Ukrainians

2017-04-27T02:42:11Z

Jwkozak91: Undid revision 777417991 by 69.121.8.140 (talk)

{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Ukrainians <br>Українці
| image =
| caption =
|population = {{Circa|42–59 million}} <ref>{{cite web|url=https://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/15696|title=People groups: Ukrainian|work=Joshua Project|date=|accessdate=15 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Vic Satzewich|title=The Ukrainian Diaspora|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SfWBAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA19|year=2003|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-43495-4|page=19}}</ref>
| popplace = {{flag|Ukraine}} 37,541,693<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/nationality|title=Number and composition population of Ukraine: population census 2001|work=[[Ukrainian Census (2001)|State Statistics Committee of Ukraine]]|date=5 December 2001|accessdate=5 August 2007|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070706003257/http://www.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/nationality/|archivedate=6 July 2007}}</ref>
| region1 = {{flag|Russia}}
| pop1 = 1,927,988<ref name="rus2010" />
| region2 = {{flag|Canada}}
| pop2 = 1,251,170
| ref2 = <ref name="N-PA" group="nb">Statistics include non-primary ancestry reports. "Ukrainians" being of partial descent figured in numbers.</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=2011 National Household Survey: Data tables|url=http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/nhs-enm/2011/dp-pd/dt-td/Rp-eng.cfm?LANG=E&APATH=3&DETAIL=0&DIM=0&FL=A&FREE=0&GC=0&GID=0&GK=0&GRP=1&PID=105396&PRID=0&PTYPE=105277&S=0&SHOWALL=0&SUB=0&Temporal=2013&THEME=95&VID=0&VNAMEE=&VNAMEF=|work=STATCAN|date=2012|accessdate=18 March 2016}}</ref>
| region3 = {{nowrap|{{flag|United States}}}}
| pop3 = 939,759
| ref3 = <ref name="N-PA" group="nb" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_10_1YR_B04003&prodType=table|title=Total ancestry categories tallied for people with one or more ancestry categories reported: 2010 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates|work=United States Census Bureau|date=2011|accessdate=15 March 2016}}</ref>
| region4 = {{flag|Brazil}}
| pop4 = 500,000
| ref4 = <ref name="N-PA" group="nb" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.parana.pr.gov.br/modules/conteudo/conteudo.php?conteudo=7|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070312095332/http://www.parana.pr.gov.br/modules/conteudo/conteudo.php?conteudo=7|archivedate=2007-03-12 |title=People of Ukrainian descent in Brazil |publisher=Parana.pr.gov.br |date= |accessdate=2012-11-02}}</ref>
| region5 = {{flag|Moldova}}
| pop5 = 375,000
| ref5 = <ref name="N-PA" group="nb" /><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/md.html|title=Moldova}}</ref>
| region6 = {{nowrap|{{flag|Kazakhstan}}}}
| pop6 = 313,698 {{small|(2012)}}
| ref6 = <ref name="Численность населения Республики Казахстан по отдельным этносам на 1 января 2012 года">Агентство Республики Казахстан по статистике: [https://web.archive.org/web/20121115130347/http://www.stat.kz/publishing/2012/%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F/%D0%90%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C/12_2011_%D0%91-15-10-%D0%93.rar Численность населения Республики Казахстан по отдельным этносам на 1 января 2012 года]</ref>
| region7 = {{flag|Argentina}}
| pop7 = 300,000
| ref7 = <ref name="N-PA" group="nb" /><ref name="Ucrania.com"/><ref name="Article">{{cite web|url=http://www.ucrania.com/article_read.asp?id=69|title=La inmigración Ucrania a la República Argentina|trans-title=Ukrainian immigration to Argentina|language=es|accessdate=5 August 2007|work=Ucrania.com|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050207175738/http://ucrania.com/article_read.asp?id=69|archivedate=7 February 2005}}</ref>
| region8 = {{flag|Italy}}
| pop8 = 230,728
| ref8 = <ref name="istat">{{cite web|url=http://www.istat.it/it/files/2016/09/Cittadini-non-comunitari_2016.pdf?title=Cittadini+non+comunitari++-+29%2Fset%2F2016+-+Testo+integrale+e+nota+metodologica.pdf|title=I cittadini non comunitari regolarmente soggiornanti|trans-title=Non-EU citizens residing legally|language=it|work=ISTAT - National Institute of Statistics|date=2016|accessdate=29 September 2016}}</ref>
| region9 = {{flag|Germany}}
| pop9 = 229,510
| ref9 = <ref>{{cite web|url=https://ergebnisse.zensus2011.de/#dynTable:statUnit=PERSON;absRel=ANZAHL;ags=00,02,01,13,03,05,09,14,16,08,15,12,11,10,07,06,04;agsAxis=X;yAxis=MHGLAND_HLND|title=Zensusdatenbank - Ergebnisse des Zensus 2011|publisher=|accessdate=25 April 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.destatis.de/DE/Publikationen/Thematisch/Bevoelkerung/MigrationIntegration/AuslaendBevoelkerung.html?nn=68748 |title=Pressemitteilungen - Ausländische Bevölkerung - Statistisches Bundesamt (Destatis) |trans-title=Press Releases - Foreign population - Federal Statistical Office (Destatis) |language=de |work=German Federal Statistical Office |date=16 March 2015 |accessdate=15 March 2016}}</ref>
| region10 = {{flag|Belarus}}
| pop10 = 159,000
| ref10 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://belstat.gov.by/homep/en/census/2009/main.php|title=Belarus National Census 2009. Ethnic composition|work=National Statistical Committee of the Republic of Belarus|date=2009|accessdate=27 December 2010|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706163803/http://belstat.gov.by/homep/en/census/2009/main.php|archivedate=6 July 2011}}</ref>
| region11 = {{nowrap|{{flag|Czech Republic}}}}
| pop11 = 126,613
| ref11 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.czso.cz/csu/cizinci.nsf/engkapitola/ciz_pocet_cizincu|title=Number of foreigners in the CR|work=Czech Statistical Office|date=31 May 2008|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090829201054/http://www.czso.cz/csu/cizinci.nsf/engkapitola/ciz_pocet_cizincu|archivedate=29 August 2009}}</ref>
| region12 = {{flag|Uzbekistan}}
| pop12 = 104,720 – 128,100
| ref12 = <ref name="N-PA" group="nb" /><ref name="Uzbek">{{cite web|url=http://www.library.cjes.ru/online/?a=con&b_id=416&c_id=4481|archive-url=https://archive.is/20110719071653/http://www.library.cjes.ru/online/?a=con&b_id=416&c_id=4481|dead-url=yes|archive-date=19 July 2011|title=Ethnic Atlas of Uzbekistan|accessdate=28 March 2011|work=Statistical Office of Uzbekistan|publisher=library.cjes.ru}}</ref><ref name="destatis">{{cite web|url=http://www.destatis.de/basis/e/bevoe/bevoetab10.htm|title=Foreign population on 31 December 2004 by country of origin|date=24 January 2006|accessdate=5 August 2007|work=Federal Statistical Office of Germany|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070226125112/http://destatis.de/basis/e/bevoe/bevoetab10.htm|archivedate=26 February 2007}}</ref>
| region13 = {{flag|France}}
| pop13 = 98,000
| ref13 = <ref>http://www.cadresukrainiens.org/</ref><ref>http://www.perspectives-ukrainiennes.org/article-20468573.html</ref><ref>http://www.ukraine.campusfrance.org/page/ukraine-en-bref</ref>
| region14 = {{flag|Spain}}
| pop14 = 88,207
| ref14 = <ref name="Ex-Sovietic population in Spain">{{cite web|url=http://www.rusalia.com/poblacion-rusos-espana/|title="De estos 224.000 "ex-soviéticos", la comunidad más grande corresponde a los ucranianos (88.207)"|trans-title=Foreign population residing in Spain - 2014|language=sp|date=2014|accessdate=16 August 2016}}</ref>
| region15 = {{flag|Portugal}}
| pop15 = 52,293
| ref15 = <ref name="SEFSTAT Portal de estatísticas">{{cite web|format=PDF|url=http://sefstat.sef.pt/Docs/Distritos_2009.pdf|title=População estrangeira residente em território nacional - 2009|trans-title=Foreign population residing in Portugal - 2009|language=pt|date=2011|accessdate=18 March 2016}}</ref>
| region16 = {{flag|Poland}}
| pop16 = 51,000 {{small|(2011)}}<ref name="stat">''[http://www.stat.gov.pl/cps/rde/xbcr/gus/Przynaleznosc_narodowo-etniczna_w_2011_NSP.pdf Przynależność narodowo-etniczna ludności – wyniki spisu ludności i mieszkań 2011]''. GUS. Materiał na konferencję prasową w dniu 29. 01. 2013. p. 3. {{Retrieved|accessdate=2013-03-06}}</ref>
| ref16 =
| region17 = {{flag|Romania}}
| pop17 = 51,703
| ref17 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.recensamantromania.ro/wp-content/uploads/2012/02/Comunicat_DATE_PROVIZORII_RPL_2011.pdf|title=Romanian 2011 census |publisher=www.edrc.ro|accessdate=2011-12-13|last=|first=}}</ref>
| region18 = {{flag|Latvia}}
| pop18 = 45,699
| ref18 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.csb.gov.lv/en/notikumi/key-provisional-results-population-and-housing-census-2011-33306.html |title=On key provisional results of Population and Housing Census 2011 | Latvijas statistika |publisher=Csb.gov.lv |date=2012-01-18 |accessdate=2012-10-30}}</ref>
| region19 = {{flag|Estonia}}
| pop19 = 23,256
| ref19 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.stat.ee/34267|title=Population by ethnic nationality|publisher=[[Statistics Estonia]]|accessdate=30 March 2016}}</ref>
| langs = [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]], [[Russian language|Russian]]<ref>[http://www.gallup.com/poll/112270/russias-language-could-ticket-migrants.aspx Russia’s Language Could Be Ticket in for Migrants] A large portion of Ukrainians speak Russian</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Khmelko, V.|format=PDF|url=http://www.kiis.com.ua/materials/articles_HVE/16_linguaethnical.pdf|script-title=uk:Лінгво-етнічна структура України: Регіональні особливості та тенденції змін за року незалежності|trans-title=Linguo-Ethnic structure of Ukraine: Regional features and tendencies to changes post-independence|language=uk|publisher=Kyiv International Institute of Sociology|date=2004|accessdate=15 March 2016}}</ref>
| rels =
<div style="text-align:left">
;Of the religious (within [[Ukraine]])<ref name="razumkov">{{cite web | url=http://razumkov.org.ua/ukr/poll.php?poll_id=300 | title=Razumkov Centre study of primary church affiliation (2006): sociological poll | publisher=razumkov.org.ua | date=2006 | accessdate=31 August 2014}}</ref>
:[[Ukrainian Orthodox Church of the Kyivan Patriarchate|Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Kiev Patriarchate)]] – 38.9%
:[[Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate)]] – 29.4%
:[[Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church]] – 2.9%
:[[Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church|Ukrainian (Greek) Catholic Church]] – 14.7%
:[[Roman Catholicism|Roman Catholic]] – 1.7%
:[[Protestantism|Protestant]] – 2.4%
:Others – 2.9%
:Not Affiliated – 7.0%
</div>
| related = Other [[Slavs]], particularly other [[East Slavs]]
}}

