formed a special purpose battalion that would guard the pipeline while the US watched over the area with Unmanned Arial Vehicles (UAVs).

On 5 August 2008, a major explosion and fire in [[Refahiye]] (eastern Turkey [[Erzincan Province]]) closed the pipeline. The [[Kurdistan Workers Party]] (PKK) claimed responsibility.<ref name=apa>
{{cite news
|publisher=APA
|title=PKK assumes responsibility for explosion of BTC
|url=http://en.apa.az/news.php?id=86325
|date=2008-08-06
|accessdate=2008-08-06
|deadurl=yes
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721212651/http://en.apa.az/news.php?id=86325
|archivedate=2011-07-21
|df= dmy}}
</ref> The pipeline was restarted on 25 August 2008.<ref name=bloomberg082508>
{{cite news
| publisher= Bloomberg
| title = Oil Falls for a Second Day as BP Restarts Caspian Sea Pipeline
| url= https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601087&sid=amTrZ4bgfyFw&refer=home
| date = 2008-08-25
| accessdate=2008-08-25}}
</ref>

There is [[circumstantial evidence]] that it was instead a sophisticated [[cyber attack]] on the line's control and safety systems that led to increased pressure and an explosion. The attack might have been related to the [[Russo-Georgian War]], which started two days later.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-12-10/mysterious-08-turkey-pipeline-blast-opened-new-cyberwar.html | title=Mysterious ’08 Turkey Pipeline Blast Opened New Cyberwar Era | publisher=Bloomberg | date=2014-12-10 | accessdate=2014-12-15 | author=Jordan Robertson, Michael Riley}}</ref> However, the cyber attack theory has been largely criticized due to a lack of evidence, and was publicly debunked by ICS cyber security expert Robert M. Lee.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://ics.sans.org/blog/2015/06/19/closing-the-case-on-the-reported-2008-russian-cyber-attack-on-the-btc-pipeline | title=Closing the Case on the Reported 2008 Russian Cyber Attack on the BTC Pipeline | publisher=SANS | date=2015-06-19 | accessdate =2016-09-05 | author= Robert M. Lee}}</ref>

In September 2015, unrecognized Nagorno-Karabakh’s defense minister, Levon Mnatsakanyan, was cited as saying: "This is a very serious financial resource for Azerbaijan and we need to deprive them of these means".<ref>{{cite news|title=Frozen War Thaws in Russian Backyard as Karabakh Flares |url= https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-10-22/frozen-war-thaws-in-russian-backyard-as-nagorno-karabakh-flares| publisher=[[Bloomberg News|Bloomberg]]|date=October 23, 2015}}</ref>

===Environment===
Critics of the pipeline have pointed out it should be properly [[Earthquake engineering|earthquake engineered]] because it travels through three [[active fault]]s in Azerbaijan, four in Georgia and seven in Turkey. Environmental activists fiercely opposed the crossing of the [[drainage basin|watershed]] of the [[Borjomi-Kharagauli National Park]] in Georgia, an area known for [[Borjomi (water)|mineral water]] springs and natural beauty, although the pipeline itself does not enter the park.<ref name=guardian>
{{cite news
| publisher= The Guardian
| author= Michael Meacher
| title = Casualties of the oil stampede
| url= https://www.theguardian.com/comment/story/0,3604,1506665,00.html
| date = 2005-06-15
| accessdate=2007-12-30
| location=London| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20071203185116/http://www.guardian.co.uk/comment/story/0,3604,1506665,00.html| archivedate= 3 December 2007 | deadurl= no}}
</ref> The construction of the pipeline left a highly visible scar across the landscape. The Oxford-based "Baku Ceyhan Campaign" stated that "public money should not be used to subsidize social and environmental problems, purely in the interests of the private sector, but must be conditional on a positive contribution to the economic and social development of people in the region."<ref>
{{cite web
|url=http://www.bakuceyhan.org.uk/about.htm
|title=About the Baku Ceyhan Campaign
|accessdate=2008-10-23
|deadurl=yes
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081211205227/http://www.bakuceyhan.org.uk:80/about.htm
|archivedate=2008-12-11
|df= dmy}}
</ref> As [[Borjomi (water)|Borjomi mineral water]] is a major export commodity of Georgia, any [[oil spill]]s there would have a catastrophic effect on the economy.

The field joint coating of the pipeline has been controversial over the claim that SPC 2888, the sealant used, was not properly tested.<ref name=time>
{{cite news
| publisher= Times Online
| author= Michael Gillard; David Connett
| title = BP 'covered up' pipeline flaw
| url= http://business.timesonline.co.uk/tol/business/industry_sectors/natural_resources/article381934.ece
| date = 2005-04-17
| accessdate=2007-12-29
| location=London}}</ref><ref>
{{cite web
| url = http://www.bakuceyhan.org.uk/fullstory.htm
| publisher = Baku Ceyhan Campaign
| title = The full story: Pipeline corrosion threat covered up by BP
| accessdate = 2008-10-28
| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20081212001022/http://www.bakuceyhan.org.uk/fullstory.htm| archivedate= 12 December 2008 | deadurl= no}}</ref><ref>
{{cite web
| url = http://www.bakuceyhan.org.uk/coatings.htm
| publisher = Baku Ceyhan Campaign
| title = What's the problem? Field joint coatings - The basics
| accessdate = 2008-10-28
| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20081212032342/http://www.bakuceyhan.org.uk/coatings.htm| archivedate= 12 December 2008 | deadurl= no}}</ref> BP and its contractors interrupted work until the problem was eliminated.<ref name=silkroad3>
{{cite journal
|publisher=The Central Asia-Caucasus Institute, Silk Road Studies Program
|author=Jonathan Elkind
|title=Economic Implications of the Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan Pipeline
|url= http://www.silkroadstudies.org/component/jifile/download/MTc3NTAwNDI4NGJjMzMxODZiMmM1MmQxOGJiMGRlNjU=/btc-3-pdf.html
|journal=The Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan Pipeline: Oil Window to the West
|pages=39–60
|format=PDF
|year=2005
|accessdate=2007-12-30
|deadurl= no
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080227022112/http://www.silkroadstudies.org/BTC_3.pdf
|archivedate=2008-02-27
|df= dmy}}
</ref>

The pipeline eliminates 350 tanker cargoes per year through the sensitive congested [[Bosphorus]] and [[Dardanelles]].<ref name=dn>
{{cite news
| newspaper = [[Hürriyet Daily News]]
| title = BTC pipeline a welcome relief for Turkish straits
| url = http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/btc-pipeline-a-welcome-relief-for-turkish-straits.aspx?pageID=438&n=btc-pipeline-a-welcome-relief-for-turkish-straits-2006-07-10
| date = 2006-07-10
| accessdate = 2016-10-24
}}</ref>

===Human rights===
[[Human rights]] activists criticized Western governments for the pipeline, due to reported human and [[civil rights]] abuses by the [[Aliyev]] regime in Azerbaijan.<ref name=hrw>
{{cite web
| publisher= Human Right Watch
| title = Human Rights Overview - Azerbaijan
| url= http://hrw.org/english/docs/2006/01/18/azerba12226.htm
| accessdate=2007-12-30}}
</ref> A [[Czech Republic|Czech]] documentary film ''[[Zdroj]]'' (''Source'') underscores these human rights abuses, such as [[eminent domain]] violations in appropriating land for the pipeline's route, and criticism of the government leading to arrest.<ref name=variety>
{{cite news
| publisher= Variety
| author= Eddie Cockrell
| title = Source. A review
| url= http://www.variety.com/review/VE1117927708.html?categoryid=31&cs=1&p=0
| date = 2005-07-18
| accessdate=2007-12-29| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20071203161724/http://www.variety.com/review/VE1117927708.html?categoryid=31&cs=1&p=0| archivedate= 3 December 2007 | deadurl= no}}
</ref>

==In fiction==
The pipeline was a central plot point in the [[James Bond]] film ''[[The World Is Not Enough]]'' (1999). One of the central characters, [[Elektra King]], is responsible for the construction of an oil pipeline through the Caucasus, from the Caspian Sea to the Mediterranean coast of Turkey. Named the "King pipeline" in the film, it is a thinly disguised version of the BTC.<ref name=guardian3>
The pipeline also gets a mention in "Aggressor", a novel by Andy Mcnab.
{{cite news
| publisher= The Guardian
| author= Mark Tran
| title = Q&A: The Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan pipeline
| url= https://www.theguardian.com/business/2005/may/26/businessqandas.oilandpetrol
| date = 2005-05-26
| accessdate=2007-12-30
| location=London| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20080209154103/http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/2005/may/26/businessqandas.oilandpetrol| archivedate= 9 February 2008 | deadurl= no}}
</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Azerbaijan|Turkey|Georgia (country)|Energy}}
{{wikinews|First pipeline opens from Caspian Sea|First pipeline opens from Caspian Sea}}
*[[Baku–Novorossiysk pipeline]]
*[[Baku–Supsa Pipeline]]
*[[Dutch disease]]
*[[Economy of Azerbaijan]]
*[[Foreign relations of Azerbaijan]]
*[[Foreign relations of Georgia]]
*[[Foreign relations of Turkey]]
*[[Geostrategy in Central Asia]]
*[[Nabucco pipeline]]
*[[Energy in Georgia (country)]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist|30em}}
‘ The Encyclopaedia of the successful land acquisition processes of the Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan and South Caucasus Pipelines projects in Azerbaijan’.

==References==
*{{cite book | publisher= l’Harmattan | author = Turab Gurbanov | title = Le pétrole de la Caspienne et la politique extérieure de l'Azerbaïdjan : tome 1- Questions économiques et juridiques | page=304 | isbn=978-2-296-04019-9 | year=2007}}
*{{cite book | publisher= l’Harmattan | author = Turab Gurbanov | title = Le pétrole de la Caspienne et la politique extérieure de l'Azerbaïdjan : tome 2- Questions géopolitiques | page=297 | isbn=978-2-296-04020-5 | year=2007}}
*{{cite book | publisher= The Central Asia-Caucasus Institute, Silk Road Studies Program | author = S. Frederick Starr, Svante E. Cornell | title = The Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan Pipeline: Oil Window to the West | url= http://www.silkroadstudies.org/new/inside/publications/BTC.pdf | page=150 | format=PDF | isbn=91-85031-06-2 | year=2005 | accessdate=2007-12-30}}

==External links==
*[http://www.rsdpinfo.com/btc-scp Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan / South Caucasus pipelines environmental and community investments website]
*[http://www.bp.com/sectiongenericarticle.do?categoryId=9006669&contentId=7015093 Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan pipeline (BP website)]
*[http://www.ifc.org/btc BTC project (IFC website)]
*[http://www.ebrd.com/projects/psd/psd2003/18806.htm BTC project (EBRD website)]
*[http://www.hydrocarbons-technology.com/projects/bp/ Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan (BTC) Caspian Pipeline], ''HydrocarbonsTechnology.com''
*{{cite web | publisher= The Washington Institute for Near East Policy | author=Soner Cagaptay, Nazli Gencsoy | title = Startup of the Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan Pipeline: Turkey's Energy Role. Policy Watch #998 | url= http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/templateC05.php?CID=2319 | date=2005-05-27 | accessdate=2007-12-30| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20080206001101/http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/templateC05.php?CID=2319| archivedate= 6 February 2008 | deadurl= no}}
* [http://www.ingenia.org.uk/ingenia/articles.aspx?Index=491 Engineering the BTC Pipeline], the former head of BP, [[John Browne, Baron Browne of Madingley|Lord Browne]] [[FREng]], reflects on the engineering challenges of constructing the BTC pipeline, ''Ingenia'' magazine, June 2008
*[http://dx.doi.org/10.11141/ia.29.1 P.M. Taylor and D. Maynard 2011 'Archaeological Excavations on the BTC Pipeline, Azerbaijan', Internet Archaeology 29.]
*[http://www.ensec.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=212:applying-advanced-technology-for-threat-assessment-a-case-study-of-the-btc-pipeline&catid=98:issuecontent0809&Itemid=349 Applying Advanced Technology for Threat Assessment: A Case Study of the BTC Pipeline]
{{coord missing|Azerbaijan}}

{{Fifty civil engineering feats in Turkey}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan Pipeline}}
[[Category:Azerbaijan–Georgia (country) relations]]
[[Category:Azerbaijan–Turkey relations]]
[[Category:Baku]]
[[Category:Caspian Sea]]
[[Category:Caucasus]]
[[Category:BP buildings and structures]]
[[Category:Ceyhan]]
[[Category:Chevron Corporation]]
[[Category:ConocoPhillips]]
[[Category:Economy of Tbilisi]]
[[Category:Energy infrastructure completed in 2006]]
[[Category:Georgia (country)–Turkey relations]]
[[Category:Oil pipelines in Azerbaijan]]
[[Category:Oil pipelines in Georgia (country)]]
[[Category:Oil pipelines in Turkey]]
[[Category:Submarine pipelines]]

Baku–Supsa Pipeline

2017-04-10T19:27:47Z

Lklundin: /* See also */ {{Portal|Azerbaijan|Georgia (country)|Energy}} replaces {{Portal|Azerbaijan|Energy}}

{{Infobox pipeline
| name = Baku–Supsa Pipeline
| type = oil
| photo =
| caption =
| map = Baku pipelines.svg
| map_caption = Location of Baku–Supsa Pipeline
| country = [[Azerbaijan]], [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]], [[Turkey]]
| coordinates =
| operator = [[BP]]
| partners = [[State Oil Company of Azerbaijan]], [[Azerbaijan International Operating Company]]
| length_km = 833
| discharge = {{convert|145000|oilbbl}} per day
| direction = east–west
| start = [[Baku]] ([[Sangachal Terminal]]), [[Azerbaijan]]
| finish = [[Supsa]] terminal in [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]]
| est = 1999
| through = [[Tbilisi]]
| par = [[Baku–Tbilisi–Ceyhan pipeline]] (partly)
}}

The '''Baku–Supsa Pipeline''' (also known as the '''Western Route Export Pipeline''' and '''Western Early Oil Pipeline''') is an {{convert|833|km|mi|adj=on}} long oil pipeline, which runs from the [[Sangachal Terminal]] near [[Baku]] to the [[Supsa]] terminal in [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]]. It transports oil from the [[Azeri-Chirag-Guneshli]] field. The pipeline is operated by [[BP]].<ref>[http://www.bp.com/en_ge/bp-georgia/about-bp/bp-in-georgia/western-route-export-pipeline--wrep-.html BP site]</ref>

==History==
The preparations for the pipeline's construction started in 1994. On 8 March 1996, President of Azerbaijan [[Heydar Aliyev]] and President of Georgia [[Eduard Shevardnadze]] agreed on the establishment of Baku–Supsa pipeline. The trilateral contract was signed between [[Azerbaijan International Operating Company]], [[State Oil Company of Azerbaijan Republic|SOCAR]] and the Government of Georgia.<ref name=az3>
{{cite news
| url = http://www.azerbaijan.az/_Economy/_OilStrategy/oilStrategy_05_e.html
| title = Transport routes of Azerbaijani oil (Baku-Novorossiysk, Baku-Supsa)
| publisher = Azerbaijan Portal
| accessdate = 2008-06-08
}}</ref> At the same year the lead contract of the project was awarded to [[Kværner]]. The pipeline was completed in 1998. On 17 April 1999, the inauguration ceremony of the Supsa Oil Terminal took place. The total costs of the construction of the pipeline and terminal were US$556 million.

The oil transportation by the pipeline was stopped on 21 October 2006 after abnormalities were revealed during the inspections on the pipeline.<ref name=az1>
{{cite news
| url = http://www.today.az/news/business/44358.html
| title = Oil pumping by Baku-Supsa pipeline to resume in May
| publisher = Today.Az
| date = 2008-04-17
| accessdate = 2008-06-08
}}</ref> The large scale repair and replacement included replacement and re-routing of pipeline sections near [[Zestaponi]] in Georgia and [[Kura (Caspian Sea)|Kura River]] crossing in Azerbaijan. Also several defects of the Soviet times sections were repaired. In total, the repair works cost US$53 million. The oil shipment restarted in June 2008.<ref name=az2>
{{cite news
| url = http://www.today.az/news/business/45482.html
| title = Baku-Supsa pipeline to be launched after repair
| publisher = Today.Az
| date = 2008-06-05
| accessdate = 2008-06-08
}}</ref>

After a major explosion and fire, which closed the [[Baku–Tbilisi–Ceyhan pipeline]] on 6 August 2008, the Baku–Supsa Pipeline was used to re-route Azeri oil deliveries.<ref name=upstream2>
{{cite news
| url = http://www.upstreamonline.com/live/article160568.ece
| title = BP diverts Ceyhan crude as fire still burns
| publisher = Upstream Today
| date = 2008-08-07
| accessdate = 2008-08-13
}}</ref> On 12 August 2008, BP closed the pipeline temporarily for the safety reasons because of the [[2008 South Ossetia War|South Ossetia conflict]].<ref name=upstream1>
{{cite news
| url = http://www.upstreamonline.com/live/article160951.ece
| title = BP shuts in Georgia links
| publisher = Upstream Today
| date = 2008-08-12
| accessdate = 2008-08-13
}}</ref> In Summer of 2012 pipeline was down a month for a maintenance.<ref>
{{cite news
| url = http://uk.reuters.com/article/2012/06/16/uk-azerbaijan-pipeline-repair-idUKBRE85F0FF20120616
| title = BP resumes oil flows via Baku-Supsa pipeline
| publisher = Reuters
| accessdate = 2012-06-16
}}</ref>

In July 2015 Russian troops demarcating the de facto border of the self-proclaimed Republic of South Ossetia, pushed forward the border line near the village of Orchosani<ref>[http://uk.businessinsider.com/georgia-accusing-russia-of-taking-territory-2015-7?r=US&IR=T In Business Insider, Orchosani is named as the village near the 'lost' section of pipeline]</ref> and thereby taking control over a short length of the pipeline.
<ref name=BBC>
{{cite news
| url = http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-33549462
| title = EU warning over Russia 'land grab' in South Ossetia border row
| publisher = BBC
| date = 2015-07-16
| accessdate = 2015-08-09
}}</ref>
Analysts suggest that this was a Russian reaction to dissuade Georgia from making further moves towards joining NATO.
<ref>[http://www.jamestown.org/single/?tx_ttnews[tt_news]=44209&tx_ttnews[backPid]=7&cHash=19cd6195908c2080c70fe8816f81496b#.Vr4ur-ZqKQc Jamestown analysis of Russia's reasoning]</ref> While conceding that the pipeline might need to be diverted in the future, a Vice President of [[SOCAR]] reportedly denied any short term need for such concern.<ref>[http://en.apa.az/news/229769 APA reported: "“Even the routes of Baku-Supsa pipeline are not changed, this will not cause any problem for the pipeline”, SOCAR vice-president on investments and marketing Elshan Nasirov said."]</ref>

==Technical features==
[[Image:Georgian Pipelines.gif|thumb|Detailed route map of Baku-Supsa and [[Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan pipeline|Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan]] pipelines through [[2008 South Ossetia war|militarily-contested]] [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]].]]
Essentially, the Baku–Supsa pipeline is a refurbished Soviet era pipeline with several newly built sections. It has six pumping stations and two pressure reduction stations in western Georgia. The four storage tanks at the Supsa terminal have a total capacity of 160,000 cubic metres.<ref name=hydrocarbons>
{{cite news
| url = http://www.hydrocarbons-technology.com/projects/supsa/
| title = Supsa Terminal and Pipeline, Georgia / Azerbaijan
| publisher = Hydrocarbons Technology
| accessdate = 2008-06-08
}}</ref> The capacity of the pipeline is {{convert|145000|oilbbl/d}} with proposed upgrades to between {{convert|300000|to|600000|oilbbl/d}}.

==See also==
{{Portal|Azerbaijan|Georgia (country)|Energy}}
*[[Baku–Tbilisi–Ceyhan pipeline]]
*[[Baku–Novorossiysk Pipeline]]
*[[Energy in Georgia (country)]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Black Sea Energy}}

==External links==
* [http://www.bp.com/sectiongenericarticle.do?categoryId=9006672&contentId=7015099 Western Route Export Pipeline (BP website)]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Baku-Supsa Pipeline}}
[[Category:Energy infrastructure completed in 1999]]
[[Category:Oil pipelines in Azerbaijan]]
[[Category:Oil pipelines in Georgia (country)]]
[[Category:Caspian Sea]]
[[Category:BP buildings and structures]]
[[Category:Azerbaijan–Georgia (country) relations]]
[[Category:Georgia (country)–Turkey relations]]
[[Category:Azerbaijan–Turkey relations]]
[[Category:Black Sea energy]]

Baku–Batumi pipeline

2017-04-10T19:27:35Z

Lklundin: /* See also */ {{Portal|Azerbaijan|Georgia (country)|Energy}} replaces {{Portal|Azerbaijan|Energy}}

The '''Baku–Batumi pipeline''' is the name given to several [[Pipeline transport|pipelines]] and pipeline projects to transport [[kerosene]] and [[crude oil]] from the [[Caspian region]] to the [[Georgia (country)|Georgian]] [[Batumi]] oil terminal at the [[Black Sea]]. When first constructed in 1906, it was the world's longest kerosene pipeline.<ref name=transnefteprodukt/>

==Kerosene pipeline==
Together with oil developments in the Baku area, the need for construction of the oil pipeline from Baku to the Black Sea rose. The first pipeline proposal was submitted by Russian engineer I. Ilimov already in 1878.<ref name=transnefteprodukt>
{{cite web
| url= http://eng.transnefteprodukt.ru/news/news126.html
| title=From Field to Trunk Pipelines
| publisher=[[Transnefteproduct]]
| accessdate=2008-07-12
}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> In 1880, [[Dmitri Mendeleev]] proposed the construction of Baku–Batum pipeline to ensure the transportation of Baku oil to the world market.<ref name=az>
{{cite web
| url= http://www.azerbaijan.az/_Economy/_OilStrategy/oilStrategy_02_e.html
| title=History of development of oil industry
| publisher=Azerbaijan Portal
| accessdate=2008-07-18
}}</ref> In 1884, the chief engineer [[Vladimir Shukhov]] of Bari engineering company published a scientifically based draft and estimate of the Baku – Batum oil pipeline. Also the pipeline technical project was later designed by Vladimir Shukhov. In 1885, mining engineer I. Ilimov established the Caspian and Black Sea Oil Pipeline company. In December 1887, the Government of Russia granted to Ilimov the concession to establish the Society of the Caspian-Black Sea Oil Pipeline, a [[joint stock company]]. However, in 1891 the pipeline construction was postponed as premature, and the construction started only in 1896. At the first stage, the Batum-Mikhailovo (Khashuri) section was constructed, while the construction of Baku-Mikhailovo (Khashuri) section was finished only in 1906 [ref.11].<ref name=transneft1>
{{cite journal
|url=http://www.transneft.ru/About/History/Default.asp?LANG=EN
|title=Russian pipeline transport (1860-1917)
|author1=A.M. Shammazov
|author2=B.N. Mastobajev
|author3=A. Soshchenko
|journal=Truboprovodny transport nefti (Oil Pipelines)
|publisher=[[Transneft]]
|issue=6
|year=2000
|accessdate=2008-07-12
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080515230435/http://www.transneft.ru/About/History/Default.asp?LANG=EN
|archivedate=2008-05-15
|deadurl=yes
|df=
}}</ref>

The first pipeline was kerosene pipeline with total length of {{convert|835|km|mi}} and 16 pumping stations. The diameter of the pipeline was mainly {{convert|8|in|mm|-1}}, but some parts had diameter of {{convert|10|in|mm|-1}} and {{convert|12|in|mm|-1}}.<ref name=transneft1/> The pipes were produced at plants in [[Mariupol]], Sosnovtsa and Yekaterinoslav (now [[Dnipropetrovsk]]).<ref name=transnefteprodukt/> The pipeline was built along the railroad line and the telephone communication was arranged along the route. The initial pipeline capacity was 980,000 tons of kerosene per annum. Pumping stations were equipped with plunger pumps, driven by steam and [[diesel engine]]s.<ref name=transneft1/> The pipeline for its time was the longest pipeline in the world.<ref name=transnefteprodukt/>

After the [[October Revolution|Bolshevik Revolution]], kerosene deliveries through the pipeline were relaunched in March 1921 and on 20 May 1921, the first delivery of kerosene arrived at Batum. After 1936 Batum was renamed to Batumi [ref.11].<ref name=transneft2>
{{cite journal|url=http://www.transneft.ru/About/History/Default.asp?LANG=EN&ID=343 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030502111419/http://www.transneft.ru:80/About/History/Default.asp?LANG=EN&ID=343 |dead-url=yes |archive-date=2003-05-02 |title=History. Truboprovodny transport Rossii (1946-91) |author1=A.M. Shammazov |author2=B.N. Mastobajev |author3=R.N. Bakhtizin |journal=Truboprovodny transport nefti (Oil Pipelines) |publisher=[[Transneft]] |issue=2 |year=2001 |accessdate=2008-07-12 |format= }}</ref>

==Crude oil pipeline==
The project of new pipeline was proposed in 1924. In 1925, the [[Soviet Union]] held negotiations with French companies to set up a joint venture to construct and operate the Baku-Batum crude oil pipeline. The intention was to use the pipeline for oil export to Europe, mainly to [[France]]. However, the negotiations failed as also failed negotiations with the United States companies. In 1927, the construction of the pipeline was awarded to Azneft, an [[Oil industry in Azerbaijan|Azerbaijani]] oil company. The project designer and construction manager was A.V. Bulgakov.<ref name=lukoil1/>

The construction started in May 1928 and the pipeline was opened on 30 April 1930. It supplied mainly Batum's refinery.<ref name=lukoil1>
{{Cite journal
| last =Mishin | first =Vladimir
| title =Breaking through the oil blockade
| journal = Oil of Russia
| publisher = [[Lukoil]]
| issue = 23
| year =2005
| url= http://www.oilru.com/or/24/415/
| accessdate =2008-07-12
}}</ref>

The crude oil pipeline had a diameter of {{convert|10|in|mm|-1}} and the length was {{convert|834|km|mi}}.<ref name=transneft2/> The pipeline had 13 pumping stations each equipped with three diesel pumps of 360 [[Horsepower|hp]]. The pipeline used over 60,000 German-manufactured pipes weighing a total of over 54,000 tons. Diesels for the pipeline were purchased from [[MAN SE|MAN AG]], pumps from [[Crossley]] and generators from [[Theodor Bergmann]].<ref name=lukoil1/>
Construction work was done on three sections simultaneously. The highest point was at the {{convert|823|m|ft}} above of [[sea level]]. The first {{convert|21|km|mi}} long section Mikhailovo (Khashuri)-Batum was completed on 13 February 1929, the second {{convert|363|km|mi}} long section Mingechaur-Mikhailovo (Khashuri) was completed on 15 December 1929, and the third {{convert|248|km|mi}} long section Baku-Mingechaur was completed on 13 February 1930. The pipeline cost 49 million rubles.<ref name=lukoil1/>

The operation of the oil pipeline showed that it was incapable of transporting oil in planned amount and the capacity was needed to increase by 750,000 tons.<ref name=transneft2/> In August 1942, the pipeline was dismantled in connection with the threat of penetration of German troops in that direction and its pipes were used for the construction of the [[Astrakhan]]-[[Saratov]] pipeline.<ref name=transnefteprodukt/> In 1990s, some part of the pipeline were used for the construction of the [[Baku-Supsa Pipeline]].

==New pipeline==
There have been several proposals for the new Baku–Batumi pipeline. In 1994-1998, the Baku-Supsa Pipeline, which partly uses old Baku–Batum pipeline route, was constructed. On 2 March 1998, [[Chevron Corporation]] agreed to reconstruct existing Khashuri-Batumi pipeline and construct [[Dubandi]] (Baku)- Khashuri pipeline.<ref name=cbr>
{{cite journal
|url=http://ourworld.compuserve.com/HOMEPAGES/USAZERB/980315c.htm
|title=Caspian Business Report
|publisher=US-Azerbaijan Council
|volume=2
|issue=5
|date=1998-03-15
|accessdate=2008-07-12
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080212074130/http://ourworld.compuserve.com/HOMEPAGES/USAZERB/980315c.htm
|archivedate=2008-02-12
|deadurl=no
|df=
}}</ref> However, in May 2001 Chevron canceled this project and started to ship its oil from [[Tengiz Field]] through the [[Caspian Pipeline Consortium|CPC pipeline]].<ref name=export>
{{cite web
| url= http://www.aghayan.com/caspoilx0702.htm
| title=Caspian Sea Region: Oil Export Options
| publisher=Dr. Alexander Aghayan & Associates, Inc.
| date=July 2002
| accessdate=2008-07-12
| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20080615185738/http://www.aghayan.com/caspoilx0702.htm| archivedate= 15 June 2008 | deadurl= no}}</ref>

Kazakhstan's national oil company [[KazMunayGas]], owner of the Batumi Oil Terminal, has shown interest to build the new Baku–Batumi pipeline, which together with proposed [[Trans-Caspian Oil Pipeline|Trans-Caspian]] and Batumi-[[Constanţa]] connections would allow to supply KazMunayGas [[Oil refinery|oil refineries]] in Romania ([[Rompetrol]]) and planned refinery in Batumi.<ref name=trend1>
{{Cite news
| title = Way to Europe May Lie via Baku-Batumi- Constants: Head of Rompetrol
| publisher = Trend News
| date =2008-02-09
| url= http://capital.trendaz.com/?show=news&newsid=1131493&catid=519&subcatid=481&lang=EN
| accessdate =2008-07-12
}}</ref><ref name=trend2>
{{Cite news
| title = Kazakhstan Interested in Oil Delivery via Baku-Susa Pipeline: Diplomat
| publisher = Trend News
| date =2008-07-09
| url= http://news.trendaz.com/?show=news&newsid=1242782&lang=EN
| accessdate =2008-07-12
}}</ref><ref name=trend3>
{{Cite news
| title = Kazakhstan Negotiates with Azerbaijan and Georgia to Construct New Oil Pipeline
| author = K. Konirova
| publisher = Trend News
| date =2008-07-07
| url= http://capital.trendaz.com/?show=news&newsid=1240605&catid=519&subcatid=481&lang=EN
| accessdate =2008-07-12
}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Azerbaijan|Georgia (country)|Energy}}
* [[Energy in Georgia (country)]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
Mir-Babayev M.F. Pipeline transportation in the Baku oil industry (dedicated to the 115th anniversary of commencing the construction of unique pipeline Baku-Batum) – “Azerbaijan Oil Industry”, 2012, #1, p. 63-69

{{Black Sea Energy}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Baku-Batum pipeline}}
[[Category:Oil pipelines in Azerbaijan]]
[[Category:Oil pipelines in Georgia (country)]]
[[Category:Caspian Sea]]
[[Category:History of the petroleum industry]]
[[Category:Batumi]]
[[Category:Energy in the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:Azerbaijan–Georgia (country) relations]]
[[Category:Black Sea energy]]

South Caucasus Pipeline

2017-04-10T19:26:44Z

Lklundin: /* See also */ {{Portal|Azerbaijan|Turkey|Georgia (country)|Energy}} replaces {{Portal|Azerbaijan|Turkey|Energy}}

{{Infobox pipeline
| name = South Caucasus Pipeline
| type = Natural gas
| photo =
| caption =
| map = Baku pipelines.svg
| map_caption = Location of South Caucasus Pipeline
| country = [[Azerbaijan]] [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]] [[Turkey]]
| state =
| province =
| coordinates =
| lat =
| long =
| direction = east–west
| start = [[Baku]] ([[Sangachal Terminal]]), [[Azerbaijan]]
| through = [[Tbilisi]]
| finish = [[Erzurum]], [[Turkey]]
| par = [[Baku–Tbilisi–Ceyhan pipeline]]
| owner =
| partners = [[BP]] (28.8%) [[Türkiye Petrolleri Anonim Ortaklığı|TPAO]] (19%) [[SOCAR]] (16.7%) [[Petronas]] (15.5%) [[Lukoil]] (10%) [[Naftiran Intertrade]] (10%)
| operator = [[BP]]
| technical_service_provider =
| contractors =
| construction =
| est = 2006
| decom =
| length = 692
| discharge = {{convert|25|e9m3/a}}
| diameter_in = 42
| compressor_stations_no =
| compressor_stations =
}}

The '''South Caucasus Pipeline''' (also known as '''Baku–Tbilisi–Erzurum Pipeline''', '''BTE pipeline''', or '''Shah Deniz Pipeline''') is a [[natural gas pipeline]] from the [[Shah Deniz gas field]] in the [[Azerbaijan]] sector of the [[Caspian Sea]] to [[Turkey]]. It runs parallel to the [[Baku–Tbilisi–Ceyhan pipeline]] (oil).

