Kumul Khanate

2017-03-16T01:11:34Z

LiamKasbar:

{{Infobox Former Country
|native_name =
|conventional_long_name = Kumul Khanate
|common_name = Kumul Khanate
|continent = Asia
|region = [[Xinjiang]]
|country = China
|status = Vassal of the [[Qing dynasty]] (1696–1912) Vassal of the [[Republic of China (1912–49)|Republic of China]] (1912–1930)
|year_start = 1696
|date_start =
|event_start =
|year_end = 1930
|date_end =
|event_end = [[Kumul Rebellion|Disestablished]]
|p1 = Chagatai Khanate
|flag_p1 = Flag of Chagatai khanate.svg
|s1 = Republic of China (1912–49)
|flag_s1 = Flag of the Republic of China.svg
|image_flag =
|image_coat =
|image_map = China Xinjiang Hami.svg
|image_map_caption = Location of the Kumul Khanate
|capital = [[Kumul, Xinjiang]]
|religion = [[Sunni Islam]]
|national_anthem =
|common_languages = [[Chinese language]], [[Uyghur language]] (Turki)
|currency = [[Xinjiang coins]]
|government_type = Monarchy
|title_leader = [[Khan (title)|Khan]]
|leader1 = [[Muhammad Shah (Uyghur)|Muhammad Shah]]
|year_leader1 =
|leader2 = [[Maqsud Shah]] (last)
|year_leader2 = 1908–1930
|title_deputy = [[Chancellor]]/[[Vizier]]
|deputy1 = <nowiki>Unknown</nowiki>
|year_deputy1 =
|deputy2 = [[Yulbars Khan]] (last)
|year_deputy2 = 1930
|stat_year1 =
|stat_area1 =
|stat_pop1 =
}}
{{History of Xinjiang}}
The '''Kumul Khanate''' was a semi-autonomous [[feudal]] [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] [[khanate]] within the [[Qing dynasty]] and then the [[Republic of China (1912–49)|Republic of China]] until it was abolished by [[Xinjiang]] governor [[Jin Shuren]] in 1930.

The khans of Kumul were direct descendants of the khans of the [[Chagatai Khanate]]. It came under Qing rule in 1696 and remained a khanate as a part of the Qing Empire.

The [[Ming dynasty]] established a tributary relationship with the Kumul Khanate, which was heavily involved in the [[Ming–Turpan conflict]]. The Khanate paid tribute to the Ming. The Kumul Khanate under Sa'id Baba supported [[Hui people|Chinese Muslim]] Ming loyalists during the 1646 [[Manchu conquest of China#The northwest|Milayin rebellion]] against the Qing dynasty. After the defeat of the Ming loyalists, during which the Kumul Prince Turumtay was killed at the hands of Qing forces, Kumul submitted to the Qing.

Beginning in 1647, the rulers of Hami submitted to the Qing dynasty and sent tribute. The title "[[Jasagh|Jasak]] Darhan" was granted to Abdullah Beg, ruler of Hami in 1696 after submitting to the Qing as a vassal during the [[Dzungar–Qing War]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hs8LhXwRqPgC&q=Hami,+under+Mohammedan+chiefs,+had+begun+to+send+tribute+to+the+Ch'ing+Court+after+1647.++Fifty+years+later+beg+then+the+chief+of+the+Mohammedans+at+Hami,+had+been+given+the+title+of+Jasak+Darhan+for+surrendering+the+son+of&dq=Hami,+under+Mohammedan+chiefs,+had+begun+to+send+tribute+to+the+Ch'ing+Court+after+1647.++Fifty+years+later+beg+then+the+chief+of+the+Mohammedans+at+Hami,+had+been+given+the+title+of+Jasak+Darhan+for+surrendering+the+son+of&hl=en&ei=I5fRTeDGMerj0QHD6IDnDQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CDAQ6AEwAg|title=Eminent Chinese of the Chʻing period (1644-1912)|author=Library of Congress. Orientalia Division|year=1943|edition=reprint|editor=Arthur William Hummel|publisher=Chʻeng Wen Publishing|location=|page=263|isbn=|pages=|accessdate=2011-05-08}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qf5VAAAAYAAJ&q=Hami,+under+Mohammedan+chiefs,+had+begun+to+send+tribute+to+the+Ch'ing+Court+after+1647.++Fifty+years+later+beg+then+the+chief+of+the+Mohammedans+at+Hami,+had+been+given+the+title+of+Jasak+Darhan+for+surrendering+the+son+of&dq=Hami,+under+Mohammedan+chiefs,+had+begun+to+send+tribute+to+the+Ch'ing+Court+after+1647.++Fifty+years+later+beg+then+the+chief+of+the+Mohammedans+at+Hami,+had+been+given+the+title+of+Jasak+Darhan+for+surrendering+the+son+of&hl=en&ei=PZjRTbSgHci-0AHNsJzgDQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCoQ6AEwAA|title=Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing period (1644-1912)|author=Arthur William Hummel|year=1972|edition=|editor=Arthur William Hummel|publisher=Che̓ng Wen Publishing House|location=|page=263|isbn=|pages=|accessdate=2011-05-08}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YqNHAQAAIAAJ&q=Hami,+under+Mohammedan+chiefs,+had+begun+to+send+tribute+to+the+Ch'ing+Court+after+1647.++Fifty+years+later+beg+then+the+chief+of+the+Mohammedans+at+Hami,+had+been+given+the+title+of+Jasak+Darhan+for+surrendering+the+son+of&dq=Hami,+under+Mohammedan+chiefs,+had+begun+to+send+tribute+to+the+Ch'ing+Court+after+1647.++Fifty+years+later+beg+then+the+chief+of+the+Mohammedans+at+Hami,+had+been+given+the+title+of+Jasak+Darhan+for+surrendering+the+son+of&hl=en&ei=gJjRTYKfL8Hb0QHL1eGPDg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CC0Q6AEwAQ|title=Eminent Chinese of the Ch'ing period: 1644-1912, Volumes 1|author=Arthur William Hummel|year=1991|edition=|editor=Arthur William Hummel|publisher=SMC publ.|location=|page=263|isbn=957-638-066-9|pages=|accessdate=2011-05-08}}</ref>