'''Ukrainians''' ({{lang-uk|українці}}, ''ukrayintsi'', {{IPA-uk|ukrɑˈjinʲtsʲi|}}) are an [[East Slavs|East Slavic]] [[ethnic group]] native to [[Ukraine]], which is by total population the sixth-largest nation in [[Europe]].<ref name="Ukrainians_IEU">{{cite web|url=http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?AddButton=pages\U\K\Ukrainians.htm |title=Ukrainians |publisher=Encyclopediaofukraine.com |date=1990-07-16 |accessdate=2012-10-30}} in: Roman Senkus et al. (eds.), ''The Internet Encyclopedia of Ukraine'', revised and updated content based on the five-volume Encyclopedia of Ukraine (University of Toronto Press, 1984–93) edited by Volodymyr Kubijovyc (vols. 1–2) and Danylo Husar Struk (vols. 3–5). Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies (CIUS) (University of Alberta/University of Toronto).</ref> The [[Constitution of Ukraine]] applies the term 'Ukrainians' to all its citizens. Also among historical names of the people of Ukraine Rusyns (Ruthenians), [[Cossacks]], etc. can be found. According to some dictionary definitions, a descriptive name for the "[[inhabitants]] of Ukraine" is ''Ukrainian'' or ''Ukrainian people''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/ukrainians?show=0&t=1293151953|title=Ukrainian: definition|work=merriam-webster.com|accessdate=15 March 2016}}</ref> [[Belarusians]] and [[Russians]] are considered among the bloodline of Ukrainians, while [[Rusyns]] are another closely related group, or an ethnic subgroup of Ukrainians.

==Ethnonym==
{{further|Name of Ukraine}}
The [[ethnonym]] ''Ukrainians'' became widely accepted only in the 20th century after their territory obtained distinctive [[Ukrainian People's Republic|statehood in 1917]]. {{citation needed|date=March 2016}} From the 14th to the 16th centuries, the European part of [[Russia]], the territories of northern [[Ukraine]] and [[Belarus]] ([[Ruthenia|Western Rus']]) were largely known as ''Rus''', continuing the tradition of [[Kievan Rus']], the first [[East Slavs|East Slavic]] state. People of these territories were usually called ''[[Ruthenia|Rus]]'' or ''[[Ruthenians|Rusyns]]'' (known as Ruthenians in [[Western Europe|Western]] and [[Central Europe]]).<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/people.asp#Topic_2 |title= People |publisher= Encyclopediaofukraine.com |date= 1990-07-16|accessdate= 2012-11-02|quote= The oldest recorded names used for the Ukrainians are Rusyny, Rusychi, and Rusy (from Rus').}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.everyculture.com/To-Z/Ukraine.html |title= Identification and National Identity of Ukrainians |publisher= Everyculture.com |date= |accessdate= 2012-11-02}}</ref> The [[Ukrainian language]] appeared in the 14th – 16th centuries (with some prototypical features already evident in the 11th century), but at that time, it was mostly known{{citation needed|date=January 2016}} as [[Ruthenian language|Ruthenian]], like its brothers. In the 16th – 17th centuries, with the establishment of the [[Zaporizhian Sich]], the notion of [[Ukraine]] as a separate country with a separate ethnic identity came into being.<ref>Wilson, Andrew. Ukrainian nationalism in the 1990s: a minority faith. Cambridge University Press, 1997.</ref> However, the ethnonym ''Ukrainians'' and the linguonym ''Ukrainian'' were used only occasionally, and the people of [[Ukraine]] usually continued to call themselves and their language ''Ruthenian''. After the decline of the [[Zaporizhian Sich]] and the establishment of [[Russian Empire|Imperial Russian]] hegemony in Ukraine, Ukrainians became more widely known by the Russian regional name, ''Little Russians'' (''Malorossy''), with the majority of Ukrainian élites espousing [[Little Russian identity]].<ref name="pda.regnum.ru">Марчуков А. В.[http://regnum.ru/news/1470788.html Малорусский проект: о решении украинско-русского национального вопроса], IA Regnum, retrieved 2013-12-18</ref><ref name="luchenko.com">{{cite web|author=Valentyn Luchenko |url=http://luchenko.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=301&Itemid=50 |script-title=uk:Походження назви "Україна" |trans-title=Origin of the name "Ukraine" |language=uk |publisher=luchenko.com |date=11 February 2009 |accessdate=16 March 2016}}</ref><ref name="http://litopys.org.ua">{{cite web|url=http://litopys.org.ua/ |script-title=uk:Історія України IX-XVIII ст. Першоджерела та інтерпретації |trans-title=History of Ukraine IX-XVIII centuries. Primary Sources and Interpretations |language=uk |publisher=Litopys.org.ua |date= |accessdate=16 March 2016}}</ref><ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite web|url=http://litopys.org.ua/rizne/nazva_eu.htm |script-title=uk:Україна. Русь. Назви території і народу |trans-title=Ukraine. Rus'. Names of territories and nationality |language=uk |publisher=Litopys.org.ua |work=Encyclopedia of Ukraine - I |date=1949 |volume=1 |issue=12-16 |accessdate=16 March 2016}}</ref> This official name (usually regarded now{{citation needed|date=January 2016}} as colonial and humiliating) did not spread widely among the peasantry which constituted the majority of the population.<ref name="Plokhy2008">{{cite book|author=Serhii Plokhy|authorlink=Serhii Plokhii|title=Ukraine and Russia: Representations of the Past|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7itWI-x8l-MC&pg=PA139|accessdate=16 March 2016|year=2008|publisher=University of Toronto Press|isbn=978-0-8020-9327-1|page=139}}</ref> Ukrainian peasants still referred to their country as Ukraine (a name associated with the [[Zaporizhian Sich]], with the [[Cossack Hetmanate|Hetmanate]] and with their struggle against Poles, Russians, Turks and Crimean Tatars) and to themselves and their language as [[Rusyns|Ruthenians]]/[[Ruthenian language|Ruthenian]].<ref name="http://litopys.org.ua"/><ref name="ReferenceA"/>{{qn|date=January 2016}} With the publication of [[Ivan Kotliarevsky]]'s ''Eneyida'' (Aeneid) in 1798, which established the modern [[Ukrainian language]], and with the subsequent Romantic revival of national traditions and culture, the ethnonym ''Ukrainians'' and the notion of a [[Ukrainian language]] came into more prominence at the beginning of the 19th century and gradually replaced the words "Rusyns" and "Ruthenian(s)". In areas outside the control of the Russian/Soviet state until the mid-20th century ([[Western Ukraine]]), Ukrainians were known by their pre-existing names for much longer.<ref name="luchenko.com"/><ref name="http://litopys.org.ua"/><ref name="ReferenceA"/><ref name="Wolczuk2001">{{cite book|author=Kataryna Wolczuk|title=The Moulding of Ukraine: The Constitutional Politics of State Formation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fj3WXcl_kcoC&pg=PA32|accessdate=16 March 2016|year=2001|publisher=Central European University Press|isbn=978-963-9241-25-1|page=32}}</ref> The appellation ''Ukrainians'' initially came into common usage in Central Ukraine<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?AddButton=pages\A\L\All6UkrainianNationalCongress.htm|title=All-Ukrainian National Congress|publisher=Encyclopediaofukraine.com|date=1984|accessdate=16 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?AddButton=pages\U\N\UniversalsoftheCentralRada.htm |title=Universals of the Central Rada |publisher=Encyclopediaofukraine.com |date= |accessdate=2012-11-02}}</ref> and did not take hold in [[Galicia (Eastern Europe)|Galicia]] and [[Bukovyna]] until the latter part of the 19th century, in [[Carpathian Ruthenia|Transcarpathia]] until the 1930s, and in the [[Prešov Region]] until the late 1940s.<ref name="pda.regnum.ru"/><ref>{{cite web|author=Himka, John-Paul|author-link=John-Paul Himka|url=http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?AddButton=pages\R\U\Ruthenians.htm|title=Ruthenians|publisher=Encyclopediaofukraine.com|date=1993|accessdate=16 March 2016}} "A historic name for Ukrainians corresponding to the Ukrainian rusyny"</ref><ref>{{cite web|author1=Lev, Vasyl|author2=Vytanovych, Illia|url=http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?AddButton=pages\P\O\PopulismWesternUkrainian.htm|title=Populism, Western Ukrainian|publisher=Encyclopediaofukraine.com|date=1993|accessdate=16 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|format=PDF|author=Baranovska N. M.|url=http://ena.lp.edu.ua:8080/bitstream/ntb/14054/1/20_130-135_Vis724_Armiya.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219012625/http://ena.lp.edu.ua:8080/bitstream/ntb/14054/1/20_130-135_Vis724_Armiya.pdf|archivedate=2013-12-19|script-title=uk:Актуалізація ідей автономізму та федералізму в умовах національної революції 1917–1921 рр. як шлях відстоювання державницького розвитку України|trans-title=Actualization of ideas of autonomy and federalism in the conditions of the national revolution of 1917-1921 as a path to defending the development of the statehood of Ukraine|language=uk|publisher=Lviv Polytechnic National University|date=2012|accessdate=15 March 2016}}</ref>