==History==
On 21 May 2006, the commissioning gas was pumped to the pipeline from the [[Sangachal Terminal]].<ref name=bp1>
{{cite press release
| title = SCP Commissioning Commences
| publisher = [[BP]]
| url = http://www.bp.com/genericarticle.do?categoryId=9006615&contentId=7018471
| date = 2006-06-01
| accessdate = 2008-04-06}}
</ref> First deliveries through the pipeline commenced on 30 September 2006. Deliveries of gas from [[Shah Deniz gas field]] started on 15 December 2006.<ref>
{{cite news
| title = Azerbaijan's Shah Deniz Field On Stream
| publisher = OilVoice
| url = http://www.oilvoice.com/n/Azerbaijans_Shah_Deniz_Field_On_Stream/6f7f7be8.aspx
| date = 2006-12-15
| accessdate = 2006-12-18}}
</ref>

On 12 August 2008, the pipeline operator [[BP]] closed the pipeline for the safety reasons because of the [[2008 South Ossetia War|South Ossetia conflict]].<ref name=upstream1>
{{cite news
| url = http://www.upstreamonline.com/live/article160951.ece
| title = BP shuts in Georgia links
| newspaper = [[Upstream (newspaper)|Upstream Online]]
| publisher = [[NHST Media Group]]
| date = 2008-08-12
| accessdate = 2008-08-13
| id = {{subscription required}}
}}</ref> Gas supplies were resumed on 14 August 2008.<ref name=upstream2>
{{cite news
| url = http://www.upstreamonline.com/live/article161060.ece
| title = BP turns on Georgia gas taps
| newspaper = [[Upstream (newspaper)|Upstream Online]]
| publisher = [[NHST Media Group]]
| date = 2008-08-14
| accessdate = 2008-08-14
| id = {{subscription required}}
}}</ref>

==Description==
The {{convert|42|in|mm|-1|adj=on}} diameter gas pipeline runs through the same corridor as the Baku–Tbilisi–Ceyhan pipeline until [[Erzurum]], where [[Baku–Tbilisi–Ceyhan pipeline|BTC]] turns south to the Mediterranean. It is {{convert|692|km|mi}} long, of which {{convert|442|km|mi}} is in Azerbaijan and {{convert|248|km|mi}} in [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]].<ref name=bp1/> The initial capacity of the pipeline was {{convert|8.8|e9m3|abbr=off}} of gas per year.<ref name=upstream3>
{{cite news
| title = Shah Deniz taps primed
| newspaper = [[Upstream (newspaper)|Upstream Online]]
| publisher = [[NHST Media Group]]
| url = http://www.upstreamonline.com/live/article119108.ece
| date = 2006-09-14
| accessdate = 2008-04-06
| id = {{subscription required}}}}
</ref> For the second stage of the Shah Deniz development, the capacity would be increased up to {{convert|25|e9m3|abbr=off}} by adding additional looping and two new compressor stations, costing $3 billion.<ref name=edm150114/> As the pipeline has the potential to be connected to [[Turkmenistan|Turkmen]] and [[Kazakhstan|Kazakh]] producers through the planned [[Trans-Caspian Gas Pipeline]], Azerbaijan has proposed expanding its capacity up to {{convert|60|e9m3|abbr=off}} by building a second line of the pipeline.<ref name=edm110912>
{{cite news
| url= http://www.jamestown.org/programs/edm/single/?tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=39827&tx_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=27&cHash=5e24ec143db19cf571aeefee2edfa4cd
| title= Azerbaijan Drives the Planning on Trans-Anatolia Gas Pipeline Project
| first = Vladimir | last = Socor
| authorlink = Vladimir Socor
| volume = 9
| issue = 164
| publisher =[[Jamestown Foundation]]
| work = Eurasia Daily Monitor
| date=2012-09-11
| accessdate=2012-09-12}}
</ref>

==Economic impact==
The first aim of the pipeline is to supply [[Turkey]] and [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]]. As a transit country, Georgia has rights to take 5% of the annual gas flow through the pipeline in lieu of a tariff and can purchase a further {{convert|0.5|e9m3|abbr=off}} of gas a year at a discounted price. In the longer term, it will supply Europe with Caspian natural gas through the planned [[Southern Gas Corridor]] pipelines, such as the [[Trans Adriatic Pipeline]] and [[Trans-Anatolian gas pipeline]].<ref name=edm150114/>

==Project company==
The pipeline is owned by the South Caucasus Pipeline Company, a consortium led by BP and [[SOCAR]]. The shareholders of the consortium are:
*[[BP]] ([[UK]]) 28.8%
*[[Türkiye Petrolleri Anonim Ortaklığı|TPAO]] ([[Turkey]]) 19%<ref name=edm150114>
{{cite news
|url= http://www.jamestown.org/single/?tx_ttnews%5Bswords%5D=8fd5893941d69d0be3f378576261ae3e&tx_ttnews%5Bany_of_the_words%5D=Statoil&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=41821&tx_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=7&cHash=afc2067be4307e56147de91d55eb4da4
|title= SCP, TANAP, TAP: Segments of the Southern Gas Corridor to Europe
|first = Vladimir | last = Socor
| authorlink = Vladimir Socor
|volume = 11
|issue = 8
|publisher =[[Heritage Foundation]]
| work = Eurasia Daily Monitor
|date= 15 January 2014
|accessdate= 18 January 2014}}
</ref>
*[[SOCAR]] ([[Azerbaijan]]) 16.7%
*[[Petronas]] ([[Malaysia]]) 15.5%
*[[Lukoil]] ([[Russia]]) 10%
*[[Naftiran Intertrade]] ([[Iran]]) 10%

The technical operator of the pipeline is BP and the commercial operator is Statoil. According to the [[Production sharing agreement|PSA]] agreement, the commercial operatorship of the SCP was transferred to SOCAR starting on 1 January 2015.

==South Caucasus Pipeline expansion (SCPx)==
As a part of the [[Shah Deniz]] Full Field Development (FFD), otherwise called the Shahdeniz-2 project, BP will expand the pipeline through capacity extension by putting two additional compressor stations in Georgia and Turkey. This will almost triple the current transportation capacity of the pipeline up to 20 bcm/year. <ref>http://www.bp.com/en_az/caspian/operationsprojects/pipelines/SCP.html</ref>

This capacity increase would be able to accommodate an additional 16 bcm gas coming from the SD-2 project.

==See also==
{{Portal|Azerbaijan|Turkey|Georgia (country)|Energy}}
*[[Nabucco Pipeline]]
*[[Shah Deniz gas field]]
*[[Trans-Caspian Gas Pipeline]]
*[[Trans-Anatolian gas pipeline|TANAP]]
*[[Energy in Georgia (country)]]

==Footnotes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==
*International Energy Agency: Caspian oil and gas: The supply potential of Central Asia and Transcaucasia. OECD, Paris 1998, ISBN 92-64-16095-7
*Charles van der Leeuw: Oil and gas in the Caucasus & Caspian: A history. Curzon, Richmond, Surrey 2000, ISBN 0-7007-1123-6
*John Roberts: Caspian oil and gas: How far have we come and where are we going? In: Oil, transition and security in Central Asia. RoutledgeCurzon, London [u.a.] 2003, ISBN 0-415-31090-3

==External links==
*[http://www.bp.com/en_az/caspian/operationsprojects/pipelines/SCP.html BP's South Caucasus Pipeline website]
*[http://www.rsdpinfo.com/btc-scp Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan / South Caucasus pipelines environmental and community investments website]
*Articles about the Southern gas corridor and the energy issue of the South Caucasus in the [http://www.laender-analysen.de/cad/pdf/CaucasusAnalyticalDigest03.pdf Caucasus Analytical Digest No. 3]

{{Coord missing|Azerbaijan}}
[[Category:Energy infrastructure completed in 2006]]
[[Category:Natural gas pipelines in Azerbaijan]]
[[Category:Natural gas pipelines in Georgia (country)]]
[[Category:Natural gas pipelines in Turkey]]
[[Category:BP buildings and structures]]
[[Category:Statoil]]
[[Category:Azerbaijan–Turkey relations]]
[[Category:Caspian Sea]]
[[Category:Caucasus]]
[[Category:Azerbaijan–Georgia (country) relations]]
[[Category:Georgia (country)–Turkey relations]]

Trans-Caspian Gas Pipeline

2017-04-04T14:55:11Z

Lklundin: /* See also */ {{Portal|Azerbaijan|Turkmenistan|Energy}} replaces {{Portal|Turkmenistan|Energy}}

{{Infobox pipeline
| name = Trans-Caspian Gas Pipeline
| type =
| photo = Baku pipelines.svg
| caption = The Trans/Caspian gas pipeline would run under the Caspian Sea from Türkmenbaşy to the Sangachal Terminal, where it would connect with the existing pipeline to Erzurum in Turkey, which in turn would be connected to the Southern Gas Corridor, thus taking natural gas from Turkmenistan to Central Europe.
| map =
| country = [[Turkmenistan]] [[Azerbaijan]]
| state =
| province =
| coordinates =
| lat =
| long =
| direction = East–west
| start = [[Türkmenbaşy, Turkmenistan|Türkmenbaşy]]
| through = [[Caspian Sea]]
| finish = [[Sangachal Terminal]], [[Baku]]
| par =
| owner =
| partners =
| operator =
| technical_service_provider =
| contractors =
| construction =
| expected =
| est =
| decom =
| length =
| length_mi =
| discharge = {{convert|30|e9m3|abbr=off}}
| diameter_mm =
| diameter_in =
| compressor_stations_no =
| compressor_stations =
}}
The '''Trans-Caspian Gas Pipeline''' ({{lang-az|'''Transxəzər boru xətti'''}}, {{lang-tk|'''Transhazar turbaly geçiriji'''}}) is a proposed [[subsea]] [[Pipeline transport|pipeline]] between [[Türkmenbaşy, Turkmenistan|Türkmenbaşy]] in [[Turkmenistan]], and [[Sangachal|Baku]] in [[Azerbaijan]]. According to some proposals it will also include a connection between the [[Tengiz Field]] in [[Kazakhstan]], and Türkmenbaşy.<ref name=oies>{{cite journal | first = Shamil | last = Yenikeyeff | url = http://www.oxfordenergy.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2010/11/NG25-KazakhstansgasExportMarketsandExportRoutes-ShamilYenikeyeff-2008.pdf |title= Kazakhstan's Gas: Export Markets and Export Routes | publisher=[[Oxford Institute for Energy Studies]] | format=PDF | date = November 2008 | accessdate=2008-11-12}}</ref> The Trans-Caspian Gas Pipeline project is purposed to transport natural gas from [[Turkmenistan]] and [[Kazakhstan]] to [[European Union]] member countries, circumventing both [[Russia]] and [[Iran]]. It is also considered as a natural eastward extension of [[Southern Gas Corridor]]. This project attracts significant interest since it will connect vast Turkmen gas resources to major consumer geographies as [[Turkey]] and [[Europe]].

==History==

===End of 1990s===
A project to import natural gas from Turkmenistan through a subsea pipeline was suggested in 1996 by the [[United States]].<ref name=rian1>
{{cite news
| url = http://en.rian.ru/analysis/20070514/65456353.html
| title = Energy nexus: Russia and Central Asia
| publisher = RIA Novosti
| date = 2007-05-14
| accessdate = 2007-05-20}}
</ref> In February 1999, the Turkmen government entered into an agreement with [[General Electric]] and [[Bechtel|Bechtel Group]] for a feasibility study on the proposed pipeline.<ref name=psg>
{{cite news
| url = http://www.bechtel.com/newsarticles/190.asp
| title = PSG International Secures Lead Role in US$2.5 Billion TransCaspian Pipeline Project
| publisher = [[Bechtel]]
| date = 1999-02-19
| accessdate = 2007-05-20 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20070818040257/http://www.bechtel.com/newsarticles/190.asp  |archivedate = 2007-08-18}}
</ref> In 1999, while attending the [[Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development]] meeting in [[Istanbul]], Turkey, [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]], Azerbaijan and Turkmenistan signed a number of agreements concerned with construction of pipelines.<ref name=iscip>
{{cite news
| author = Miriam Lanskoy
| url = http://www.bu.edu/iscip/vol10/Lanskoy.html
| title = Can the OSCE Cope with the Caucasus?
| publisher = Institute for the Study of Conflict, Ideology, and Policy
| date = November–December 1999
| accessdate = 2007-05-20}}
</ref><ref name=rfe>
{{cite news
| url = http://www.hri.org/news/balkans/rferl/1999/99-11-19.rferl.html#13
| title = Transcaspian gas pipeline accord signed
| publisher = RFE/RL
| date = 1999-11-19
| accessdate = 2007-05-20}}
</ref> However, because of [[Russia]]n and [[Iran]]ian opposition to the project, an unresolved legal dispute over Caspian Sea territorial boundaries and a gas discovery on Azerbaijan's [[Shah Deniz gas field|Shah Deniz field]], the submarine pipeline project was shelved in the summer of 2000 and only the [[South Caucasus Pipeline]] project continued.<ref name=turkishweekly1>
{{cite news
| url = http://www.turkishweekly.net/news.php?id=44743
| title = End of Russian Monopoly in Energy?!
| publisher = The Journal of Turkish Weekly
| date = 2007-05-02
| accessdate = 2007-05-20}}
</ref>

===2006-2007===
In January 2006, as a result of the [[Russia-Ukraine gas dispute]], interest in the Trans-Caspian Gas Pipeline project was rekindled.<ref name=edm2>
{{cite news
| publisher = [[The Jamestown Foundation]]
| newspaper = [[Eurasia Daily Monitor]]
| first = Vladimir | last = Socor
| authorlink = Vladimir Socor
| url= http://www.jamestown.org/single/?no_cache=1&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=31316
| title= Interest Rebounds in Trans-Caspian Pipeline for Turkmen Gas
| date=2006-01-24
| accessdate=2007-05-20}}
</ref> On 11 January 2006, Azerbaijan's prime-minister [[Artur Rasizade]] proposed to his [[Kazakhstan]] counterpart [[Danial Ahmetov]] that Kazakhstan gas be exported through the South Caucasus Pipeline to Turkey and from there to the European market.<ref name=at1>
{{cite news
| author = Ilham Shaban
| url=http://www.azerbaijantoday.az/ARCHIVE/16/economics4.html
| title=The US Government Commences Lobbying Trans Caspian Pipeline Of This Project
| publisher = Azerbaijan Today
| date=May–June 2006
| accessdate=2007-05-20}}
</ref> In March 2006, Turkmen President [[Saparmurat Niyazov]] signaled his intention to rejoin possible negotiations on the pipeline.<ref name=edm2/> In May 2006, during his visit to Kazakhstan, the [[European Commissioner for Energy]] [[Andris Piebalgs]] professed [[European Union|EU]] support for the construction of the Trans-Caspian pipeline.<ref name=bbn>
{{cite news
| url = http://www.balticbusinessnews.com/newsletter/060508_bbn_newsletter.pdf
| title = EU approves giant Transcaspian pipeline project
| publisher = BBN Newsletter
| format = PDF
| date=2006-05-08
|accessdate=2007-05-20 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20070929083437/http://www.balticbusinessnews.com/newsletter/060508_bbn_newsletter.pdf  |archivedate = 2007-09-29}}
</ref> Azerbaijan's Industry and Energy Minister [[Natig Aliyev]], while addressing an international energy conference in Baku, outlined the advantages of the Trans-Caspian gas pipeline for diversifying supplies and restraining prices.<ref name=edm1>
{{cite news
| publisher = [[The Jamestown Foundation]]
| newspaper = [[Eurasia Daily Monitor]]
| first = Vladimir | last = Socor
| authorlink = Vladimir Socor
| url= http://www.jamestown.org/single/?no_cache=1&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=31531
| title=Azerbaijan Spearheading Initiative on Trans-Caspian Gas Pipeline
| date=2006-03-30
| accessdate=2007-05-20}}
</ref> On the other hand, Russia's Industry and Energy Minister [[Viktor Khristenko]] commented that existing technical, legal, environmental and other risks relating to the trans-Caspian project are so great that it would be impossible to find an investor unless there is political backing for the project.<ref>
{{cite news
|url=http://www.sptimes.ru/index.php?action_id=2&story_id=21640
|title=Putin Triumphant in Turkmen Gas Deal
|publisher=[[St. Petersburg Times (Russia)]]
|date=2007-05-15
|accessdate=2007-05-19}}
</ref> On 12 May 2007, an agreement was signed between Russia, Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan providing for Central Asian gas to be exported to Europe through the reconstructed and expanded western branch of the [[Central Asia-Center gas pipeline system]]. This was seen as a setback for the realization of the Trans-Caspian Pipeline although Turkmen President [[Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow]] said that the Trans-Caspian pipeline project was not canceled.<ref>
{{cite news
|url=http://www.neurope.eu/view_news.php?id=73862
|title=Putin deal torpedoes Trans-Caspian gas pipeline plans
|publisher=[[Centre for the New Europe|New Europe]]
|date=2007-05-17
|accessdate=2007-05-19
|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20070927225724/http://www.neurope.eu/view_news.php?id=73862
|archivedate = 2007-09-27}}
</ref><ref>
{{cite news
|url=http://www.forbes.com/business/feeds/afx/2007/05/13/afx3715292.html
|title=Russia, Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan agree landmark gas pipeline deal
|publisher=[[Forbes]]
|date=2007-05-13
|accessdate=2007-05-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080220050555/http://www.forbes.com/business/feeds/afx/2007/05/13/afx3715292.html|archivedate=2008-02-20}}
</ref>

===2008===
On 4 September 2008, Iran's deputy foreign minister Mehti Safari confirmed that Tehran opposes the construction of any undersea pipelines in the Caspian because of environmental concerns.<ref>
{{cite news
| url=http://www.oilru.com/news/81667/
| title=Иран против прокладки трубопроводов по дну Каспия
| publisher=OILRU.COM
| date=2008-09-04
| accessdate=2008-09-06
| language = Russian}}
</ref> This jeopardizes the Trans-Caspian Gas pipeline project, according to regional expert Paul Goble.<ref>
{{cite news
| author = Paul Goble
| url=http://windowoneurasia.blogspot.com/2008/09/window-on-eurasia-moscow-wins-major.html
| title=Moscow Wins a Major Victory on Pipelines
| publisher=Window On Eurasia
| date=2008-09-05
| accessdate=2008-09-06}}
</ref> However, on 22 December 2008 Austria's [[OMV]] and Germany's [[RWE]], both partners in [[Nabucco Gas Pipeline International GmbH]], announced they were setting up a joint venture named the Caspian Energy Company, to carry out exploration for a gas pipeline across the Caspian Sea that would feed into the Nabucco pipeline. Based on exploration outcomes the company plans to build and operate a gas transport system across the Caspian Sea.<ref name=downstream221208>
{{cite news
| url = http://www.downstreamtoday.com/News/Articles/200812/OMV_RWE_Launch_Caspian_Pipeline_JV_14357.aspx
| title = OMV, RWE Launch Caspian Pipeline JV
| publisher = Downstream Today
| date = 2008-12-22
| accessdate = 2008-12-25}}
</ref>

===2011–2012===
On 12 September 2011, the EU [[Foreign Affairs Council]] agreed to give a negotiating mandate to the European Commission for negotiations with Azerbaijan and Turkmenistan on the Trans-Caspian Gas Pipeline.<ref name=ev150911>
{{cite news
| url = http://www.europeanvoice.com/article/imported/politics-dog-eu-s-quest-for-gas/72020.aspx
| title = Politics dog EU's quest for gas
| agency = European Voice
| first = Toby | last = Vogel
| date = 2011-09-15
| accessdate = 2011-09-15}}
</ref><ref name=ft110911>
{{cite news
| url = http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/0490626a-dc6c-11e0-8654-00144feabdc0.html#axzz1Y0r5bKHs
| title = EU set to act on Caspian pipeline plan
| newspaper = [[Financial Times]]
| first = Joshua | last = Chaffin
| date = 2011-09-11
| accessdate = 2011-09-15}}
</ref><ref name=reuters120911>
{{cite news
| url = http://uk.reuters.com/article/2011/09/12/eu-caspian-pipeline-idUKB5E7K600F20110912
| title = EU opens talks on Caspian gas pipeline - Commission
| agency = [[Reuters]]
| first = Charlie | last = Dunmore
| date = 2011-09-12
| accessdate = 2011-09-15}}
</ref> On 3 September 2012, after the meeting between the [[European Commissioner for Energy]] [[Günther Oettinger]], Turkish Energy Minister [[Taner Yıldız]], and Azerbaijani and Turkmenistani officials in [[Ashgabat]], Yıldız stated that Turkey will buy gas from Turkmenistan through the Trans-Caspian Gas Pipeline.<ref name=edm110912>
{{cite news
| url= http://www.jamestown.org/programs/edm/single/?tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=39826&tx_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=27&cHash=ada165e292483d300783a33604ab1ddf
| title= Turkey Sees Opportunity in Trans-Caspian Gas Pipeline Project
| first = Vladimir | last = Socor
| authorlink = Vladimir Socor
| volume = 9
| issue = 164
| publisher =[[Jamestown Foundation]]
| work = Eurasia Daily Monitor
| date=2012-09-11
| accessdate=2012-09-12}}
</ref>

===2013–2014===
An EU proposal generally named the [[Southern Gas Corridor]] project kindled interest in the Trans+Caspian pipeline as an alternative supply route to [[Gasprom]] monopoly to [[European Union]] markets. Turkmen gas would be carried along with Azeri gas from the [[Shah_Deniz_gas_field|Shah Deniz Gas Field]] by this pipeline.

===2015-2016===

One part of the [[Southern Gas Corridor]] <ref>{{cite web|title=TAP Awards Onshore Construction Contracts for Albanian and Greek Pipeline Sections|url=http://www.tap-ag.com/news-and-events/2016|accessdate=23 March 2016|date=4 March 2016}}</ref> will be laid between Greece and Italy via Albania starting in 2016 and this pipeline will join with the [[Trans-Anatolian_gas_pipeline|TAP Pipeline]] across Turkey which is under construction since 2015 and it will meet the existing [[South Caucasus Pipeline]] at the [[Georgia (country)|Georgian]] border with Turkey

==Description==
[[Image:Oil pipelines in Europe.png|thumb|350px|Petroleum pipelines to Europe]]
The projected capacity of the pipeline is {{convert|30|e9m3|abbr=off}} of natural gas per year at an estimated cost of US$5 billion.<ref name=edm1/> In Baku, it would link to the [[South Caucasus Pipeline]] (Baku-[[Tbilisi]]-[[Erzurum]] pipeline), and through this with the planned [[Trans-Anatolian gas pipeline]].<ref name=caucaz>
{{cite news
| url = http://www.caucaz.com/home_eng/depeches.php?idp=1064
| title= Trans-caspian gas pipeline project: Azerbaijan might transit Kazakhstan gas to Georgia
| publisher = CAUCAZ.COM
| date=2006-04-23
| accessdate=2007-05-20}}
</ref> A feasibility study for the project funded by the [[United States Trade and Development Agency]] is carried out by Granherne, a subsidiary of [[KBR (company)|KBR]].<ref name=downstream1>
{{cite news
| url = http://www.downstreamtoday.com/news/article.aspx?a_id=10091
| title= KBR To Study Feasibility of Trans Caspian Pipeline
| publisher = Downstream Today
| date=2008-04-14
| accessdate=2008-04-19}}
</ref>

==Critics==
The project is heavily criticized by Russia and Iran, current transit countries for Turkmen gas. Alexander Golovin, special envoy on Caspian issues, has stated that a major gas pipeline would pose a serious, dangerous risk to the prosperity of the entire region.<ref name=eurasia2>
{{cite news
| first = Sergei | last = Blagov
| url = http://www.eurasianet.org/departments/insight/articles/eav032806.shtml
| title = Russia Tries To Scuttle Proposed Trans-Caspian Pipeline
| publisher = EurasiaNet
| date = 2006-03-28
| accessdate = 2007-05-20}}
</ref> According to the Russian Natural Resources Ministry, any gas or oil pipelines across the floor of the Caspian Sea would be environmentally unacceptable.<ref name=rian2>
{{cite news
| url = http://en.rian.ru/russia/20070125/59687576.html
| title = Russia says pipelines across Caspian Sea floor unacceptable
| agency = [[RIA Novosti]]
| date = 2007-01-25
| accessdate = 2008-06-01}}
</ref> Russia has also taken the legal position that a potential pipeline project, regardless of the route it takes on the seabed, would require the consent of all five Caspian littoral states in order to proceed.<ref name=eurasia2/> Iran has pointed out that treaties signed by Iran and the [[Soviet Union]] in 1921 and 1940 are still in force and that any action taken without the consent of all the littoral states would be illegal.<ref name=asiatimes>
{{cite news
| url = http://www.atimes.com/c-asia/AB24Ag02.html
| title = Iran warns against trans-Caspian pipeline
| publisher = Asia Times
| date = 1999-02-24
| accessdate = 2007-05-20}}
</ref> In regard of the decision taken by the EU on 12 September 2011, Russia expressed its "disappointment" as it "seems to have been adopted without taking into account the internationally accepted legal and geopolitical situation in the Caspian basin," and as Caspian Sea littoral state, Russia could veto any international agreement allowing for the pipeline to be built.<ref name=euobserver140911>
{{cite news
| first = Valentina | last = Pop
| url = http://euobserver.com/19/113608
| title = Russia frets over EU plans to link up Caspian gas fields
| publisher = EU Observer
| date = 2011-09-14
| accessdate = 2011-09-15}}
</ref><ref name=reuters130911>
{{cite news
| first = Alissa | last = de Carbonnel
| url = http://uk.reuters.com/article/2011/09/13/russia-eu-caspian-pipeline-idAFL5E7KD2FW20110913
| title = Russia calls on EU to halt talks on Caspian gas pipeline
| agency = Reuters
| date = 2011-09-13
| accessdate = 2011-09-15}}
</ref>

In reaction to the 1999 plans for a Trans-Caspian gas pipeline Russia and Iran collaborated in calling for a Central Asian gas cartel in 2001 and 2002.<ref name=eurasia3>
{{cite news
| first = Stephen | last = Blank
| url = http://www.eurasianet.org/departments/insight/articles/eav051707.shtml
| title = Russia Takes a Step Towards the Formation of a Natural Gas Cartel
| publisher = EurasiaNet
| date = 2007-05-15
| accessdate = 2007-05-22}}
</ref> There is also a concern in the West that closer collaboration between Georgia and Azerbaijan will isolate [[Armenia]] and tempt it to strengthen ties with Russia and Iran.<ref name=iscip/>

==See also==
{{Portal|Azerbaijan|Turkmenistan|Energy}}
*[[Framework Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the Caspian Sea]]
*[[South Caucasus Pipeline]]
*[[Nabucco Pipeline]]
*[[Shah Deniz gas field]]
*[[Trans-Afghanistan Pipeline]]
*[[Trans-Caspian Oil Pipeline]]
*[[Energy policy of Russia]]
*[[Russia-Belarus energy dispute]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* [http://www.sras.org/geopolitics_of_oil_pipelines_in_central_asia The Geopolitics of Oil Pipelines in Central Asia], Article on the Trans-Caspian Gas Pipeline featured in Vestnik, the Journal of Russian and Asian Studies Winter 2007
*[http://repository.library.georgetown.edu/handle/10822/552643 Caspian Pipeline Controversy] from the [http://repository.library.georgetown.edu/handle/10822/552494 Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives]

[[Category:Natural gas pipelines in Azerbaijan]]
[[Category:Natural gas pipelines in Turkmenistan]]
[[Category:Caspian Sea]]
[[Category:Energy in Central Asia]]
[[Category:Proposed pipelines in Asia]]
[[Category:Azerbaijan–Turkmenistan relations]]
[[Category:Submarine pipelines]]

Kazi Magomed–Astara–Abadan pipeline

2017-04-04T14:53:50Z

Lklundin: /* References */ {{Portal|Azerbaijan|Iran|Energy}} replaces {{Portal|Iran|Energy}}

{{Infobox pipeline
| name = Kazi Magomed–Astara–Abadan pipeline
| type = natural gas
| photo =
| caption =
| map =
| map_caption = Location of Kazi Magomed–Astara–Abadan pipeline
| country = [[Azerbaijan]], [[Iran]]
| coordinates =
| operator =
| partners = [[SOCAR]], [[National Iranian Gas Company]]
| length_km = 1474.5
| discharge = 10 billion cubic meters per year
| direction = north-south
| start = [[Kazi Magomed]], [[Azerbaijan]]
| finish = [[Abadan]] (Bid-Boland), [[Iran]]
| est = 1970
| through = [[Astara, Azerbaijan|Astara (Azerbaijan)]], [[Astara, Iran|Astara (Iran)]], [[Rasht]], [[Tehran]]
| par =
}}
The '''Kazi Magomed–Astara–Abadan pipeline''' is a natural gas pipeline from [[Kazi Magomed]] in [[Azerbaijan]] to [[Iran]].

==History==
The pipeline was agreed between Iran and the [[Soviet Union]] in 1965.<ref name=hiro>
{{cite book
|last1= Hiro |first1=Dilip
|title= Iran under the ayatollahs
|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=NCwOAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA280
|year= 1987
|publisher= Routledge
|page=280
|accessdate = 2009-11-26
|isbn=978-0-7102-1123-1}}
</ref> It was inaugurated in October 1970 in Astara by [[Mohammad Rezā Shāh Pahlavi]] and [[Nikolai Podgorny]], [[Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet]].<ref name=chubin>
{{cite book
|last1= Chubin|first1=Shahram
|last2= Zabih|first2=Sepehr
|title= The foreign relations of Iran: a developing state in a zone of great-power conflict
|year= 1974
|publisher= [[University of California Press]]
|page=80
|isbn=978-0-520-02683-4}}
</ref> In 1971–1979, [[Southern Caucasus]] republics of the Soviet Union were supplied through this pipeline by natural gas from [[Iran]].<ref name=staar>
{{cite book
|last1= Staar|first1=Richard Felix
|editor1-last= Staar|editor1-first=Richard Felix
|editor2-last= Drachkovitch|editor2-first=Milorad M.
|editor3-last= Gann|editor3-first=Lewis H.
|title= Yearbook on international communist affairs
|volume= 235
|issue= 408
|edition = 25
|year= 1991
|publisher= [[Hoover Institution Press]]
|page=483
|isbn=978-0-8179-9161-6}}
</ref> After [[Iranian Revolution]] Iranian supplies were cut off.<ref name=wilson2>
{{cite book
|last1= Wilson|first1=David
|title= The demand for energy in the Soviet Union
|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=3RIQ-jhDwiEC&pg=PA36&dq=mozdok+pipeline&lr=&as_drrb_is=q&as_minm_is=0&as_miny_is=&as_maxm_is=0&as_maxy_is=&as_brr=3#v=onepage&q=mozdok%20pipeline&f=false
|year= 1983
|publisher= [[Taylor & Francis]]
|page=36
|accessdate = 2009-11-26}}
</ref>

In 2006, Azerbaijan began a swap deal with Iran, providing gas through the Baku-Astara line to Iran; while Iran supplies [[Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic|Nakhchivan]]. On 11 November 2009, the [[State Oil Company of Azerbaijan]] (SOCAR) and [[National Iranian Gas Company]] signed a memorandum according to which Azerbaijani will supply starting from 2010 500 million cubic meters of natural gas per year.<ref name=trend111109/>

==Technical features==
The overall length of the pipeline is {{convert|1474.5|km|mi}}, of which {{convert|296.5|km|mi}} in Azerbaijan. The pipe diameter is {{convert|1020|mm|in}} and it had original capacity of 10 billion cubic meters of natural gas per year at {{convert|55|atm}}.<ref name=trend111109>
{{cite news
| url= http://en.trend.az/capital/pengineering/1578227.html
| title= Azerbaijan and Iran sign memorandum on gas supplies
| publisher= [[Trend News Agency|Trend Capital]]
| author = E.Ismayilov
| date=2009-11-11
| accessdate=2009-11-26}}
</ref> The Iranian section of the pipeline is known as [[Iran Gas Trunkline|IGAT1]].