The khanate had fought against the Dzungars for the Qing. Kumul continued as a vassal khanate when Xinjiang was changed into a province in 1884 after the [[Dungan revolt (1862–1877)|Dungan revolt]].<ref name="James A. Millward 2007 190">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8FVsWq31MtMC&pg=PA190&dq=maqsud+shah&hl=en&ei=PUmpTKapGYK8lQeltoSODQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=5&ved=0CDsQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=maqsud%20shah&f=false|title=Eurasian crossroads: a history of Xinjiang|author=James A. Millward|year=2007|publisher=Columbia University Press|location=|isbn=0-231-13924-1|page=190|pages=|accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref>

The khans also were given the title of Qinwang (Prince of the First Rank {{zh|c=親王|p=qīn wáng}}), by the Qing Empire. The khans were allowed enormous power by the Qing court, with the exception of administering execution, which had to be allowed by a Chinese official posted in Kumul.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DHsTAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA487&dq=kumul+khanate&hl=en&ei=m0ipTMeuC4X7lweGkcWdBQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CDMQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=kumul%20khanate&f=false|title=Unknown Mongolia: a record of travel and exploration in north-west Mongolia and Dzungaria, Volume 2|author1=Alexander Douglas Mitchell Carruthers |author2=Jack Humphrey Miller |year=1914|publisher=Lippincott|location=|isbn=|page=487|pages=|accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nUt_g-c1Y5EC&pg=PA487&dq=kumul+khanate&hl=en&ei=m0ipTMeuC4X7lweGkcWdBQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=5&ved=0CDkQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=kumul%20khanate&f=false|title=Unknown Mongoli: A Record of Travel and Exploration in North-West Mongolia and Dzungaria|author=Carruthers Douglas|year=2009|publisher=BiblioBazaar, LLC|location=|isbn=1-110-31384-5|page=487|pages=|accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref> The khans were officially vassals to the Emperor of China, and every six years were required to visit Beijing to be a servant to the Emperor during a period of 40 days.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DHsTAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA487&dq=kumul+khanate&hl=en&ei=m0ipTMeuC4X7lweGkcWdBQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CDMQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=mahsud%20shah%20vassal%20emperor%20pekin%20servant&f=false|title=Unknown Mongolia: a record of travel and exploration in north-west Mongolia and Dzungaria, Volume 2|author1=Alexander Douglas Mitchell Carruthers |author2=Jack Humphrey Miller |year=1914|publisher=Lippincott|location=|isbn=|page=489|pages=|accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DzNyAAAAMAAJ&q=maksud+shah&dq=maksud+shah&hl=en&ei=iEmpTPilJ4LGlQeP8sy_DA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&ved=0CD4Q6AEwBQ|title=The Gobi desert|author1=Alexander Mildred Cable |author2=Francesca French |year=1944|publisher=Hodder and Stoughton|location=|isbn=|page=134|pages=|accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref>