The modern [[name]] ''ukrayintsi'' (Ukrainians) derives from ''Ukrayina'' ([[Ukraine]]), a name first documented in 1187.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/people.asp#Topic_1|title=Ukrainians and the Ukrainian Language|publisher=Encyclopediaofukraine.com|date=1990|accessdate=16 March 2016}}</ref> Several scientific theories attempt to explain the etymology of the term.

According to the traditional theory (especially predominant in Russia), it derives from the Proto-Slavic root *kraj-, which has two meanings, one meaning the homeland as in "''nash rodnoi kraj''" (our homeland), and the other "edge, border", and originally had the sense of "periphery", "borderland" or "frontier region" etc.<ref name="litopys.org.ua"/><ref>{{cite book|last=Vasmer|first=Max|authorlink=Max Vasmer|title=Russisches etymologisches Wörterbuch|publisher=Winter|location=[[Heidelberg]]|year=1953–58|volume=1–3|language=de}}; Russian translation:{{cite book|last=Fasmer|first=Maks|authorlink=Max Vasmer|others=transl. Oleg N. Trubačev|title=Ėtimologičeskij slovar’ russkogo jazyka|publisher=Progress|location=[[Moscow]]|year=1964–73|volume=1–4|url=http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/response.cgi?root=%2Fusr%2Flocal%2Fshare%2Fstarling%2Fmorpho&basename=%5Cusr%5Clocal%5Cshare%5Cstarling%5Cmorpho%5Cvasmer%5Cvasmer&text_word=%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0&method_word=beginning}}</ref><ref name="gaida">{{cite web|title=Ф.А. Гайда. От Рязани и Москвы до Закарпатья. Происхождение и употребление слова "украинцы" // Родина. 2011. № 1. С. 82–85|publisher=Edrus.org|url=http://www.edrus.org/content/view/22784/56/|accessdate=30 October 2012}}</ref>

According to some new alternative Ukrainian historians such as Hryhoriy Pivtorak, Vitaly Sklyarenko and other scholars, translate the term "u-kraine" as "in-land", "home-land" or "our-country".<ref name="litopys.org.ua">{{cite web|url=http://litopys.org.ua/rizne/nazva_eu.htm|title=З Енциклопедії Українознавства; Назва "Україна"|publisher=Litopys.org.ua|date= |accessdate=2 November 2012}}</ref> The name in this context derives from the word "u-kraina" in the sense of "domestic region", "domestic land" or "country" (inside the country).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://litopys.org.ua/pivtorak/pivt12.htm|title="Україна" — це не "окраїна"|publisher=Litopys.org.ua|date=|accessdate=2 November 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Олександр Палій|url=http://dialogs.org.ua/issue_full.php?m_id=5466|title=Что в имени Украина?|publisher=Dialogs.org.ua|date=20 January 2006|accessdate=2 November 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.infoukes.com/faq/the_ukraine/|title=Ukraine or "the Ukraine"?|publisher=Infoukes.com|date=|accessdate=2 November 2012}}</ref>

In the last few centuries the population of Ukraine experienced periods of [[Polonization]] and [[Russification]], but preserved a common culture and a sense of common identity.<ref name="encyclopediaofukraine.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?AddButton=pages\S\T\StruggleforIndependence1917hD720.htm|title=Struggle for Independence (1917–20)|publisher=Encyclopediaofukraine.com|date= |accessdate=2 November 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Mace, James|url=http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?AddButton=pages\U\K\Ukrainization.htm|title=Ukrainization|publisher=Encyclopedia of Ukraine|date=1993|accessdate=16 March 2016}}</ref>

==Geographic distribution==
[[File:Ethnic-Ukrainians.jpg|left|thumb|"Ethnographical Map of Ukraine" printed just after [[World War II]]. Land inhabited by a plurality of ethnic Ukrainians is colored [[Rose (color)|rose]].]]
[[File:Ukraine census 2001 Ukrainians.svg|left|thumb|Population of ethnic Ukrainians in Ukraine by [[oblast]] (2001)]]
{{Ukrainians}}
{{Main article|Ukrainian diaspora}}

Most ethnic Ukrainians live in [[Ukraine]], where they make up over three-quarters of the population. The largest population of ethnic Ukrainians outside of Ukraine lives in [[Russia]] where about 1.9 million Russian citizens consider themselves ethnic Ukrainians, while millions of others (primarily in [[Southern Federal District|southern Russia]] and [[Siberia]]) have some Ukrainian ancestry.<ref name="rus2010">[http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/population/demo/per-itog/tab5.xls Ethnic composition of the population of the Russian Federation] / [http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/perepis2010/perepis_itogi1612.htm Information materials on the final results of the 2010 Russian census] {{ru icon}}</ref> The inhabitants of the [[Kuban]], for example, have vacillated among three identities, Ukrainian, Russian (an identity supported by the [[Government of the Soviet Union|Soviet regime]]), and "[[Cossack]]".<ref name="Ukrainians_IEU"/> Approximately 800,000 people of Ukrainian ancestry live in the [[Russian Far East]] in an area known historically as "[[Green Ukraine]]".<ref>[http://www.ukrweekly.com/old/archive/2003/180304.shtml Ukrainians in Russia's Far East try to maintain community life]. ''The Ukrainian Weekly''. 4 May 2003.</ref>

According to some previous{{when|date=December 2014}} assumptions, an estimated number of almost 2.1 million people of Ukrainian origin live in North America (1.2 million in [[Canada]] and 890,000 in the [[United States]]). Large numbers of Ukrainians live in [[Brazil]] (500,000),<ref group="nb">see also [[Prudentópolis]], Brazil.</ref> [[Moldova]] (375,000), [[Kazakhstan]] (about 333,000), [[Poland]] (estimates from 300,000 to 400,000), [[Argentina]] (300,000),<ref name="Ucrania.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.ucrania.com/Articulos/tabid/57/ctl/Details/mid/388/ItemID/1/language/en-US/Default.aspx|title=Inmigración Ucrania a la República Argentina|trans-title=Ukrainian immigration to Argentina|language=es|work=Ucrania.com|date=3 February 2008|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131227233709/http://www.ucrania.com/Articulos/tabid/57/ctl/Details/mid/388/ItemID/1/language/en-US/Default.aspx|archivedate=27 December 2013}}</ref> [[Belarus]] (estimates from 250,000 to 300,000), [[Portugal]] (52,300), [[Romania]] (estimates from 60,000 to 90,000) and [[Slovakia]] (55,000). There are also Ukrainian diasporas in the [[United Kingdom|UK]], [[Australia]], [[Germany]], [[Latvia]], [[Switzerland]], [[Austria]], [[Italy]], [[Ireland]], [[Sweden]] and the former [[Yugoslavia]].