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Portal|Azerbaijan|Iran|Energy}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Kazi Magomed-Astara-Abadan pipeline}}
[[Category:Energy infrastructure completed in 1970]]
[[Category:Energy in Western Asia]]
[[Category:Natural gas pipelines in Azerbaijan]]
[[Category:Natural gas pipelines in Iran]]
[[Category:Caspian Sea]]
[[Category:Azerbaijan–Iran relations]]
[[Category:Iran–Soviet Union relations]]
[[Category:Energy in the Soviet Union]]

North Absheron Operating Company

2017-04-04T14:52:38Z

Lklundin: /* See also */ {{Portal|Azerbaijan|Energy|Companies}} replaces {{Portal|Companies}}

{{Infobox company
| name = North Absheron Operating Company
| logo =
| type = Private
| founder = [[Amoco]] (30%), [[SOCAR]] (20%), [[Itochu]] (20%), [[Unocal]] (25.5%), [[Delta Oil Company]] (4.5%)
| foundation = 1997
| location = [[Baku]], [[Azerbaijan]]
| key_people = Thomas L. Klockenbrink (President)
| industry = [[Petroleum]]
| revenue =
| operating_income =
| net_income =
| homepage =
| intl = yes
}}

'''North Absheron Operating Company''' ('''NAOC''') was an international [[petroleum]] consortium based in [[Baku]], [[Azerbaijan]] created to explore and develop the [[Dan Ulduzu field|Dan Ulduzu]] and [[Ashrafi field|Ashrafi]] prospects in the Azerbaijani sector of the [[Caspian Sea]]. The company started its operations in 1997.<ref name=AI>{{cite news | url=http://azer.com/aiweb/categories/magazine/62_folder/62_articles/62_socar_danulduzu.html| title= Dan Ulduzu and Ashrafi. No longer in operation after April 1999 | publisher= [[Azerbaijan International]] | author = Betty Blair| date= Summer 1998| accessdate=2010-06-29}}</ref> On March 7, 2000 the company stopped operations after the management of company considered the contract was not financially profitable.<ref name=interfax>{{cite news | url=http://www.interfax.az/az/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=5648&Itemid=9 | title= AFR Azərbaycanla enerji sahəsində əməkdaşlığın intensivləşdirilməsinin tərəfdarıdır | trans_title= Germany is interested in intensifying cooperation with Azerbaijan in the energy sector | publisher= [[Interfax]] Azerbaijan | author = | date=2007-05-22 | accessdate=2010-06-29}}</ref>

==Overview==
NAOC was in charge of managing operations for [[Dan Ulduzu field#Dan Ulduzu-Ashrafi bloc|Dan Ulduzu-Ashrafi bloc]]. The consortium consisted of operator [[Amoco]] (acquired by [[BP]]) (30%) and partners [[SOCAR]] (20%), [[Itochu]] (20%), [[Unocal]] (25.5%), [[Delta Oil Company]] (4.5%).<ref name=Trend>{{cite news | url=http://az.trend.az/capital/pengineering/892663.html | title= Wintershall Azərbaycanın dəniz yatağında kəşfiyyat quyusu qaza bilər | trans_title= Wintershall might start drilling in Azerbaijani oil field | publisher= [[Trend News Agency]] | author = | date=2007-03-02 | accessdate=2010-06-29}}</ref> The 25-year [[Production sharing agreement|PSA]] agreement between Azerbaijani government and the companies was signed on December 14, 1996 and ratified by the [[National Assembly of Azerbaijan|Azerbaijani Parliament]] on February 25, 1997.<ref name=AI2>{{cite news | url=http://azer.com/aiweb/categories/magazine/44_folder/44_articles/44_socar_oilconsortium.html| title= Fourth Oil Consortium Signed. Dan Ulduzu and Ashrafi Prospects | publisher= [[Azerbaijan International]] | author = Betty Blair| date= Winter 1996| accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref>

The PSA area covered some 453 km2 was located {{convert|105|km|mi|abbr=on}} northeast of Baku and are believed to contain reserves of approximately 1 billion barrels and 65 billion cm of gas.<ref name=AI2/> The first exploration well Ashrafi-1 was drilled in February 1998. The results indicated 620,000 cm and 3,400 bbl per day.<ref name=AI/>

Although the estimated investment foreseen for the project was $2 billion, over the period of exploration operations the company spent only a total of $64.5 million.<ref name=kaspiy>{{cite web | url= http://www.kaspiy.az/articles.php?item_id=20050622110830889&sec_id=2| title= Нет худа без добра. "Ашрафи" нашло судьбу |trans_title= Good things happen. Ashrafi found its destiny |accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref> The initial right for development of the field was granted to Amoco and Unocal in 1992. The other partners joined in mid-1990s.<ref>{{cite web | url= http://library.aliyev-heritage.org/az/6307863.html| title= Speech of Heydar Aliyev on PSA agreement with foreign investors |accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref>

==Humanitarian projects in Azerbaijan==
NAOC was also involved in charity and humanitarian projects in Azerbaijan. The consortium paid for construction of housing for 100 Azerbaijani families that became [[refugees]] and [[Internally displaced person|IDPs]] displaced from their homes during [[Nagorno-Karabakh War]]. The housing complex is located in [[Mingachevir]] city. Construction of five community centers for refugees were also funded by NAOC through Relief International. Partial funding was also extended to [[Counterpart International]] for assistance with supplies for orphanages.<ref name=AI/>

==See also==
{{Portal|Azerbaijan|Energy|Companies}}
*[[Dan Ulduzu field]]
*[[Ashrafi field]]
*[[Azeri-Chirag-Guneshli]]
*[[SOCAR]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://azer.com/aiweb/categories/topics/Oil/oilcontracts_map.html Location of Azerbaijani oil fields from Azerbaijan International magazine]
*[http://www.socar.az State Oil Company of Azerbaijan Republic Official Site]
*[http://bp.com BP Official Site]

{{Energy in Azerbaijan}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:North Absheron Operating Company}}
[[Category:Oil and gas companies of Azerbaijan]]
[[Category:Caspian Sea]]
[[Category:Itochu]]

Trans-Caspian Oil Transport System

2017-04-04T14:52:04Z

Lklundin: /* See also */ {{Portal|Azerbaijan|Kazakhstan|Energy}} replaces {{Portal|Kazakhstan|Energy}}

{{outdated|since 2009|date=March 2016}}

The '''Trans-Caspian Oil Transport System''' is a proposed project to transport oil through the [[Caspian Sea]] from [[Kazakhstan]]i Caspian oilfields to [[Baku]] in [[Azerbaijan]] for the further transportation to the [[Mediterranean Sea|Mediterranean]] or [[Black Sea]] coast. The main options under consideration are an offshore [[oil pipeline]] from Kazakhstan to Azerbaijan, and construction of [[oil terminal]]s and [[oil tanker]]s fleet.<ref name=guliyev>
{{cite paper
| last1 = Guliyev | first1 = Farid
| last2 = Akhrarkhodjaeva | first2 = Nozima
| series = RussCasp Working Paper
| url= http://www.fni.no/russcasp/Kazakh_Azeri_%20oil_transport_RussCasp_Working_Paper.pdf
| title= Transportation of Kazakhstani Oil via the Caspian Sea (TKOC). Arrangements, Actors and Interests
| date=2008-11-18
| accessdate=2010-03-04}}
</ref><ref name=ihs090606>
{{cite news
|url= http://www.ihsglobalinsight.com/SDA/SDADetail6096.htm
|title= Kashagan Partners Eye US$4-bil. Trans-Caspian Oil Transport System to Connect to BTC Pipeline
|publisher= IHS Global Insight
|date=2006-06-09
|accessdate=2010-03-04}}
</ref><ref name=edm150505>
{{cite news
| publisher = [[The Jamestown Foundation]]
| newspaper = [[Eurasia Daily Monitor]]
| first = Vladimir | last = Socor
| authorlink = Vladimir Socor
| url = http://www.jamestown.org/single/?no_cache=1&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=30404
| title= Trans-Caspian Oil Pipeline Planned in Kazakhstan
| date=2005-05-05
| accessdate=2010-03-04}}
</ref><ref name=edm200606/> A strong push for the project has been from the partners of the Kashagan oilfield project and in particular Total who has a share in both the field and the BTC pipeline. They have estimated that such a project would cost roughly US$4 billion. The project also faces opposition from Iran and Russia, both alternative avenues for Kazakhstan's oil and gas who would likely object to competing pipelines being built.<ref name=ihs090606/>

==History==
In 2005, the [[Government of Kazakhstan]] adopted plans for creation of a trans-Caspian westbound route for oil export.<ref name=edm150505/> On 19 June 2006, President of Kazakhstan [[Nursultan Nazarbayev]] and President of Azerbaijan [[Ilham Aliyev]] signed a framework agreement on the trans-Caspian oil transport system.<ref name=edm200606>
{{cite news
| publisher = [[The Jamestown Foundation]]
| newspaper = [[Eurasia Daily Monitor]]
| first = Vladimir | last = Socor
| authorlink = Vladimir Socor
| url= http://www.jamestown.org/single/?no_cache=1&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=31797
| title= Oil Tanker Shipment — the Short-term Default for Trans-Caspian Oil
| date=2006-06-20
| accessdate=2010-03-04}}
</ref> On 24 January 2007, partners in [[TengizChevroil]] (developer of [[Tengiz field]]) and KCO ([[Kashagan field]] developer)signed a memorandum of understanding to create a trans-Caspian oil transport system.<ref name=edm240107>
{{cite news
| publisher = [[The Jamestown Foundation]]
| newspaper = [[Eurasia Daily Monitor]]
| first = Vladimir | last = Socor
| authorlink = Vladimir Socor
| url= http://www.jamestown.org/single/?no_cache=1&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=32424
| title= Western Majors Sign Agreement of Intent on Trans-Caspian Oil Transport System
| date=2007-01-24
| accessdate=2010-03-04}}
</ref> On 2 October 2009, the national oil company of Kazakhstan [[Kazmunaygas]] and the [[State Oil Company of Azerbaijan Republic]] signed a memorandum of understanding to expand the Caspian Oil Transport System to include Azeri infrastructure and onshore pipelines from Baku to [[Kulevi oil terminal]] in [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]].<ref name=ihs051009>
{{cite news
|url= http://www.ihsglobalinsight.com/SDA/SDADetail17714.htm
|title= SOCAR, Kazmunaigaz Sign New Caspian Oil Transit Accords
|publisher= IHS Global Insight
|date=2009-10-05
|accessdate=2010-03-04}}
</ref><ref name=trend021009>
{{cite news
|url= http://en.trend.az/capital/securities/1552005.html
|title= Kazakhstan and Azerbaijan sign documents on Trans-Caspian project and new pipeline
|publisher= [[Trend News Agency]]
|date=2009-10-02
|accessdate=2010-03-04}}
</ref>

On 6 October 2009, an agreement on the oil pipeline from Kashagan to Baku was signed by consortium of French companies during the French President [[Nicolas Sarkozy]]'s visit to Kazakhstan.<ref name=ogj290109/>

==Oil pipeline==
A {{convert|700|km|adj=on}} long oil pipeline will run from [[Kashagan field]] or Kuryk to Baku.<ref name=edm150505/><ref name=ogj290109>
{{cite news
| url= http://www.ogj.com/articles/2009/10/france--kazakhstan.html
| title= France, Kazakhstan seal long-term energy accords
| first1 = Eric | last1 = Watkins
| first2 = Doris | last2 = Leblond
| publisher= [[PennWell Corporation]]
| journal= [[Oil & Gas Journal]]
| volume= 107
| issue = 38
| date=2009-10-06
| accessdate=2010-03-04}}
</ref> Work for the pipeline is still in the feasibility stage according to an official from the oil company [[Total S.A.|Total]].

==Shuttle tankers system==
The shuttle tankers system envisages an usage of oil tankers to transport oil from Kuryk terminal in Kazakhstan to [[Sangachal Terminal]] in Azerbaijan.<ref name=edm240107/> The capacity of this system would be {{convert|500000|oilbbl/d}} in the initial stage, rising later up to {{convert|1.2|Moilbbl/d}}.<ref name=ihs051009/>

==See also==
{{Portal|Azerbaijan|Kazakhstan|Energy}}
* [[Framework Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the Caspian Sea]]
* [[Kulevi oil terminal]]
* [[Trans-Caspian Gas Pipeline]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
*[http://cgs.illinois.edu/resources/webvideo/the-globalization-energy-resources-tapping-caspian-oil-and-gas The Globalization of Energy Resources: Tapping Caspian Oil and Gas]. Lecture presented by Jonathan Elkind, Independent energy, environment and security consultant and former Director for Russian, Ukrainian, and Eurasian Affairs, National Security Council (1998-2001). October 19, 2006. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.

[[Category:Oil pipelines in Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Oil pipelines in Azerbaijan]]
[[Category:Caspian Sea]]
[[Category:Proposed pipelines in Asia]]
[[Category:Azerbaijan–Kazakhstan relations]]
[[Category:Submarine pipelines]]
[[Category:Proposed pipelines in Europe]]

Mozdok–Makhachkala–Kazi Magomed pipeline

2017-04-04T14:50:26Z

Lklundin: /* See also */ {{Portal|Azerbaijan|Russia|Energy}} replaces {{Portal|Russia|Energy}}

{{Infobox pipeline
| name = Mozdok–Makhachkala–Kazi Magomed pipeline
| type = natural gas
| photo =
| caption =
| map =
| map_caption = Location of Mozdok–Makhachkala–Kazi Magomed pipeline
| country = [[Azerbaijan]], [[Russia]]
| coordinates =
| operator = [[SOCAR]], [[Gasprom]]
| partners =
| length_km = 680
| discharge = 13 billion cubic meters per year
| direction = south-north
| start = [[Mozdok]], [[Russia]]
| finish = [[Kazi Magomed]], [[Azerbaijan]]
| est = 1983
| through = [[Makhachkala]], [[Novo Filya]]
| par =
}}

The '''Mozdok–Makhachkala–Kazi Magomed pipeline''' is a natural gas pipeline from [[Mozdok]] in [[North Ossetia]] through [[Chechnya]] and [[Dagestan]] to [[Azerbaijan]].<ref name=wilson>
{{cite book
|last1= Wilson|first1=David
|last2= |first2=Geoffrey
|title= Soviet oil and gas to 1990
|volume= 2
|year= 1982
|publisher= Abt Books
|page=45}}
</ref> The Azerbaijani section is also known as the '''Kazi Magomed–Novo Filya''' or '''Baku–Novo Filya''', and it connects [[Baku]] with the ''Novo Filya'' gas metering utility on the Russian side of the Azerbaijan-[[Russia]] border.<ref name="Vesti Kavkaza">
{{cite news
| url= http://www.vestikavkaza.ru/news/ekonomika/gaz/7520.html
| title= Gasprom held another round of talks with Azerbaijan
| publisher= "Vesti Kavkaza"
| author =
| date=2009-08-29
| accessdate=2009-11-16
| language = Russian
}}</ref> The pipeline will be used for transportation of Azerbaijani gas to Russia starting from 1 January 2010.

==History==
In 1970–1979, [[Southern Caucasus]] republics of the [[Soviet Union]] were supplied by natural gas from [[Iran]].<ref name=staar>
{{cite book
|last1= Staar|first1=Richard Felix
|editor1-last= Staar|editor1-first=Richard Felix
|editor2-last= Drachkovitch|editor2-first=Milorad M.
|editor3-last= Gann|editor3-first=Lewis H.
|title= Yearbook on international communist affairs
|volume= 235
|issue= 408
|edition = 25
|year= 1991
|publisher= [[Hoover Institution Press]]
|page=483
|isbn=978-0-8179-9161-6}}
</ref> After [[Iranian Revolution]] Iranian supplies were cut off.<ref name=wilson2>
{{cite book
|last1= Wilson|first1=David
|title= The demand for energy in the Soviet Union
|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=3RIQ-jhDwiEC&pg=PA36&dq=mozdok+pipeline#v=onepage&q=mozdok%20pipeline&f=false
|year= 1983
|publisher= [[Taylor & Francis]]
|page=36
|accessdate = 2009-11-26|isbn=9780709927044
}}
</ref> To replace Iranian gas supplies from Western Siberia and [[Orenburg]] through [[Novopskov]] were planned.<ref name=wilson/> For this purpose, the North Caucasus–Moscow line was reversed and expanded further south by construction of the Mozdok–[[Makhachkala]]–Kazi Magomed and Mozdok–[[Tbilisi]]–Kazi Magomed pipelines.<ref name=pennwell>
{{cite book
|title= International petroleum encyclopedia
|volume= 20
|year= 1986
|publisher= PennWell Pub. Co.
|page=157}}
</ref><ref name=scripta>
{{cite book
|title= Soviet geography
|volume= 23
|year= 1982
|publisher= Scripta Pub. Co.
|author= American Geographical Society of New York
|page=286}}
</ref> The Mozdok–Makhachkala–Kazi Magomed pipeline was completed in 1983.<ref name=academic>
{{cite book
|title= USSR facts & figures annual
|volume= 8
|year= 1984
|publisher= Academic International Press
|page=146}}
</ref>

In 2007, Azerbaijan started its own gas production and the pipeline between Russia and Azerbaijan became largely inactive. In the summer of 2008, [[Gasprom]] started negotiations with [[State Oil Company of Azerbaijan]] on buying natural gas from Azerbaijan at market prices based on long term agreement between two countries. It had been announced earlier that Russia was willing to diversify its imports and purchase natural gas from Azerbaijan's [[Shah Deniz]] gas field.<ref name>{{cite news
| url= http://www.oilcapital.ru/news/2009/03/300940_137403.shtml
| title= Gasprom and SOCAR signed MOU on sale of Azerbaijani gas with shipments starting in 2010
| publisher= OilCapital.ru Information Resources
| author =
| date=2009-03-30
| accessdate=2009-11-16
| language = Russian
}}</ref>

On 29 June 2009, during an official visit of the Russian President [[Dmitry Medvedev]] to Azerbaijan, governments of both countries signed a deal on exports of Azerbaijani gas to Russia. As per agreement, Russia would be paying Azerbaijan $350 per thousand cubic meters while paying only $300 per thousand cubic meters for [[Uzbekistan|Uzbek]] and [[Turkmenistan|Turkmen]] gas. Under the terms of the deal, Azerbaijan is to sell Russia 0.5 billion cubic meters annually with a possibility of increase of the volume to 1.5 in the future.<ref name="Russia: Moscow's Grip on Caucasus Energy Tightens">{{cite news
| url = http://www.stratfor.com/analysis/20090630_russia_moscows_grip_caucasus_energy_tightens
| title = Russia: Moscow's Grip on Caucasus Energy Tightens
| publisher = [[Stratfor|Strafor Global Intelligence]]
| accessdate = 2009-11-16
}}</ref>
On 14 October 2009, President of State Oil Company of Azerbaijan, [[Rovnag Abdullayev]] and CEO of Gasprom, [[Alexei Miller]], finalized the deal. The agreement oversees the exports for 2010-2014 with a potential for extension.<ref name="Azerbaijan-Russia Gas Agreement">{{cite news
| url= http://www.jamestown.org/single/?no_cache=1&tx_ttnews%5Bswords%5D=8fd5893941d69d0be3f378576261ae3e&tx_ttnews%5Bany_of_the_words%5D=PKK&tx_ttnews%5Bpointer%5D=3&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=35615&tx_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=7&cHash=48b4642cf5
| title= Azerbaijan-Russia Gas Agreement: Implications for Nabucco Project
| publisher= Eurasia Daily Monitor
| author = [[Vladimir Socor]]
| date=2009-10-15
| volume=6
| issue=189
| accessdate=2009-11-16
}}</ref>
Azerbaijani natural gas would be transported via the Baku-Novo Filya pipeline, which was previously used for transporting of natural gas from Russian to Azerbaijan, until 2007, when the shipments were stopped by Azerbaijan as a result of internal self-sufficient production. On January 21, during the meeting between Alexey Miller and Rovnag Abdullayev Gasprom expressed its willingness to purchase more gas from Azerbaijan. The parties agreed to double the amount of gas to be transport during 2010 from initially planned 500 million cm to 1 billion cm and yet increase the amount to 2 billion cm in 2011.<ref>
{{Cite press release
| title = On working meeting between Alexey Miller and Rovnag Abdullayev
| publisher = [[Gasprom]]
| date = January 21, 2010
| url = http://www.gazprom.com/press/news/2010/january/article75182/
| accessdate = 21 January 2010}}</ref>
Starting from 2007, Azerbaijan became exporter of natural gas by starting its shipments to Georgia and Turkey.

==Technical features==
The overall length of the pipeline is {{convert|680|km|mi}}, of which {{convert|200|km|mi}} in Azerbaijan. The pipe diameter is {{convert|1220|mm|in}} and it had original capacity of 13 billion cubic meters of natural gas per year.<ref name=wilson/><ref name="Vesti Kavkaza"/> The operating capacity is around 5 bcm.<ref name=trend021009>
{{cite news
| url= http://en.trend.az/capital/pengineering/1550877.html
| title= From January, Azerbaijan to export 1.5mln cu.m of gas to Russia per year
| publisher= [[Trend News Agency|Trend Capital]]
| author = U.Ismayilov; E.Ismayilov
| date=2009-10-02
| accessdate=2009-11-26}}
</ref> It has a gas metering station in [[Şirvanovka]], built in 2003.<ref name=inogate>
{{cite paper
| url= http://download.inogate.org/1st%20INTERIM%20REPORT/ANNEXES/Annex%2020b%20Brief%20report%20GMS.pdf
| title= Brief report on the current operational status of Kazakh GMS and Shirvanovka GMS
| publisher= [[INOGATE]]
| format = PDF
| accessdate=2009-11-26}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}
</ref> In Mozdok, the pipeline is connected with North Caucasus–Moscow line.<ref name=wilson/>

==Political perspective==
Experts argue that the significance of the deal is high both for Azerbaijan and Russia. Russia will be paying Azerbaijan an estimated $350 per thousand cubic meters which is the highest price Russia had ever paid for gas imports from Caucasus and Central Asia (compare to $300 per tcm for Uzbek and Turkmen gas), thus hoping to decrease prospects of other potential gas export projects from or through Azerbaijan such as Nabucco or White Stream.<ref name="Azerbaijan-Russia Gas Agreement"/>
Controlling flows of natural gas to Europe is at the forefront of Russian foreign policy and whether the gas exported to Europe is produced in Russia or is coming from elsewhere through Russia, Russia likes to keep an economic control over Europe thus exerting political pressure on the continent and the West as whole through vital energy exports. Russia's production of natural gas in 2008 equalled to 602 billion cubic meters and 154 bcm of it was exported to Europe and Turkey. A much smaller amount of gas to be received from Azerbaijan at higher prices through the Baku-Novo Filya pipeline and the notion that Russia is charging European importers $280 per thousand cubic meters (much lower than it's willing to pay Azerbaijan), proves Russia's ambitious long term intentions.

Up to 2007, Azerbaijan was a Russian gas importer until country's production of 10.3 bcm per year brought self-sufficiency for internal demand of 8.3 bcm. Azerbaijan's [[Shah Deniz]] field is to produce approximately 9 bcm per year, whilst Shah Deniz II is believed to produce 10-12 bcm per year when it becomes operational.<ref name="Russia: Moscow's Grip on Caucasus Energy Tightens"/>

== Security ==
During the 1990s–2000s, the pipeline was attacked several times in Chechenya and Dagestan.<ref name=eurasianet120706>
{{cite news
| url= http://www.eurasianet.org/departments/insight/articles/eav120706a.shtml
| title= Addressing Pipeline Security Challenges in Russia
| publisher= EurasiaNet
| author = Yuri M. Zhukov
| date=2006-07-12
| accessdate=2009-11-26}}
</ref> On 12 January 2010, the pipeline was targeted at its 496th kilometer by a bomb blast on the branch line supplying [[Derbent]] and [[Derbentsky District|surrounding regions]] in Dagestan, causing fire and leaving 214,000 people without gas supply.<ref name=bloomberg130110>
{{cite news
| url= https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=adPciUiOTGZU
| title= Russian Pipeline Blast Leaves 200,000 Without Gas, Vesti Says
| author = Stephen Bierman
| publisher= [[Bloomberg L.P.|Bloomberg]]
| date=2010-01-13
| accessdate=2010-01-13}}
</ref><ref name=itar-tass130110>
{{cite news
| url= http://www.itar-tass.com/eng/level2.html?NewsID=14713751&PageNum=0
| title= Some 215,000 people were left without the gas supply in 100 settlements over Dagestan gas pipe blast
| publisher= [[ITAR-TASS]]
| date=2010-01-13
| accessdate=2010-01-13}}
</ref><ref name=bbc130110>
{{cite news
| url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/8456319.stm
| title= Bomb cuts gas supplies in Dagestan, Russia
| publisher= [[BBC News]]
| date=2010-01-13
| accessdate=2010-01-13}}
</ref> Gas supplies from Azerbaijan by the main trunk line continued by reduced volume.<ref name=trend130110>
{{cite news
| url= http://en.trend.az/capital/pengineering/1616904.html
| title= Explosion on the pipe in Dagestan has not prevented the export of Azerbaijani gas to Russia
| author = S.Aliyev, E.Ismayilov
| publisher= [[Trend News Agency|Trend Capital]]
| date=2010-01-13
| accessdate=2010-01-13}}
</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Azerbaijan|Russia|Energy}}
*[[Shah Deniz gas field]]
*[[Baku–Tbilisi–Ceyhan pipeline]]
*[[Baku–Novorossiysk Pipeline]]
*[[Nabucco pipeline]]
*[[White Stream]]
*[[Nord Stream]]
*[[South Stream]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mozdok-Makhachkala-Kazi Magomed pipeline}}
[[Category:Buildings and structures completed in 1983]]
[[Category:Natural gas pipelines in Russia]]
[[Category:Natural gas pipelines in Azerbaijan]]
[[Category:Gazprom pipelines]]
[[Category:Caspian Sea]]
[[Category:Azerbaijan–Russia relations]]
[[Category:1983 establishments in the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:Energy in the Soviet Union]]

Baku–Novorossiysk pipeline

2017-04-04T14:49:52Z

Lklundin: /* See also */ {{Portal|Azerbaijan|Russia|Engineering|Transport|Economy|Energy}} replaces {{Portal|Energy|Russia|Engineering|Transport|Economy}}

{{Infobox pipeline
| name = Baku–Novorossiysk pipeline
| type = oil
| photo =
| caption =
| map = Baku pipelines.svg
| map_caption = Location of Baku–Novorossiysk pipeline
| country = [[Azerbaijan]], [[Russia]]
| coordinates =
| operator = [[State Oil Company of Azerbaijan|SOCAR]], [[Transneft]]
| partners = [[State Oil Company of Azerbaijan|SOCAR]], [[Azerbaijan International Operating Company]], [[Transneft]]
| length_km = 1330
| discharge = 5 million tons per year
| direction = east–north-west
| start = [[Baku]] ([[Sangachal Terminal]]), [[Azerbaijan]]
| finish = [[Novorossiysk]], [[Russia]]
| est = 1997
| through =
| par = [[South Caucasus Pipeline]]
}}

The '''Baku–Novorossiysk pipeline''' (also known as the '''Northern Route Export Pipeline''' and '''Northern Early Oil Pipeline''') is an {{convert|1330|km|mi|adj=on}} long oil pipeline, which runs from the [[Sangachal Terminal]] near [[Baku]] to the [[Novorossiysk]] terminal at the [[Black Sea]] coast in [[Russia]]. The Azerbaijani section of the pipeline is operated by the [[State Oil Company of Azerbaijan Republic|State Oil Company of Azerbaijan Republic (SOCAR)]] and the Russian section is operated by [[Transneft]].<ref name=trendcapital>
{{cite news
| url = http://en.trend.az/capital/pengineering/1128666.html
| title = SOCAR Becomes Operator of Azerbaijani Section of Baku-Novorossiysk Pipeline
| author = S. Aliyev, V. Sharifov
| publisher = [[Trend News Agency|Trend Capital]]
| date = 2008-02-06
| accessdate = 2008-06-08
}}</ref>

==History==
A contract on the transportation of Azeri oil via Russia to the Black Sea port of Novorossiysk was signed on 18 February 1996. The trilateral contract was concluded between the [[Azerbaijan International Operating Company]], SOCAR and Transneft. The oil transportation through the pipeline started on 25 October 1997.<ref name=az3>
{{cite news
| url = http://www.azerbaijan.az/_Economy/_OilStrategy/oilStrategy_05_e.html
| title = Transport routes of Azerbaijani oil (Baku-Novorossiysk, Baku-Supsa)
| publisher = Azerbaijan Portal
| accessdate = 2008-06-08
}}</ref>

On 6 December 2006, after dispute over natural gas supplies from Russia, Azerbaijan announced that it will stop the exports of Azeri oil through the Baku–Novorossiysk pipeline starting on 1 January 2007.<ref name=eurasiablog>
{{cite news
| url = http://eurasiablog.wordpress.com/2006/12/08/confirmed-azerbaijan-to-stop-using-baku-novorossiysk-pipeline/
| title = Confirmed: Azerbaijan to stop using Baku-Novorossiysk pipeline
| publisher = Mosnews
| date = 2006-12-06
| accessdate = 2008-06-08
}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> Although SOCAR continued decreased oil supplies through the Baku-Novorossiysk Pipeline, the Azerbaijan International Operating Company stopped using the pipeline starting from 1 April 2007 and SOCAR became the new operator of the Azerbaijani section.
<ref name=regnum>
{{cite news
| url = http://www.regnum.ru/english/887804.html
| title = Azerbaijan decreases oil exports via Baku-Novorossiysk pipeline
| publisher = Regnum
| date = 2007-09-20
| accessdate = 2008-06-08
}}</ref> SOCAR temporarily stopped oil supplies through the pipeline in February 2008 due to a pricing disagreement with Transneft.<ref name=trendcapital/> Later that year, the disagreement has been resolved and SOCAR resumed pumping oil on old agreement terms. In August 2008, the transport of oil along the Baku–Novorossiysk pipeline was radically increased due to sabotage in Turkey and the conflict in Georgia forcing a temporary shutdown of the rival Baku-Ceyhan and Baku-Supsa pipelines. As of 2013, the Baku–Novorossiysk pipeline remains operational, although the volume of oil pumped through it is relatively low. In 2012, SOCAR exported a total of 25 million tons of oil along all routes. Among them, only 2 million tons were exported through the Baku–Novorossiysk pipeline. The remaining 20 million and 3 million tons were exported through the Baku-Ceyhan and Baku-Supsa routes respectively.<ref name=newsaz>
{{cite news
| url = http://www.1news.az/economy/oil_n_gas/20130108013158626.html
| title = В 2012 году SOCAR экспортировала 25 млн. тонн нефти по всем маршрутам
| publisher = 1NEWS.AZ
| accessdate = 2013-01-10
}}</ref>
The crude oil transported through Baku–Novorossiysk pipeline is developed within the framework of [[Chirag oil field#Chirag-1 and Early Oil Project|Early Oil Project]], first stage of larger [[Azeri-Chirag-Guneshli]] (ACG) project.<ref>[http://www.azembassy.gr/browse.php?lang=eng&page=0206 Embassy of Azerbaijan in Georgia]</ref>

==Route==
The Baku–Novorossiysk Pipeline extends to {{convert|1330|km|mi}}, of which {{convert|231|km|mi}} are laid in Azerbaijan.<ref name=az3/> In Russia the pipeline runs through [[Dagestan]]. Original route run also through [[Chechnya]] as it exploited the existing [[Grozny]]–Baku and Grozny–Novorossiysk pipelines.<ref name=karagiannis>
{{cite book
| url= https://books.google.com/books?id=MeWOAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA27&lpg=PA27
| title= Energy and Security in the Caucasus
| first = Emmanuel | last = Karagiannis
| publisher = [[Routledge]]
| page = 27
| year = 2013
| isbn = 9781134547425
}}</ref><ref name=stulberg>
{{cite book
| url= https://books.google.com/books?id=0Lw6fssZU7sC&pg=PA147
| title= Well-Oiled Diplomacy. Strategic Manipulation and Russia's Energy Statecraft in Eurasia
| first = Adam N. | last = Stulberg
| publisher = [[State University of New York Press]]
| page = 147
| year = 2007
| isbn = 9780791470633
}}</ref><ref name=marriot>
{{cite book
| url= https://books.google.com/books?id=OMmFBGXeLf8C&pg=PA100
| title= The Oil Road: Journeys From The Caspian Sea To The City Of London
| first1 = James | last1 = Marriott
| first2 = Mika | last2 = Minio-Paluello
| publisher = [[Verso Books]]
| page = 100
| year = 2012
| isbn = 9781844679270
}}</ref> However, during the [[Second Chechen War]] the Chechen section of the pipeline was closed and Transneft built a Chechenya- bypass loop.<ref name=kandiyoti>
{{cite book
| url= https://books.google.nl/books?id=PPM2AQQvFnIC&pg=PA165
| title= Pipelines: Flowing Oil and Crude Politics
| first = Rafael | last = Kandiyoti
| publisher = [[I.B. Tauris]]
| page = 165
| year = 2012
| isbn = 9781848858398
}}</ref>

==Technical features==
The diameter of the pipeline is {{convert|530|mm|in}} and the capacity of annual transfer is equal to 5 million tons.<ref name=az3/><ref name=regnum/> In 2009, Azerbaijan pumped 2.55 million tonnes of oil through this pipeline while the volume was only 1.3 million tonnes in 2008<ref>
{{cite news
| url= http://www.theazeritimes.com/site/fuel-energy/2317
| title= Azerbaijan Ends Oil Pumping Via Baku-Novorossiysk
| publisher= Azeri Times
| date=2009-07-31
| accessdate=2009-12-11
}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Azerbaijan|Russia|Engineering|Transport|Economy|Energy}}
* [[Azeri-Chirag-Guneshli]]
* [[Baku–Tbilisi–Ceyhan pipeline]]
* [[Baku–Supsa Pipeline]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.bp.com/sectiongenericarticle.do?categoryId=9006672&contentId=7015099 Western Route Export Pipeline (BP website)]
{{Black Sea Energy}}
{{Pipeline Systems of Russia}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Baku-Novorossiysk Pipeline}}
[[Category:Energy infrastructure completed in 2006]]
[[Category:Oil pipelines in Russia]]
[[Category:Oil pipelines in Azerbaijan]]
[[Category:Caspian Sea]]
[[Category:Azerbaijan–Russia relations]]
[[Category:Black Sea energy]]

Umid gas field

2017-04-04T14:46:20Z

Lklundin: /* See also */ {{Portal|Azerbaijan|Energy}}

{{Infobox oil field
| name = Umid
| image =
| caption =
| location_map = Caspian Sea
| location_map_width =
| location_map_text =
| relief =
| coordinates = 
| coordinates_ref =
| country = [[Azerbaijan]]
| region =
| location =
| block = Umid-Babek
| offonshore = Offshore
| operator = [[SOCAR]]
| partners =
| contractors =
| discovery = November 24, 2010
| start_development =
| start_production = September 2012
| peak_year =
| abandonment =
| API =
| peak_of_production_oil_bbl/d =
| peak_of_production_oil_tpy =
| peak_of_production_gas_mmcuft/d =
| peak_of_production_gas_mmscm/d =
| peak_of_production_gas_bcm/y =
| oil_production_bbl/d =
| oil_production_tpy =
| production_year_oil =
| production_gas_mmcuft/d =
| production_gas_mmscm/d =
| production_gas_bcm/y =
| production_year_gas =
| est_oil_bbl =
| est_oil_t =
| recover_oil_bbl =
| recover_oil_t =
| est_gas_bft =
| est_gas_bcm = 200
| recover_gas_bft =
| recover_gas_bcm =
| formations =
}}

'''Umid gas field''' ({{lang-az|Ümid qaz yatağı}}) is the second largest [[natural gas]] field in [[Azerbaijan]]. It is situated in the South [[Caspian Sea]], off the coast of Azerbaijan, approximately {{convert|75|km|mi}} southeast of [[Baku]], at a depth of {{convert|170|m|ft|}}.<ref name=ABC>{{cite news |url=http://abc.az/eng/news_25_11_2010_49655.html |title=First time for 28 years SOCAR has discovered independently a gas field in Caspian with reserves of 250 bn cu m |publisher=Abc.az |date=2010-11-25 |accessdate=2010-12-06}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.oilandgasinsight.com/file/94417/umid-discovery-suggests-upside-potential-to-reserves.html |title=Umid Discovery Suggests Upside Potential To Reserves |publisher=Oil and Gas magazine |author= |date=November 2010 |accessdate=2010-12-06}}</ref> In translation from [[Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]], ''Umid'' means ''Hope''.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://en.apa.az/news.php?id=135054 |title=Large gas field discovered in Azerbaijan
|publisher= [[Azeri Press Agency]] |author= Ali Ahmedov |date=2010-11-24 |accessdate=2010-12-06}}</ref>

==History==
Umid field is a part of a block previously consisting of Umid and Babek fields.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.echo-az.info/otkrytie-mestorozhdeniya-umid-po-sushhestvu-privodit-k-otkrytiyu-ochen-krupnyx-gazovyx-mestorozhdenij-%E2%80%93-ilxam-aliev.html |title=Открытие месторождения "Умид" по существу приводит к открытию очень крупных газовых месторождений – Ильхам Алиев
|trans_title= Ilham Aliyev: "Discovery of Umid field will lead to discoveries of large gas fields" |publisher= Ekho-Az |author= |date=2010-11-25 |accessdate=2010-12-06}}</ref> The geophysical works at Umid started in 1953 which were repeated in 1972. A total of 9 wells were drilled in the area from 1977 to 1992, however no commercially viable fields were discovered at the time.<ref name=ABC/><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.azernews.az/site/Oil_$_Gas/27210-Aliyev:_Azerbaijan_will_have_a_say_as_gas_exporter |title=Aliyev: Azerbaijan will have a say as gas exporter |publisher=Azernews |author= |date=2010-11-26 |accessdate=2010-12-06}}</ref>
In 2009, [[SOCAR]] financed the exploration works at Umid itself.<ref name=Upstream>{{cite news |url=http://www.upstreamonline.com/live/article237603.ece |title=Socar tallies up giant Umid field |publisher=Upstream Online |author= |date=2010-11-26 |accessdate=2010-12-06}}</ref> This is the first time since the [[Petroleum industry in Azerbaijan#.22Contract of the Century.22|Contract of the Century]] that Azerbaijan conducted exploration works entirely on its own.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://en.trend.az/capital/business/1786916.html |title=Azerbaijani President meets SOCAR management as Umid gas field commissioned in Caspian Sea |publisher=[[Trend News Agency]] |author= |date=2010-11-24 |accessdate=2010-12-06}}</ref> The discovery of 200 bcm and 30-40 million tons of condensate (around 270-360mn bbl) initially forecasted by [[Khoshbakht Yusifzadeh]] was announced by SOCAR on November 24, 2010 after successful drilling at {{convert|6500|m|ft|}} on exploration platform ''Umid-1''.<ref name=news>{{cite news |url=http://news.az/articles/economy/27797 |title=Umid gas field to bring $45bn of net income, expert |publisher=News.az |author= Akper Hasanov |date=2010-12-06 |accessdate=2010-12-06}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.pennenergy.com/index/articles/newsdisplay/1312446231.htm|title=Umid Discovery Suggests Upside Potential To Reserves |publisher= Penn Energy |author= |date=2010-12-01 |accessdate=2010-12-06}}</ref>