It was also known as the principality of Kumul, and the Chinese called it Hami.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?ei=m0ipTMeuC4X7lweGkcWdBQ&ct=result&id=pXlCAAAAIAAJ&dq=kumul+khanate&q=Our+destination+was+the+Khanate+or+principality+of+Kumul%2C+known+to+the+Chinese+as+Hami%2C+and+lying+far+to|title=Peaks and plains of central Asia|author=Reginald Charles Francis Schomberg|year=1933|publisher=M. Hopkinson ltd.|location=|isbn=|page=78|pages=|accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref> The khans were friendly to Chinese rule and authorities.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xhTMXTvVNjUC&q=kumul+khanate&dq=kumul+khanate&hl=en&ei=m0ipTMeuC4X7lweGkcWdBQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=9&ved=0CE0Q6AEwCA|title=Journal of the Royal Central Asian Society, Volume 21|author=Royal Central Asian Society, Central Asian Society, London|year=1934|publisher=Royal Central Asian Society.|location=|isbn=|page=82|pages=|accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref>

The Khan Muhammad and his son and successor Khan [[Maqsud Shah]] heavily taxed his subjects and extorted forced labor, which resulted in two rebellions against his rule in 1907 and 1912.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GXj4a3gss8wC&pg=PA74&dq=maqsud+shah&hl=en&ei=PUmpTKapGYK8lQeltoSODQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CCwQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=maqsud%20shah&f=false|title=Xinjiang: China's Muslim borderland|author=S. Frederick Starr|year=2004|publisher=M.E. Sharpe|location=|isbn=0-7656-1318-2|page=74|pages=|accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref>

The khan was assisted by a chancellor/vizer/chief minister in his court. The last khan, Maqsud Shah, had Yulbars Khan, the tiger Prince of Hami as his chancellor.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h3FHwdHpdu4C&pg=PA187&dq=maksud+shah&hl=en&ei=iEmpTPilJ4LGlQeP8sy_DA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CDQQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=maksud%20shah%20tiger%20prince&f=false|title=Women of the Gobi: Journeys on the Silk Road|author=Kate James|year=2006|publisher=Pluto Press Australia|location=|isbn=1-86403-329-0|page=178|pages=|accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref>

The khan paid tribute to the Xinjiang government in Ürümqi.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IAs9AAAAIAAJ&dq=kumul+khanate&q=maqsud+death+1908#v=snippet&q=maqsud%20death%201908&f=false|title=Warlords and Muslims in Chinese Central Asia: a political history of Republican Sinkiang 1911-1949|author=Andrew D. W. Forbes|year=1986|publisher=CUP Archive|location=Cambridge, England|isbn=0-521-25514-7|page=247|pages=|accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref>

The Han Chinese Governor of Xinjiang, [[Yang Zengxin]] was a [[monarchist]], and tolerated the khanate, and was friendly toward the khan Maqsud Shah.

Around the 1920s Japanese secret agents began exploring the Kumul area.

It was the fact that the khanate existed which prevented the Uyghurs from rebelling, since the khanate represented a government where a man of their ethnicity and religion was reigning. The abolition of the khanate led to a bloody rebellion.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IAs9AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA44&dq=maqsud+shah&hl=en&ei=HziqTNyjJMWBlAfamoG_DA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCcQ6AEwAA#v=snippet&q=maqsud%20shah%20king%20gobi%20militia&f=false|title=Warlords and Muslims in Chinese Central Asia: a political history of Republican Sinkiang 1911-1949|author=Andrew D. W. Forbes|year=1986|publisher=CUP Archive|location=Cambridge, England|isbn=0-521-25514-7|page=44|pages=|accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref>

Upon Maqsud Shah's death in 1930 Jin Shuren replaced the khanate with three normal provincial administrative districts Hami, Yihe, and Yiwu. This set off the [[Kumul Rebellion]], in which [[Yulbars Khan]] attempted to restore the heir Nasir to the throne.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8FVsWq31MtMC&pg=PA190&dq=maqsud+shah&hl=en&ei=PUmpTKapGYK8lQeltoSODQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=5&ved=0CDsQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=hami%20yihe%20yiwu&f=false|title=Eurasian crossroads: a history of Xinjiang|author=James A. Millward|year=2007|publisher=Columbia University Press|location=|isbn=0-231-13924-1|page=191|pages=|accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref>