In the last decades of the 19th century, many Ukrainians were forced by the [[Tsarist autocracy]] to move to the Asian regions of Russia, while many of their counterpart Slavs under [[Austria-Hungary|Austro-Hungarian]] rule emigrated to the [[New World]] seeking work and better economic opportunities.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/picturedisplay.asp?linkpath=pic\U\K\Ukrainians_Map.jpg|title=See map: Ukrainians: World Distribution|work=[[Encyclopedia of Ukraine]]|accessdate=30 October 2012}}</ref> Today, large ethnic Ukrainian minorities reside in [[Ukrainians in Russia|Russia]], [[Ukrainian Canadians|Canada]], the [[Ukrainian Americans|United States]], [[Ukrainian Brazilians|Brazil]], [[Ukrainians in Kazakhstan|Kazakhstan]], [[Italy]] and [[Ukrainian Argentine|Argentina]].<ref>[http://www.everyculture.com/To-Z/Ukraine.html "History and ethnic relations in Ukraine"], Every Culture</ref> According to some sources, around 20 million people outside Ukraine identify as having Ukrainian ethnicity,<ref name="ucc.ca">{{cite web|url=http://www.ucc.ca/2010/05/25/support-the-ukrainian-world-congress-connecting-ukrainians-around-the-world/|title=UWC continually and diligently defends the interests of over 20 million Ukrainians|publisher=[[Ukrainian Canadian Congress]]|date=25 May 2010|accessdate=2 November 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ukrinform.ua/eng/order/?id=168280|title=Ukrainian diaspora abroad makes up over 20 million|publisher=Ukrinform.ua|date=28 August 2009|accessdate=2 November 2012|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120105155543/http://www.ukrinform.ua/eng/order/?id=168280|archivedate=5 January 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ukraine-travel-advisor.com/ukraine-people.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070329005214/http://www.ukraine-travel-advisor.com/ukraine-people.html|archivedate=29 March 2007|title=20 million Ukrainians live in 46 different countries of the world|publisher=Ukraine-travel-advisor.com|date=5 December 2001|accessdate=2 November 2012}}</ref> however the official data of the respective countries calculated together doesn't show more than 10 million. Ukrainians have one of the largest [[diaspora]]s in the world.{{citation needed|date=December 2014}}

==Origin==
{{further|Early Slavs|East Slavs|Ruthenians|Prehistoric Ukraine}}
The [[East Slavs]] emerged from the undifferentiated [[early Slavs]] with the Slavic migrations in the 6th and 7th centuries CE. The East Slavs were united{{by whom|date=October 2016}} in the [[Kievan Rus']] during the 9th to 13th centuries. East Slavic tribes cited as "proto-Ukrainian" include the [[Volhynians]], [[Drevlyans|Derevlianians]], [[Polans (eastern)|Polianians]], and [[Severians|Siverianians]] and the less significant [[Ulychians]], [[Tivertsi]]ans, and [[White Croats]].<ref name="Ukrainians_IEU"/> The [[Goths|Gothic]] historian [[Jordanes]] and 6th-century [[Byzantine]] authors named two groups that lived in the south-east of Europe: ''Sclavins'' (western Slavs) and [[Antes (people)|Antes]]. Polianians are identified as the founders of the city of [[Kiev]] and as playing the key role in the formation of the Kievan Rus' state.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?AddButton=pages\P\O\Polianians.htm |title=Polianians (poliany) |publisher=Encyclopediaofukraine.com |date=|accessdate=2012-11-02}}</ref> At the beginning of the 9th century, [[Varangians]] used the waterways of Eastern Europe for military raids and trade, particularly the [[trade route from the Varangians to the Greeks]]. Until the 11th century these Varangians also served as key mercenary troops for a number of princes in medieval [[Kiev]], as well as for some of the [[Byzantine emperor]]s, while others occupied key administrative positions in Kievan Rus' society, and eventually became slavicized.<ref>{{cite web|author=Zhukovsky, Arkadii|url=http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?AddButton=pages\V\A\Varangians.htm|title=Varangians|publisher=Encyclopediaofukraine.com|date=|accessdate=2 November 2012|quote=...Varangians assimilated rapidly with the local population.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/pages%5CK%5CY%5CKyivanRushDA.htm|title=Kyivan Rus'|publisher=Encyclopediaofukraine.com|date=1988|accessdate=16 March 2016|quote=According to some sources, the first Varangian rulers of Rus' were Askold and Dyr.}}</ref> Besides other cultural traces, several Ukrainian names show traces of [[Norsemen|Norse]] origins as a result of influences from that period.<ref>{{cite news|author=Ihor Lysyj|url=http://www.ukrweekly.com/old/archive/2005/280528.shtml|title=The Viking "drakkar" and the Kozak "chaika"|newspaper=[[The Ukrainian Weekly]]|location=[[Parsippany-Troy Hills, New Jersey|Parsippany, New Jersey]]|date=10 July 2005|accessdate=2 November 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Andriy Pyrohiv|url=http://www.wumag.kiev.ua/wumag_old/archiv/2_98/lavra.htm|title=Vikings and the Lavra Monastery|publisher=Wumag.kiev.ua|date=1998|accessdate=2 November 2012}}</ref>

Differentiation between separate East Slavic groups began to emerge in the later medieval period, and an East Slavic [[dialect continuum]] developed within the [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]], with the [[Ruthenian language]] emerging as a written standard. The active development of a concept of a Ukrainian nation and a Ukrainian language began with the [[Ukrainian National Revival]] in the early 19th century. In the [[Soviet Union|Soviet era]] (1917–1991), [[Historiography in the Soviet Union|official historiography]] emphasized "the cultural unity of 'proto-Ukrainians' and 'proto-Russians' in the fifth and sixth centuries".<ref name="Yekelchyk2004">{{cite book|author=Serhy Yekelchyk|authorlink=Serhy Yekelchyk|title=Stalin's Empire of Memory: Russian-Ukrainian Relations in the Soviet Historical Imagination|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IzSEEqjp9vUC&pg=PA94|accessdate=19 March 2016|year=2004|publisher=University of Toronto Press|isbn=978-0-8020-8808-6|page=94}}</ref>

===Genetics===
The Ukrainian gene-pool includes the following Y-haplogroups, in order from the most prevalent: [[R1a]] (43%) I (23% I2a), R1b (8%), E1b1b (7%), I1 (5%), N1 (5%), J2 (4%), G (3%), T (1%).<ref>Kushniarevich A, Utevska O (2015) "Genetic Heritage of the Balto-Slavic Speaking Populations: A Synthesis of Autosomal, Mitochondrial and Y-Chromosomal Data"</ref> Roughly all R1a Ukrainians carry [[R1a]]-Z282; R1a-Z282 have been found significantly only in Eastern Europe.<ref name="Luca Giacomo Benincasa Popa 2006 pp. 132–139">{{cite journal|format=PDF|last=Di Luca |first=F. |last2=Giacomo |first2=F. |last3=Benincasa |first3=T. |last4=Popa |first4=L.O. |last5=Banyko|first5=J.|last6=Kracmarova|first6=A.|last7=Malaspina|first7=P.|last8=Novelletto|first8=A.|last9=Brdicka|first9=R.|title=Y-chromosomal variation in the Czech Republic|journal=American Journal of Physical Anthropology|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell |volume=132 |issue=1|year=2006|pages=132–139|url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Luis_Popa/publication/6718583_Y-Chromosomal_variation_in_the_Czech_Republic/links/02e7e5214d1e2249db000000.pdf?inViewer=1&pdfJsDownload=1&origin=publication_detail |doi=10.1002/ajpa.20500|accessdate=16 March 2016|pmid=17078035}}</ref> [[Chernivtsi Oblast]] is the only region in Ukraine where Haplogroup I2a occurs more frequently than R1a, much less frequent even in [[Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Utevska |first1=O. M.|last2=Chukhraeva|first2=M. I.|last3=Agdzhoyan|first3=A. T.|last4=Atramentova|first4=L. A. |last5=Balanovska|first5=E. V. |last6=Balanovsky|first6=O. P.|title=Populations of Transcarpathia and Bukovina on the genetic landscape of surrounding regions |journal=Visnyk of Dnipropetrovsk University. Biology, medicine|date=21 September 2015 |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=133–140 |doi=10.15421/021524 |url=http://oaji.net/articles/2015/922-1450176147.pdf}}</ref> In comparison to their neighbors, Ukrainians have a similar percentage of [[Haplogroup R1a]] (43%) in their population—compare [[Poles]], [[Russians]], [[Lithuanians]] and [[Belarusians#Genetics|Belarusians]] (55%, 46%, 42% and 51%, respectively). Note that populations in Eastern Europe which have never been Slavic do as well.). Unlike Poles and Russians, Ukrainians have a high percentage of [[Haplogroup I (Y-DNA)|I2a]], which is typical of the Balkan and Danube regions, but a smaller percentage than Russians of the N1c1 lineage found among Finnic, Baltic, and Siberian populations, and also less [[Haplogroup R1b|R1b]] than West Slavs.<ref name="Semino2000">{{cite journal |format=PDF |author1=Semino O. |author2=Passarino G.; Oefner P.J.; Lin A.A.; Arbuzova S.; Beckman L.E.; De Benedictis G.; Francalacci P.; Kouvatsi A.; Limborska S.; Marcikiae M.; Mika A.; Mika B.; Primorac D.; Santachiara-Benerecetti A.S.; Cavalli-Sforza L.L.; Underhill P.A.|title=The Genetic Legacy of Paleolithic Homo sapiens sapiens in Extant Europeans: A Y Chromosome Perspective|journal=Science|publisher=American Association for the Advancement of Science |volume=290|issue=5494|year=2000|pages=1155–1159|url=http://hpgl.stanford.edu/publications/Science_2000_v290_p1155.pdf |doi=10.1126/science.290.5494.1155|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20031125151213/http://hpgl.stanford.edu/publications/Science_2000_v290_p1155.pdf|archivedate=25 November 2003|pmid=11073453}}</ref><ref name="Varzari2006">Alexander Varzari, "Population History of the Dniester-Carpathians: Evidence from Alu Insertion and Y-Chromosome Polymorphisms" (2006)</ref><ref name="Pericic2005" >Marijana Peričić et al 2005, [http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/content/22/10/1964.full High-Resolution Phylogenetic Analysis of Southeastern Europe Traces Major Episodes of Paternal Gene Flow Among Slavic Populations.]</ref> In terms of haplogroup distribution, the genetic pattern of Ukrainians most closely resembles that of Belarusians. The presence of the N1c lineage is explained by a contribution of the assimilated [[Finno-Ugric peoples|Finno-Ugric]] tribes.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://link.springer.com/article/10.1023%2FB%3ARUGE.0000021635.80528.2f |title=Gene Pool Structure of Eastern Ukrainians as Inferred from the Y-Chromosome Haplogroups |work=Russian Journal of Genetics |volume=40 |issue=3 |publisher=Springerlink.com |date=2004-03-01 |accessdate=2012-11-02}}</ref> In some parts of central Ukraine the domination of the clade of R1a M458 over Z280 is traced{{by whom|date=October 2016}} to [[Lechites]], as a genetic connection to the tribes of [[Radimichs]], [[Polans (eastern)|Polans]] and [[Vyatichi]].