President [[Ilham Aliyev]] of Azerbaijan placed enormous hopes on the Umid gas field, remarking in 2010: "This field has a great future".<ref>{{cite web|title=Месторождение "Умид" увеличит газовый потенциал Азербайджана - президент|url=http://anspress.com/index.php?a=2&lng=ru&nid=73038|publisher=Azertaj|accessdate=30 December 2015}}</ref> In 2012 President Aliyev continued pinning great hopes on the competent development of the Umid gas block as part of overall major gas export strategy for Azerbaijan: "One of the wonderful events of recent months is that early gas has been produced from “Umid” field. This is a great indicator. The rate of the gas wells is very high. The first well has very encouraging figures. So “Umid” lives up to its name. The discovery of “Umid” by the State Oil Company of Azerbaijan is a historic event. The State Oil Company has managed to develop this large gas field on its own for the first time in recent years."<ref>{{cite web|title=President Ilham Aliyev speech (09.10.2012)|url=http://www.azleadersays.com/en/sitat/1588_From-the-closing-remarks-at-a-meeting-of-the-Cabinet-of-Ministers.html|publisher=Government of Azerbaijan|accessdate=30 December 2015}}</ref>

The joint venture of SOCAR with [[Nobel Oil Group]] drilled three wells in the Umid gas field since 2012. One well failed, while the other two produced decreasing amounts of natural gas: in 2012 – 1,500 thousand cubic meters of gas, 2013 – 638,000 cubic meters, and in 2014 - 630,000 cubic meters of gas per day. The plan was to drill a total of six wells producing one million to 1.5 million cubic meters of natural gas per day.<ref>{{cite web|title=На морском газовом месторождении "Умид" сдана в эксплуатацию новая высокодебитная скважина (Бахрам Рустамбеков, В.Т.)|url=http://www.1news.az/economy/oil_n_gas/20140130115604001.html|publisher=1news.az|accessdate=30 January 2014}}</ref>

The Nobel Oil Group is a corporate group operating primarily in the USA ([[Permian Basin]]), UK, in the [[Republic of Azerbaijan]] and in Romania. The Group provides integrated operating services within the oil and gas sector and is also developing its exploration and production capabilities. The group was set up by Azerbaijan-born Mr. Nasib Hasanov, the owner and founder of Nobel Oil Group. The holding company Nobel Oil Ltd. is legally registered as an offshore company in [[St. Kitts and Nevis]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Credit report, last updated on 14 April 2015|url=http://www.icpcredit.com/Companies/Nobel_Oi%20l_Ltd/485908.company|publisher=ICP|accessdate=16 December 2016}}</ref> as well as in the United Kingdom.<ref>{{cite web|title=MadeSimple, last updated on December 2015|url=https://www.companysearchesmadesimple.com/company/uk/06048976/nobel-oil-uk-ltd/#summary|accessdate=17 December 2016}}</ref> Nobel Oil (UK) Ltd. has two shareholders registered as an offshore company – Allendorf S.A. (1%) and Technogas LTD (99%). <ref>{{cite web|title=MadeSimple,last updated on June 2015|url=https://www.companysearchesmadesimple.com/company/uk/06048976/nobel-oil-uk-ltd/#people|publisher=Made Simple Group}}</ref> The Allendorf S.A. is owned by Ramiz Hasanov , citizen of Azerbaijan. <ref>{{cite web|title=Panama Offshore Leaks Database|url=https://panamadb.org/entity/allendorf-s-a_202059|publisher=Panamadb.org}}</ref>
Nobel Oil (UK) Ltd. comprises at least 7 subsidiaries - Nobel Oil Investment (UK) Ltd., Nobel Oil Services (UK) Limited, Nobel Oil E&P North Sea Limited, Nobel Oil E&P (UK) Limited, Nobel Oil E&P Caspian Limited, Nobel Oil E&P Management (UK) Limited, Nobel Oil E&P North America (UK) Limited.<ref>{{cite web|title=MadeSimple, last updated on December 2015|url=https://www.companysearchesmadesimple.com/company/uk/06048976/nobel-oil-uk-ltd/#people|accessdate=20 December 2016}}</ref>

In October 2014 SOCAR and [[Nobel Oil Group]] decided to stop all drilling due to "technical problems in the production process",<ref>{{cite web|title=Azerbaijan's SOCAR issues tender for two Caspian Sea gas deposits|url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/azerbaijan-gas-idUKL5N0RB3GK20140910|publisher=REUTERS|accessdate=10 September 2015}}</ref> and announced a new international tender for a fresh foreign partner to lead the way and create a new strategy.<ref>{{cite web|title=SOCAR отказалась от бурения новых скважин на газоконденсатном месторождении Умид|url=http://abc.az/news_10_09_2014_83553.html|publisher=ABC.az|accessdate=9 October 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=МЕСТОРОЖДЕНИE "УМИД" ОКАЗАЛСЯ SOCAR НЕ ПО СИЛАМ?|url=http://digest.az/index.php/ru/neft-i-gaz-azerbajdzhana/1083-mestorozhdenie-umid-okazalsya-socar-ne-po-silam|publisher=Haqqin.az|accessdate=10 September 2014}}</ref> As of January 2016, the tender has not been materialized. Since March 2015 SOCAR and Nobel Oil Group decided to drill a new appraisal well to get a better estimate of gas reserves in Umid, and hope that this drilling expense will be absorbed by the future foreign partner.<ref>{{cite web|title=SOCAR продолжает буровые работы на месторождении Умид |url=https://www.1news.az/economy/oil_n_gas/20151014045609157.html|publisher=1News.az|accessdate=14 October 2015}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|title=SOCAR возобновляет бурение на месторождении Умид|url=http://interfax.az/view/634098|publisher=Interfax|accessdate=11 March 2015}}</ref>
According to the wishes of SOCAR and Nobel Oil Group the new foreign partner must have not only the skills and experience of deep-water offshore drilling, but also have available cash reserves.<ref>{{cite web|title=SOCAR объявила тендер на совместную разработку газовых месторождений на Каспии|url=http://www.caspianoilgas.az/2015/?p=news__read&t=top&q=156&l=ru|publisher=Caspian Oil & Gas|accessdate=15 September 2014}}</ref>

According to expert determinations, the Umid ("Hope") gas field was too technologically challenging for the two companies developing it, despite spending some $5 billion USD already by 2010, and expecting, at the time of high gas prices, about $45 billion in net operating income.<ref>{{cite web|title=Umid gas field to bring $45bn of net income, expert (by Akper Hasanov, 06 December 2010)|url=http://news.az/articles/economy/27797|publisher=News.az|accessdate=30 December 2015}}</ref> Since 2010 expenses have only increased whilst natural gas market prices have fallen.<ref>{{cite web|title=SOCAR’S GAS EXPORT PRICE PLUNGES BY CUTTING DELIVERIES TO RUSSIA|url=http://www.naturalgaseurope.com/socar-exported-gas-price-plunges-by-cutting-deliveries-to-russia|publisher=Azerbaijan Centre for Oil Studies|accessdate=21 January 2015}}</ref><ref>{{quote|"In 2014, the price of 1000 cubic meters (cm) of exported gas by SOCAR was $166.89, while this figure in 2013 was $231.29, which marks an 28 percent increase."}}</ref>

==Ownership==
The gas field currently JV between SOCAR (80%) and [[Nobel Oil Group|Nobel Oil]] (20%) companies.<ref>http://new.socar.az/socar/en/company/joint-ventures/socar-umid-llc</ref> The JV's founding capital was just 1,000 [[Azerbaijani manat|AZN]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Construction of offshore platform on Umid saves SOCAR’s $180m|url=http://news.az/articles/economy/22825|publisher=News.az|accessdate=7 January 2016}}</ref>

It has been reported that [[Statoil]] was negotiating in 2013 to take a major role in developing a cluster of Umid, Babek, Zafar and Mashal fields.<ref name=upstream310113>
{{cite news
| url = http://www.upstreamonline.com/live/article1315790.ece
| title = Statoil 'in talks for Azeri mega-project'
| first = Steve | last = Marshall
| newspaper = [[Upstream (newspaper)|Upstream Online]]
| publisher = NHST Media Group
| date = 2013-01-31
| accessdate = 2013-01-31}}
</ref>

==Reserves==
SOCAR leadership estimates that with further drilling, the overall reserves at Umid are likely to reach 300 bcm while those of Babek field lying under Umid will reach 600 bcm. Drilling at Babek will also be done by SOCAR.<ref name=ABC/> The Azerbaijan's total gas reserves are estimated at 3 to 5 trillion cubic meters (tcm).<ref name=Upstream/> The discovery will boost Azerbaijan's potential as gas exporter to Western countries through the European evacuation route, i.e. Trans-Adriatic pipeline or [[Nabucco West pipeline]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://uk.finance.yahoo.com/news/UPDATE-1-Azerbaijan-Umid-gas-targetukfocus-1119658655.html?x=0 |title= Azerbaijan: Umid gas reserves 2nd only to Shah Deniz |publisher=Yahoo Finance |author= |date=2010-11-24 |accessdate=2010-12-06}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Azerbaijan|Energy}}
*[[Azeri-Chirag-Guneshli]]
*[[Shah Deniz gas field]]
*[[Shafag-Asiman]]
*[[Nakhichevan field]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Energy in Azerbaijan}}

{{coord missing|Azerbaijan}}

[[Category:Natural gas fields in Azerbaijan]]
[[Category:Caspian Sea]]

Shah Deniz gas field

2017-04-04T14:46:14Z

Lklundin: /* See also */ {{Portal|Azerbaijan|Energy}}

{{Infobox Oil field
| name = Shah Deniz
| location_map = Caspian Sea| location_map_width =
| location_map_text =
| coordinates = {{coord|39|58|N|50|13|E|type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_ref =
| country = [[Azerbaijan]]
| locblock =
| offonshore = Offshore
| partners = [[BP]] (28.8%), [[Turkish Petroleum Overseas Company Limited]] (19%), [[SOCAR]] (16.7%), [[Statoil]] (15.5%), [[LukAgip]] (10%), [[National Iranian Oil Company|Oil Industries Engineering & Construction (OIEC)]] (10%).<ref name="statoil.com" />
| operator = BP
| image =
| caption =
| discovery = 1999
| startofproduction = 2006
| peakofproduction =
| expectedabandonment =
| production_gas_bcm/y = 7
| est_oil_bbl = 3000
| est_gas_bcm = 1200
| est_gas_ref = <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.upstreamonline.com/live/article237603.ece |title=Upstream Online.Socar tallies up giant Umid field |accessdate= 2010-12-06|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121002085047/http://www.upstreamonline.com/live/article237603.ece|archivedate=2012-10-02}}</ref>
| producingformations =
}}

'''Shah Deniz gas field''' is the largest [[natural gas]] field in [[Azerbaijan]]. It is situated in the South [[Caspian Sea]], off the coast of Azerbaijan, approximately {{convert|70|km|mi}} southeast of [[Baku]], at a depth of {{convert|600|m|ft|-2}}. The field covers approximately {{convert|860|km2|sqmi}}. The Shah Deniz gas and condensate field was discovered in 1999. Stretching out over 140 square kilometres, the reservoir is similar in size and shape to Manhattan Island.

It is considered to be a founding link for the [[Southern Gas Corridor]], aiming to bring additional and alternative natural gas volumes to EU member countries.

== Shareholders ==
The Shah Deniz field is operated by [[BP]] which has a share of 28.8%. Other partners include [[Türkiye Petrolleri Anonim Ortaklığı|TPAO]] (19%), [[SOCAR]] (16.7%), [[Petronas]] (15.5%), [[LUKoil]] (10%) and [[National Iranian Oil Company#Participations in foreign gas fields|NIOC]] (10%).

[[Eni]] sold its 5% share to LUKOIL in June 2004. Later divestitures included pre-FID (Final Investment Decision) in December 2013 sales of 10% of the shares by [[Statoil]], to BP and SOCAR who shared them at 3.3% and 6.7% respectively.<ref name="statoil.com">http://www.statoil.com/en/NewsAndMedia/News/2014/Pages/06May_ShahDeniz.aspx</ref> as well as sale by Total SA in May 2014 its 10% share to Turkish [[Türkiye Petrolleri Anonim Ortaklığı|TPAO]]<ref>http://total.com/en/media/news/press-releases/20140530-Azerbaijan-Total-sells-its-10-interest-in-Shah-Deniz-to-TPAO</ref>

In October 2014, Statoil sold its remaining 15.5% stake in the project to [[Petronas]] for a fee of $2.25 billion.<ref>{{cite press release | publisher=Reuters| date=13 October 2014| title=Statoil exits Shah Deniz with $2.25 billion sale to Petronas | url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/10/13/us-statoil-petronas-shahdeniz-idUSKCN0I209020141013}}</ref>

== Reserves ==
The Shah Deniz reserves are estimated at between {{convert|1.5|Goilbbl|m3}} to {{convert|3|Goilbbl|m3}} of oil equivalent from 50 to 100 billion cubic meters of gas. Gas production to date at the end of 2005 was estimated to be approximately 7 billion cubic meters (600 mmcf/day avg). The Shah Deniz field also contains [[gas condensate]] in excess of 400 million cubic meters.

== Pipeline ==
The {{convert|692|km|mi}} [[South Caucasus Pipeline]], which began operation at the end of 2006, transports gas from the Shah Deniz field in the Azerbaijan sector of the [[Caspian Sea]] to [[Turkey]], through [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]].

The associated condensate is mixed with the oil from the ACG field and is transported to [[Turkey]] through [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]], along the [[Baku–Tbilisi–Ceyhan pipeline]].

== Recent developments ==
The Shah Deniz scheme started to produce gas at the end of December 2006, three months later than expected, and was forced to close briefly in January 2007. Azerbaijan announced that the field had resumed output only to admit that it had been shut down once more, for a few weeks, due to technical issues. The shutdown forced Georgia to buy emergency gas supplies from Russia at a market price. Georgia hopes that production from Shah Deniz will allow the country to decrease its energy — and political — dependence on Russia.<ref name=guardian>.
{{cite news
|url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2007/feb/05/oilandpetrol.news
|title=More trouble for BP as gas scheme is halted
|publisher=Guardian
|date=2007-02-05
|accessdate=2008-07-12
| location=London
| first=Terry
| last=MacAlister|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121114143659/http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/2007/feb/05/oilandpetrol.news|archivedate=2012-11-14}}</ref>

By July 2007, the Shah Deniz gas plant at [[Sangachal Terminal]] was fully operational, with all buyers of Shah Deniz taking gas.

== Phase 2 ==
Shah Deniz-2 discussions started in 2008 with the main topic being the selection of transportation routes for additional gas volumes. Five-year-long, intense negotiations were finalized with the signing of the ''Final Investment Decision'' (FID) on 17 December 2013 in Baku, Azerbaijan.

Key discussions concentrated on the selection of a pipeline to deliver the additional gas from the field to the European markets. It took years of negotiations to narrow down almost a dozen proposals to the final competing projects, [[Trans Adriatic Pipeline|TAP]] and [[Nabucco pipeline|Nabucco]].

Nine companies agreed to sign a gas sales agreement (GSA) with the consortium:<ref>http://www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/press/press-releases/shah-deniz-major-sales-agreements-with-european-gas-purchasers-c.html</ref>
* [[Axpo Trading AG]]
* [[Bulgargaz EAD]]
* [[DEPA Public Gas Corporation of Greece S.A.]]
* [[Enel Trade SpA]]
* [[E.ON Global Commodities SE]]
* [[Gas Natural Aprovisionamientos SDG SA]]
* [[GDF SUEZ S.A.]]
* [[Hera Trading srl]]
* [[Shell Energy Europe Limited]]

Out of total 10 bcm intended for Europe, 1 bcm will go to Bulgaria and Greece and the rest will go to buyers in other countries, mainly Italy.

The project will include two additional bridge-linked offshore gas platforms, undersea wells and an expansion of the gas plant at Sangachal Terminal, at an estimated cost of at least $10 billion.<ref name=rigzone>{{cite news
|url= http://www.rigzone.com/news/article.asp?a_id=50882
|title= Investment in Shah Deniz Stage 2 Seen at $10 Billion
|author = Aida Sultanova; Andrew Langley
|publisher=Rigzone
|date=2007-10-01
|accessdate=2008-07-12|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130708223642/http://www.rigzone.com/news/article.asp?a_id=50882|archivedate=2013-07-08}}</ref>

The overall cost of Phase 2 expansion, including upstream and midstream stages ([[Trans-Anatolian gas pipeline|TANAP]] and [[Trans Adriatic Pipeline|TAP]] pipelines) is estimated to be around $45 billion.

In December 2016, the [[Asian Development Bank]] approved a total of $1 billion in both public and private assistance to support the expansion of the Shah Deniz 2 field. The assistance was made up of a $500 million private sector loan to the Southern Gas Corridor Closed Joint Stock Company and a $500 million sovereign-counterguaranteed partial credit guarantee. This guarantee will back over $500 million in commercial loans from a consortium of banks to SCG.<ref>ADB. 2016. '[https://www.adb.org/news/adb-supports-1-billion-financing-expand-azerbaijan-gas-field ADB Supports $1 Billion Financing to Expand Azerbaijan Gas Field']. Manila.</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|Azerbaijan|Energy}}
* [[South Caucasus Pipeline]]
* [[Shafag-Asiman]]
* [[Trans-Anatolian gas pipeline|TANAP]]
* [[Trans Adriatic Pipeline|TAP]]
* [[Azeri-Chirag-Guneshli]]
* [[Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan pipeline]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.offshore-technology.com/projects/shah_deniz/ Shah Deniz], Offshore Technology website
* [http://www.statoil.com/STATOILCOM/SVG00990.NSF/UNID/4EA4B72819714FC8C1256F16002A6E0B?OpenDocument Shah Deniz and the South Caucasus gas pipeline], Statoil website
* [http://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/pdf/Press/shah_deniz_2_brochure_english.pdf Shahdeniz-2 brochure], BP Azerbaijan

{{Energy in Azerbaijan}}

[[Category:Natural gas fields in Azerbaijan]]
[[Category:Caspian Sea]]
[[Category:BP oil and gas fields]]

Shafag-Asiman gas field

2017-04-04T14:46:09Z

Lklundin: /* See also */ {{Portal|Azerbaijan|Energy}}

{{Infobox oilfield
| name = Shafag-Asiman
| country = [[Azerbaijan]]
| region = Caspian Basin
| location = 125km southeast of Baku
| block = Shafag-Asiman
| offonshore = offshore
| coordinates =
| operator = [[BP]]
| operators =
| partners = [[BP]] (50%), [[SOCAR]] (50%)
| image =
| caption =
| discovery = 2009
| start_development = 2023
| start_production =
| peak_year =
| abandonment =
| oil_production_bbl/d =
| oil_production_tpy =
| production_year_oil =
| production_gas_mmcuft/d =
| production_gas_mmscm/d =
| production_gas_bcm/y =
| production_year_gas =
| est_oil_bbl =
| est_oil_t =
| est_gas_bft =
| est_gas_bcm = 500
| formations =
}}

'''Shafag-Asiman''' ([[Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]]: ''Şəfəq və Asiman'') is a large complex of offshore geological structures in the [[Caspian Sea]] located {{convert|125|km|mi|abbr=on}} southeast of [[Baku]], [[Azerbaijan]].<ref name=today>{{cite news | url= http://today.az/news/business/70583.html | title= SOCAR and BP sign agreement on development project of oil and gas structures in Azerbaijan | publisher= [[Today.az]] | author = | date=2010-07-06 | accessdate=2010-07-06}}</ref> The Shafag and Asiman structures have been previously called D8 and D10, respectively.<ref name=caspian>{{cite news | url= http://www.caspianbusinessnews.com/?fn_mode=fullnews&fn_id=543 | title= SOCAR starts making technical concept of new refinery for Turkey’s holding Petkim | publisher= Caspian Business News | author = | date=2010-07-06 | accessdate=2010-07-07}}</ref>

==History==
[[Memorandum of understanding|MOU]] for exploring the Shafag-Asiman structures was signed on July 13, 2009. According to the initial agreement, the offshore block will be jointly developed by [[BP]] and [[State Oil Company of Azerbaijan Republic]] (SOCAR). The MOU was signed by the President of SOCAR, [[Rovnag Abdullayev]] and Chief Executive of Exploration and Production of BP, [[Andy Inglis]] in the presence of [[President of Azerbaijan]], [[Ilham Aliyev]] and former [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]], [[Gordon Brown]].<ref name=BP>{{Cite press release | title = BP and SOCAR Sign MOU To Explore New Caspian Acreage | publisher = [[BP]] | date = 2009-07-13 | url = http://www.bp.com/genericarticle.do?categoryId=2012968&contentId=7054499 | accessdate = 2010-05-21 }}</ref> The MOU was followed by signing of [[Heads of Agreement (law)|Heads of Agreement ]] on basic commercial principles on joint exploration and development of the fields by Rovnag Abdullayev and President of BP Azerbaijan, [[Rashid Javanshir]] on July 6, 2010, during the visit of President of BP, [[Tony Hayward]] to Azerbaijan.<ref name=today/><ref name=Financial>{{cite news | url= http://www.finchannel.com/news_flash/Oil_%26_Auto/66798_Tony_Hayward's_Visit_to_Azerbaijan_/ | title= Tony Hayward's Visit to Azerbaijan | publisher= Financial| author = | date=2010-07-07 | accessdate=2010-07-07}}</ref> The [[Production sharing agreement|PSA]] for development and exploration of Shafag-Asiman block covers a period of 30 years with potential extension of up to 5 more years. First two exploration wells will be drilled within the next four years with possible extension of exploration works for 3 more years. All costs for exploration works will be covered by BP.<ref>{{cite news | url= http://www.azernews.az/site/Oil_$_Gas/22146-BP_committed_to_Azeri_energy_projects_despite_sell-out_speculation' | title= BP committed to Azeri energy projects despite sell-out speculation | publisher= Azernews| author = | date=2010-07-07 | accessdate=2010-07-07}}</ref> Development of Shafag-Asiman block is considered by some as extension of [[Azeri-Chirag-Guneshli]] (ACG) project, operated by BP.<ref>{{cite news | url= http://www.offshore-mag.com/index/article-display/1769899630/articles/offshore/volume-70/issue-50/international-e_p/operators-chasing.html | title= Operators chasing further reserves in established/emerging offshore Middle East plays | publisher= Offshore Magazine | author = Jeremy Beckman | date=2010-05-01 | accessdate=2010-07-07}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url= http://news.az/articles/18667 | title= Azerbaijan’s SOCAR and BP sign new agreement | publisher= News.az | author = | date=2010-07-06 | accessdate=2010-07-07}}</ref> Exploration works are expected to start in the second half of 2016 and continue through the second half of 2017.<ref name=Trend2>{{cite news | url= http://en.trend.az/capital/energy/1928412.html | title= BP-Azerbaijan to launch drilling on Shafag-Asiman in 2016 (UPDATE) | publisher= [[Trend News Agency]] | author = E.Ismayilov | date=2011-08-08 | accessdate=2011-09-08}}</ref>

==Reservoir==
The offshore block covers an area of nearly {{convert|1100|km2}} which have never been explored before. The fields are located in a deepwater section of close to {{convert|650|to|800|m|ft}} with a reservoir depth of about {{convert|7000|m|ft}}.<ref name=BP/><ref>{{cite news | url=http://az.apa.az/news.php?id=159105 | title= BP ilə ARDNŞ arasında “Şəfəq” və “Asiman” perspektiv strukturlarının birgə geoloji-kəşfiyyatı və işlənməsinə dair anlaşma memorandumu imzalanıb |trans_title= BP and SOCAR signed an MOU for joint development and exploration of Shafag and Asiman prospect structures | publisher= [[Azeri Press Agency]] | author = | date=2010-06-13 | accessdate=2010-07-07}}</ref> The initial reserves are estimated to be about 500 billion cubic meters of gas and 65 million tons of condensate.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.allbusiness.com/mining-extraction/oil-gas-exploration-extraction-oil/14576081-1.html | title= AFR Reserves of several perspective fields in Azerbaijan exceed 2.5tln cu.m gas | publisher= All Business | author = E.Ismayilov | date=2010-06-04 | accessdate=2010-07-07}}</ref> The 2D geophysical surveys previously conducted at block indicate that these deeply laying structures may contain big amounts of gas.<ref name=caspian/> The 3D-seismic study in three stages is being carried out by ''Caspian Geophysical'' under BP contract. The first phase will be completed in 2011; the second data processing phase in 2012 and the third data interpretation phase in the first half of 2014.<ref name=Trend2/>

==See also==
{{Portal|Azerbaijan|Energy}}
*[[Azeri-Chirag-Guneshli]]
*[[Shah Deniz gas field]]
*[[Umid gas field]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Energy in Azerbaijan}}

{{coord missing|Azerbaijan}}

[[Category:Natural gas fields in Azerbaijan]]
[[Category:Energy in the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:Caspian Sea]]
[[Category:BP oil and gas fields]]

Absheron gas field

2017-04-04T14:46:03Z

Lklundin: /* References */ {{Portal|Azerbaijan|Energy}}

{{Infobox oil field
| name = Absheron gas field
| image =
| caption =
| location_map = Caspian Sea
| location_map_width =
| location_map_text =
| lat_d =
| lat_m =
| lat_s =
| lat_NS =
| long_d =
| long_m =
| long_s =
| long_EW =
| coordinates_type = type:landmark
| coordinates_display= inline,title
| coordinates_ref =
| country = [[Azerbaijan]]
| region = [[Caspian Sea]]
| location =
| block =
| offonshore = Offshore
| operators = [[Total S.A.]]
| partners = [[Total S.A.]] [[SOCAR]] [[GDF Suez]]
| contractors =
| discovery = 1960
| start_development =
| start_production = 2021 (expected)
| peak_year =
| abandonment =
| peak_of_production_oil_bbl/d =
| peak_of_production_oil_tpy =
| peak_of_production_gas_mmcuft/d =
| peak_of_production_gas_mmscm/d =
| peak_of_production_gas_bcm/y =
| oil_production_bbl/d =
| oil_production_tpy =
| production_year_oil =
| production_gas_mmcuft/d =
| production_gas_mmscm/d =
| production_gas_bcm/y =
| production_year_gas =
| est_oil_bbl =
| est_oil_t =
| recover_oil_bbl =
| recover_oil_t =
| est_gas_bft =
| est_gas_bcm = 350
| recover_gas_bft =
| recover_gas_bcm =
| formations =
}}
The '''Absheron gas field''' is an offshore natural gas field in the [[Caspian Sea]]. The field is located {{convert|100|km}} southeast of [[Baku]] and {{convert|25|km}} northeast of the [[Shah Deniz gas field]]. It covers approximately {{convert|270|km2}}.<ref name=upstream09091105>
{{cite news
| newspaper = [[Upstream (newspaper)|Upstream Online]]
| publisher = NHST Media Group
| title = Total in 'major' Caspian gas hit
| url= http://www.upstreamonline.com/live/article277533.ece
| date = 2011-09-09
| accessdate=2011-09-18
| id = {{subscription required}}}}
</ref><ref>{{cite press release |url=http://www.total.com/en/about-total/news/news-940500.html&idActu=2636 |title= Azerbaijan: Total makes a major gas discovery in the Caspian Sea |publisher=[[Total S.A.]] | date=2011-09-09 |accessdate=2011-09-19}}</ref>

Partners of the Absheron field are [[Total S.A.]] (40%), [[SOCAR]] (40%), and [[GDF Suez]] (20%). Operator of the field is Total.<ref name=trend120911/>

==History==
Absheron block has been discovered as a result of [[seismic exploration]] by Azerbaijani scientists in 1960 and was commissioned for exploration works in 1993. The first [[production sharing agreement]] on the Absheron field was signed between SOCAR and [[ChevronTexaco]] on August 1, 1997. According to the agreement, contractors conducted three seismic studies of {{convert|634|km2}} of the block and drilled an exploration well in its southern section at a depth of {{convert|520|m}}.<ref name=qazet>{{cite news |url=http://www.525.az/view.php?lang=az&menu=15&id=34556 |title="Abşeron" yatağının karbohidrogen ehtiyatları açıqlanıb |trans_title=Hydrocarbons at Absheron field have been discovered |publisher=525-ci qazet |first=Gunay | last = Farhadgyzy |date=2011-09-13 |accessdate=2011-09-19}}</ref> In 2001, gas condensate beds were found on the depth of {{convert|6500|m}}; however, these reserves were estimated as commercially unprofitable and Chevron quit the project in December 2005.<ref name=azerireport/>

The new contract between Total and SOCAR was signed on February 27, 2009.<ref name=azerireport>
{{cite news
|url= http://azerireport.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1051
|title= SOCAR and Total Sign An Agreement On Absheron Field
|publisher= Azeri Report
|date=2009-02-27
|accessdate=2011-09-18}}
</ref> The agreement which oversaw drilling of three exploration wells within the next three years was ratified by [[National Assembly of Azerbaijan|Azerbaijani Parliament]] in mid May, 2009.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.upi.com/Business_News/Energy-Resources/2009/05/22/Baku-ratifies-deal-with-Total/UPI-39671243012089/ |title=Baku ratifies deal with Total |publisher=UPI |date=2009-05-22 |accessdate=2011-09-19}}</ref> Later GDF Suez acquired 20% stake from Total.<ref name=trend120911/> The area stipulated in the agreement covered {{convert|747|km2}}.<ref name=qazet/>

Significant natural gas resources were discovered in September 2011 at the Absheron X-2 exploration well drilled by the ''Heydar Aliyev'' drilling rig, operated by [[Maersk Drilling]], at a depth of {{convert|6550|m}}.<ref name=upstream09091105/><ref name=trend120911/>

==Reserves==
The field is expected to contain {{convert|350|e9m3|abbr=off}} of natural gas and 45 million ton of [[gas condensate]].<ref name=trend120911>
{{cite news
|url= http://en.trend.az/capital/energy/1930101.html
|title= SOCAR names volume of Absheron field's gas reserves
|publisher= [[Trend News Agency]]
|date=2011-09-12
|accessdate=2011-09-18}}
</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-09-09/total-claims-major-gas-discovery-in-azeri-caspian-sea-1-.html |title=Total Makes 'Major' Natural-Gas Discovery in Caspian Sea Off Azerbaijan | agency=[[Bloomberg L.P|.Bloomberg]] |first=Zulfugar |last=Agayev |date=2011-09-09 |accessdate=2011-09-19}}</ref> subsequently boosting Azerbaijan's gas reserves from {{convert|2.2|e12m3|abbr=off}} to {{convert|2.5|e12m3|abbr=off}}.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://af.reuters.com/article/energyOilNews/idAFL5E7KC2F320110912 |title=Total's discovery boosts Azerbaijan's gas reserves |agency=[[Reuters]] |author= |date=2011-09-12 |accessdate=2011-09-19}}</ref> According to [[Government of Azerbaijan|Azerbaijani authorities]], the production is likely to being in 2021-2022. However, the company intends to drill an additional exploration well at a depth of {{convert|4000|m}} and if the results are positive, the operator will be in position to immediately establish a fixed platform, accelerating production by 5 to 6 years.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.georgiatimes.info/en/news/63990.html |title=SOCAR has announced the stocks of "Absheron" gas field | newspaper = Georgian Times |date=2011-09-12 |accessdate=2011-09-19}}</ref>

==Significance==
The discovery of vast gas reserves at Absheron field will positively affect the job market in Azerbaijan and significantly boost the [[Economy of Azerbaijan|Azerbaijani economy]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://en.trend.az/news/politics/1929637.html |title=MP: Gas discovered in "Absheron" field has great economic and political significance |agency=[[Trend News Agency]] |author=M.Aliyev |date=2011-09-11 |accessdate=2011-09-19}}</ref> According to experts, [[Nabucco pipeline|Nabucco project]] may be realized on the basis of Azerbaijani gas alone if this find is exploited properly by Total, which also holds a 10% stake in [[South Caucasus Pipeline|South Caucasus Pipeline Consortium]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://oilprice.com/Energy/Energy-General/Fresh-Hopes-for-Nabucco-Pipeline-following-Totals-Natural-Gas-Discovery.html |title=Fresh Hopes for Nabucco Pipeline following Total’s Natural Gas Discovery |publisher= OilPrice.com |author=John C.K. Daly |date=2011-09-15 |accessdate=2011-09-19}}</ref>

After the selection TAP as main pipeline to deliver natural gas from Azerbaijan to Europe, Absheron field has diminished its significance since the capacity of the pipeline will not need additional volumes of gas.