== List of kings<ref>《清史稿》卷二百十一　表五十一／藩部世表三</ref> ==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Generation !! Name !! reign years !! information
|-
| 1st generation || Abdullah Beg 額貝都拉 é-bèi-dōu-lā || 1697－1709 || In the 36th year of the Kangxi reign, he was granted the title of [[Jasagh]] [[Darhan]] of the First Rank. He died in the 48th year of Kangxi's reign.
|-
| 2nd generation || 郭帕 guō-pà || 1709－1711 || Abdullah Beg's eldest son. In the 48th year of Kangxi's reign he was granted the title of Jasagh Darhan of the First Rank. He died in the fiftieth year of Kangxi's reign.
|-
| 3rd generation || Emin 額敏 É-mǐn || 1711－1740 || guō-pà beg's eldest son. In the fiftieth year of Kangxi's reign he inherited the title of Jasagh Darhan of the First Rank. In the fifth year of Yongzheng's reign he was promoted to Zhenguo Gong (鎮國公) (Duke Who Guards the State); in the 7th year of Yongzheng's reign, he was promoted to Gushan Beizi (固山貝子) (Banner Prince). In the 5th year of Qianlong's reign he died.
|-
| 4th generation || Yusuf 玉素甫 Yù-sù-fǔ or Yusup 玉素卜yù sù bǔ || 1740－1767 || Emin's eldest son. In the fifth year of Qianlong's reign he inherited the title of Jasagh Zhenguo Gong. In the 10th year of Qianlong's reign he was promoted to Gushan Beizi. In the 23rd year of Qianlong's reign he was granted the title of [[Beile]] pinji (貝勒品級). In the 24th year of Qianlong's reign, he was conferred the title of Duoluo Beile (多羅貝勒), and conferred the title of Junwang pinji (郡王品級). He died in the 12th month of the 31st year (January 1767).
|-
| 5th generation || Ishaq 伊薩克 yī-sà-kè || 1767－1780 || Yusuf's second son. In the 32nd year of Qianlong's reign he inherited the title of Junwang pinji Jasagh Duoluo Beile. In the 45th year he died.
|-
| 6th generation || 額爾德錫爾 é-Ěr-dé-xī-ěr || 1780－1813 || Ishaq's eldest son. In the 45th year of Qianlong's reign, he inherited the title of Junwang pinji Jasagh duoluo beile. In the 48th year by imperial order he was granted permanent succession (all his descendants would automatically inherited his title). In the 18th year of the Jiaqing Emperor he died.
|-
| 7th generation || 博錫爾 bó-xī-ěr || 1813－1867 || Son of é-Ěr-dé-xī-ěr. In the 18th year of Jiaqing's reign, he inherited (his father's titles). In the 12th year of Daoguang's reign, he was promoted to Duoluo Junwang 多羅郡王. In the third year of Xianfeng's reign, he was granted the title of Qinwang 親王. In the fifth year of Tongzhi's reign, the Dungan revolt broke out, but he stayed loyal (to the Qing). In the sixth year of Tongzhi's reign, he was posthumously granted the title of Hezhuo Qinwang 和碩親王.
|-
| 8th generation || Muhammad 賣哈莫特 mài-hǎ-mò-tè || 1867－1882 || Son of bó-xī-ěr. In the sixth year of Tongzhi's reign he inherited the title of Jasagh Heshuo Qinwang. In the seventh year of Guangxu's reign, he died, leaving no one to succeeded to his title.
|-
| 9th generation || Maqsud Shah 沙木胡索特 shā-mù-hú-suǒ-tè || 1882－1930 || Muhammad's agnatic nephew. In the eighth year of Guangxu's reign he inherited his titles. In the fourth year of the Republic of China, his salary as qinwang was doubled. In the 19th year of the Republic of China on the sixth month on the sixth day, he died of illness.
|-
| 10th generation || 聶滋爾 niè-zī-ěr || 19th year of the Republic-23rd year of the Republic || Maqsud Shah's second son. In the 19th year of the Republic of China on the 9th month on the 13th day he inherited his titles. In the 23rd year of the Republic he died.
|-
| 11th generation || 伯錫爾 bó-xī-ěr ||23rd year of the Republic-38th year of the Republic|| niè-zī-ěr's eldest son. In the 23rd year of the Republic on the fourth month he inherited his titles. He was arrested and sent to prison. In 1951 he died while in prison.
|-
|}

==See also==
*[[Turkic peoples]]
*[[List of Turkic dynasties and countries]]
*[[List of Turkic states and empires]]
*[[Qing dynasty in Inner Asia]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Turkic topics}}
{{Xinjiang topics}}
{{coord missing}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kumul Khanate}}
[[Category:Turkic states]]
[[Category:History of the Turkic peoples]]
[[Category:Turkic dynasties]]
[[Category:History of Xinjiang]]
[[Category:Kumul Khanate]]
[[Category:Qing dynasty]]
[[Category:Former kingdoms]]
[[Category:Uyghurs]]
[[Category:Historical Turkic states]]
[[Category:Khanates]]
[[Category:1696 establishments in Asia]]

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Kumul Khanate