==Subethnic groups==
{{see also|Category:Ukrainian sub-ethnic groups}}
[[File:Huculi 1902.png|left|thumb|Portrait of [[Hutsuls]], living in the [[Carpathian Mountains|Carpathian]] mountains, 1902]]
Among Ukrainians, there are several distinct subethnic groups, especially in western Ukraine: places like [[Carpathian Ruthenia|Zakarpattia]] and [[Galicia (Eastern Europe)|Halychyna]]. Among them the most known are [[Hutsuls]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?AddButton=pages\H\U\Hutsuls.htm |title=A Ukrainian ethnic group which until 1946 lived in the most western part of Ukraine – Hutsuls |publisher=Encyclopediaofukraine.com |date=1919-01-07 |accessdate=2012-11-02}}</ref> [[Volhynia]]ns, [[Boyko]]s and [[Lemkos]] (otherwise known as [[Rusyns]] – a derivative of [[Ruthenians]]),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?AddButton=pages\L\E\Lemkos.htm |title=A Ukrainian ethnic group which until 1946 lived in the most western part of Ukraine – Lemkos |publisher=Encyclopediaofukraine.com |date=1945-08-16 |accessdate=2012-11-02}}</ref> each with peculiar area of settlement, dialect, dress, anthropological type and folk traditions. There are several theories about the origin of each of these groups. Some of these subethnic groups were strongly influenced by the neighboring nations, but according to all relevant indicators they belong to the mainstream of Ukrainian people.

==History==
{{further|History of Ukraine}}
[[File:Ilja Jefimowitsch Repin 009.jpg|thumb|right|[[Reply of the Zaporozhian Cossacks]] to Sultan [[Mehmed IV]] of Turkey. Painted by [[Ilya Repin]] from 1880 to 1891. (Note: two [[Pike (weapon)|pikes]] on the left are wrapped in the traditional colors of Ukraine – blue/yellow and red/black)]]
[[File:Fair in Ukraine.jpg|thumb|Traditional village fair in Ukraine, 19th century]]
[[Ukraine]] has had a very turbulent history, a fact explained by its geographical position. In the 9th century the [[Varangians]] from [[Scandinavia]] conquered the proto-Slavic tribes on the territory of today's Ukraine, Belarus, and western Russia and laid the groundwork for the [[Kievan Rus’]] state. The ancestors of the Ukrainian nation such as [[Polans (eastern)|Polianians]] had an important role in the development and culturalization of Kievan Rus’ state. The internecine wars between Rus' princes, which began after the death of [[Yaroslav the Wise]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?AddButton=pages\Y\A\YaroslavtheWise.htm |title=Grand prince of Kyiv from 1019; son of Grand Prince Volodymyr the Great and Princess Rohnida of Polatsk |publisher=Encyclopediaofukraine.com |date= |accessdate=2 November 2012}}</ref> led to the political fragmentation of the state into a number of principalities. The quarreling between the princes left Kievan Rus’ vulnerable to foreign attacks, and the invasion of the Mongols in 1236. and 1240. finally destroyed the state. Another important state in the history of the Ukrainians is [[Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia]] (1199–1349).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?AddButton=pages\K\Y\KyivanRushDA.htm |title=The first state to arise among the Eastern Slavs |publisher=Encyclopediaofukraine.com |date= |accessdate=2 November 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?AddButton=pages\G\A\Galicia6VolhyniaPrincipalityof.htm |title=A state founded in 1199 by Roman Mstyslavych, the prince of Volhynia from 1170, who united Galicia and Volhynia under his rule |publisher=Encyclopediaofukraine.com |date= |accessdate=2 November 2012}}</ref>

The third important state for Ukrainians is [[Cossack Hetmanate]]. The Cossacks of [[Zaporizhzhia (region)|Zaporizhia]] since the late 15th century controlled the lower bends of the river Dnieper, between Russia, Poland and the [[Crimean Khanate|Tatars of Crimea]], with the fortified capital, [[Zaporizhian Sich]]. Hetman [[Bohdan Khmelnytsky]] is one of the most celebrated and at the same time most controversial political figures in Ukraine's early-modern history. A brilliant military leader, his greatest achievement in the process of national revolution was the formation of the [[Cossack Hetmanate]] state of the Zaporozhian Host (1648–1782). The period of the [[The Ruin (Ukrainian history)|Ruin]] in the late 17th century in the history of Ukraine is characterized by the disintegration of Ukrainian statehood and general decline. During the Ruin [[Ukraine]] became divided along the Dnieper River into [[Left-Bank Ukraine]] and [[Right-Bank Ukraine]], and the two halves became hostile to each other. Ukrainian leaders during the period are considered to have been largely opportunists and men of little vision who could not muster broad popular support for their policies.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?AddButton=pages\R\U\Ruin.htm |title=The disintegration of Ukrainian statehood and general decline – Ruina |publisher=Encyclopediaofukraine.com |date= |accessdate=2012-11-02}}</ref> There were roughly 4 million Ukrainians at the end of the 17th century.<ref>Ukraine, Orest Subtelny, page 152, 2000</ref>

At the final stages of the First World War, a powerful struggle for an independent Ukrainian state developed in the central Ukrainian territories, which, until 1917, were part of the [[Russian Empire]]. The newly established Ukrainian government, the [[Central Rada]], headed by [[Mykhailo Hrushevsky]], issued four universals, the Fourth of which, dated 22 January 1918, declared the independence and sovereignty of the [[Ukrainian National Republic]] (UNR) on 25 January 1918. The session of the Central Rada on 29 April 1918 ratified the Constitution of the UNR and elected Hrushevsky president.<ref name="encyclopediaofukraine.com"/>