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

{{Portal|Azerbaijan|Energy}}
{{Energy in Azerbaijan}}

{{coord missing|Azerbaijan}}

[[Category:Natural gas fields in Azerbaijan]]
[[Category:Caspian Sea]]
[[Category:Total S.A.]]
[[Category:Engie oil and gas fields]]

Azeri–Chirag–Gunashli

2017-04-04T14:45:15Z

Lklundin: /* See also */ {{Portal|Azerbaijan|Energy}}

{{update|date=December 2015}}
{{Infobox oil field
| name = Azeri–Chirag–Gunashli
| image =
| caption =
| location_map = Caspian Sea
| location_map_width =
| location_map_text =
| coordinates = {{coord|40|1|4|N|51|15|58|E|type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_ref =
| country = [[Azerbaijan]]
| region = [[Caspian Sea]]
| location =
| block =
| offonshore = Offshore
| operator = [[Azerbaijan International Operating Company|AIOC]]
| partners = [[BP]], [[SOCAR]], [[Chevron Corporation|Chevron]], [[Inpex]], [[Statoil]], [[ExxonMobil]], [[Türkiye Petrolleri Anonim Ortaklığı|TPAO]], [[Itochu]], [[Oil and Natural Gas Corporation|ONGC Videsh]]
| contractors =
| discovery = 1985
| start_development =
| start_production = 1997
| peak_year = 2010
| abandonment =
| peak_of_production_oil_bbl/d =
| peak_of_production_oil_tpy =
| peak_of_production_gas_mmcuft/d =
| peak_of_production_gas_mmscm/d =
| peak_of_production_gas_bcm/y =
| oil_production_bbl/d = 631000
| oil_production_tpy =
| production_year_oil = 2016
| production_gas_mmcuft/d =
| production_gas_mmscm/d = 10
| production_gas_bcm/y =
| production_year_gas =
| est_oil_bbl = 5000
| est_oil_t =
| recover_oil_bbl =
| recover_oil_t =
| est_gas_bft =
| est_gas_bcm =
| recover_gas_bft =
| recover_gas_bcm =
| formations =
}}
'''Azeri–Chirag–Gunashli''' ('''ACG''', {{lang-az|Azəri-Çıraq-Günəşli}}) or '''Azeri–Chirag–Deepwater Gunashli''' is a complex of [[oil field]]s in the [[Caspian Sea]], about {{convert|120|km}} off the coast of [[Azerbaijan]]. It consist of [[Azeri oilfield|Azeri]] and [[Chirag oilfield|Chirag]] oil fields, and the [[Gunashli oilfield|deepwater portion of the Gunashli oil field]]. An overall estimated area of the development is {{convert|432.4|km2}}.<ref name="SOCAR">[http://socar.az/btc-az.html ''SOCAR website'' Azeri–Chirag–Guneshli] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091016053609/http://socar.az/btc-az.html |date=October 16, 2009 }}</ref> It is developed by the [[Azerbaijan International Operating Company]], a consortium of international oil companies, and operated by [[BP]] on behalf of the consortium. The ACG fields have estimated recoverable reserves of about {{convert|5|to|6|Goilbbl|abbr=off}} of [[petroleum]]. As of the end of 2005, the production rate from eight pre-drilled [[oil well|wells]] at the [[oil platform|platform]] was approximately {{convert|240000|oilbbl/d}}.<ref name="Offshore Technology">[http://www.offshore-technology.com/projects/acg/ Offshore Technology. Azeri-Chirag-Gunashli (ACG) Oil Field, Caspian Sea, Azerbaijan]</ref>

The peak of oil production, {{convert|835000|oilbbl/d}}, was reached in third quarter of 2010. In the first quarter of 2012 oil production was about {{convert|710000|oilbbl/d}}.<ref name="azeri.ru">[http://www.azeri.ru/papers/contact_az/101296/]</ref>

BP reports that [[crude oil]] from ACG is exported through the [[Baku–Tbilisi–Ceyhan pipeline]] to the [[Mediterranean Sea]] and the [[Baku-Supsa Pipeline]] to [[Supsa]] in [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]], as well as through the [[Baku-Novorossiysk Pipeline]] to [[Novorossiysk]] in [[Russia]]. It is also believed that there are large untapped gas reserves under ACG oilfields.<ref>{{cite news
| url= http://www.jamestown.org/single/?no_cache=1&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=32732
| title= Caspian gas plentiful now for Nabucco pipeline project
| publisher= [[The Jamestown Foundation]]
| work=Eurasia Daily Monitor
| author = [[Vladimir Socor]]
| date=2007-05-09
| volume=4
| issue=92
| accessdate=2009-11-25
}}</ref>
Media reports indicate that according to American Consulting Association IHS CERA (Cambridge Energy Research Associates), the Azeri–Chirag–Gunashli is the third largest oil-field development out of 20 listed. Total investment is estimated at US$20 billion.<ref>{{cite news
| url= http://en.trend.az/capital/pengineering/1524740.html
| title= Azerbaijani oil field third in IHS CERA ranking of world's 20 largest oil fields
| publisher= [[Trend News Agency]]
| author = A.Badalova
| date=2009-08-18
| accessdate=2009-11-24
}}</ref> As of 2008 reports, oil coming from ACG field accounts to nearly 80% of Azerbaijan's total oil output<ref>[http://www.eia.doe.gov/cabs/Azerbaijan/Full.html US Energy Information Administration. Azerbaijan] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071114121045/http://www.eia.doe.gov/cabs/Azerbaijan/Full.html |date=November 14, 2007 }}</ref> and is expected to bring Azerbaijan potentially $80 billion in profits.<ref name="The Caspian">
{{cite book
|last1= Akiner|first1=Shirin
|last2= |first2=
|title= The Caspian: politics, energy and security
|volume=
|year= 2004
|publisher= RoutledgeCurzon
|page=129}}
</ref>

==History==
Formation of the Azeri–Chirag–Gunashli development started in the beginning of 1990s. In January 1991, the Azerbaijani government announced separate international tenders of exploration rights for Azeri, Chirag, and Gunashli fields. In June 1991, an consortium of [[Amoco]], [[Unocal]], [[British Petroleum]], [[Statoil]], [[McDermott International|McDermott]], and Ramco was formed for a development of Azeri field. Azerbaijan was represented in the consortium by SOCAR. Negotiations were expanded to include all three fields. After [[Heydar Aliyev]] became [[Azerbaijani presidential election, 1993|President of Azerbaijan in 1993]], talks with foreign companies were stopped and [[Lukoil]] was invited to the consortium. Negotiations resumed in 1994.<ref name=croissant>
{{cite book
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=3lyCPmitLkQC&pg=PA104&lpg=PA109
| title = Oil and Geopolitics in the Caspian Sea Region
| first1 = Michael P. | last1 = Croissant
| first2 = Bülent | last2 = Aras
| publisher = [[Greenwood Publishing Group]]
| pages = 104–109
| year = 1999
| isbn = 9780275963958
}}</ref> The [[production sharing agreement]] was signed by the parties on 20 September 1994 for development of the fields for 30 years.<ref name="Offshore Technology"/><ref name="Caucaz europenews">{{cite news
| url= http://www.caucaz.com/home_eng/breve_contenu.php?id=223
| title= West Azeri platform of the Azeri-Chirag-Guneshli offshore oilfield commences oil extraction
| publisher= Caucaz europenews
| author = Tarel Gusep. Translated by Theresa Murphy
| date=2006-01-13
| accessdate=2009-11-24
}}</ref><ref name="Alexander">{{cite news
| url= http://www.gasandoil.com/goc/company/cnc92194.htm
| title= BP reports over 1 bn barrel of oil production in Azeri-Chirag-Guneshli field
| publisher= Alexander's Gas and Oil Connections
| author =
| volume=14
| issue=8
| date=2009-04-15
| accessdate=2009-11-24
}}</ref><ref name="Azerbaijan International">
{{cite journal
| url = http://azer.com/aiweb/categories/magazine/ai143_folder/143_articles/143_history_acg.html
| title = History of Azeri-Chirag-Gunashli (ACG) Project - Baku (1994-2006)
|date=September 2006
| journal = [[Azerbaijan International]]
| accessdate = 2009-11-25 }}
</ref> The day of the signing of PSA agreement is celebrated as ''The Day of Oilworkers'' in Azerbaijan.<ref name="SOCAR"/>

At the first stage, the consortium started development drilling of the Chirag field in August 1997. First oil was produced in November 1997.<ref name="Azerbaijan International"/> This development stage was also known as [[Chirag oilfield#Chirag-1 and Early Oil Project|''the Early Oil Project (EOP)'']]. Originally, producd oil was exported through the [[Baku–Novorossiysk pipeline]]. A contract on the oil transportation via Russia to the [[Black Sea]] port of [[Novorossiysk]] was signed on 18 February 1996. The oil transportation through the pipeline started on 25 October 1997.<ref name=az3>
{{cite news
| url = http://www.azerbaijan.az/_Economy/_OilStrategy/oilStrategy_05_e.html
| title = Transport routes of Azerbaijani oil (Baku-Novorossiysk, Baku-Supsa)
| publisher = Azerbaijan Portal
| accessdate = 2008-06-08
}}</ref> For the diversification of the export routes, construction of the [[Baku–Supsa Pipeline]] was agreed in 1996.<ref name=az3/> The pipeline became operational in 1998 and was officially inaugurated 1999.<ref name="Azerbaijan International"/> At the Chirag field, the water injection project was implemented in 1999 and the drilling technology was upgraded in 2000.<ref name="Azerbaijan International"/>

Lukoil pulled out of the project in 2003 selling all of its interest to [[INPEX]]. The deal was sealed for $1.354 billion.<ref>{{cite press release|title=Lukoil completes sale of its interest in the Azeri-Chirag-Gunashli project to Inpex |publisher=[[Lukoil]] |url=http://www.lukoil.com/press.asp?div_id=1&id=2112&year=2003 |date=2003-04-28 |accessdate=2009-12-08 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100106164856/http://www.lukoil.com/press.asp?div_id=1&id=2112&year=2003 |archivedate=2010-01-06 |df= }}</ref>

The second stage of the development consisted of the development of the Azeri field. The development of Azeri field started in 2002. [[Azeri oil field#Central Azeri|Central Azeri]] living quarters arrived in Baku in July 2003 and drilling modules arrived in Baku in July 2003. The Central Azeri jacket was completed in March 2004. To accommodate addition oil, the [[Sangachal Terminal]] was upgraded in March 2003. After installing the Central Azeri gas pipeline, the Central Azeri platform was launched in July 2004. The platform was installed by October 2004, and production started in February 2005. The [[Azeri oil field#Compression and water injection platform (C&WP)|Central Azeri compression and water injection platform]] topsides was launched in July 2005. It injected first gas in May 2006<ref name="Azerbaijan International"/>

West Azeri drilling modules arrive in Baku in August 2004 and the platform launched in May 2005. The platform's topsides was installed
in September 2005 and production started in January 2006.<ref name="Azerbaijan International"/> East Azeri drilling modules and quarters arrived in Baku in June 2005 and the platform was launched in March 2006. The topside was installed in March 2006 and the production began in October 2006.<ref name="Azerbaijan International"/>

The [[Gunashli Oil field#Eastern deep water section|Deepwater Gunashli]] pre-drilling program started in December 2005. Drilling modules and quarters arrived in Baku in June 2006.<ref name="Azerbaijan International"/> The paltform became operational in April 2008.<ref name="BP"/>

On 23 November 2009, Devon Energy announced it would sell its share in ACG.<ref>{{cite news
| url= http://en.trend.az/capital/pengineering/1586083.html
| title= U.S. company sells its stake in largest oil project in Azerbaijan
| agency = [[Trend News Agency]]
| author = A.Badalova
| date=2009-11-23
| accessdate=2009-11-30
}}</ref> On 29 March 2013, Hess sold its stake to [[Oil and Natural Gas Corporation|ONGC]] for $1 billion.<ref name=upstream070912>
{{cite news
| url= http://profit.ndtv.com/news/corporates/article-hess-completes-sale-of-azeri-oilfield-stake-to-ongc-videsh-320203
| title= Hess completes sale of Azeri oilfield stake to ONGC Videsh
| newspaper = [[Upstream (newspaper)|Upstream Online]]
| publisher = [[NHST Media Group]]
| first = Luke | last = Johnson
| date=2013-03-29
| accessdate=2012-09-08
}}</ref>

==Ownership==
Shareholders of the Azeri-Chirag-Gunashli development include BP with 35.78% of stakes, SOCAR (11.64%), [[Chevron Corporation]] (10.28%), [[Inpex]] (10.96%), [[Statoil]] (8.56%), [[ExxonMobil]] (8.00%), [[TPAO]] (6.75%), [[Itochu]] (4.3%) and [[Oil and Natural Gas Corporation|ONGC Videsh]] (2.72%). BP with major stake in the ownership is leading the [[Azerbaijan International Operating Company|AIOC]] consortium.<ref name="BP">[http://www.bp.com/sectiongenericarticle.do?categoryId=9006667&contentId=7015091 BP website. The largest oil field under development in the Azerbaijan sector of the Caspian basin]</ref>

==Production==
With 3 stages completed and 7 operational platforms functional, total production from Azeri–Chirag–Gunashli is more than {{convert|1|Moilbbl|m3}} a day.<ref name="Caucaz europenews"/> During the first three quarters of 2009, over {{convert|224|Moilbbl}} of oil were produced from the Chirag, Central Azeri, West Azeri, East Azeri and Deep Water Gunashli platforms. As per BP's report, Chirag had 19 wells in operation (13 of which are oil producers and 6 - water injectors) with an overall production of {{convert|105300|oilbbl/d|m3/d|abbr=on}}. Central Azeri (CA) had 18 wells (13 of which are oil producers and 5 - gas injectors) with production of {{convert|185800|oilbbl/d|m3/d|abbr=on}}. West Azeri (WA) had 18 wells in operation (14 of which are oil producers and 4 - water injectors with production of {{convert|275200|oilbbl/d}}. East Azeri (EA) had 13 wells in operation (9 of which are oil producers and 4 - water injectors) with an overall production {{convert|139400|oilbbl/d}} for the first three quarters of 2009. Deep Water Gunashli (DWG) had 17 wells (9 oil producers and 8 water injectors) in operation with production of {{convert|116400|oilbbl/d}} of oil.<ref>[http://www.bp.com/genericarticle.do?categoryId=9029616&contentId=7058028 BP Azerbaijan 3Q 2009 Business Update] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101123090721/http://www.bp.com/genericarticle.do?categoryId=9029616&contentId=7058028 |date=November 23, 2010 }}</ref>

Azerbaijan also gets approximately {{convert|10|-|11|e6m3|abbr=off}} of [[casing head gas]] per day extracted from ACG block. The gas is supplied by BP free of charge. Azerbaijan received over 1 billion cubic meters of gas from these fields in the 1st quarter of 2009. Current recovery comes to nearly 27 million cubic meters of casing head gas a day. A portion of gas is routed to national gas transportation system of Azerbaijan. Some is used as source of fuel at the platforms.

Casing head gas from platforms in central, western and eastern parts of Azeri field is supplied to [[Sangachal terminal]] via 28 inch subsea gas pipeline to distributive system of Azerigaz CJSC to use on the local market. A portion of casing head gas extracted at Chirag platform is directed to SOCAR's compressor station (the State Oil Company of Azerbaijan) to [[Oil Rocks]] field via 16 inch subsea gas pipeline. The rest of the gas from Azeri–Chirag–Guneshli platforms are pumped through intra field subsea gas pipeline to a platform for repeated pumping in a layer to support layer pressure.<ref>{{cite news
|url=http://www.pfmc.az/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&catid=1:latest-news&id=157:azerbaijan-willing-to-get-more-casing-head-gas-from-azeri-chirag-guneshli-fields
|title=Azerbaijan willing to get more casing head gas from Azeri-Chirag-Guneshli fields
|publisher=Public Finance Monitoring Center
|author=
|date=2009-05-05
|accessdate=2009-11-25
|deadurl=yes
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706130810/http://www.pfmc.az/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&catid=1:latest-news&id=157:azerbaijan-willing-to-get-more-casing-head-gas-from-azeri-chirag-guneshli-fields
|archivedate=2011-07-06
|df=
}}</ref> As of September 2009, 164.2 million tonnes of oil and 37 billion cubic meters of associated gas have been produced and 80.3 million cubic meters of water and 13 billion cubic meters of gas have been injected into layers since the beginning of production in ACG fields in 1997.<ref>
{{cite news
| url= http://www.today.az/news/business/55218.html
| title= Recoverable reserves at Azerbaijan’s Azeri-Chirag-Gunashli fields estimated at nearly 1 billion tons
| publisher= Today.az
| author =
| date=2009-09-02
| accessdate=2009-12-09
}}</ref>

==Routes of transportation==
The oil from the ACG field was pumped to Sangachal terminal south of Baku and from there routed to foreign markets by [[Baku-Supsa pipeline]], [[Baku–Novorossiysk pipeline]] and [[Baku–Tbilisi–Ceyhan pipeline]].<ref name="Caucaz europenews"/> [http://socar.az/btc.html An interactive map] shows all current export routes.

==See also==
{{Portal|Azerbaijan|Energy}}
*[[Baku–Tbilisi–Ceyhan pipeline]]
*[[Baku-Supsa pipeline]]
*[[Baku–Novorossiysk pipeline]]
*[[Shah Deniz gas field]]
*[[South Caucasus Pipeline]]
*[[Sangachal Terminal]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110708090136/http://subsites.bp.com/caspian/ACG/Eng/agmt1/agmt1.pdf Production Sharing Agreement for the Azeri-Chirag-Guneshli field]
*[http://www.rigzone.com/news/image_detail.asp?img_id=4174&a_id=74284 Image showing ACG fields]

{{Energy in Azerbaijan}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Azeri-Chirag-Guneshli}}
[[Category:BP oil and gas fields]]
[[Category:Oil fields of Azerbaijan]]
[[Category:Energy in the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:Caspian Sea]]

Karabakh oilfield

2017-04-04T14:45:10Z

Lklundin: /* See also */ {{Portal|Azerbaijan|Energy}}

{{Infobox oil field
| name = Karabakh
| country = [[Azerbaijan]]
| region =
| location =
| block =
| offonshore = Offshore
| coordinates =
| operator = [[Caspian International Petroleum Company]]
| operators =
| partners = [[LUKAgip]](45%), [[Pennzoil]] (30%), [[Lukoil]] (12.5%), [[Agip]] (5%), [[SOCAR]] (7.5%)
| image = LocationAzerbaijan.png
| caption =
| discovery = 1965
| start_development =
| start_production =
| peak_year =
| abandonment =
| oil_production_bbl/d =
| oil_production_tpy =
| production_year_oil =
| production_gas_mmcuft/d =
| production_gas_mmscm/d =
| production_gas_bcm/y =
| production_year_gas =
| est_oil_bbl = 620
| est_oil_t =
| est_gas_bft =
| est_gas_bcm = 5
| formations =
}}

'''Karabakh''' ([[Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]]: ''Qarabağ'') is an offshore [[oil and gas field]] in the [[Caspian Sea]], located {{convert|130|km|mi|abbr=on}} east of [[Baku]], [[Azerbaijan]], in the northern part of [[Absheron archipelago]].<ref name=Nefte.ru>[http://www.nefte.ru/projekt/s6.htm ''НЕФТЕГАЗОДОБЫЧА В СТРАНАХ СНГ'']</ref> The Karabakh block is located {{convert|15|km|mi|abbr=on}} northeast of another big field - [[Azeri-Chirag-Guneshli]] (ACG)
<ref name="Azerbaijan International">
{{cite journal
| url = http://azer.com/aiweb/categories/magazine/41_folder/41_articles/41_socar.html
| title = Karabakh. 2nd Major Oil Contract
|date=Spring 1996
| journal = [[Azerbaijan International]]
| accessdate = 2009-12-08}}
</ref>

==History==
A [[production sharing agreement]] (PSA) for exploration and development of the Karabakh field was signed on 10 November 1995. It is considered to be Azerbaijan's second major contract for development of oil fields in the [[Caspian Sea]] after ACG project. The agreement had a development and production period of up to 25 years with possible extension of 5 more years<ref name="Azerbaijan International"/> On 13 February, 1996 the agreement was ratified by the [[National Assembly of Azerbaijan|Parliament of Azerbaijan Republic]]. The contract came into force on 28 February 1996.
On 4 June 1996, the companies holding an interest in the project established a joint [[consortium]] and named it [[Caspian International Petroleum Company]] (CIPCO).<ref name="Azerbaijan International-2">
{{cite journal
| url = http://azer.com/aiweb/categories/magazine/43_folder/43_articles/43_caspian.html
| title = Karabakh. 2nd Major Oil Contract
|date=Autumn 1996
| journal = [[Azerbaijan International]]
| accessdate = 2009-12-08}}
</ref> CIPCO officially started operating in August 1996. On 26 January 1999, CIPCO announced it would cease its operations. According to the management of the consortium, the development of the field was not economically profitable at this stage. As per the president of the consortium, James Tilley, the drilling of 3 wells indicates the reservoir holds no more than 30 million tonnes of oil. CIPCO officially completed its operations on 23 February 1999. Total expenses incurred constituted nearly $100 million.<ref name=Nefte.ru/><ref>
{{cite news
| url= http://socar.az/2-projects-view-az.html
| title= Projects
| publisher= [[SOCAR]]
| author =
| date=
| accessdate=2009-12-08
}}</ref> In April, 2006, SOCAR announced it would be able to develop the field itself without foreign investment. Total expenditures would reach close to $200 million. According to the Vice-President of SOCAR, Khoshbakht Yusifzade, the feasibility study of two of the drilled wells revealed availability of 10 million tonnes of oil and 5-6 billion cubic meters of natural gas which draws a clear picture on recoverable reserves as a whole.<ref>
{{cite news
| url= http://www.gazeta.kz/art.asp?aid=74753
| title= ГНКАР планирует вложить до $200 млн. в разработку нового месторождения в Каспийском море
| publisher= Kazakhstan Today
| author =
| date=2006-04-29
| accessdate=2009-12-08
}}</ref>

==Ownership==
Shareholders of CIPCO have the following stakes in Karabakh field:
{| class=wikitable
!Company
!Interest
|-
|[[LUKAgip]] [[Joint venture|JV]]
|45%
|-
|[[Pennzoil]]
|30%
|-
|[[LUKOIL]]
|12.5%
|-
|[[SOCAR]]
|7.5%
|-
|[[Agip]]
|5%
|}
According to the PSA agreement, the total bonus to be paid to Azerbaijan would have been $135 million. Total capital expenditures for the project were to be $1.7 billion<ref name=Nefte.ru/> $1.3 billion was planned for operating costs.<ref name="Azerbaijan International"/>

==Production==
According to preliminary data, an estimated {{bbl to t|620|mlt=M}}<ref name="Azerbaijan International"/> of oil is believed to lay in the field. Depth of the strata is {{convert|3300|-|4200|m|ft}}. The agreement between the parties stipulated a 3 year feasibility study (seismic study and drilling of 3 wells). The period could have been extended if necessary. First production was planned for end of 2000. The drilling activities were conducted by US-Azerbaijan joint venture [[Caspian Drilling Company]] established by SOCAR and [[Santa Fe Snyder|Santa Fe]]<ref name=Nefte.ru/>

==See also==
{{Portal|Azerbaijan|Energy}}
*[[Azeri-Chirag-Guneshli]]
*[[Baku–Tbilisi–Ceyhan pipeline]]
*[[Sangachal Terminal]]
*[[South Caucasus Pipeline]]
*[[Baku-Supsa pipeline]]
*[[Baku–Novorossiysk pipeline]]
*[[Nabucco pipeline]]
*[[Baku-Novo Filya gas pipeline]]
*[[Nakhichevan field]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://socar.az/2-projects-view-az.html SOCAR information on Karabakh field project]

{{Energy in Azerbaijan}}

{{coord missing|Azerbaijan}}

[[Category:Oil fields of Azerbaijan]]
[[Category:Natural gas fields in Azerbaijan]]
[[Category:Energy in the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:Caspian Sea]]

Sangachal Terminal

2017-04-04T14:45:05Z

Lklundin: /* See also */ {{Portal|Azerbaijan|Energy}}

{{redirect|Sangachal|the village in Azerbaijan|Sanqaçal}}

{{Infobox Port
| name = Sangachal Terminal
| image =
| imagesize=
| caption =
| country = [[Azerbaijan]]
| location = [[Sangachal]]
| coordinates = {{coord|40.201262|49.481270|display=inline, title}}
| opened = 1996
| operated = [[BP]]
| owner = [[Azerbaijan Republic]]
| type = Oil and Gas Terminal
| sizewater =
| sizeland =
| size = 500 hectares
| berths =
| wharfs =
| piers =
| employees =
| leadershiptitle =
| leader =
| blankdetailstitle1 =
| blankdetails1 =
| blankdetailstitle2 =
| blankdetails2 =
| blankdetailstitle3 =
| blankdetails3 =
| arrivals =
| cargotonnage = {{convert|3|Moilbbl}}
| containervolume =
| cargovalue =
| passengertraffic =
| revenue =
| profit =
| blankstatstitle1 =
| blankstats1 =
| blankstatstitle2 =
| blankstats2 =
| blankstatstitle3 =
| blankstats3 =
| website =
}}

The '''Sangachal Terminal''' is an industrial complex consisting of a [[natural gas processing]] plant and [[oil production plant]], located on the coast of the [[Caspian Sea]] {{convert|45|km|mi}} south of [[Baku]], [[Azerbaijan]].

==History==
Construction of the terminal began in 1996 with the [[Chirag oil field#Chirag-1 and Early Oil Project|Early Oil Project]], which foresaw construction of pipelines to [[Supsa]] and [[Novorossiysk]]. Oil was first exported in October 1997. The terminal has since been expanded to include the ACG Phase 1, Phase 2, Phase 3 Oil Trains, BTC's main pumping station and the Shah Deniz gas plant. Facilities at the oil production plant include [[Separator (oil production)|separators]], [[coalescer]]s, three new crude oil [[storage tank]]s, [[Centrifugal pump|Export Pumps]], gas turbine power generators and a central control room.<ref>
{{cite news
|url= http://www.rigzone.com/NEWS/article.asp?a_id=28317
|title= BP Begins Production at West Azeri Field in the Caspian Sea
|publisher= Rigzone
|author=
|date=2006-01-05
|accessdate=2010-01-26}}
</ref>

===Sangachal Terminal Expansion Program===
The Sangachal Terminal Expansion Program (STEP) was started in November 2001. The construction included 15,000 cubic metre of concrete, 1,600 units of steel structures, {{convert|25000|m|ft}} of pipe, {{convert|450000|m|ft}} of cables. Apart from technological works, civil construction included living accommodations for 550 people, cafeteria, movie theater, soccer field, etc. US$1.2-2 billion was spent for sub-projects realized within the STEP project.<ref name=Izvestiya>
{{cite news
|url= http://www.izvestia.ru/azerbaijan/article3112238/
|title= Энергоцентр Каспийского региона
|trans_title= Energy hub of the Caspian region
|publisher= [[Izvestiya]]
|author= Nurlana Guliyeva
|date=2008-01-23
|accessdate=2010-01-26}}
</ref><ref>
{{cite news
|url= http://www.nestor.minsk.by/sn/2007/13/sn71317.html
|title= Диверсификация энергоисточников
|trans_title= Diversification of Energy sources
|publisher= Atlas Invest
|author= Aleksandr Panich
|date=
|accessdate=2010-01-26}}
</ref>
[[Image:Baku pipelines.svg|thumb|right|From the Sangachal Terminal four oil and gas pipelines carry crude oil and natural gas to the Black Sea, Turkey and the Mediterranean Sea.]]
The terminal expansion contract was awarded to [[Tekfen Construction and Installation Co.Inc.|Tekfen-Azfen]] joint venture<ref>
{{cite news
|url= http://www.gasandoil.com/goc/company/cnc23428.htm
|title= BTC Company formed, first pipeline construction contracts awarded
|publisher= Alexander's Gas & Oil Connections
|author=
|volume= 7
|issue= 16
|date=2002-08-23
|accessdate=2010-01-26}}
</ref> which employed nearly 4,000 employees for the project, 75% of which were Azerbaijani citizens. Due to finalization of the main part of the project, this number was reduced to 1,720 employees.<ref name=Izvestiya/>

==Technical features==
Sangachal Terminal has a processing capacity of {{convert|1.2|Moilbbl/d}} and {{convert|1.25|Gcuft}} of gas per day (bcfd). The three new crude oil storage tanks added during the STEP have a capacity of {{convert|880|koilbbl}} each.<ref>[http://www.bp.com/sectiongenericarticle.do?categoryId=9006674&contentId=7015100 BP Caspian - Overview]</ref>
The overall storage capacity at the terminal is {{convert|3|Moilbbl}}.<ref>[http://www.bp.com/liveassets/bp_internet/bp_caspian/bp_caspian_en/STAGING/local_assets/downloads_pdfs/s/ST_Presentation_-_August_2009_final.ppt#344,10,Sangachal Terminal – present BP Caspian. Sangachal Terminal - present]</ref> As of November 2009, the terminal exports {{convert|941.4|koilbbl/d}}.<ref>
{{cite news
|url= http://en.apa.az/news.php?id=111509
|title= Sangachal Terminal exports more than 941 400 barrels of oil per day
|publisher= [[Azerbaijan Press Agency|APA]]
|author=
|date=2009-11-23
|accessdate=2010-01-26}}
</ref>
The terminal is operated by a [[BP]] led consortium and is one of the largest oil and gas facilities in the world.<ref>
{{cite news
|url= http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5348075
|title= With New Pipeline, Azerbaijan on Verge of Oil Boom
|publisher= [[NPR]]
|author= Ivan Watson
|date=2006-04-18
|accessdate=2010-01-26}}
</ref> Other partners are from [[Azerbaijan International Operating Company|AIOC]], [[Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan pipeline]], [[Shah Deniz gas field|Shah Deniz]] and [[South Caucasus Pipeline]] projects. The terminal receives oil from the [[Azeri-Chirag-Guneshli]] field and natural gas from the Shah Deniz gas field. The oil is exported via the Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan pipeline to Turkey's Mediterranean coast and via the [[Baku-Supsa Pipeline]] and the [[Baku-Novorossiysk Pipeline]] to the [[Black Sea]] coast.<ref>[http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/Azerbaijan/NaturalGas.html U.S. Energy Information Administration. Azerbaijan. Natural Gas]</ref>
Sangachal Terminal was mentioned in [[Cablegate|documents published by]] [[Wikileaks]] as one of US “critical foreign dependencies”.<ref>[http://213.251.145.96/cable/2009/02/09STATE15113.html#par15 Cable Viewer]</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Azerbaijan|Energy}}
*[[Azeri-Chirag-Guneshli]]
*[[Natural gas processing]]
*[[Natural gas condensate]]
*[[Oil production plant]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
*[http://www.cec.az/default.asp?lang=en Sangachal Terminal, Caspian Energy Centre]

{{BP}}

[[Category:BP buildings and structures]]
[[Category:Oil terminals]]
[[Category:Natural gas terminals]]
[[Category:Petroleum industry in Azerbaijan]]
[[Category:Natural gas in Azerbaijan]]
[[Category:Energy infrastructure in Azerbaijan]]
[[Category:Caspian Sea]]

Shallow Water Absheron Peninsula

2017-04-04T14:44:12Z

Lklundin: /* References */ {{Portal|Azerbaijan|Energy}}

{{Infobox oilfield
| name = Shallow Water Absheron Peninsula
| country = [[Azerbaijan]]
| region = Caspian Basin
| location =
| block =
| offonshore = offshore
| coordinates =
| operator = [[BP]]
| operators =
| partners = [[BP]] (50%), [[SOCAR]] (50%)
| image =
| caption =
| discovery =
| start_development =
| start_production =
| peak_year =
| abandonment =
| oil_production_bbl/d =
| oil_production_tpy =
| production_year_oil =
| production_gas_mmcuft/d =
| production_gas_mmscm/d =
| production_gas_bcm/y =
| production_year_gas =
| est_oil_bbl =
| est_oil_t =
| est_gas_bft =
| est_gas_bcm =
| formations =
}}

'''Shallow Water Absheron Peninsula (SWAP)''' is a [[production sharing agreement|PSA]] signed on 22 December 2014 between [[SOCAR]] and [[BP]] on the joint exploration and development of potential prospects in the shallow water area around the [[Absheron peninsula]].<ref>[http://www.bp.com/en/global/corporate/press/press-releases/bp-and-socar-sign-an-agreement-to-explore-shallow-water-absheron.html BP and SOCAR Sign an Agreement to Explore Shallow Water Absheron Peninsula, BP Press Release 22 December 2014]</ref> The contract was ratified by the [[National Assembly (Azerbaijan)|Azerbaijani parliament]] on 14 April 2015.<ref>[http://en.trend.az/business/economy/2383534.html Azerbaijan ratifies new oil contract with BP, trend.az, 14 April 2015, retrieved on 16 April 2015]</ref>

The PSA contract area covers 1,900 km2 and stretches along the margins of the Caspian basin to the south of the Absheron peninsula.<ref>[http://ann.az/en/parliament-ratifies-socar-bp-psa-on-shallow-water-absheron/#.VS9Oo_mUfAk Parliament ratifies SOCAR, BP PSA on shallow water Absheron, ann.az, 15 April 2015, retrieved on 16 April 2015]</ref> The acreage features water depths of up to 40 metres with potential reservoir depths of 3,000-5,000 metres.<ref>[http://caspianenergy.net/en/oil-and-gas/17839-psa-to-explore-shallow-water-absheron-peninsula-signed PSA to explore shallow water Absheron Peninsula signed, Caspian Energy, 22 December 2014]</ref><ref>[http://uk.reuters.com/article/2014/12/22/bp-brief-idUKFWN0U601J20141222 BRIEF - BP and SOCAR sign agreement to explore shallow water Absheron Peninsula, Reuters, 22 December 2014]</ref> The development term is 23 years with possible extension.<ref>[http://abc.az/eng/news_14_04_2015_87743.html Parliament of Azerbaijan ratified agreement between BP and SOCAR for hydrocarbons exploration and development in shallow waters of Absheron, abc.az, 14 April 2015, retrieved on 16 April 2015]</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Portal|Azerbaijan|Energy}}
{{Energy in Azerbaijan}}

{{coord missing|Azerbaijan}}

[[Category:Oil fields of Azerbaijan]]
[[Category:Energy in the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:Caspian Sea]]
[[Category:BP]]

Nakhichevan field

2017-04-04T14:44:06Z

Lklundin: /* References */ {{Portal|Azerbaijan|Energy}}

{{Infobox oilfield
| name = Nakhichevan field
| country = [[Azerbaijan]]
| region =
| location =
| block =
| offonshore = Offshore
| coordinates =
| operator = [[RWE Dea]]
| operators =
| partners = [[RWE Dea]], [[State Oil Company of Azerbaijan Republic|SOCAR]]
| image = LocationAzerbaijan.png
| caption =
| discovery = 1960
| start_development =
| start_production =
| peak_year =
| abandonment =
| oil_production_bbl/d =
| oil_production_tpy =
| production_year_oil =
| production_gas_mmcuft/d =
| production_gas_mmscm/d =
| production_gas_bcm/y =
| production_year_gas =
| est_oil_bbl =
| est_oil_t =
| est_gas_bft =
| est_gas_bcm = 300
| formations =
}}

'''Nakhichevan field''' is an offshore oil and gas field the [[Caspian Sea]], [[Azerbaijan]]. It is located {{convert|90|km}} south of [[Baku]], at a depth of {{convert|400|-|600|m}}.<ref name=reuters090310>
{{cite news
| url = http://uk.reuters.com/article/idUKLDE6282DD20100309?sp=true
| title = Azeri SOCAR to explore Caspian gas field with RWE
| date = 2010-03-09
| publisher = [[Reuters]]
| accessdate = 2010-03-14}}
</ref>

Nakhichevan deposit was discovered in 1960. It was prepared for drilling in 1994. In 1997, [[ExxonMobil]] and the [[State Oil Company of Azerbaijan Republic]] (SOCAR) signed a contract on exploration of the field; however, this contract was later terminated due the absence of significant reserves.<ref name=reuters090310/><ref name=trend100310>
{{cite news
| url = http://en.trend.az/capital/pengineering/1651488.html
| title = RWE: Development of perspective offshore structure Nakhchivan in Azerbaijan to contribute to project Nabucco project
| author = Ismayilov, E.
| date = 2010-03-10
| publisher = [[Trend News Agency]]
| accessdate = 2010-03-14}}
</ref>

On 10 March 2010 it was reported that the German oil company [[RWE Dea]] signed a memorandum with SOCAR for developing the field.<ref name=reuters090310/><ref name=trend100310/><ref name=apa100310>
{{cite news
| url = http://en.apa.az/news.php?id=117647
| title = Azerbaijani President receives Chief Executive Officer of Germany's RWE
| date = 2010-03-10
| publisher = [[Azerbaijan Press Agency]]
| accessdate = 2010-03-14}}
</ref>

According to preliminary government estimates, the Nakhichevan field may contain up to 300 billion cubic meters of natural gas and 40 million tonne of [[natural gas condensate]].<ref name=reuters090310/><ref name=trend100310/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Portal|Azerbaijan|Energy}}

{{Energy in Azerbaijan}}
{{coord missing|Azerbaijan}}

[[Category:Oil fields of Azerbaijan]]
[[Category:Natural gas fields in Azerbaijan]]
[[Category:Caspian Sea]]