===Soviet period===
{{see also|Soviet famine of 1932–33}}
[[File:Famine Kharkov girl and goat 1933.jpg|thumb|A girl in [[Kharkiv]] during the [[Holodomor]]]]
During 1932–1933 millions of Ukrainians were forced in starvation to death by a Soviet regime which led to a [[famine]], known as the [[Holodomor]].<ref>"[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7111296.stm Ukraine remembers famine horror]". BBC News. November 24, 2007.</ref> The Soviet regime remained silent about the Holodomor and provided no aid to the victims or the survivors. But news and information about what was going on reached the West and evoked public responses in Polish-ruled Western Ukraine and in the [[Ukrainian diaspora]]. Since the 1990s the independent Ukrainian state, particularly under President [[Viktor Yushchenko]], the Ukrainian mass media and academic institutions, many foreign governments, most Ukrainian scholars, and many foreign scholars have viewed and written about the [[Holodomor]] as genocide and issued official declarations and publications to that effect. Modern scholarly estimates of the direct loss of human life due to the [[famine]] range between 2.6 million<ref name="Vallin">France Meslè et Jacques Vallin avec des contributions de Vladimir Shkolnikov, Serhii Pyrozhkov et Serguei Adamets, [http://www.ined.fr/en/publications/cahiers/mortalite-et-causes-de-deces-en-ukraine-au-xxe-siecle-cd-rom-en/ Mortalite et cause de dècès en Ukraine au XX siècle] p.28, see also France Meslé, Gilles Pison, Jacques Vallin [http://www.ined.fr/en/publications/population-and-societies/france-ukraine-demographic-twins-separated-by-history-en/ France-Ukraine: Demographic Twins Separated by History], ''Population and societies'', N°413, juin 2005</ref><ref name="Vallin2">Jacques Vallin, France Mesle, Serguei Adamets, Serhii Pyrozhkov, [http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00324720215934 A New Estimate of Ukrainian Population Losses during the Crises of the 1930s and 1940s], ''[[Population Studies]]'', Vol. 56, No. 3. (November , 2002), pp. 249–264</ref> (3-3.5 million)<ref name="HowMany">{{cite journal|first=Stanislav|last=Kulchytsky|url=http://www.zerkalo-nedeli.com:80/nn/show/420/36833|script-title=ru:Сколько нас погибло от Голодомора 1933 года?|trans-title=How many of us died from Holodomor in 1933?|language=ru|publisher=[[Zerkalo Nedeli]]|date=23–29 November 2002|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061128150638/http://www.zerkalo-nedeli.com:80/nn/show/420/36833|archivedate=28 November 2006}}<br>{{cite journal|first=Stanislav|last=Kulchytsky|url=http://www.zn.kiev.ua/ie/show/420/36833/|script-title=uk:Скільки нас загинуло під Голодомору 1933 року?|trans-title=How many of us died during the Holodomor 1933?|language=uk|journal=[[Zerkalo Nedeli]]|date=23–29 November 2002|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20030201130718/http://www.zn.kiev.ua/ie/show/420/36833/|archivedate=1 February 2003}}</ref> and 12 million<ref>Rosefielde, Steven. "Excess Mortality in the Soviet Union: A Reconsideration of the Demographic Consequences of Forced Industrialization, 1929–1949." Soviet Studies 35 (July 1983): 385–409</ref> although much higher numbers are usually published in the media and cited in political debates.<ref name=finn>Peter Finn, [http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/04/26/AR2008042602039.html?sub=new Aftermath of a Soviet Famine], ''[[The Washington Post]]'', April 27, 2008, "There are no exact figures on how many died. Modern historians place the number between 2.5 million and 3.5 million. Yushchenko and others have said at least 10 million were killed."</ref> As of March 2008, the [[Verkhovna Rada|parliament of Ukraine]] and the governments of several countries, including the [[United States]] have recognized the Holodomor as an act of [[genocide]].<ref group="nb">Sources differ on interpreting various statements from different branches of different governments as to whether they amount to the official recognition of the Famine as Genocide by the country. For example, after the statement issued by the Latvian Sejm on March 13, 2008, the total number of countries is given as 19 (according to ''Ukrainian [[BBC]]'': [http://www.bbc.com/ukrainian/domestic/story/2008/03/080313_latvia_holodomor_oh.shtml "Латвія визнала Голодомор ґеноцидом"]), 16 (according to ''[[Korrespondent]]'', Russian edition: [http://korrespondent.net/ukraine/politics/403002-posle-prodolzhitelnyh-debatov-sejm-latvii-priznal-golodomor-genocidom-ukraincev "После продолжительных дебатов Сейм Латвии признал Голодомор геноцидом украинцев"]), "more than 10" (according to ''Korrespondent'', Ukrainian edition: [http://korrespondent.net/ukraine/politics/403002-posle-prodolzhitelnyh-debatov-sejm-latvii-priznal-golodomor-genocidom-ukraincev "Латвія визнала Голодомор 1932–33 рр. геноцидом українців"])</ref>

===Historical maps of Ukraine===
The Ukrainian state has occupied a number of territories since its initial foundation. Most of these territories have been located within [[Eastern Europe]], however, as depicted in the maps in the gallery below, has also at times extended well into [[Eurasia]] and South-Eastern Europe. At times there has also been a distinct lack of a Ukrainian state, as its territories were on a number of occasions, annexed by its more powerful neighbours.
{| class="collapsible collapsed" style="border:1px solid #ddd; float:center; margin:5px 5px 0 0;"
|-
!style="background:#f5f5f5; padding:5px;"|<span style="margin:0 10px 0 20px;">Historical maps of Ukraine and its predecessors</span>
|-
|{{Gallery
|width=135
|lines=2
|File:East Slavic tribes peoples 8th 9th century.jpg|European territory inhabited by East Slavic tribes in 8th and 9th century.
|File:Slavic peoples 6th century historical map.jpg|Territory of Slavic peoples (6th century).

|File:001 Kievan Rus' Kyivan Rus' Ukraine map 1220 1240.jpg|Historical map of Kievan Rus' and territory of Ukraine: last 20 years of the state (1220–1240).
|File:Kingdom of Galicia Volhynia Rus' Ukraine 1245 1349.jpg|The [[Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia]] or Kingdom of Halych-Volynia (1245–1349).
|File:Grand Duchy of Lithuania Rus and Samogitia 1434.jpg|Historical map of [[Grand Duchy of Lithuania]], Rus' (Ukraine) and Samogitia until 1434.

|File:Polish Lithuanian Ruthenian Commonwealth 1658 historical map.jpg|[[Polish–Lithuanian–Ruthenian Commonwealth]] or Commonwealth of Three Nations (1658).
|File:007 Ukrainian Cossack Hetmanate and Russian Empire 1751.jpg|Historical map of Ukrainian Cossack Hetmanate and territory of Zaporozhian Cossacks under rule of [[Russian Empire]] (1751).

}}
|}

==Identity and national oppression==
[[File:Cossack Mamay 1st half of 19th c (4).jpg|thumb|right|[[Cossack Mamay]], one of several [[national personification]]s of Ukrainians.]]
[[File:Ukrainians in national costumes.jpg|thumb|left|thumbnail|right|Ukrainians (of Dnieper lowlands) in national attires, drawing of [[George Narbut]], 1907]]

The watershed period in the development of modern Ukrainian national consciousness was the struggle for independence during the creation of the [[Ukrainian People's Republic]] from 1917 to 1921.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages\U\K\UkrainianNationalRepublic.htm|title=Ukrainian National Republic|publisher=Encyclopediaofukraine.com|date=1993|accessdate=15 March 2016}}</ref> A concerted effort to reverse the growth of Ukrainian national consciousness was begun by the regime of [[Joseph Stalin]] in the late 1920s, and continued with minor interruptions until the most recent times. The man-made [[Holodomor|Famine-Genocide of 1932–3]], the deportations of the so-called [[kulak]]s, the physical annihilation of the nationally conscious intelligentsia, and terror in general were used to destroy and subdue the Ukrainian nation.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?AddButton=pages\F\A\Famine6Genocideof1932hD73.htm|title=Famine-Genocide of 1932–3 (Голодомор; Holodomor)|publisher=Encyclopediaofukraine.com|date=7 August 1932|accessdate=2 November 2012}}</ref> Even after Joseph Stalin's death the concept of a Russified though multiethnic Soviet people was officially promoted, according to which the non-Russian nations were relegated to second-class status. Despite this, many Ukrainians played prominent roles in the Soviet Union, including such public figures as [[Semyon Timoshenko]].

The creation of a sovereign and independent [[Ukraine]] in 1991, however, pointed to the failure of the policy of the "merging of nations" and to the enduring strength of the Ukrainian national consciousness. Today, one of the consequences of these acts is [[Anti-Ukrainian sentiment|Ukrainophobia]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?AddButton=pages\U\K\Ukrainians.htm|title=Development of modern Ukrainian national consciousness|publisher=Encyclopediaofukraine.com|date=16 July 1990|accessdate=2 November 2012}}</ref>

[[Biculturalism]] is especially present in southeastern Ukraine where there is a significant Russian minority. Historical colonization of Ukraine is one reason that creates confusion about national identity to this day.<ref>{{cite web|author1=Олександр Lytvynenko, Oleksandr|author2=Yakymenko, Yuriy|url=http://www.razumkov.org.ua/eng/article.php?news_id=676|title=Russian-Speaking Citizens of Ukraine: "Imaginary Society" as it is|publisher=Razumkov Centre|date=19 May 2008|accessdate=15 March 2016}}</ref> Many citizens of [[Ukraine]] have adopted the Ukrainian national identity in the past 20 years. According to the concept of nationality dominant in [[Eastern Europe]] the Ukrainians are people whose native language is Ukrainian (an objective criterion) whether or not they are nationally conscious, and all those who identify themselves as Ukrainian (a subjective criterion) whether or not they speak Ukrainian.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?AddButton=pages\U\K\Ukrainians.htm|title=Viewed from a historical perspective, Ukrainians are people whose native language is Ukrainian|publisher=Encyclopediaofukraine.com|date=16 July 1990|accessdate=2 November 2012}}</ref>

Attempts to introduce a territorial-political concept of Ukrainian nationality on the Western European model (presented by political philosopher [[Viacheslav Lypynsky]]) were unsuccessful until the 1990s. Territorial loyalty has also been manifested by the historical national minorities living in Ukraine. The predominant{{citation needed|date=April 2016}} belief in [[Ukraine]] today is that all permanent inhabitants of Ukraine are Ukrainians regardless of their ethnic origins or the language in which they communicate. The official declaration of Ukrainian sovereignty of 16 July 1990 stated that "citizens of the Republic of all nationalities constitute the people of Ukraine."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?AddButton=pages\U\K\Ukrainians.htm|title=Ukrainian nationality on the Western European model (e.g., by Viacheslav Lypynsky) were unsuccessful until the 1990s|publisher=Encyclopediaofukraine.com|date=16 July 1990|accessdate=2 November 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3763/is_200903/ai_n32127896/|title=Ethnic Self-Identification in Ukraine.|publisher=Findarticles.com|date= |accessdate=2 November 2012}}{{Dead link|date=January 2016}}</ref>

==Culture==
{{Main article|Culture of Ukraine}}
Due to [[Ukraine]]'s geographical location, its culture primarily exhibits central and eastern European influences. Over the years it has been influenced by movements such as those brought about during the [[Byzantine Empire]] and the Renaissance. Today, the country is somewhat culturally divided with the western regions bearing a stronger central European influence and the eastern regions showing a significant Russian influence. A strong [[Christianity|Christian culture]] was predominant for many centuries, although Ukraine was also the center of conflict between the Catholic, Orthodox and Islamic spheres of influence.

===Languages===
{{Main article|Ukrainian language}}
{{see also|Russification of Ukraine|Surzhyk}}
[[File:Ukrainians en.svg|thumb|Spread of Ukrainian language in the beginning of 20th century]]
[[File:Ukraine census 2001 Ukrainian.svg|thumb|Population of those whose mother tongue is Ukrainian in Ukraine (2001)]]

Ukrainian (украї́нська мо́ва, ''ukrayins'ka mova'', {{IPA-uk|ukraˈjinʲsʲka ˈmɔʋa|}}) is a language of the [[East Slavic languages|East Slavic subgroup]] of the [[Slavic languages]]. It is the only [[official language|official state language]] of [[Ukraine]]. Written Ukrainian uses the [[Ukrainian alphabet]], one of many based on the [[Cyrillic alphabets|Cyrillic alphabet]]. The language shares some vocabulary with the languages of the neighboring [[Slavic people|Slavic nations]], most notably with [[Belarusian language|Belarusian]], [[Polish language|Polish]], [[Russian language|Russian]] and [[Slovak language|Slovak]].

The Ukrainian language traces its origins to the [[Old East Slavic language]] of the medieval state of [[Kievan Rus']]. In its earlier stages it was called [[Ruthenian language]]. Ukrainian, along with other East Slavic languages, is a lineal descendant of the colloquial language used in Kievan Rus' (10th–13th century).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/topic/Ukrainian-language|title=Ukrainian language|work=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|accessdate=15 March 2016}}</ref>

While the [[Golden Horde]] placed officials in key [[Kievan Rus]] areas, practised forced resettlement, and even renamed urban centers to suit their own language, the Mongols did not attempt to annihilate [[Kievan Rus]] society and culture. The second onslaught began with the destruction of [[Kiev]] by the Golden Horde in 1240. This khanate formed the western part of a great [[Mongol Empire]] that had been founded by [[Genghis Khan]] in the early 13th century. After the [[Mongol]] destruction of [[Kievan Rus]] in the 13th century, literary activity in Ukraine declined. A revival began in the late 18th century in eastern Ukraine with overlapping literary and academic phases at a time when nostalgia for the [[Cossack]] past and resentment at the loss of autonomy still lingered on.

The language has persisted despite several periods of bans and/or discouragement throughout centuries as it has always nevertheless maintained a sufficient base among the people of Ukraine, its folklore songs, [[kobzar|itinerant musicians]], and prominent authors.

According to the 2001 Ukrainian census, 85.2% of all people of Ukrainian ethnicity living in Ukraine named Ukrainian as their mother-tongue, and 14.8% named Russian as their mother-tongue.<ref name="census">{{cite web|url=http://www.ukrcensus.gov.ua/results/general/language/|script-title=uk:Про кількість та склад населення України за підсумками Всеукраїнського перепису населення 2001 року|trans-title=About the number and composition of the population of Ukraine from the results Census of 2001|language=uk|publisher=Ukrcensus.gov.ua|date=2003|accessdate=2 November 2012|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101130221837/http://www.ukrcensus.gov.ua/results/general/language/|archivedate=30 November 2010}}</ref> This census does not cover Ukrainians living in other countries.<ref name="Census 2001">{{cite web|url=http://www.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/language/|title=The language composition of the population of Ukraine according to the nationwide census 2001|work=State Statistics Committee of Ukraine|date=2003|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20041101075902/http://www.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/language/|archivedate=1 November 2004}}</ref>

===Religions===
{{Main article|Religion in Ukraine}}
[[File:P1510026-1.JPG|thumb|left|The historic [[Saint Sophia's Cathedral, Kiev]].]]

Historically Ukraine was inhabited by [[Paganism|pagan]] tribes, but [[Byzantine rite]] Christianity was introduced by the turn of the first millennium. It was imagined by later writers who sought to put Kievan Christianity on the same level of primacy as Byzantine Christianity that [[Apostle Andrew]] himself had visited the site where the city of [[Kiev]] would be later built.

However it was only by the 10th century that the emerging state, the [[Kievan Rus']] became influenced by the [[Byzantine Empire]], the first known conversion was by the Princess [[Saint Olga]] who came to [[Constantinople]] in 945 or 957. Several years later, her grandson, Knyaz [[Saint Vladimir|Vladimir]] baptised his people in the [[Dnieper River]]. This began a long history of the dominance of the Eastern Orthodoxy in Ruthenia ([[Ukraine]]).

Ukrainians are predominantly [[Orthodox Church|Orthodox]] Christians. In the eastern and southern areas of Ukraine the [[Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate)|Ukrainian Orthodox Church]] under the jurisdiction of the [[Moscow Patriarchate]] is the most common. In central and western Ukraine there is support for the [[Ukrainian Orthodox Church of the Kyivan Patriarchate|Ukrainian Orthodox Church - Kiev Patriarchate]] headed by [[Patriarch Filaret (Mykhailo Denysenko)|Patriarch Filaret]] and also in the western areas of Ukraine and with smaller support throughout the country there is support for the [[Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church]] headed by [[Metropolitan Mefodiy (Kudryakov)|Metropolitan Mefodiy]].

In the Western region known as [[Galicia (Central Europe)|Galicia]] the [[Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church]], one of the [[Eastern Rite Catholic Churches|Eastern Rite Catholic churches]] has a strong membership. Since the fall of the [[Soviet Union]] there has been a growth of [[Protestantism|Protestant]] churches<ref group="nb">For more information, see [[History of Christianity in Ukraine]] and [[Religion in Ukraine]]</ref> and [[Rodnovery]], a contemporary Slavic [[modern pagan]] religion.<ref>Adrian Ivakhiv. ''[http://www.uvm.edu/~aivakhiv/Insearch.pdf In Search of Deeper Identities: Neopaganism and Native Faith in Contemporary Ukraine]''. [[Nova Religio]], 2005.</ref> There are also ethnic minorities that practice other religions, i.e. [[Crimean Tatars]] ([[Islam]]), and [[Jews]] and [[Karaite Judaism|Karaim]] ([[Judaism]]).

As of 2016 the majority of Ukrainian populations was adhering to [[Christianity]].<ref name=2016CISR>[http://www.iri.org/sites/default/files/wysiwyg/2016-07-08_ukraine_poll_shows_skepticism_glimmer_of_hope.pdf "2016 Public Opinion Survey of the Residents of Ukraine"]. Center for Insights in Survey Research, International Republican Institute. p. 62</ref> Of these [[Christian]]s, 52% are [[Eastern Orthodox Church|Eastern Orthodox]] (33% of the [[Ukrainian Orthodox Church of the Kyivan Patriarchate|Kiev Patriarchate]] and 19% of the [[Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate)|Moscow Patriarchate]]), 9% are [[Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church|Greek Catholics]], 1% are [[Latin Rite]] [[Catholic Church|Catholics]] and a further 1% are [[Protestantism|Protestants]]. As of 2016, 23% of the population does not claim a religious affiliation, and 1% adheres to other religions.<ref name=2016CISR/>

===Music===
[[File:Театр оперы и балета. Зал.jpg|thumbnail|[[Odessa Opera and Ballet Theater|Odessa Opera House]]]]
{{Main article|Music of Ukraine}}
Ukrainian music is considered one of the most influential high-quality music in the world and its content covers diverse and multiple component elements of the music that is found in Western and Eastern musical civilization. It also has a very strong indigenous [[Slavic peoples|Slavic]] and [[Christian]] uniqueness whose elements were used among many neighboring nations.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/alphasearch.asp?q=music|title=Ukrainian Music Elements|work=Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies|date=2001}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/Culture.asp#Topic_3|title=Ukrainian Wandering Bards: Kobzars, Bandurysts, and Lirnyks|publisher=Canadian Institute of Ukrainian Studies|date=2001|accessdate=15 March 2016|quote=The artistic tradition of Ukrainian wandering bards, the kobzars (kobza players), bandurysts (bandura players), and lirnyks (lira players) is one of the most distinctive elements of Ukraine's cultural heritage.}}</ref>

Ukrainian folk oral literature, poetry, and songs (such as the dumas) are among the most distinctive ethnocultural features of Ukrainians as a people. Religious music existed in [[Ukraine]] before the official adoption of [[Christianity]], in the form of plainsong "obychnyi spiv" or "musica practica". Traditional Ukrainian music is easily recognized by its somewhat melancholy tone. It first became known outside of Ukraine during the 15th century as musicians from Ukraine would perform before the royal courts in [[Poland]] (latter in [[Russia]]).