{{gasfield-stub}}
{{azerbaijan-geo-stub}}

Gunashli oilfield

2017-04-04T14:44:00Z

Lklundin: /* See also */ {{Portal|Azerbaijan|Energy}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2013}}
{{Infobox oil field
| name = Gunashli oilfield
| country = [[Azerbaijan]]
| region = [[Caspian Sea]]
| location =
| block =
| offonshore = Offshore
| coordinates =
| operator = [[SOCAR]] (western section) [[BP]] (on behalf of [[Azerbaijan International Operating Company|AIOC]], eastern deepwater section)
| operators =
| partners = [[Azerbaijan International Operating Company|AIOC]], eastern deepwater section
| image = Azeri-Chirag-Guneshli.GIF
| caption = Location of Azeri–Chirag–Guneshli in the Caspian Sea
| discovery = 1958
| start_development = 1976
| start_production = 1982
| peak_year =
| abandonment =
| oil_production_bbl/d =
| oil_production_tpy =
| production_year_oil =
| production_gas_mmcuft/d =
| production_gas_mmscm/d =
| production_gas_bcm/y =
| production_year_gas =
| est_oil_bbl =
| est_oil_t = 100
| est_gas_bft =
| est_gas_bcm =
| formations =
}}

'''Gunashli''' ([[Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]]: ''Günəşli'') is an offshore [[oil field]] in the [[Caspian Sea]], located {{convert|120|km}} east of [[Baku]], [[Azerbaijan]], {{convert|12|km}} southeast of [[Oil Rocks]]<ref name="Azerbaijan International">
{{cite journal
| url = http://azer.com/aiweb/categories/magazine/34_folder/34_articles/34_gunashli.html
| title = Gunashli for a Sunnier Future
| first= Mark | last = Sparks
| date=Winter 1995 |volume = 3 |issue = 4
| pages = 46
| journal = [[Azerbaijan International]]
| accessdate = 9 December 2009}}
</ref> and its deep water section is a part of the larger [[Azeri–Chirag–Guneshli]] (ACG) project.<ref name=BP>{{cite web |url=http://www.bp.com/sectiongenericarticle.do?categoryId=9006667&contentId=7015091 |title=Azeri-Chirag-Deepwater Gunashli |website=BP Azerbaijan |publisher=BP}}</ref> The Azeri translation of ''Gunashli'' means ''"sunny"''. Gunashli is believed to have more than 100 million tonnes of oil reserves.<ref name="Azerbaijan International"/>

==Western shallow water section==
The portion of Gunashli field which is not in the scope of ACG project, lies in {{convert|120|m|ft}} depth of water and developed by [[SOCAR|State Oil Company of Azerbaijan Republic (SOCAR)]] while the deepwater section developed by [[BP]] within ACG project is at {{convert|175|to|300|m|ft}}.<ref name="Azerbaijan International"/><ref name=BP/>

The field was explored in 1958–63.<ref name="Azerbaijan International"/> The first offshore platform was installed by 1976.<ref name="Azerbaijan International"/> Production in this section started in 1982.<ref name=jolley>
{{cite book
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=M2qKYwuL6pMC&pg=PA103
| title = Reservoir Compartmentalization. Issue 347 of Geological Society special publication
| editor-first1 = S.J. | editor-last1 = Jolley
| chapter = Variation in fluid contacts in the Azeri field,Azerbaijan: sealing faults or hydrodynamic aquifer?
| first1 = R.S.J.| last1 = Tozer
| first2 = A.M. | last2 = Borthwick
| publisher = [[Geological Society of London]]
| page = 103
| year = 2010
| isbn = 9781862393165
}}</ref> It consisted of 4 steel jackets for drilling of 10 wells. As per 1980 data, the platform produced 320 tonnes of oil per day.<ref name="Azerbaijan International"/>

As of 1995, Gunashli was producing {{convert|120000|oilbbl/d}} of oil. Because of steadily falling rate of production (9%), SOCAR hired [[Kvaerner]] to provide project management to rehabilitate Gunashli.<ref name="Azerbaijan International"/> In March 2008, a high-flow-rate well No. 244 was put into operation through the platform No. 13. It produces 140 tons of oil and {{convert|23000|m3}} of natural gas per day. The well was drilled by SOCAR subsidiary ''Azeri Drilling Company Ltd''. The well No. 247 was drilled by ''Bayil Limani Offshore Exploration Drilling Unit'' through platform No. 14. It produces 100 tonnes per day.<ref>
{{cite news
| url= http://www.rigzone.com/news/article.asp?a_id=59155
| title= High-Flow-Rate Well Put Into Operation in Gunashli Field
| publisher= Rigzone
| author =
| date= 31 March 2008
| accessdate=9 December 2009
}}</ref>

==Eastern deep water section==
The deep water section of Gunashli (also called ''DWG'') field has been included for development within the ACG project's Phase III. First oil from DWG was produced on 20 April 2008 from one of 10 pre-drilled wells. DWG now produces nearly {{convert|320000|oilbbl/d}} of the total {{convert|1|Moilbbl/d}} from ACG fields complex.<ref>
{{cite news
| url= http://www.neurope.eu/articles/86261.php
| title= Deep Water Gunashli starts up in the Caspian
| publisher= New Europe
| author =
| issue = 780
| date= 5 May 2008
| accessdate=9 December 2009
}}</ref> ACG's DWG complex is located in the eastern side of the Gunashli field and includes two bridge-linked platforms:
*a 48-slot drilling, utilities and quarters (DUQ) platform
*a process, gas compression, water injection and utilities (PCWU) platform
Oil produced at DWG is transported through a {{convert|30|in|mm|adj=on}} oil pipeline tie-ins and single {{convert|28|in|mm|adj=on}} gas pipeline tie-in into pre-installed pipeline junctions from [[Azeri Oil Field|Azeri field]] leading to [[Sangachal terminal]].<ref name=BP/> The DWG has 9 operating wells. It has been producing 16,800 tonnes of oil and {{convert|6.4|e6m3|abbr=off}} of natural gas per day.<ref>
{{cite news
| url= http://www.today.az/news/business/55218.html
| title= Recoverable reserves at Azerbaijan’s Azeri-Chirag-Gunashli fields estimated at nearly 1 billion tons
| publisher = Today.az
| agency = Interfax Azerbaijan
| date= 9 February 2009
| accessdate=9 December 2009
}}</ref>

==1986 fire==

In Soviet times, on 12 July 1986 a fire broke out on an exploration platform in the Gunashli oilfield. Three oil workers and two rescuers died. While the incident was blamed on an engineer, widespread rumors claimed that faulty and outdated equipment caused the fire. After this incident, a minor protest against government neglect took place in front of the [[Government House, Baku|Government House]]. Protestors were arrested and described as [[Hooliganism#In the Soviet Union and Russia|hooligans]] by the Soviet press.<ref name=Azadliq061215>{{cite news |last1=Huseinov |first1=Aliman |title=Günəşli yatağında 32 nəfər xilas edilib, bir nəfər həlak olub |trans_title=Guneshli 32 people were rescued, one person was killed |language=Azerbaijani |newspaper=[[Azadliq (newspaper)|Azadliq]] |date=6 December 2015}}</ref>

==2015 fire==
{{main|Gunashli Platform No.10 fire}}

On 4 December 2015, a deadly fire broke out in the northern part of platform No. 10 at the western section of the oilfield.<ref name="cihan"/><ref name=trend061215b>{{cite news |title=Azerbaijani platform head discloses incident details |url=http://en.trend.az/azerbaijan/society/2465897.html |agency=[[Trend News Agency]] |date=6 December 2015 |accessdate=6 December 2015}}</ref> The fire started, according to SOCAR, when a high-pressure underwater gas pipeline was damaged in a heavy storm.<ref name="cihan">{{cite news |title=Fire on Azerbaijan's offshore Guneshli field continues |url=http://en.cihan.com.tr/en/fire-on-azerbaijans-offshore-guneshli-field-continues-updating-1960574.htm |agency=[[Cihan News Agency]] |date=5 December 2015 |accessdate=5 December 2015}}</ref><ref name=ap051215>{{cite news |last=Aida |first=Sultanova |title=Azerbaijan: 1 dead, 30 missing, 33 saved after oil rig fire |url=http://www.chron.com/news/world/article/Azerbaijan-Oil-rig-on-fire-in-Caspian-25-6677557.php |newspaper=[[Houston Chronicle]] |agency=[[Associated Press]] |date=5 December 2015 |accessdate=5 December 2015}}</ref><ref name=afp061215>{{cite news |last1=Guliyev |first1=Emil |title=Azerbaijan mourns 'many deaths' after oil rig fire |url =https://www.yahoo.com/news/azerbaijan-mourns-29-still-missing-oil-rig-fire-102440132.html?ref=gs |agency=[[Agence France-Presse]] |date=6 December 2015 |archiveurl=http://archive.is/ES5ie |archivedate=5 October 2016 |deadurl=no |accessdate=5 October 2016}}</ref> As a result of the fire, the platform, which had been in service since 1984, partially collapsed.<ref name=reuters051215>{{cite news|last1=Bagirova|first1=Nailia |title=One worker killed, 30 missing after Azeri oil rig fire: government |url=http://www.reuters.com/article/us-azerbaijan-accident-fire-idUSKBN0TO09H20151205|agency=[[Reuters]]|date=5 December 2015 |accessdate=5 December 2015}}</ref><ref name=ap061215>{{cite news |last=Aida |first=Sultanova |title=Azerbaijan: 29 still missing from burning oil platform |url=https://www.yahoo.com/news/azerbaijan-29-still-missing-burning-oil-platform-110954435.html?ref=gs |agency=[[Associated Press]] |date=6 December 2015 |accessdate=5 October 2016 |archiveurl=http://archive.is/bdADJ |archivedate=5 October 2016 |deadurl=no}}</ref><ref name=trend061215a>{{cite news |last=Tsurkov |first=Maksim |title=SOCAR focused on searches, fire-fighting on faulty offshore platform |url=http://en.trend.az/azerbaijan/society/2465857.html |agency=[[Trend News Agency]] |date=6 December 2015 |accessdate=6 December 2015}}</ref>

At the time of the accident, 63 workers were on the platform.<ref name=trend061215a/> According to the [[Ministry of Emergency Situations (Azerbaijan)|Ministry of Emergency Situations of Azerbaijan]], seven workers are confirmed to have been killed, 23 are missing, 33 were rescued; and nine were hospitalized.<ref name=trend101215b>{{cite news |title=Azerbaijan still searching for missing oilmen; aircraft, ships engaged |url=http://en.trend.az/azerbaijan/society/2468127.html |agency=[[Trend News Agency]] |date=10 December 2015 | accessdate=10 December 2015}}</ref><ref name=trend051215b>{{cite news |title=22 injured in SOCAR platform accident sent home |url=http://en.trend.az/azerbaijan/society/2465777.html |agency=[[Trend News Agency]] |date=5 December 2015 |accessdate=5 December 2015}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Azerbaijan|Energy}}
{{columnslist|3|
*[[Azeri–Chirag–Gunashli]]
*[[Baku–Tbilisi–Ceyhan pipeline]]
*[[Sangachal Terminal]]
*[[South Caucasus Pipeline]]
*[[Baku–Supsa Pipeline]]
*[[Baku–Novorossiysk pipeline]]
*[[Nabucco pipeline]]
*[[Baku-Novo Filya gas pipeline]]
*[[Nakhichevan field]]
}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
*[http://www.rigzone.com/news/image_detail.asp?img_id=4174&a_id=74284 Image showing Chirag within ACG fields]

{{Energy in Azerbaijan}}

{{Coord missing|Azerbaijan}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gunashli Oilfield}}
[[Category:BP oil and gas fields]]
[[Category:Caspian Sea]]
[[Category:Oil fields of Azerbaijan]]

Gum Deniz oilfield

2017-04-04T14:43:55Z

Lklundin: /* See also */ {{Portal|Azerbaijan|Energy}}

'''Gum Deniz''' is an offshore [[oil and gas field]] in the [[Caspian Sea]], located {{convert|21|km|mi|abbr=on}} southeast of [[Baku]], [[Azerbaijan]].
The field has been in operation since 1955. Gum Deniz has produced approximately 28.9 million tonnes of [[petroleum|oil]] and 27 billion cubic meters of [[natural gas|gas]] to date.<ref name=Trend>
{{cite news
|url= http://en.trend.az/capital/pengineering/1605471.html
|title= Azerbaijan signs new oil and gas contract
|publisher= [[Trend News Agency]]
|author= E. Ismayilov
|date= 2009-12-22
|accessdate=2010-01-05}}
</ref><ref name=APA>
{{cite news
|url= http://ru.apa.az/news_%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BB_%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%84%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B5__149859.html
|script-title=ru:Азербайджан заключил новое нефтегазовое соглашение
|trans_title= Azerbaijan signed a new oil and gas agreement
|publisher= APA
|author= Rashad Suleymanov
|date= 2009-12-22
|accessdate=2010-01-05|language= Russian
}}
</ref> In March 2009, Azerbaijan drilled its last well No. 478 in Gum Deniz field before new [[production sharing agreement]] for development of the field was signed with a foreign company in December 2009. The well produces 50 tonnes of oil on daily basis.<ref>
{{cite news
|url= http://static.day.az/view.php?id=148812
|script-title=ru:ПО «Азнефть» ввела в эксплуатацию новую нефтяную скважину на месторождении Гум-дениз
|trans_title= "Azneft" commenced operations of a new well in Gum Deniz field
|publisher= Day.az
|author=
|date= 2009-03-02
|accessdate=2010-01-06|language= Russian
}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}
</ref>

==New PSA agreement==
On December 22, 2009, [[State Oil Company of Azerbaijan Republic]] and an [[UAE|Emirati]] company ''Bahar Energy Ltd'' signed a production sharing agreement for exploration, rehabilitation and development of [[Bahar oilfield|Bahar]] and Gumdeniz fields.<ref>
{{cite news
|url= http://www.upi.com/Science_News/Resource-Wars/2009/12/23/SOCAR-gets-help-at-oil-and-gas-fields/UPI-94951261586400/
|title= SOCAR gets help at oil and gas fields
|publisher= United Press International
|author=
|date= 2009-12-23
|accessdate=2010-01-05}}
</ref> The contract, preceded by [[Memorandum of understanding|MOU]] earlier in April<ref>
{{cite news
|url= http://www.interfax.az/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=54234&Itemid=9
|language= Russian
|title= ГНКАР и Bahar Energy limited подписали контракт на разработку блока Бахар и Гум-дениз с инвестициями в $1 млрд
|trans_title= SOCAR and Bahar Energy Limited signed a contract for development of Bahar and Gum Deniz fields investing $1 bln
|publisher= [[Interfax]]
|author=
|date= 2009-12-22
|accessdate=2010-01-05}}
</ref> was signed by the President of SOCAR, [[Rovnag Abdullayev]] and General Director of Bahar Energy Ltd, Richard McDougall will last 25 years with possibility for extension of 5 more years.
SOCAR announced this was 28th agreement it signed with a foreign investor on production sharing terms. Rovnag Abdullayev emphasized that SOCAR is planning on increase the overall gas production of [[Azerbaijan]] to 1 trillion cm.
According to the agreement, within the next 3 years, Bahar Energy Ltd will drill one exploration well. The first stage of the project includes drilling of 50 wells. In addition to that, all existing wells will be rehabilitated for production. It is estimated that the first stage of the project will bring a profit of $2.5 billion to SOCAR. Second stage of the project consists of exploration of ''Bahar-2'' structure within the Bahar field.<ref name=Rosinvest>
{{cite news
|url= http://www.rosinvest.com/news/630532/
|script-title=ru:Инвестиции в блок месторождений «Бахар» и «Гум-Дениз» составят $1 млрд
|trans_title= Investment in "Bahar" and "Gumdeniz" bloacks will make up $1 bln
|publisher= Rosinvest
|author=
|date= 2009-12-22
|accessdate=2010-01-05|language= Russian
}}
</ref>
As per the agreement SOCAR is to receive bonus of $2 million as soon as the project program is confirmed, $1 million for every {{convert|100|Moilbbl|m3}}, $5 million once the commercial production starts and $2 million after increase of production capacity by 1.5 times from 2008 production indicators, as planned.<ref name=APA/>
Bahar Energy Ltd owns 80% of the stake while SOCAR is entitled to 20%.<ref name=NG>
{{cite news
|url= http://www.ng.ru/cis/2009-12-28/100_baku.html
|script-title=ru:Баку расширяет географию экспорта
|trans_title= Baku is expanding geography of export
|publisher= [[Nezavisimaya Gazeta]]
|author= Sokhbet Mamedov
|date= 2009-12-28
|accessdate=2010-01-05|language= Russian
}}
</ref> It is expected that Bahar Energy Ltd will invest nearly $1 billion in the project.<ref name=Rosinvest/><ref>
{{cite news
|url= http://www.arabianbusiness.com/576880-uae-baharazeri-socar-sign-deal-on-caspian-fields
|title= UAE Bahar,Azeri Socar sign deal on Caspian fields
|publisher= Arabian Business
|author= Lada Yevgrashin
|date= 2009-12-23
|accessdate=2010-01-06}}
</ref>

==Reservoir==
It is estimated that Gum Deniz field holds 4.52 million tonnes of oil and 1.94 billion cubic meters of gas reserves.<ref>[http://www.old.caspenergy.com/no5rus1.html Caspian Energy. Old Offshore Oilfields of Azerbaijan and their rehabilitation]</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Azerbaijan|Energy}}
*[[Bahar oilfield]]
*[[Azeri-Chirag-Guneshli]]
*[[Baku–Tbilisi–Ceyhan pipeline]]
*[[Sangachal Terminal]]
*[[Baku-Supsa pipeline]]
*[[Nabucco pipeline]]
*[[Baku-Novo Filya gas pipeline]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Energy in Azerbaijan}}

{{coord missing|Azerbaijan}}

[[Category:Oil fields of Azerbaijan]]
[[Category:Energy in the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:Caspian Sea]]

Darwin Bank

2017-04-04T14:43:50Z

Lklundin: /* See also */ {{Portal|Azerbaijan|Energy}}

'''Darwin Bank''' ({{lang-az|Darvin bankəsi}}) is an [[Azerbaijan]]i [[Bank (topography)|bank]] [[oil field]] in the [[Caspian Sea]], {{convert|45|km|mi|}} - {{convert|50|km|mi|}} north-east of [[Baku]] and {{convert|6|km|mi|}} west of [[Pirallahi Island]]. Industrially significant oil and [[natural gas]] resources were discovered here in the 1950s.<ref name=Caspian>
{{cite news
|url=http://caspenergy.com/index.shtml?id_node=20&id_file=7081&lang=ru
|script-title=ru:В 2010 году на месторождении "Банка Дарвина" будет установлена новая скважина
|trans_title=In 2010, a new well will be drilled on "Darwin Bank"
|publisher=Caspian Energy
|author=
|date=2009-12-23
|accessdate=2010-01-06
|language=Russian
|deadurl=yes
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120302040841/http://caspenergy.com/index.shtml?id_node=20&id_file=7081&lang=ru
|archivedate=2012-03-02
|df=
}}
</ref> To date, 16.2 million [[ton]]s of oil and 1.5 billion cubic meters of gas were extracted.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.365.az/content/view/1266/18/|script-title=ru:ГНКАР отправила новую платформу на морскую структуру "Банка Дарвина"|publisher=365.az |accessdate=2008-05-16|language=ru}}</ref> [[State Oil Company of Azerbaijan Republic]] is in the process of building a new [[oil platform]] which will be installed in the field for drilling of 12 wells in 2010. A similar platform No. 660 has already been commenced on site and another platform for drilling of 20 wells is being finalized.<ref name=Caspian/>
Another platform operated by ''Absheronneft'' drilled two more wells in 2009 with an overall output of 7-8.5 tonnes of oil.<ref>
{{cite news
|url=http://www.1news.az/economy/oil_n_gas/20091223105757254.html
|script-title=ru:На месторождении "Банка Дарвина" будет установлена новая платформа
|trans_title=A new platform will be installed on "Darwin Bank"
|publisher=1news.az
|author=Alena Salayeva
|date=2009-12-23
|accessdate=2010-01-06
|language=Russian
|deadurl=yes
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091226175643/http://www.1news.az:80/economy/oil_n_gas/20091223105757254.html
|archivedate=2009-12-26
|df=
}}
</ref>

==Reservoir==
The field holds 3 million tonnes of oil and 0.5 billion cubic meters (cm) of gas.<ref name=Caspian/>
A [[mud volcano]] is in the bank's central part.

==See also==
{{Portal|Azerbaijan|Energy}}
*[[Oil industry in Azerbaijan]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
:*''Azerbaijani Soviet Encyclopedia'' (1979), vol. 3, p. 337

{{Energy in Azerbaijan}}

{{coord missing|Azerbaijan}}

[[Category:Oil fields of Azerbaijan]]
[[Category:Caspian Sea]]

{{Azerbaijan-geo-stub}}

Dan Ulduzu field

2017-04-04T14:43:46Z

Lklundin: /* See also */ {{Portal|Azerbaijan|Energy}}

{{Infobox oilfield
| name = Dan Ulduzu
| country = [[Azerbaijan]]
| region =
| location = near [[Absheron peninsula]]
| block =
| offonshore = offshore
| coordinates =
| operator = [[SOCAR]]
| operators =
| partners = [[Amoco]] (30%), [[SOCAR]] (20%), [[Itochu]] (20%), [[Unocal]] (25.5%), [[Delta Oil Company]] (4.5%)
| image =
| caption =
| discovery = 1970s
| start_development = 1997
| start_production =
| peak_year =
| abandonment =
| oil_production_bbl/d =
| oil_production_tpy =
| production_year_oil =
| production_gas_mmcuft/d =
| production_gas_mmscm/d =
| production_gas_bcm/y =
| production_year_gas =
| est_oil_bbl =
| est_oil_t = 40
| est_gas_bft =
| est_gas_bcm = 25
| formations = Upper Cretaceous
}}

'''Dan Ulduzu field''' is an [[oil and gas field]] located {{convert|105|km|mi|abbr=on}} northeast of [[Baku]], [[Azerbaijan]], west of [[Karabakh oilfield|Karabakh field]], in the northern section of [[Absheron archipelago|Absheron]] [[archipelago]].<ref name=kazakhstan>{{cite news | url= http://news.gazeta.kz/art.asp?aid=184534 | title= Подписание новых нефтяных контрактов в рамках нефтегазовой выставки Caspian Oil&Gas-2004 не планируется - президент ГНКАР | trans_title= Signing of any contracts during Caspian Oil&Gas-2004 is not being planned - President of SOCAR | publisher= Kazakhstan Today | author = | date=2004-05-12 | accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref><ref name=interfax>{{cite news | url=http://www.interfax.az/az/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=5648&Itemid=9 | title= AFR Azərbaycanla enerji sahəsində əməkdaşlığın intensivləşdirilməsinin tərəfdarıdır | trans_title= Germany is interested in intensifying cooperation with Azerbaijan in the energy sector | publisher= [[Interfax]] Azerbaijan | author = | date=2007-05-22 | accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref> In [[Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]], ''Dan Ulduzu'' means ''[[Pole Star]]''.

==Dan Ulduzu-Ashrafi bloc==
The [[Production sharing agreement]] (PSA) for exploration, development and production between [[SOCAR]] and [[North Absheron Operating Company|NAOC]] consortium for Dan-Ulduzu-[[Ashrafi field|Ashrafi]] bloc was signed on December 14, 1996. The contract area is 453 km2.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://azer.com/aiweb/categories/magazine/62_folder/62_articles/62_socar_danulduzu.html| title= Dan Ulduzu and Ashrafi. No longer in operation after April 1999 | publisher= [[Azerbaijan International]] | author = Betty Blair| date= Summer 1998| accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref> The water depth on location is {{convert|160|m|ft|}} - {{convert|180|m|ft|}}.<ref name=kazakhstan/> According to the contract, 3 exploration wells would be drilled and if successful, the production would start in 2003 with an intended output to reach 7 million tons per year by 2007. Azerbaijan would also have been paid $75 million in bonuses. Total capital investment was estimated at $2.5 billion.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://azer.com/aiweb/categories/magazine/44_folder/44_articles/44_socar_oilconsortium.html| title= Fourth Oil Consortium Signed. Dan Ulduzu and Ashrafi Prospects | publisher= [[Azerbaijan International]] | author = Betty Blair| date= Winter 1996| accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref> After drilling of 3 exploration wells, 2 million tons of oil was discovered at Dan Ulduzu and 6 million tons was found at Ashrafi field in January 1998.<ref>{{cite book |title=Caspian oil. Economy and Geopolitics |last=Huseynov |first=Vagif|authorlink= |coauthors= |year=2002 |publisher= OLMA-PRESS |location= New York|isbn= 5-224-03880-4 |page=52 |pages= |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=alMed-aIvRgC&pg=PA52&lpg=PA52&dq=%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BD+%D0%A3%D0%BB%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%83+%D0%90%D1%88%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8&source=bl&ots=GxN7n9tMHk&sig=cusQrvZRW2fesu4fJbzu895y5zA&hl=en&ei=H7EoTLPsJoKC8gaT0djbDw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=5&ved=0CCQQ6AEwBDgK#v=onepage&q=%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BD%20%D0%A3%D0%BB%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%83%20%D0%90%D1%88%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8&f=false |accessdate= June 28, 2010}}</ref> During the exploration stage, in 1998-2001, the price for barrel of oil was below $20.<ref name=kaspiy>{{cite web | url= http://www.kaspiy.az/articles.php?item_id=20050622110830889&sec_id=2| title= Нет худа без добра. "Ашрафи" нашло судьбу |trans_title= Good things happen. Ashrafi found its destiny |accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref> Due to low prices, the bloc was not considered commercially viable.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://vyshka.azeurotel.com/arxiv/2007/19/1.htm | title= ОБСУЖДЕНЫ ВОПРОСЫ УЧАСТИЯ В МЕЖДУНАРОДНОЙ ВЫСТАВКЕ "НЕФТЬ И ГАЗ КАСПИЯ" | trans_title= Issues related to Caspian Oil and Gas Expo are discussed | publisher= Vyshka | author = I. Mammedli| date=2007-05-25 | accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref> On March 7, 2000 the contract for exploration ended and was not renewed by the consortium.<ref name=interfax/>

===Ownership===
The project was operated by North Absheron Operating Company (NAOC) which consisted of the operator [[Amoco]] (acquired by [[BP]]) (30%), [[SOCAR]] (20%), [[Itochu]] (20%), [[Unocal]] (25.5%), [[Delta Oil Company]] (4.5%).<ref name=Trend>{{cite news | url=http://az.trend.az/capital/pengineering/892663.html | title= Wintershall Azərbaycanın dəniz yatağında kəşfiyyat quyusu qaza bilər | trans_title= Wintershall might start drilling in Azerbaijani oil field | publisher= [[Trend News Agency]] | author = | date=2007-03-02 | accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref> The company had spent a total of $64.5 million for exploration.<ref name=kaspiy/> The initial right for development of the field was granted to Amoco and Unocal in 1992. The other partners joined in during the mid-1990s.<ref>{{cite web | url= http://library.aliyev-heritage.org/az/6307863.html| title= Speech of Heydar Aliyev on PSA agreement with foreign investors |accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref>

==Drilling renewed==
In early 2004, SOCAR confirmed plans to revitalize the project at Dan Ulduzu and Ashrafi fields in 2007.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.day.az/news/economy/4318.html | title= ГНКАР приступит к освоению месторождений "Карабах" и "Ашрафи-дан улдузу" | trans_title= SOCAR will start development of Karabakh and Ashrafi-Dan Ulduzu fields | publisher= [[Day.az]] | author = | date=2004-04-12 | accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref> SOCAR intends to drill 19 wells by 2015 which will require an investment of 2.76 billion [[Azerbaijani manat]]s.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://regionplus.az/en/articles/view/617 | title= Contract of the century, or a day longer than a century... | publisher= Region Plus | author = Nurlana Guliyeva| date=2006-02-17 | accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url= http://www.socar.az/1128-news-view-en.html| title= SOCAR. Oil Strategy of Azerbaijan: successes and perspectives |accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref> Currently, the drilling is being carried out by [[Caspian Drilling Company]], contracted for various projects by SOCAR.<ref>{{cite web | url= http://caspiandrilling.com/browse.php?sec_id=10| title= Caspian Drilling Company. Our Company |accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Azerbaijan|Energy}}
*[[Azeri-Chirag-Guneshli]]
*[[Karabakh oilfield]]
*[[Ashrafi field]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://e-qanun.az/files/framework/data/3/f_3815.htm Text of the ratified law on Dan Ulduzu-Ashrafi for PSA Agreement (In Azeri)]

{{Energy in Azerbaijan}}

{{coord missing|Azerbaijan}}

[[Category:Oil fields of Azerbaijan]]
[[Category:Natural gas fields in Azerbaijan]]
[[Category:Energy in the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:Caspian Sea]]
[[Category:Itochu]]

Chirag oilfield

2017-04-04T14:43:41Z

Lklundin: /* See also */ {{Portal|Azerbaijan|Energy}}

{{Infobox oil field
| name = Chirag oil field
| country = [[Azerbaijan]]
| region = [[Caspian Sea]]
| location = {{convert|120|km|mi|abbr=on}} east of [[Baku]]
| block =
| offonshore = offshore
| coordinates =
| operator = [[BP]]
| operators =
| partners = [[Azerbaijan International Operating Company]]
| contractors =
| image =
| caption =
| discovery =
| start_development =
| start_production =
| abandonment =
| peak_year =
| peak_of_production_oil_bbl/d =
| peak_of_production_oil_tpy =
| peak_of_production_gas_mmcuft/d =
| peak_of_production_gas_mmscm/d =
| peak_of_production_gas_bcm/y =
| oil_production_bbl/d =
| oil_production_tpy =
| production_year_oil =
| production_gas_mmcuft/d =
| production_gas_mmscm/d =
| production_gas_bcm/y =
| production_year_gas =
| est_oil_bbl =
| est_oil_t =
| recover_oil_bbl = 360
| recover_oil_t =
| est_gas_bft =
| est_gas_bcm =
| recover_gas_bft =
| recover_gas_bcm =
| formations =
}}
'''Chirag''' ([[Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]]: ''Çıraq'') is an offshore [[oil field]] in the [[Caspian Sea]], located {{convert|120|km|mi|abbr=on}} east of [[Baku]], [[Azerbaijan]] and is a part of the larger [[Azeri-Chirag-Guneshli]] (ACG) project. The [[Drilling and production platform|production, drilling and quarters]] (PDQ) platform ''Chirag 1 (EOP)'' has been in operation since 1997. Chirag 1 has been producing the ''Early Oil'' from the ACG field. ''West Chirag'' is planned as an extension of ACG project.