A large number of famous musicians around the world was educated or born in Ukraine, among them are famous names like [[Dmitry Bortniansky]], [[Sergei Prokofiev]], [[Myroslav Skoryk]], etc. [[Ukraine]] is also the rarely acknowledged musical heartland of the former [[Russian Empire]], home to its first professional music academy, which opened in the mid-18th century and produced numerous early musicians and composers.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://worldmusic.nationalgeographic.com/view/page.basic/country/content.country/ukraine/en_US|title=Ukraine is the rarely acknowledged musical heartland of the former Russian Empire|work=National Geographic Society|date=2012|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110515005555/http://worldmusic.nationalgeographic.com/view/page.basic/country/content.country/ukraine/en_US|archivedate=15 May 2011}}</ref>

===Dance===
{{Main article|Ukrainian dance}}
[[File:Hopak at Rapid Trident 2014.jpg|thumb|Ukrainian Dance ''[[Hopak]]''.]]
[[Ukrainian dance]] refers to the traditional [[folk dance]]s of the peoples of Ukraine. Today, Ukrainian dance is primarily represented by what [[Ethnography|ethnographers]], [[Folklore|folklorists]] and dance historians refer to as "Ukrainian Folk-Stage Dances", which are stylized representations of traditional dances and their characteristic movements that have been choreographed for [[concert dance]] performances. This stylized art form has so permeated the [[culture of Ukraine]], that very few purely traditional forms of Ukrainian dance remain today.

Ukrainian dance is often described as energetic, fast-paced, and entertaining, and along with traditional Easter eggs (''[[pysanky]]''), it is a characteristic example of Ukrainian culture recognized and appreciated throughout the world.

===Symbols===
{{Main article|Flag of Ukraine|Coat of arms of Ukraine}}
<gallery>
File:Lesser Coat of Arms of Ukraine.svg|[[Coat of arms of Ukraine]]
File:Flag of Ukraine.svg|[[Flag of Ukraine]]
</gallery>

The national symbols of the Ukrainians are the [[Flag of Ukraine]] and the [[Coat of arms of Ukraine]].

The national flag of Ukraine is a blue and yellow bicolour rectangle. The colour fields are of same form and equal size. The colours of the flag represent a blue sky above yellow fields of wheat.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kmu.gov.ua/control/en/publish/article%3fart_id=235970&cat_id=32672|title=Government portal- State symbols of Ukraine|publisher=Kmu.gov.ua|date=24 October 2012|accessdate=2 November 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Whitney Smith|url=http://www.britannica.com/topic/flag-of-Ukraine#949947.hook|title=Encyclopædia Britannica|publisher=Britannica.com|date=|accessdate=15 March 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/flags/up-flag.html|title=Flag of Ukraine|agency=CIA World Factbook|dead-url=y|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070613014250/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/flags/up-flag.html|archive-date=13 June 2007}}</ref> The flag was designed for the convention of the Supreme Ruthenian Council, meeting in [[Lviv]] in October 1848. Its colours were based on the coat-of-arms of the [[Galicia-Volhynia]] Principality.<ref>{{cite web|author=Weeks, Andrew|url=http://www.crwflags.com/FOTW/FLAGS/ua-flhis.html#ori|title=Ukraine – History of the Flag|publisher=Crwflags.com|date=29 December 2012|accessdate=15 March 2016}}</ref>

The [[Coat of arms of Ukraine]] features the same colours found on the [[Flag of Ukraine|Ukrainian flag]]: a blue [[shield]] with yellow [[trident]]—the symbol of ancient [[Slavic people|Slavic]] tribes that once lived in Ukraine, later adopted by [[Ruthenians|Ruthenian]] and [[Kievan Rus]] rulers. Others say{{citation needed|date=April 2016}} that the coat represents also the importance of the [[Holy Trinity]], although coincidentally prior to [[Christianity]] the people of today's [[Ukraine]] believed in [[Triglav (mythology)|Triglav]]{{citation needed|date=April 2016}}, with the similar concept of three.

==See also==
{{Portal|Ukraine}}
{{For|the British musical group|The Ukrainians}}
{{Commons category|Ukrainians}}
* [[List of Ukrainian rulers]]
* [[List of Ukrainians]]
* [[Cossacks]]
* [[Green Ukraine]]
* [[Lemkos]]
* [[Rusyns]]
* [[Ruthenians]]
* [[Soviet population transfer]]s
* [[Ukrainian dialects]]
* [[Ukrainians in Russia]]

==References==

===Notes===
{{reflist|group=nb}}

===Footnotes===
{{Reflist|30em}}

===Sources===
{{Refbegin}}
* {{cite book |last=Wilson|first=Andrew|authorlink=Andrew Wilson (historian)|title=The Ukrainians: Unexpected Nation|year=2002|edition=2nd|publisher=[[Yale University Press]]|location=[[New Haven, Connecticut]]|isbn=0-300-09309-8}}
* {{cite book |last=Magocsi|first=Paul R.|authorlink=Paul Robert Magocsi|title=A History of Ukraine|year=1996|publisher=[[University of Toronto Press]]|location=[[Toronto]]|isbn=0-300-09309-8}}
{{Refend}}

===Online sources===
{{Refbegin}}
* Vasyl Balushok, ''"How Rusyns Became Ukrainians"'', [[Zerkalo Nedeli]] (''the Mirror Weekly''), July 2005. Available [https://web.archive.org/web/20051125025057/http://www.zerkalo-nedeli.com/ie/show/555/50610/ in Russian] and [https://web.archive.org/web/20051112171542/http://www.zn.kiev.ua/ie/show/555/50610/ in Ukrainian].
* Vasyl Balushok, ''"When was the Ukrainian nation born?"'', [[Zerkalo Nedeli]] (''the Mirror Weekly''), April 23 – May 6, 2005. Available [https://web.archive.org/web/20050426004858/http://www.zerkalo-nedeli.com/nn/show/543/49862/ in Russian] and [https://web.archive.org/web/20051104020412/http://www.zn.kiev.ua/ie/show/543/49862/ in Ukrainian].
* Dmytro Kyianskyi, ''"We are more "Russian" then they are: history without myths and sensationalism"'', [[Zerkalo Nedeli]] (''the Mirror Weekly''), January 27 – February 2, 2001. Available [https://web.archive.org/web/20051125043717/http://www.zerkalo-nedeli.com/nn/show/328/29376/ in Russian] and [https://web.archive.org/web/20051106071949/http://www.zn.kiev.ua/ie/show/328/29376/ in Ukrainian].
* Oleg Chirkov, ''"External migration - the main reason for the presence of a non-Ukrainian ethnic population in contemporary Ukraine"''. [[Zerkalo Nedeli]] (''the Mirror Weekly''), January 26 – February 1, 2002. Available [https://web.archive.org/web/20051201052452/http://www.zerkalo-nedeli.com/nn/show/378/33582/ in Russian] and [https://web.archive.org/web/20051105214750/http://www.zn.kiev.ua/ie/show/378/33582/ in Ukrainian].
* Halyna Lozko, ''"Ukrainian ethnology. Ethnographic division of Ukraine"'' Available [http://www.interklasa.pl/portal/dokumenty/r_mowa/strony_ukr02/etnografia/et01.htm in Ukrainian].
{{Refend}}

==External links==
* [http://www.ukrainianworldcongress.org/ Ukrainian World Congress.]
* [http://www.ukrainiandiaspora.ca/ Ukrainian diaspora in Canada and USA.]
* [http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?AddButton=pages%5CU%5CK%5CUkrainians.htm Ukrainians] at ''[[Encyclopedia of Ukraine]]''
* [http://www.gutenberg-e.org/osc01/images/osc05a.html Races of Europe 1942–1943]
* [http://www.anesi.com/rmap2.jpg Hammond's Racial map of Europe, 1919] "National Alumni" 1920, vol.7
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20030105195047/http://coletta.de:80/kolonien/Die%20Voelker%20Europas%201914%20xxl.jpg Peoples of Europe / Die Voelker Europas 1914] {{de icon}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080303112904/http://cla.calpoly.edu/~mriedlsp/History315/Maps/map2.html Ethno-Linguistic Map of Europe Before 1914]
* [https://www2.bc.edu/~heineman/maps/ethnic.jpg Linguistic Divisions of Europe in 1914] {{de icon}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100208111615/http://www.irekw.internetdsl.pl/mapy/rozne/mapy_14.htm Ethnic Territory of the Ukrainian people in the Late Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries]

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