==Chirag-1 and Early Oil Project==
The Early Oil Project (EOP) has averaged between {{convert|100000|to|150000|oilbbl/d}} of oil since the start of production. It was recognized as the first large-scale oil project in the Caspian Sea region. The project involved investment of $200 million from big financial institutions such as [[World Bank]]'s [[International Finance Corporation|IFC]] and the [[EBRD]]<ref>[http://www.bankwatch.org/project.shtml?w=147579&s=309629 CEE bankwatch network ''Chirag Early Oil fields, Azerbaijan'']</ref>
and included development of part of the Chirag oil field, namely refurbishment of an existing Chirag 1 platform, construction of new subsea pipelines, drilling of development and water injection wells; construction of [[Sangachal terminal]]; construction of oil export terminal in [[Supsa]], [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]] and completion of export pipelines and facilities in Azerbaijan and Georgia <ref name="IFC">[http://www.ifc.org/ifcext/spiwebsite1.nsf/1ca07340e47a35cd85256efb00700cee/373C7387EE47F95085257635006F22D7 International Finance Corporation(IFC) ''Summary of Project Information (SPI)'']</ref>

===Ownership===
The subsidiary of [[Amoco]] - Amoco Caspian Sea Petroleum Ltd was the operator for EOP. The partnership also included companies from [[United States]], [[Russia]], [[Turkey]], [[United Kingdom]], [[Norway]], [[Japan]] and Azerbaijan.
{| class=wikitable
!Company
!Share
|-
|Amoco Caspian Sea Petroleum
|17%
|-
|[[ExxonMobil|Exxon Azerbaijan Ltd]]
|8%
|-
|[[LUKOIL|Lukoil Overseas BVI Ltd]]
|10%
|-
|[[TPAO|Turkiye Petrollero A.O. (TPAO)]]
|6.8%
|-
|[[Unocal|Unocal Khazar Ltd]]
|10%
|-
|[[BP|BP Exploration (Caspian Sea) Limited]]
|17%
|-
|[[Statoil|Den Norske Statsoljeskap a.s.]]
|8.6%
|-
|[[SOCAR|State Oil Company of Azerbaijan Republic]]
|10%
|-
|[[Itochu Corporation]]
|3.9%
|-
|[[Pennzoil|Pennzoil Caspian Corporation]]
|4.8%
|-
|[[Ramco Energy|Ramco]]
|2.1%
|-
|[[Delta Nimir Khazar Limited|Delta]]
|1.7%
|}
Sponsors' share of the project costs are estimated at $800 million. IFC loans included five A loans (one to each one of borrowers) equalling $100 million in total and five B Loans, also $100 million in total.<ref name="IFC"/>

==Technical features==
Chirag 1 facilities include:
*24-slot PDQ platform with [[Water injection (oil production)|water injection]] equipment
*{{convert|176|km|mi|abbr=on}} long {{convert|24|in|mm|adj=on}} oil pipeline to the [[Sangachal terminal]] just south of Baku
*{{convert|46|km|mi|abbr=on}} long {{convert|16|in|mm|adj=on}} gas pipeline to the [[Oil Rocks]] offshore town
*{{convert|12|km|mi|abbr=on}} long {{convert|18|in|mm|adj=on}} gas pipeline to [[Azeri oil field|Central Azeri]]
*Compression and water injection platform.<ref name=BP>[http://www.bp.com/sectiongenericarticle.do?categoryId=9006667&contentId=7015091 Azeri-Chirag-Guneshli. The largest oil field under development in the Azerbaijan sector of the Caspian basin]</ref> This part of the field is forecasted to produce until 2024.<ref>[http://www.offshore-technology.com/projects/acg/ Azeri-Chirag-Gunashli (ACG) Oil Field, Caspian Sea, Azerbaijan. ''Chirag-1 platform]</ref> Initially, the production from Chirag was exported through [[Baku–Novorossiysk pipeline]]. Once the [[Baku-Supsa pipeline]] became operational in 1999, the production was also directed through Georgia.<ref>[http://www.azembassy.gr/browse.php?lang=eng&page=0206 Embassy of Azerbaijan in Georgia]</ref>

==West Chirag==
In March 2009, [[KBR (company)|KBR]] was awarded a contract by [[BP]] on behalf of [[Azerbaijan International Operating Company]] to provide [[Front-end loading|front-end engineering and design (FEED)]] and procurement services for the Chirag drilling platform. This is considered to be an expansion of ACG field development and is also known as Chirag Oil Project.<ref>
{{cite news
| url= http://www.rigzone.com/news/article.asp?a_id=74284
| title= KBR Scores Major FEED Contract for Chirag Oil Project in Caspian Sea
| publisher= Rigzone
| author =
| date= 2009-03-23
| accessdate=2009-12-09
}}</ref><ref>[http://www.kbr.com/news/press_releases/2009/03/23/KBR_Awarded_Major_FEED_Contract_by_BP_for_Chirag_Oil_Project.aspx KBR Press Release]</ref> In September 2010, construction of steel jacket for ''West Chirag'' platform will be started. Construction will be conducted by Baku Deepwater Jacket Factory named after [[Heydar Aliyev]]. Project management plans West Chirag production to start in the second quarter of 2014. According to preliminary forecasts, the platform will produce {{convert|183000|oilbbl/d}} and 209 million cm3/day<ref>
{{cite news
| url= http://www.1news.az/economy/oil_n_gas/20091202045956237.html
| title= Первая нефть с платформы "Западный Чыраг" будет добыта в 4-м квартале 2013 года
| publisher= The first news
| author = Alena Salayeva
| date= 12-02-2009
| accessdate=2009-12-09
}}</ref> and a total of {{convert|360|Moilbbl}} of oil at an investment cost of $6 billion.<ref>
{{cite news
| url= http://www.news.az/articles/10952
| title= New Azerbaijani oil platform gets go-ahead
| publisher= News.az
| author =
| date= 2010-03-09
| accessdate=2010-03-09
}}</ref> Gas produced from Chirag is planned to be exported to Europe in 2016.<ref>
{{cite news
| url= http://www.oilcapital.ru/news/2009/12/091636_147820.shtml
| title= Газ с азербайджанского месторождения Чираг пойдет в Европу в 2016 г.
| publisher= oilcapital.ru
| author =
| date= 09-12-2009
| accessdate=2009-12-09
}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Azerbaijan|Energy}}
*[[Azeri-Chirag-Guneshli]]
*[[Baku–Tbilisi–Ceyhan pipeline]]
*[[Sangachal Terminal]]
*[[South Caucasus Pipeline]]
*[[Baku-Supsa pipeline]]
*[[Baku–Novorossiysk pipeline]]
*[[Nabucco pipeline]]
*[[Baku-Novo Filya gas pipeline]]
*[[Nakhichevan field]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.rigzone.com/news/image_detail.asp?img_id=4174&a_id=74284 Image showing Chirag within ACG fields]

{{Energy in Azerbaijan}}

{{coord missing|Azerbaijan}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chirag Oil Field}}
[[Category:Oil fields of Azerbaijan]]
[[Category:Energy in the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:Caspian Sea]]
[[Category:BP oil and gas fields]]
[[Category:Itochu]]

Bahar oilfield

2017-04-04T14:43:37Z

Lklundin: /* See also */ {{Portal|Azerbaijan|Energy}}

{{Infobox oil field
| name = Bahar oil field
| image =
| caption =
| location_map =
| location_map_width =
| location_map_text =
| lat_d =
| lat_m =
| lat_s =
| lat_NS =
| long_d =
| long_m =
| long_s =
| long_EW =
| coordinates_type = type:landmark
| coordinates_display= inline,title
| coordinates_ref =
| country = [[Azerbaijan]]
| region =
| location =
| block =
| offonshore = Offshore
| operator = [[SOCAR]]
| partners = SOCAR, Bahar Energy Ltd
| contractors =
| discovery = 1968
| start_development = 1969
| start_production =
| peak_year =
| abandonment =
| peak_of_production_oil_bbl/d =
| peak_of_production_oil_tpy =
| peak_of_production_gas_mmcuft/d =
| peak_of_production_gas_mmscm/d =
| peak_of_production_gas_bcm/y =
| oil_production_bbl/d =
| oil_production_tpy =
| production_year_oil =
| production_gas_mmcuft/d =
| production_gas_mmscm/d =
| production_gas_bcm/y =
| production_year_gas =
| est_oil_bbl =
| est_oil_t = 2.7
| recover_oil_bbl =
| recover_oil_t =
| est_gas_bft = 18.4
| est_gas_bcm = 25
| recover_gas_bft =
| recover_gas_bcm =
| formations =
}}
'''Bahar''' is an offshore [[oil and gas field]] in the [[Caspian Sea]], located {{convert|40|km|mi|abbr=on}} southeast of [[Baku]], [[Azerbaijan]].
The field was discovered in 1968<ref name=Geo>
{{cite journal
| url = http://pg.geoscienceworld.org/cgi/content/abstract/4/3/253
| title = The Bahar oil and gas-condensate field in the South Caspian Basin
|date=August 1998
| volume = 4
| pages =253–258
| journal = GeoScienceWorld
| accessdate = 2010-01-05 }}
</ref> and was first developed in 1969. Prior to 2010, it produced approximately 16.8 million tonnes of [[petroleum|oil]] and 128.7 billion cubic meters of [[natural gas|gas]].<ref name=Caspian>
{{cite news
|url=http://caspenergy.com/index_en.shtml?id_node=68&id_file=7098&lang=en
|title=SOCAR signs contract with Bahar Energy Limited
|publisher=Caspian Energy
|author=
|date=2009-12-23
|accessdate=2010-01-05
|deadurl=yes
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708123020/http://caspenergy.com/index_en.shtml?id_node=68&id_file=7098&lang=en
|archivedate=2011-07-08
|df=
}}
</ref> There had been up to 93 wells operating in the field during the peak of production; the number has since decreased to 16.<ref name=APA>
{{cite news
|url= http://ru.apa.az/news_%D0%90%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BB_%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%84%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B5__149859.html
|script-title=ru:Азербайджан заключил новое нефтегазовое соглашение
|trans_title= Azerbaijan signed a new oil and gas agreement
|publisher= APA
|author= Rashad Suleymanov
|date= 2009-12-22
|accessdate=2010-01-05|language= Russian
}}
</ref>

==Production sharing agreement==
On December 22, 2009, the [[State Oil Company of Azerbaijan Republic]] and the [[UAE|Emirati]] company ''Bahar Energy Ltd'' signed a [[production sharing agreement]] for exploration, rehabilitation and development of Bahar and [[Gum Deniz oilfield|Gum Deniz]] fields.<ref>
{{cite news
|url= http://www.upi.com/Science_News/Resource-Wars/2009/12/23/SOCAR-gets-help-at-oil-and-gas-fields/UPI-94951261586400/
|title= SOCAR gets help at oil and gas fields
|publisher= United Press International
|author=
|date= 2009-12-23
|accessdate=2010-01-05}}
</ref> The agreement, which was reached by the President of SOCAR, [[Rovnag Abdullayev]] and General Director of Bahar Energy Ltd, Richard McDougall, is projected to last 25 years with the possibility of extension for five additional years.
This was the 28th agreement SOCAR signed with a foreign investor on the basis of production sharing. Rovnag Abdullayev stated that SOCAR is planning to increase the overall gas production of [[Azerbaijan]] to 1 trillion cm.

According to the agreement, within the next 3 years, Bahar Energy Ltd will drill one exploration well. The first stage of the project includes drilling of 50 wells. In addition to that, all existing wells will be rehabilitated for production. It is estimated that the first stage of the project will bring nearly $2.5 billion of income to SOCAR. The second stage of the project consists of exploration of the ''Bahar-2'' structure within the Bahar field.<ref name=Rosinvest>
{{cite news
|url= http://www.rosinvest.com/news/630532/
|script-title=ru:Инвестиции в блок месторождений «Бахар» и «Гум-Дениз» составят $1 млрд
|trans_title= Investment in "Bahar" and "Gumdeniz" bloacks will make up $1 bln
|publisher= Rosinvest
|author=
|date= 2009-12-22
|accessdate=2010-01-05|language= Russian
}}
</ref>

According to the agreement, SOCAR will receive a bonus of $2 million when the project program is confirmed, $1 million for every 100 million barrels produced, $5 million when commercial production starts, and $2 million after increasing production capacity to 1.5 times the 2008 production indicators, as planned.<ref name=APA/> In 2008, the field produced 54-55,000 tonnes of oil and 195 million cm of gas. Bahar Energy Ltd owns 80% of the stake while SOCAR owns 20%.<ref name=NG>
{{cite news
|url= http://www.ng.ru/cis/2009-12-28/100_baku.html
|script-title=ru:Баку расширяет географию экспорта
|trans_title= Baku is expanding geography of export
|publisher= [[Nezavisimaya Gazeta]]
|author= Sokhbet Mamedov
|date= 2009-12-28
|accessdate=2010-01-05|language= Russian
}}
</ref> Previous forecasts indicated that in five years, gas and condensate production in Bahar field would decrease by 15% and 10%, respectively which led to the idea of attracting foreign investment for stabilization of production.<ref name=Caspian/><ref>
{{cite news
|url= http://en.trend.az/capital/pengineering/1605471.html
|title= Azerbaijan signs new oil and gas contract
|publisher= [[Trend News Agency]]
|author= E. Ismayilov
|date= 2009-12-22
|accessdate=2010-01-05}}
</ref> It is expected that Bahar Energy Ltd will invest nearly $1 billion in the project.<ref name=Rosinvest/>

==Reservoir==
It is estimated that Bahar field holds 2.7 million tonnes of oil and between 18.4<ref>[http://www.old.caspenergy.com/no5rus1.html Caspian Energy. Old Offshore Oilfields of Azerbaijan and their rehabilitation]</ref> and 25 billion<ref name=APA/><ref>
{{cite news
|url= http://www.arabianbusiness.com/576880-uae-baharazeri-socar-sign-deal-on-caspian-fields
|title= UAE Bahar,Azeri Socar sign deal on Caspian fields
|publisher= Arabian Business
|author= Lada Yevgrashin
|date= 2009-12-23
|accessdate=2010-01-05}}
</ref> cubic meters of gas reserves. It contains oil and gas condensate in sandstone and sandy siltstone of the [[Pliocene]] Productive Series. The reservoir rocks have porosities of 13-18% and permeabilities of 45-250 mD. Biomarker geochemical analyses of onshore and offshroe fields indicate that the Pliocene oil and gas fields in South Caspian Basin had been mainly charged from epigenetic hydrocarbons.<ref name=Geo/>

==See also==
{{Portal|Azerbaijan|Energy}}
*[[Gum Deniz oilfield]]
*[[Azeri-Chirag-Guneshli]]
*[[Baku–Tbilisi–Ceyhan pipeline]]
*[[Sangachal Terminal]]
*[[Baku-Supsa pipeline]]
*[[Nabucco pipeline]]
*[[Baku-Novo Filya gas pipeline]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Energy in Azerbaijan}}

{{coord missing|Azerbaijan}}

[[Category:Oil fields of Azerbaijan]]
[[Category:Energy in the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:Caspian Sea]]

Azeri oilfield

2017-04-04T14:43:31Z

Lklundin: /* See also */ {{Portal|Azerbaijan|Energy}}

'''Azeri''' ([[Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]]: ''Azəri'') is an offshore [[oil field]] in the [[Caspian Sea]], located {{convert|100|km|mi|abbr=on}} east of [[Baku]], [[Azerbaijan]] and is a part of the larger [[Azeri-Chirag-Guneshli]] (ACG) project. The Azeri field includes ''Central Azeri'', ''West Azeri'', ''East Azeri'' production platforms compression and water injection platform (C&WP).<ref name=BP>[http://www.bp.com/sectiongenericarticle.do?categoryId=9006667&contentId=7015091 Azeri-Chirag-Guneshli. The largest oil field under development in the Azerbaijan sector of the Caspian basin.]</ref> The field was discovered in 1988 and originally it was named after [[26 Baku Commissars]].<ref name=zonn>
{{cite book
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=fvqYSoRvAI4C&pg=PA57
| title = The Caspian Sea Encyclopedia
| first1 = Igor S.| last1 = Zonn
| first2 = Aleksey N. | last2 = Kosarev
| first3 = Michael H. | last3 = Glantz
| first4 = Andrey G. | last4 = Kostianoy
| publisher = [[Springer Science+Business Media]]
| page = 57
| year = 2010
| isbn = 9783642115240
}}</ref>

==Central Azeri==
Central Azeri is a [[Drilling and production platform|production, drilling and quarters]] (PDQ) platform located in nearly {{convert|128|m|ft|abbr=on}} depth of water in the central part of the Azeri field. The platform is constructed to produce approximately {{convert|420000|oilbbl/d|abbr=on}}.
The facilities on Central Azeri include:
*a 48-slot PDQ platform
*a {{convert|30|in|mm|adj=on}} oil pipeline from the platform to the receiving [[Sangachal terminal]]
*a {{convert|28|in|mm|adj=on}} gas pipeline from the platform to Sangachal terminal.
Central Azeri has started its operations in February 2005<ref name=BP/>

==West Azeri==
West Azeri is a [[Drilling and production platform|production, drilling and quarters]] (PDQ) platform located in {{convert|120|m|ft|abbr=on}} depth of water and was constructed to produce oil from western section of Azeri field. West Azeri adds {{convert|300000|oilbbl/d|abbr=on}} to the overall ACG production.<ref>
{{cite news
| url= http://www.rigzone.com/NEWS/article.asp?a_id=28317
| title= BP Begins Production at West Azeri Field in the Caspian Sea
| publisher= Rigzone
| author =
| date= 01-05-2006
| accessdate=2009-12-09
}}</ref>
The facilities on West Azeri include:
*a 48-slot PDQ platform
*a {{convert|30|in|mm|adj=on}} oil pipeline from the platform to receiving Sangachal terminal
The platform has started its operations in December 2005.<ref name=BP/>

==East Azeri==
[[File:EAST AZERI - panoramio.jpg|thumb|right|East Azeri oil platform, May 2008]]
East Azeri is a [[Drilling and production platform|production, drilling and quarters]] (PDQ) platform located in {{convert|150|m|ft|abbr=on}} depth of water and was constructed to produce oil from eastern section of Azeri field. East Azeri produces {{convert|260000|oilbbl/d|abbr=on}}.
The facilities on East Azeri include:
*a 48-slot PDQ platform<ref name=BP/>
The platform has started its operations in October 2006.<ref>
{{cite press release
|url=http://www.bp.com/genericarticle.do?categoryId=2012968&contentId=7024304
|title=Production Begins at East Azeri in the Caspian Sea
|publisher=[[BP]]
|date=2006-10-23
|accessdate=2009-12-09
|deadurl=yes
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608082040/http://www.bp.com/genericarticle.do?categoryId=2012968&contentId=7024304
|archivedate=2011-06-08
|df=
}}</ref>

==Compression and water injection platform (C&WP)==
The C&WP supplies Central, West and East Azeri platforms with water and gas injection services, manages gas export and provides electrical power using 10 Rolls Royce turbines. The platform is bridge linked to Central Azeri platform.<ref name=BP/>

Gas injection capacity at C&WP is {{convert|1|e9cuft/d|abbr=off}} utilizing 5 gas injection wells. Water injection capacity is {{convert|1|Moilbbl/d|abbr=off}} utilizing 12 water injection wells. Gas export capacity stands at {{convert|250|e6cuft/d|abbr=off}}. Azeri C&WP has some of the largest water injection pumps and gas injection compressors among BP platforms worldwide. The topsides have been constructed in the ATA (AMEC-Azfen-Tekfen) construction yard in Bibi-Heybat, Azerbaijan.<ref name="Azerbaijan International">
{{cite journal
| url = http://azer.com/aiweb/categories/magazine/ai124_folder/124_articles/124_bp_developments.html
| title = "Golden Weld" Ceremony Links Azerbaijan and Georgia
|date=Winter 2004
| at = sec. 12.4, pp. 84–87
| journal = [[Azerbaijan International]]
| accessdate = 2009-12-09 }}
</ref>

==2008 gas leak and blowout==
On 17 September 2008, a gas leak was discovered in the area of the Central Azeri platform after blowout in a gas-injection well.<ref name=reuters170908>
{{cite news
| url = http://uk.reuters.com/article/2008/09/17/bp-azerbaijan-idUKLH11994620080917
| title = BP halves Azeri oil production after gas leak
| date = 2008-09-17
| first = Lada | last = Yevgrashina
| agency = [[Reuters]]
| accessdate = 2012-07-01}}
</ref><ref name=bloomberg170908>
{{cite news
| url = https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=aEw7N7UprOpc&refer=energy
| title = BP Shuts Down Two Azeri Oil Platforms After Gas Leak
| date = 2008-09-17
| first = Eduard | last = Gismatullin
| agency = [[Bloomberg L.P.|Bloomberg]]
| accessdate = 2012-07-01}}
</ref><ref name=time181210>
{{cite news
| url = http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,2037830,00.html
| title = WikiLeaks: BP's 'Other' Offshore Drilling Disaster
| date = 2010-07-01
| first = Vivienne | last = Walt
| newspaper = [[Time (magazine)|Time]]
| accessdate = 2012-07-01}}
</ref> The platform was shut down and the staff was evacuated.<ref name=reuters170908/><ref name=bloomberg170908/> As the West Azeri Platform was being powered by a cable from the Central Azeri Platform, it was also shut down.<ref name=wikileaks081008>
{{cite report
| url = https://www.theguardian.com/world/us-embassy-cables-documents/172998
| title = US embassy cables: BP may never know cause of gas leak, US told
| trans_title = Original title: Azerbaijan seeks to develop ACG deep gas, can supply Georgia with winter gas
| date = 2008-10-08
| author = US Embassy in Azerbaijan
| newspaper = [[The Guardian]]
| accessdate = 2012-07-01}}
</ref> BP, an operator of ACG, suspected a bad cement job caused the leaking gas.<ref name=wikileaks150109>
{{cite report
| url = https://www.theguardian.com/world/us-embassy-cables-documents/187280
| title = US embassy cables: BP blames gas leak on 'bad cement job'
| trans_title = Original title: Azerbaijan: BP downbeat on 2009 Shah Deniz phase two progress
| date = 2009-01-15
| author = US Embassy in Azerbaijan
| newspaper = [[The Guardian]]
| accessdate = 2012-07-01}}
</ref> Production at the West Azeri Platform resumed on 9 October 2008 and at the Central Azeri Platform in December 2008.<ref name=reuters101008>
{{cite news
| url = http://uk.reuters.com/article/2008/10/10/bp-azerbaijan-production-idUKLA26181320081010
| title = BP resumes oil output at one Azeri platform
| date = 2008-10-10
| first = Lada | last = Yevgrashina
| agency = [[Reuters]]
| accessdate = 2012-07-01}}
</ref><ref name=reuters231208>
{{cite news
| url = http://uk.reuters.com/article/2008/12/23/bp-field-resumption-idUKLN67920520081223
| title = BP partially resumes production at Azeri platform
| date = 2008-12-23
| first = Lada | last = Yevgrashina
| agency = [[Reuters]]
| accessdate = 2012-07-01}}
</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Azerbaijan|Energy}}
*[[Azeri-Chirag-Guneshli]]
*[[Baku–Tbilisi–Ceyhan pipeline]]
*[[Sangachal Terminal]]
*[[South Caucasus Pipeline]]
*[[Baku-Supsa pipeline]]
*[[Baku–Novorossiysk pipeline]]
*[[Nabucco pipeline]]
*[[Baku-Novo Filya gas pipeline]]
*[[Nakhichevan field]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.rigzone.com/news/image_detail.asp?img_id=4174&a_id=74284 Image showing Chirag within ACG fields]

{{Energy in Azerbaijan}}

{{coord missing|Azerbaijan}}

[[Category:Oil fields of Azerbaijan]]
[[Category:Energy in the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:Caspian Sea]]
[[Category:BP oil and gas fields]]

Ashrafi field

2017-04-04T14:43:26Z

Lklundin: /* See also */ {{Portal|Azerbaijan|Energy}}

{{Infobox oilfield
| name = Ashrafi
| country = [[Azerbaijan]]
| region =
| location = near [[Absheron peninsula]]
| block =
| offonshore = offshore
| coordinates =
| operator = [[SOCAR]]
| operators =
| partners = previously operated by [[North Absheron Operating Company]] (NAOC) consortium: [[Amoco]] (30%), [[SOCAR]] (20%), [[Itochu]] (20%), [[Unocal]] (25.5%), [[Delta Oil Company]] (4.5%)
| image =
| caption =
| discovery = 1970s
| start_development = 1997
| start_production =
| peak_year =
| abandonment =
| oil_production_bbl/d =
| oil_production_tpy =
| production_year_oil =
| production_gas_mmcuft/d =
| production_gas_mmscm/d =
| production_gas_bcm/y =
| production_year_gas =
| est_oil_bbl =
| est_oil_t = 6
| est_gas_bft =
| est_gas_bcm = 25
| formations =
}}

'''Ashrafi field''' is an [[oil and gas field]] located {{convert|105|km|mi|abbr=on}} northeast of [[Baku]], [[Azerbaijan]], west of [[Karabakh oilfield|Karabakh field]], in the northern section of [[Absheron peninsula|Absheron]] [[archipelago]].<ref name=kazakhstan>{{cite news | url= http://news.gazeta.kz/art.asp?aid=184534 | title= Подписание новых нефтяных контрактов в рамках нефтегазовой выставки Caspian Oil&Gas-2004 не планируется - президент ГНКАР | trans_title= Signing of any contracts during Caspian Oil&Gas-2004 is not being planned - President of SOCAR | publisher= Kazakhstan Today | author = | date=2004-05-12 | accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref><ref name=interfax>{{cite news | url=http://www.interfax.az/az/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=5648&Itemid=9 | title= AFR Azərbaycanla enerji sahəsində əməkdaşlığın intensivləşdirilməsinin tərəfdarıdır | trans_title= Germany is interested in intensifying cooperation with Azerbaijan in the energy sector | publisher= [[Interfax]] Azerbaijan | author = | date=2007-05-22 | accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref>

==Dan Ulduzu-Ashrafi bloc==
The [[Production sharing agreement]] (PSA) for exploration, development and production between [[SOCAR]] and [[North Absheron Operating Company|NAOC]] consortium for [[Dan Ulduzu field|Dan Ulduzu]]-Ashrafi bloc was signed on December 14, 1996. The contract area is 453 km2.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://azer.com/aiweb/categories/magazine/62_folder/62_articles/62_socar_danulduzu.html| title= Dan Ulduzu and Ashrafi. No longer in operation after April 1999 | publisher= [[Azerbaijan International]] | author = Betty Blair| date= Summer 1998| accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref> The water depth on location is {{convert|160|m|ft|}} - {{convert|180|m|ft|}}.<ref name=kazakhstan/> According to the agreement, 3 exploration wells would be drilled and if successful, the production would start in 2003 with an intended output to reach 7 million tons per year by 2007. Azerbaijan would also have been paid $75 million in bonuses. Total capital investment was estimated to be at $2.5 billion.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://azer.com/aiweb/categories/magazine/44_folder/44_articles/44_socar_oilconsortium.html| title= Fourth Oil Consortium Signed. Dan Ulduzu and Ashrafi Prospects | publisher= [[Azerbaijan International]] | author = Betty Blair| date= Winter 1996| accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref> After drilling of 3 exploration wells, 2 million tons of oil was discovered at Dan Ulduzu and 6 million tons was found at Ashrafi field in January 1998.<ref>{{cite book |title=Caspian oil. Economy and Geopolitics |last=Huseynov |first=Vagif|authorlink= |coauthors= |year=2002 |publisher= OLMA-PRESS |location= New York|isbn= 5-224-03880-4 |page=52 |pages= |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=alMed-aIvRgC&pg=PA52&lpg=PA52&dq=%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BD+%D0%A3%D0%BB%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%83+%D0%90%D1%88%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8&source=bl&ots=GxN7n9tMHk&sig=cusQrvZRW2fesu4fJbzu895y5zA&hl=en&ei=H7EoTLPsJoKC8gaT0djbDw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=5&ved=0CCQQ6AEwBDgK#v=onepage&q=%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%BD%20%D0%A3%D0%BB%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%83%20%D0%90%D1%88%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8&f=false |accessdate= June 28, 2010}}</ref> During the exploration stage, in 1998-2001, the price for barrel of oil was below $20.<ref name=kaspiy>{{cite web | url= http://www.kaspiy.az/articles.php?item_id=20050622110830889&sec_id=2| title= Нет худа без добра. "Ашрафи" нашло судьбу |trans_title= Good things happen. Ashrafi found its destiny |accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref> Due to low energy prices, the bloc was not considered commercially viable and was thus abandoned.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://vyshka.azeurotel.com/arxiv/2007/19/1.htm | title= ОБСУЖДЕНЫ ВОПРОСЫ УЧАСТИЯ В МЕЖДУНАРОДНОЙ ВЫСТАВКЕ "НЕФТЬ И ГАЗ КАСПИЯ" | trans_title= Issues related to Caspian Oil and Gas Expo are discussed | publisher= Vyshka | author = I. Mammedli| date=2007-05-25 | accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref> On March 7, 2000 the contract for exploration ended and was not renewed by the consortium.<ref name=interfax/>

===Ownership===
The project was operated by North Absheron Operating Company (NAOC) which consisted of the operator [[Amoco]] (acquired by [[BP]]) (30%) and partners [[SOCAR]] (20%), [[Itochu]] (20%), [[Unocal]] (25.5%), [[Delta Oil Company]] (4.5%).<ref name=Trend>{{cite news | url=http://az.trend.az/capital/pengineering/892663.html | title= Wintershall Azərbaycanın dəniz yatağında kəşfiyyat quyusu qaza bilər | trans_title= Wintershall might start drilling in Azerbaijani oil field | publisher= [[Trend News Agency]] | author = | date=2007-03-02 | accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref> The company had spent a total of $64.5 million for exploration.<ref name=kaspiy/> The initial right for development of the field was granted to Amoco and Unocal in 1992. The other partners joined in mid-1990s.<ref>{{cite web | url= http://library.aliyev-heritage.org/az/6307863.html| title= Speech of Heydar Aliyev on PSA agreement with foreign investors |accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref>

==Drilling renewed==
In early 2004, SOCAR confirmed plans to revitalize the project at Dan Ulduzu and Ashrafi fields in 2007.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.day.az/news/economy/4318.html | title= ГНКАР приступит к освоению месторождений "Карабах" и "Ашрафи-дан улдузу" | trans_title= SOCAR will start development of Karabakh and Ashrafi-Dan Ulduzu fields | publisher= [[Day.az]] | author = | date=2004-04-12 | accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref> SOCAR intends to drill 19 wells by 2015 which will require an investment of 2.76 billion [[Azerbaijani manat]]s.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://regionplus.az/en/articles/view/617 | title= Contract of the century, or a day longer than a century... | publisher= Region Plus | author = Nurlana Guliyeva| date=2006-02-17 | accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url= http://www.socar.az/1128-news-view-en.html| title= SOCAR. Oil Strategy of Azerbaijan: successes and perspectives |accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref> In 2007, SOCAR signed a [[Memorandum of understanding]] with the German company [[Wintershall]] for exploration works at Ashrafi.<ref name=Trend-2>{{cite news | url=http://az.trend.az/capital/pengineering/929083.html | title= Wintershall ARDNŞ-lə "Əşrəfi" perspektiv strukturu üzrə işlərin davam etdirilməsini müzakirə edib | trans_title= Wintershall discussed continuation of works at Ashrafi prospect| publisher= [[Trend News Agency]] | author = | date=2007-05-21 | accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref> Currently, the drilling is being carried out by [[Semi-submersible|semi submersible drilling vessel]] Dede Qorqud of [[Caspian Drilling Company]], contracted by SOCAR.<ref>{{cite web | url= http://caspiandrilling.com/browse.php?sec_id=10| title= Caspian Drilling Company. Our Company |accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url= http://www.old.caspenergy.com/45/45_20_e.html| title= PROSPECTS OF DRILLING IN THE CASPIAN SEA |accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Azerbaijan|Energy}}
*[[Dan Ulduzu field]]
*[[Azeri-Chirag-Guneshli]]
*[[Karabakh oilfield]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://e-qanun.az/files/framework/data/3/f_3815.htm Text of the ratified law on Dan Ulduzu-Ashrafi for PSA Agreement (In Azeri)]

{{Energy in Azerbaijan}}

{{coord missing|Azerbaijan}}

[[Category:Oil fields of Azerbaijan]]
[[Category:Natural gas fields in Azerbaijan]]
[[Category:Energy in the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:Caspian Sea]]
[[Category:Itochu]]

Caspian International Petroleum Company

2017-04-04T14:42:54Z

Lklundin: /* See also */ {{Portal|Azerbaijan|Energy}}

'''Caspian International Petroleum Company (CIPCO)''' ([[Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]]: ''Xəzər Beynəlxalq Neft Şirkəti'') was a joint operating company established by production shareholding companies for exploration, development and production sharing of the [[Karabakh (Oil and Gas field)|Karabakh]] field in the section of the [[Caspian Sea]] within [[Azerbaijan]].

==History==
It was incorporated on 4 June 1996. The company was led by President James A. Tilley, who had been the President of ''[[Pennzoil]] Caspian''.<ref name="Azerbaijan International">
{{cite journal
| url = http://azer.com/aiweb/categories/magazine/43_folder/43_articles/43_caspian.html
| title = Caspian International Petroleum Company. Formed for Exploration, Development of Karabakh Prospect
|date=Autumn 1996
| journal = [[Azerbaijan International]]
| accessdate = 2009-12-08 }}
</ref>

Shareholders of CIPCO had the following stakes in Karabakh field:
{| class=wikitable
!Company
!Interest
|-
|[[LUKAgip]] [[Joint venture|JV]]
|45%
|-
|[[Pennzoil]]
|30%
|-
|[[LUKOIL]]
|12.5%
|-
|[[SOCAR]]
|7.5%
|-
|[[Agip]]
|5%
|}

===Feasibility studies===
The company estimated an investment of up to $2 billion, if the feasibility studies proved the expectations for reserves.<ref name="Azerbaijan International-2">
{{cite journal
| url = http://azer.com/aiweb/categories/magazine/44_folder/44_articles/44_socar_cipco.html
| title = CIPCO. Developing the Karabakh Prospect
| author = James Tilley
|date=Winter 1996
| journal = [[Azerbaijan International]]
| accessdate = 2009-12-08 }}
</ref> CIPCO spent nearly $100 million on feasibility studies.<ref name=Nefte.ru>[http://www.nefte.ru/projekt/s6.htm ''НЕФТЕГАЗОДОБЫЧА В СТРАНАХ СНГ'']</ref>

;Closure
In January 1999, the consortium management announced the project was not commercially feasible and as of 23 February 1999 it stopped its operations and was dissolved.<ref>
{{cite news
| url= http://www.gasandoil.com/goc/company/cnc91019.htm
| title= CIPCO dissolved
| publisher= Alexander's Gas & Oil Connections
| volume = 4
| issue = 4
| date=1999-03-03
| accessdate=2009-12-08
}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Azerbaijan|Energy}}
*[[Azeri-Chirag-Guneshli]] — ''Caspian Sea oil fields''.
*[[Karabakh (Oil and Gas field)]] — ''Caspian Sea oil field''.
*[[Sangachal Terminal]] — ''natural gas processing and oil production plant on the coast of the Caspian Sea''.
* {{C|Oil and gas companies of Azerbaijan}}
* {{C|Petroleum in Azerbaijan}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://socar.az/2-projects-view-az.html SOCAR: information on Karabakh field project]

{{Energy in Azerbaijan}}

{{coord missing|Azerbaijan}}

[[Category:Oil and gas companies of Azerbaijan]]
[[Category:Caspian Sea]]
[[Category:Defunct oil companies]]
[[Category:Joint ventures]]
[[Category:Energy companies established in 1996]]
[[Category:Non-renewable resource companies established in 1996]]
[[Category:Non-renewable resource companies disestablished in 1999]]
[[Category:1996 establishments in Azerbaijan]]
[[Category:1999 disestablishments in Azerbaijan]]

Central Asia–China gas pipeline

2017-03-30T21:07:51Z

Lklundin: /* See also */ {{Portal|China|Kazakhstan|Turkmenistan|Energy}} replaces {{Portal|China|Kazakhstan|Energy}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2014}}
{{Infobox pipeline
| name = Central Asia–China gas pipeline
| type = natural gas
| map =CentralAsiaChinapipeline.png
| map_caption = The route of the gas pipeline
| country = [[Turkmenistan]], [[Uzbekistan]], [[Kazakhstan]], [[China]]
| coordinates =
| photo =
| caption =
| operator =
| partners = [[China National Petroleum Corporation]] [[Türkmengaz]] [[Uzbekneftegas]] [[KazMunayGas]]
| length_km = 1833
| discharge = {{convert|55|e9m3/a}}
| diameter_mm = 1067
| direction = south–north-east
| start = Right bank of [[Amu Darya]], Saman-Depe, [[Turkmenistan]]
| finish = Horgos, [[Xinjiang]], [[China|People's Republic of China]] (connected to [[West–East Gas Pipeline]])
| contractors =
| construction= 2007
| est = 2009
| through = Olot, [[Shymkent]], [[Alataw Pass]]
| par = [[Bukhara–Tashkent–Bishkek–Almaty pipeline]], [[Kazakhstan-China oil pipeline]]
| compressor_stations_no=
| compressor_stations=
}}

The '''Central Asia–China gas pipeline''' (known also as '''Turkmenistan–China gas pipeline''') is a [[natural gas]] [[Pipeline transport|pipeline]] system from [[Central Asia]] to [[Xinjiang]] in the [[China|People's Republic of China]].

==History==
The initial proposal for Central Asia–China gas pipeline was presented as the Kazakhstan–China gas pipeline, which was to follow along the [[Kazakhstan-China oil pipeline]]. In June 2003, during China's President [[Hu Jintao]]'s visit to Kazakhstan, agreements to expedite the appraisal of the project were signed.<ref name=china>
{{cite news
| url=http://www.china.org.cn/english/BAT/105031.htm
| title=China, Kazakhstan Discuss Cross-border Gas Pipeline
| newspaper=[[China Daily]]
| date=2004-08-25
| accessdate=2007-07-27}}
</ref> Following these agreements, [[KazMunayGas]] and [[PetroChina]] started a feasibility study of the pipeline project. At the same time China continued negotiations with other Central Asian countries.

On 3 April 2006, China and Turkmenistan signed a framework agreement on the pipeline construction and long-term gas supply.<ref name=rfere>
{{cite news
| author = Daniel Kimmage
| url=http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2006/04/55f9574d-407a-4777-9724-944e6c2ecd7b.html
| title=Central Asia: Turkmenistan-China Pipeline Project Has Far-Reaching Implications
| work= [[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]]
| date=2006-04-10
| accessdate=2007-07-27}}
</ref> In June 2007, during his visit to China, Turkmeni President [[Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow]] signed an accord to speed up implementation of the Turkmeni-Chinese gas pipeline project.<ref name=downstream/> On 30 April 2007, Uzbekistan and China signed an agreement on the construction and exploitation of the pipeline's Uzbekistan section.<ref name=caucaz>
{{cite news
| url=http://www.caucaz.com/home_eng/depeches.php?idp=1645
| title=Uzbekistan and China to build gas pipeline
| publisher=Caucaz.com
| date=2007-05-01
| accessdate=2007-07-27}}
</ref> In July 2007, it was formally announced that Turkmenistan will join original Kazakhstan-China pipeline project.<ref name=forbes>
{{cite news
| url=http://www.forbes.com/feeds/afx/2007/07/04/afx3883648.html
| title=Turkmenistan to join China, Kazakhstan pipeline project – KazMunaiGas EP CEO
| newspaper=[[Forbes]]
| agency=[[Thomson Financial|AFX News]]
| date=2007-07-04
| accessdate=2007-07-27}}
</ref> On 8 November 2007, Kazakhstan's oil company [[KazMunayGas]] signed an agreement with the [[China National Petroleum Corporation]] on principles of future work on the pipeline.<ref name=reuters2>
{{cite news
| url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/oilRpt/idUKL0888292120071108
| title=Kazakhstan, China agree to press ahead with pipeline
| author=Maria Golovnina
| agency=[[Reuters]]
| date=2007-11-08
| accessdate=2008-03-15}}
</ref>

On 30 August 2007, the construction of the {{convert|188|km|mi}} long Turkmen section of the pipeline began.<ref name=upstream1/> This section was built by [[Stroytransgaz]], a subsidiary of [[Gazprom]].<ref name=reuters1>
{{cite news
| url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/oilRpt/idUKL194546920080219
| title=Russian company wins Turkmen China pipeline tender
| author=Marat Gurt
| agency=[[Reuters]]
| date=2008-02-19
| accessdate=2008-03-15}}
</ref> Main contractors were China Petroleum Pipeline Bureau, [[China Petroleum Engineering and Construction Corporation]], and Zeromax.<ref name=eurasianet/> Construction of the Uzbek section started on 30 June 2008.<ref name=eurasianet>
{{cite news
| url= http://www.eurasianet.org/departments/news/articles/eav071009a.shtml
| title=Kazakhstan: Workers Complete Section of Turkmenistan-China Pipeline
| publisher= Eurasianet
| date=2009-07-10
| accessdate=2009-07-16}}
</ref><ref name=downstream2>
{{cite news
| url= http://www.downstreamtoday.com/news/article.aspx?a_id=11700
| title=Central Asia-China Gas Pipeline To Start Service Next Year
| publisher= Downstream Today
| work = Asiaport Daily News
| date=2008-07-03
| accessdate=2008-07-07}}
</ref> It was built by Asia Trans Gas, a joint venture of [[Uzbekneftegas]] and [[China National Petroleum Corporation|CNPC]].<ref name=upstream3>
{{cite news
| url=http://www.hydrocarbons-technology.com/projects/centralasiachinagasp/
| title=Central Asia-China Gas Pipeline, Turkmenistan to China
| newspaper = hydrocarbons-technology.com
| publisher = hydrocarbons-technology.com
| date=2013-09-25
| accessdate=2013-09-25}}
</ref> Construction works of the Kazakh section started on 9 July 2008 and the first stage was finished in July 2009.<ref name=upstream4>
{{cite news
| url=http://www.upstreamonline.com/live/article158831.ece
| title=Kazakhstan gets cracking on China pipe
| newspaper = [[Upstream (newspaper)|Upstream Online]]
| publisher = NHST Media Group
| date=2008-07-09
| accessdate=2008-07-09
| id = {{subscription required}}}}
</ref> It was built by Asian Gas Pipeline company, a joint venture of CNPC and [[KazMunayGas]].<ref name=upstream2>
{{cite news
| url=http://www.upstreamonline.com/live/article152009.ece
| title=Beijing digs in with Kazakh pipes
| newspaper = [[Upstream (newspaper)|Upstream Online]]
| publisher = NHST Media Group
| date=2008-04-09
| accessdate=2008-04-19
| id = {{subscription required}}}}
</ref> The main contractors of this section were KazStroyService and China Petroleum Engineering and Construction Corporation.<ref name=steelguru1/> The first of the two initial parallel line were completed early November 2009.<ref name=downstream121109>
{{cite news
| url= http://downstreamtoday.com/news/article.aspx?a_id=19253
| title= CNPC To Build Phase II Central Asia-China Gas Pipeline
| publisher= Downstream Today
| agency = [[Xinhua]]
| date= 2009-11-12
| accessdate= 2009-11-14}}
</ref>

The Kazakh section of the pipeline was inaugurated on 12 December 2009 during China's president Hu Jintao's visit to Kazakhstan.<ref name=reuters121209>
{{cite news
| url= http://uk.reuters.com/article/idUKGEE5BB01D20091212?sp=true
| title=China's Hu boosts energy ties with Central Asia
| first1=Raushan | last1=Nurshayeva
| first2=Shamil | last2=Zhumatov
| agency=[[Reuters]]
| date=2009-12-12
| accessdate=2009-12-12}}
</ref> The whole pipeline was inaugurated on 14 December 2009 in a ceremony in Saman-Depe during Hu Jintao's visit to Turkmenistan with the leaders of Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan.<ref name=reuters141209>
{{cite news
| url= http://uk.reuters.com/article/idUKSGE5BD0BQ20091214?sp=true
| title= China extends influence into C.Asia with pipeline
| first = Marat | last = Gurt
| agency=[[Reuters]]
| date=2009-12-14
| accessdate=2009-12-14}}
</ref>
On 13 June 2010 China and Kazakhstan signed an agreement on a branch line from Western Kazakhstan.<ref name=cd140610>
{{cite news
| url= http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2010-06/14/content_9976764.htm
| title= China, Kazakhstan sign new gas pipeline deal
| author = Wan Zhihong
| newspaper= China Daily
| date=2010-06-14
| accessdate=2010-06-20}}
</ref>

The second line was completed by the end of 2010. Construction of the third line began in 2012.<ref name=pi>
{{cite news
|url=http://pipelinesinternational.com/news/construction_on_third_line_begins_for_central_asia-china_gas_pipeline/066998/
|title=Construction on third line begins for Central Asia-China Gas Pipeline
|publisher=Pipelines International
|date=March 2012
|accessdate=
|deadurl=yes
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141112042852/http://pipelinesinternational.com:80/news/construction_on_third_line_begins_for_central_asia-china_gas_pipeline/066998
|archivedate=12 November 2014
|df=dmy
}}
</ref> It became operational on 15 June 2014, and is expected to reach the designed throughput of {{convert|25|e9m3/a}} in December 2015. The construction of a fourth line of the pipeline is expected to be launched at the end of 2014.<ref name=br160614>
{{cite news
| url= http://www.brecorder.com/markets/energy/asia/179025.html
| title= China, Central Asian countries open 3rd gas line
| publisher= Business Recorder
| date= 16 June 2014
| accessdate= 2014-06-20}}
</ref>

==Significance==
According to CNPC, the inflow of Turkmen gas helps China in meeting its energy demands and stabilizes the country's overall consumption structure. It was expected that the pipeline's deliveries boost the natural gas proportion of energy consumption of China by an estimated 2%, which reduces the overall smoke, dust and carbon dioxide emissions.<ref name=chinastake>
{{cite news
| url=http://www.chinastakes.com/story.aspx?id=480
| title= Central Asia Pipeline to Secure Gas for China
| publisher= ChinaStakes
| date=2008-07-02
| accessdate=2009-02-24}}
</ref> For Turkmenistan, the project helps the country diversify its energy exports by delivering gas eastward as opposed to its previous deliveries to [[Russia]] and [[Iran]]. Until the inauguration of the pipeline, nearly 70% of Turkmenistan's gas exports transited through Russian pipelines.<ref>
{{cite news
| author = Philip H. de Leon
| url=http://www.resourceinvestor.com/News/2009/12/Pages/China-secures-gas-from-Turkmenistan-Whos-the-real-winner.aspx
| title=China secures gas from Turkmenistan: Who's the real winner?
| publisher=Resource Investor
| date=2009-12-22
| accessdate=2009-12-23}}
</ref> Central Asia–China gas pipeline is the first pipeline to bring Central Asian natural gas to China and highlights China's quest for Central Asian energy exports. While Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan are also considering selling their gas to China, Chinese government already made new moves to penetrate deeper into Central Asian energy sector by lending $3 billion to Turkmenistan to develop the South Iolotan field in 2009 and $10 billion to Kazakhstan to pay for future oil supplies.<ref>
{{cite news
| url= http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/38fc5d14-e8d1-11de-a756-00144feab49a.html
| title= Pipeline brings Asian gas to China
| newspaper=[[Financial Times]]
|last1= Gorst|first1=Isabel
|last2= Dyer|first2=Geoff
| date=2009-12-14
| accessdate=2009-12-14}}
</ref>

==Technical features==
The whole pipeline is about {{convert|1833|km|mi}} long, of which {{convert|188|km|mi}} in Turkmenistan and {{convert|530|km|mi}} in Uzbekistan.<ref name=upstream1>
{{cite news
| url=http://www.upstreamonline.com/live/article139613.ece
| title=Turkmen break ground on China pipe
| newspaper = [[Upstream (newspaper)|Upstream Online]]
| publisher = [[NHST Media Group]]
| date=2007-08-30
| accessdate=2007-09-09
| id = {{subscription required}}}}
</ref><ref name=downstream121109 /><ref name=reuters121209 /><ref name=chinastake /> The diameter of the pipeline is {{convert|1067|mm|in}}.<ref name=steelguru1>
{{cite news
| url= http://steelguru.com/news/index/2009/07/14/MTAyMDg5/Construction_cost_of_Kazakhstan_to_China_gas_pipeline_increases.html
| title= Construction cost of Kazakhstan to China gas pipeline increases
| publisher=Steel Guru
| date=2009-07-13
| accessdate=2009-07-16}}
</ref> It consists of three parallel lines with combined total capacity of {{convert|55|e9m3/a}} which would be reached by 2015.<ref name=br160614 /> Construction of the first line cost US$7.3 billion.<ref name=chinapost>
{{cite news
| url=http://www.chinapost.com.tw/china/business/2007/12/30/137003/China-National.htm
| title=China National Petroleum subsidiaries to pay billions for Central Asia gas pipeline
| newspaper=The China Post
| date=2007-12-30
| accessdate=2008-06-01}}
</ref> The pipeline project also includes the purification plant at [[Saman-Depe Gas Field|Samand-Depe]] to remove high sulfur content of natural gas.

==Route==
The pipeline starts in Saman-Depe carrying natural gas from the [[Bagtyýarlyk|Bagtyyarlyk]] gas fields on the right bank of [[Amu Darya]] in Turkmenistan. It is mainly supplied from [[Ýolöten Gas Field|Iolotan]] and Sag Kenar fields.<ref name=entrepreneur>
{{cite news
| url= http://www.entrepreneur.com/tradejournals/article/185436436.html
| title= Turkmenistan's Producers – The Gas Sector
| publisher= APS Review Gas Market Trends
| date=2008-09-22
| accessdate=2009-11-29}}
</ref> The pipeline enters Uzbekistan in Olot and runs across Uzbekistan to southern Kazakhstan parallel to the existing [[Bukhara–Tashkent–Bishkek–Almaty pipeline]].<ref name=downstream>
{{cite news
| url= http://www.downstreamtoday.com/news/article.aspx?a_id=5015
| title= Analysis: Turkmen Gas Deal Extends Chinese Influence
| work = BBC Monitoring Central Asia
| publisher= Downstream Today
| date=2007-07-26
| accessdate=2007-07-27}}
</ref><ref name=dundee>
{{cite conference
|first=Mehmet
|last=Ögütçü
|url=http://www.dundee.ac.uk/cepmlp/journal/html/Vol17/Vol17_8.pdf
|title=Kazakhstan's expanding cross-border gas links. Implications for Europe, Russia, China and other CIS countries
|conference=Windsor Energy Group's Regional Pipelines Roundtable
|location=Almaty
|publisher=The Centre for Energy, Petroleum and Mineral Law and Policy at the University of Dundee
|format=PDF
|date=2006-10-02
|accessdate=2007-07-27
|deadurl=yes
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929134259/http://www.dundee.ac.uk/cepmlp/journal/html/Vol17/Vol17_8.pdf
|archivedate=29 September 2007
|df=dmy
}}
</ref> The pipeline crosses the Kazakhstan–China border at [[Khorgos]], where it is connected to the second [[West–East Gas Pipeline]].<ref>{{cite news
| url=http://english.people.com.cn/90001/90776/6456732.html
| title=2nd West-East gas pipeline project in construction
| newspaper=[[People's Daily]]
| date=2008-07-23
| accessdate=2010-07-28}}
</ref><ref name=edm211207>
{{cite news
| publisher=[[The Jamestown Foundation]]
| work= Eurasia Daily Monitor
| url= http://www.jamestown.org/single/?no_cache=1&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=33265
| title= China secures new access to Kazakh oil
| first = Farkhad | last = Sharip
| date=2007-12-21
| accessdate=2010-07-28}}
</ref>

In [[Shymkent]], the pipeline will be linked with the {{convert|1400|km|adj=on}} branch line from [[Beyneu]] in western Kazakhstan.<ref name=cd140610/><ref name=ogjl80610>
{{cite news
| url= http://www.pennenergy.com/index/petroleum/display/3327163457/articles/oil-gas-journal/transportation-2/pipelines/construction/2010/06/china_-kazakhstan.html
| title= China, Kazakhstan sign accords for gas, uranium
| first = Eric | last = Watkins
| work = Oil % Gas Journal
| publisher= [[PennWell Corporation]]
| date=2010-06-18
| accessdate=2010-06-20}}
</ref> It will supply natural gas from the [[Karachaganak Field|Karachaganak]], [[Tengiz Field|Tengiz]] and [[Kashagan Field|Kashagan]] gas fields.<ref name=downstream170610>
{{cite news
| url= http://www.downstreamtoday.com/news/article.aspx?a_id=23027
| title= CNPC, JV Partner to Build 2nd Phase of China-Kazakh Pipeline
| publisher= Downstream Today
| work = Asia Pulse
| date=2010-06-17
| accessdate=2010-06-20}}
</ref> The branch line will have a capacity of 15 billion cubic meters of natural gas per year.<ref name=ogjl80610/><ref name=digital130610>
{{cite news
| url= http://www.digitaljournal.com/article/293349
| title= China, Kazakhstan agree deals on gas, nuclear energy
| first = Paris | last = Franz
| work = DigitalJournal.com
| date=2010-06-13
| accessdate=2010-06-20}}
</ref> It will be commissioned in 2014.<ref name=ogjl80610/>

==See also==
{{Portal|China|Kazakhstan|Turkmenistan|Energy}}
* [[Kazakhstan–China oil pipeline]]
* [[Central Asia – Center gas pipeline system]]
* [[Trans-Afghanistan Pipeline]]
* [[Energy policy of China]]
* [[Energy security of China]]
* [[Altai gas pipeline]]
* [[Power of Siberia]]

==References==
{{Reflist|33em}}

==External links==
*Chow, Edward, "Central Asia’s Pipelines: Field of Dreams and Reality," in [http://www.nbr.org/publications/element.aspx?id=456 Pipeline Politics in Asia: The Intersection of Demand, Energy Markets, and Supply Routes] ([[National Bureau of Asian Research]], 2010)
*[http://www.oxfordenergy.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2010/11/NG25-KazakhstansgasExportMarketsandExportRoutes-ShamilYenikeyeff-2008.pdf Kazakhstan's Gas: Export Markets and Export Routes, by Shamil Yenikeyeff, [[Oxford Institute for Energy Studies]], November 2008]
* [http://tjogel.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/Yodogawa-Peterson.pdf Noriko Yodogawa & Alexander M. Peterson, "An Opportunity for Progress: China, Central Asia, and the Energy Charter Treaty", 8 Texas Journal of Oil, Gas, and Energy Law 111 (2013).]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Central Asia-China gas pipeline}}
[[Category:Energy infrastructure completed in 2009]]
[[Category:Natural gas pipelines in Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Natural gas pipelines in Turkmenistan]]
[[Category:Natural gas pipelines in Uzbekistan]]
[[Category:Natural gas pipelines in China]]
[[Category:Energy in Central Asia]]
[[Category:China–Kazakhstan relations]]
[[Category:Kazakhstan–Turkmenistan relations]]
[[Category:Kazakhstan–Uzbekistan relations]]
[[Category:Turkmenistan–Uzbekistan relations]]

Kanat Bozumbayev

2017-03-30T20:48:26Z

Lklundin: /* References */ ce (own)

{{BLP sources|date=March 2016}}

{{Infobox Officeholder
|name = Kanat Aldabergenovich Bozumbayev {{lang-kk|Қанат Алдабергенұлы Бозымбаев}}
|nationality = [[Kazakhs|Kazakh]]
|office = Minister of Energy
|term_start = 25 March 2016
|term_end =
|predecessor = [[Vladimir Shkolnik]]
|successor =
}}

[[File:Kanat_Bozymbayev.JPG|250px|right]]
'''Kanat Aldabergenovich Bozumbayev''' ({{lang-kk|Қанат Алдабергенұлы Бозымбаев}}, {{lang-ru|Канат Алдабергенович Бозумбаев}}) has been the minister of energy since 25 March 2016.<ref>https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wKSK-iK8EqM</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Portal|Kazakhstan|Energy}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Bozumbayev, Kanat}}
[[Category:1969 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Energy in Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Government ministers of Kazakhstan]]

Category:Renewable energy in Kazakhstan

2017-03-30T20:47:55Z

Lklundin: {{Portal|Kazakhstan|Energy}} replaces {{Portal|Energy}}

{{Portal|Kazakhstan|Energy}}

[[Category:Energy in Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Renewable energy by country|Kazakhstan]]

Category:Nuclear energy in Kazakhstan

2017-03-30T20:47:33Z

Lklundin: {{Portal|Kazakhstan|Energy}} replaces {{Portal|Energy}}

{{Portal|Kazakhstan|Energy}}
{{Cat main|Nuclear energy in Kazakhstan}}
[[Category:Nuclear power by country|Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Nuclear technology in Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Energy in Kazakhstan]]

Caspian Pipeline Consortium

2017-03-30T20:47:24Z

Lklundin: /* External links */ {{Portal|Kazakhstan|Russia|Engineering|Transport|Economy|Energy}} replaces {{Portal|Energy|Russia|Engineering|Transport|Economy}}

{{Infobox pipeline
| name = Caspian Pipeline Consortium
| type = oil
| map =
| map_caption = Location of Caspian Pipeline Consortium
| country = [[Kazakhstan]], [[Russia]]
| coordinates =
| photo =
| caption =
| operator = CPC-R, CPC-K
| partners = [[Transneft]], [[Government of Kazakhstan]], [[Chevron Corporation|Chevron Caspian Pipeline Consortium Co.]], [[LukArco]], [[ExxonMobil|Mobil Caspian Pipeline Co.]], [[Rosneft]] - [[Royal Dutch Shell|Shell]] Caspian Ventures Ltd., [[Agip|Agip International (N.A.) N.V.]], Oryx Caspian Pipeline LLC, [[BG Group|BG Overseas Holdings Ltd.]], Kazakhstan Pipeline Ventures LLC ([[KazMunayGas]] and [[BP]])
| length_km = 1510
| discharge = {{convert|700000|oilbbl/d}}
| direction = east–west
| start = [[Tengiz Field|Tengiz field]], [[Kazakhstan]]
| finish = [[Novorossiysk]], [[Russia]]
| est = 2001
| through =
| par =
}}

The '''Caspian Pipeline Consortium''' is a consortium and a pipeline to transport Caspian oil from [[Tengiz Field|Tengiz field]] to the [[Novorossiysk]]-2 Marine Terminal on [[Russia]]'s [[Black Sea]] coast. It is also a major export route for oil from the [[Kashagan Field|Kashagan]] and [[Karachaganak Field|Karachaganak]] fields. {{As of|2009}}, the CPC pipeline is the only oil export pipeline in Russian territory not wholly owned by [[Transneft]].<ref name=ifri>
{{cite paper
|publisher=IFRI
|author=Adrian Dellecker
|url=http://www.ifri.org/files/Russie/ifri_RNV_Dellecker_CPC_ENG_juin2008.pdf
|title=Caspian Pipeline Consortium, Bellwether of Russia's Investment Climate? Russie.Nei.visions no.31
|date=June 2008
|accessdate=2008-07-07
|format=PDF
|deadurl=yes
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081207213449/http://www.ifri.org/files/Russie/ifri_RNV_Dellecker_CPC_ENG_juin2008.pdf
|archivedate=2008-12-07
|df=
}}
</ref>

==History==
CPC was initially created in 1992 as a development by the Russian, Kazakhstani and Omani governments to build a dedicated pipeline from Kazakhstan to export routes in the Black Sea. [[Chevron Corporation]] was asked to join, however talks broke down due to the high financial burden Chevron would have to take on relative to equity in the pipeline. Progress on the project stalled for several years until 1996 when a restructure included eight production companies in the project. Among the companies were Chevron, [[ExxonMobil|Mobil]], [[LUKoil]], [[Royal Dutch Shell]] and [[Rosneft]]. [[BP]] joined the consortium in 2003. Shares were divided fifty-fifty between the three states and the eight companies. Production companies financed the construction cost of US$2.67 billion, while the Russian Federation contributed unused pipeline assets worth US$293 million.<ref name=ifri/><ref name=cpc>
{{cite paper
|publisher=Caspian Pipeline Consortium
|url=http://www.cpc.ru/_press/documents/cpc_a4_0303_en.pdf
|title=Caspian Pipeline Consortium — a new global energy supplier
|accessdate=2008-11-22
|format=PDF
|deadurl=yes
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070809203256/http://www.cpc.ru/_press/documents/cpc_a4_0303_en.pdf
|archivedate=2007-08-09
|df=
}}
</ref> First oil was loaded onto a tanker at the Novorossiysk Marine Terminal on 13 October 2001 and the first stage of the pipeline was officially inaugurated on 27 November 2001. Regular operations started in April 2003.

In April 2007, the Russian government transferred its shares to the Russian state-owned oil pipeline company [[Transneft]].<ref name=upstream1>
{{cite news
| newspaper = [[Upstream (newspaper)|Upstream Online]]
| publisher = NHST Media Group
| url=http://www.upstreamonline.com/incoming/article132389.ece
| title= Transneft takes CPC bite
| date=2007-04-29
| accessdate=2008-07-07}}
</ref> In October 2008, the Government of Oman sold its 7%-stake to Transneft at a price of $700million and withdrew from the project.<ref name=upstream2>
{{cite news
| newspaper = [[Upstream (newspaper)|Upstream Online]]
| publisher = NHST Media Group
| url= http://www.upstreamonline.com/live/article166026.ece
| title= Russia snaps up Oman CPC stake
| date=2008-11-06
| accessdate=2008-11-09}}
</ref> On 17 December 2008, a memorandum on expanding the pipeline was signed.<ref name=downstream171208>
{{cite news
| url = http://www.downstreamtoday.com/News/Articles/200812/CPC_Shareholders_Sign_Expansion_Deal_14288.aspx
| title = CPC Shareholders Sign Expansion Deal
| publisher = Downstream Today
| date = 2008-12-17
| accessdate = 2008-12-25}}
</ref>

==Technical features==
The diameter of the {{convert|1510|km|mi}} long oil pipeline varies between {{convert|1016|mm|in}} and {{convert|1067|mm|in}}. There are five pumping stations. The marine terminal includes two [[single buoy mooring|single point moorings]] and the tank farm consists of four steel storage tanks of {{convert|100000|m3}} each. Pipeline throughflow started at {{convert|350000|oilbbl/d}} and has since increased to {{convert|700000|oilbbl/d}}.<ref name=cpc/><ref name=cpc2>
{{cite web
|publisher=Caspian Pipeline Consortium
|url=http://www.cpc.ru/portal/alias!press/lang!en-US/tabID!3444/DesktopDefault.aspx
|title=CPC Project Basic Features
|accessdate=2008-11-22
|deadurl=yes
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081221050413/http://www.cpc.ru:80/portal/alias!press/lang!en-US/tabID!3444/DesktopDefault.aspx
|archivedate=2008-12-21
|df=
}}
</ref>

An envisaged second stage will add 10 pumping stations for a total of 15. The number of tanks will increase to ten and one more mooring will be constructed. Capacity will increase to {{convert|1.3|Moilbbl/d|m3/d}}. The second stage has been estimated to cost around US$2 billion and will be completed by 2012.<ref name=cpc/><ref name=cpc2/><ref name=downstream191108>
{{cite news
| publisher=Downstream Today
| url= http://www.downstreamtoday.com/News/Articles/200811/Russia_s_Transneft_Could_Take_BP_to_Cour_13854.aspx
| title= Russia's Transneft Could Take BP to Court over CPC
| date=2008-11-19
| accessdate=2008-11-22}}
</ref>

==Operations==
In 2008, CPC transported 31.5 million tons of crude, down from 32.6 million tonnes in 2007. In the first three months of 2009, the pipeline transported 8.7 million tonnes of oil.<ref name=silkroad>
{{cite news
|publisher=Silk Road Intelligencer
|url=http://silkroadintelligencer.com/2009/04/06/cpc-pipeline-exports-up-in-2009/
|title=CPC pipeline exports up in 2009
|date=2009-04-06
|accessdate=2009-04-06
|deadurl=yes
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100811042435/http://silkroadintelligencer.com/2009/04/06/cpc-pipeline-exports-up-in-2009/
|archivedate=2010-08-11
|df=
}}
</ref>

==Consortium==
The Caspian Pipeline Consortium was initially registered in the Bermuda Islands in 1992.<ref name=ifri/> It is split into two companies: CPC-R operates the Russian section of the pipeline and CPC-K operates the Kazakh section.<ref name=ifri/>

The shareholders of the consortium are:

* Transneft - 31%
* Kazakhstan - 19%
* Chevron Caspian Pipeline Consortium Co. - 15%
* [[LukArco]] B.V. - 12.5%
* Mobil Caspian Pipeline Co. - 7.5%
* Rosneft - Shell Caspian Ventures Ltd. - 7.5%
* [[Agip]] International (N.A.) N.V. - 2%
* Oryx Caspian Pipeline LLC - 1.75%
* [[BG Group|BG Overseas Holdings Ltd.]] - 2%
* Kazakhstan Pipeline Ventures LLC (joint venture of [[KazMunayGas]] and BP)- 1.75%

Tengiz Field shareholders control 55.75% of the Consortium, Kasaghan shareholders control 33.1%.<ref name=ifri/>

In December 2009, BP sold its stake in LukArco to Lukoil for $1.6 billion.<ref name=reuters111209>
{{cite news
| url= http://uk.reuters.com/article/idUKGEE5BA27N20091211
| title= BP says Lukoil buys out stake in CPC pipeline JV
| publisher=[[Reuters]]
| date=2009-09-11
| accessdate=2009-09-12
| first=Lorraine
| last=Turner}}
</ref><ref name=bloomberg1211>
{{cite news
| url = https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601087&sid=asjh2NgTMH6g&pos=6
| title = BP Sells Stake in Kazakh Tengiz Field, Caspian Pipe to Lukoil
| publisher = Bloomberg
| date = 2009-12-11
| accessdate = 2009-12-11}}
</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
{{Portal|Kazakhstan|Russia|Engineering|Transport|Economy|Energy}}

*[http://www.cpc.ru/ Caspian Pipeline Consortium], official website
*[https://www.nytimes.com/imagepages/2010/07/23/business/23chevron-submap.html?ref=global ''New York Times'' map of pipeline route]
{{Pipeline Systems of Russia}}
{{Black Sea Energy}}

[[Category:Energy infrastructure completed in 2001]]
[[Category:Oil companies of Russia]]
[[Category:Transneft]]
[[Category:Rosneft]]
[[Category:ExxonMobil subsidiaries]]
[[Category:ExxonMobil buildings and structures]]
[[Category:Royal Dutch Shell]]
[[Category:Lukoil]]
[[Category:Oil pipeline companies]]
[[Category:Oil pipelines in Russia]]
[[Category:Oil pipelines in Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Kazakhstan–Russia relations]]
[[Category:Black Sea energy]]

Category:Energy infrastructure in Kazakhstan

2017-03-30T20:47:18Z

Lklundin: {{Portal|Kazakhstan|Energy}} replaces {{Portal|Energy}}

{{Portal|Kazakhstan|Energy}}
[[Category:Energy in Kazakhstan|Infrastructure]]
[[Category:Infrastructure in Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Energy infrastructure by country|Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Energy infrastructure in Europe|Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Energy infrastructure in Asia|Kazakhstan]]

Category:Oil pipelines in Kazakhstan

2017-03-30T20:46:46Z

Lklundin: {{Portal|Kazakhstan|Energy}} replaces {{Portal|Energy}}

{{Portal|Kazakhstan|Energy}}
[[Category:Oil pipelines by country|Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Oil pipelines in Asia|Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Pipelines in Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Energy infrastructure in Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Petroleum in Kazakhstan]]

Category:Oil fields of Kazakhstan

2017-03-30T20:46:14Z

Lklundin: {{Portal|Kazakhstan|Energy}} replaces {{Portal|Energy}}

{{Portal|Kazakhstan|Energy}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Oil Fields Of Kazakhstan}}
[[Category:Geology of Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Geography of Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Oil fields by country|Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Petroleum in Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Oil fields of Europe|Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Oil fields of Central Asia|Kazakhstan]]

Category:Petroleum in Kazakhstan

2017-03-30T20:46:08Z

Lklundin: {{Portal|Kazakhstan|Energy}} replaces {{Portal|Energy}}

{{Portal|Kazakhstan|Energy}}

[[Category:Fossil fuels in Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Petroleum by country|Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Petroleum in Europe|Kazakhstan]]

Category:Oil and gas ministers of Kazakhstan

2017-03-30T20:46:03Z

Lklundin: {{Portal|Kazakhstan|Energy}} replaces {{Portal|Energy}}

{{Portal|Kazakhstan|Energy}}

[[Category:Oil ministers|Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Government ministers of Kazakhstan|Oil and Gas]]
[[Category:Petroleum in Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Natural gas in Kazakhstan]]

Category:Natural gas pipelines in Kazakhstan

2017-03-30T20:45:11Z

Lklundin: {{Portal|Kazakhstan|Energy}} replaces {{Portal|Energy}}

{{Portal|Kazakhstan|Energy}}

[[Category:Natural gas pipelines in Asia|Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Natural gas pipelines by country|Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Energy infrastructure in Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Pipelines in Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Natural gas in Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Natural gas pipelines in Europe by country|Kazakhstan]]

Category:Natural gas fields in Kazakhstan

2017-03-30T20:44:08Z

Lklundin: {{Portal|Kazakhstan|Energy}} replaces {{Portal|Energy}}

{{Portal|Kazakhstan|Energy}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Natural Gas Fields In Kazakhstan}}
[[Category:Natural gas fields by country|Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Natural gas in Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Geology of Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Natural gas fields in Central Asia|Kazakhstan]]

Category:Natural gas in Kazakhstan

2017-03-30T20:44:03Z

Lklundin: {{Portal|Kazakhstan|Energy}} replaces {{Portal|Energy}}

{{Portal|Kazakhstan|Energy}}

[[Category:Fossil fuels in Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Natural gas by country|Kazakhstan]]

Category:Coal in Kazakhstan

2017-03-30T20:43:58Z

Lklundin: {{Portal|Kazakhstan|Energy}} replaces {{Portal|Energy}}

{{Portal|Kazakhstan|Energy}}

[[Category:Coal by country|Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Fossil fuels in Kazakhstan]]

Category:Fossil fuels in Kazakhstan

2017-03-30T20:43:53Z

Lklundin: {{Portal|Kazakhstan|Energy}} replaces {{Portal|Energy}}

{{Portal|Kazakhstan|Energy}}

[[Category:Energy in Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Fossil fuels by country|Kazakhstan]]

Category:Uranium mining companies of Kazakhstan

2017-03-30T20:43:45Z

Lklundin: {{Portal|Kazakhstan|Energy}} replaces {{Portal|Energy}}

{{Portal|Kazakhstan|Energy}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Uranium Mining Companies Of Kazakhstan}}
[[Category:Mining companies of Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Energy companies of Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Uranium mining companies by country|Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Uranium mining in Kazakhstan|Companies]]

Category:Oil and gas companies of Kazakhstan

2017-03-30T20:43:26Z

Lklundin: {{Portal|Kazakhstan|Energy}} replaces {{Portal|Energy}}

{{Portal|Kazakhstan|Energy}}
{{Commons category|Oil companies}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Oil And Gas Companies Of Kazakhstan}}
[[Category:Petroleum in Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Oil companies by country|Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Natural gas in Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Natural gas companies by country|Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Energy companies of Kazakhstan]]

Category:Coal companies of Kazakhstan

2017-03-30T20:43:14Z

Lklundin: {{Portal|Kazakhstan|Energy}} replaces {{Portal|Energy}}

{{Portal|Kazakhstan|Energy}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Coal Companies Of Kazakhstan}}
[[Category:Coal companies by country|Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Coal in Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Mining companies of Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Energy companies of Kazakhstan]]

Category:Energy companies of Kazakhstan

2017-03-30T20:43:09Z

Lklundin: {{Portal|Kazakhstan|Energy}} replaces {{Portal|Energy}}

{{Portal|Kazakhstan|Energy}}

[[Category:Companies of Kazakhstan by industry]]
[[Category:Energy companies by country|Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Energy companies of Asia|Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Energy in Kazakhstan]]

Category:Nuclear power companies of Kazakhstan

2017-03-30T20:43:02Z

Lklundin: {{Portal|Kazakhstan|Energy}} replaces {{Portal|Energy}}

{{Portal|Kazakhstan|Energy}}
[[Category:Nuclear power companies by country|Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Power companies of Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Nuclear energy in Kazakhstan]]

Category:Hydroelectricity in Kazakhstan

2017-03-30T20:42:52Z

Lklundin: {{Portal|Kazakhstan|Energy}} replaces {{Portal|Energy}}

{{Portal|Kazakhstan|Energy}}

[[Category:Hydroelectricity by country|Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Renewable energy in Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Electric power in Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Water in Kazakhstan]]

Category:Renewable energy power stations in Kazakhstan

2017-03-30T20:42:40Z

Lklundin: {{Portal|Kazakhstan|Energy}} replaces {{Portal|Energy}}

{{Portal|Kazakhstan|Energy}}
[[Category:Renewable energy power stations by country|Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Power stations in Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Renewable energy in Kazakhstan|Power stations]]