Kazakhstan Encyclopedia - User contributions [en]

Bayanchur Khan

2017-04-17T10:37:32Z

John of Reading: /* Biography */Fixed accidental link to Wiktionary home page, replaced: Council → Council using AWB

{{Infobox monarch
| name =Bayanchur Khan{{Citation needed|date=July 2010}}
| title =[[Khagan]]
| image =
| caption =
| reign =[[Uyghur Khaganate]]: 747–759
| coronation =
| full name = El-etmish bilge
| predecessor =[[Kutlug I Bilge Kagan|Guli Peilo]]
| successor =[[Qutluq tarqan sengün]]
| spouse =
| issue =
| royal house =
| dynasty =
| father =[[Kutlug I Bilge Kagan|Guli Peilo]]
| mother =
| birth_date =
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| date of burial =
| place of burial =
|}}

'''Bayanchur Khan'''{{Citation needed|date=July 2010}} (known also as '''Moyanchur Khan'''<ref>Rene Grousset, The Empire of The Steppes, 1970, p.567: From Chinese transcription Mo-yen-cho, Schlegel has postulated a Turkic name Moyun-chor; whereas, as Pelliot notes, the equivalent would more probably be Bayan-chor (Pelliot, "A propos des Comans," JA [1920], p. 153). The Uigur title of this prince is ''Tangrida qut bulmysh il etmish bilga qagan''. In the Orgötü valley, between the Orkhon and the Selenga, his tomb has been found, and on it an inscription still in ancient or "runic" Turkic.</ref>) ({{zh|t=藥羅葛磨延啜|p=Yàolúogě Mòyánchùo}}),<ref name=BY53>E.g., ''[[Bo Yang]] Edition of the [[Zizhi Tongjian]]'', vol. 53.</ref> was an [[Uyghur people|Uyghur]] [[khagan]] from 747 to 759 AD. His official titles were "''Ay Tengrida Qut Bolmish''" and "''El Etmish Bilge Qaghan''" ("born with glory on ''Moon Heaven''" and "state settled wise ruler"). His [[Tang Dynasty]]-invested title was '''Yingwuweiyuanpiqiejuo Khan''' (英武威遠毗伽闕可汗) or '''Yingwu Khan''' (英武可汗) in short. He was succeeded in the [[Uyghur Khaganate]] by his son Bogu Tekin (759-779 AD)

== Biography ==
Bayanchur succeeded his father, [[Kutlug I Bilge Kagan|Guli Peilo]],<ref>This is a Chinese transcription of the title. His real-life Uyghur name is unknown, while the official titles were ''El Tutmish'', ''Kutluk'', ''Bilge'', ''Kul Qaghan'', i.e., "state gained", "glorious", "wise", and "mighty ruler".</ref> who had headed the rebellion against the [[Göktürks]], annihilated them and had established in 744 the Uyghur Khaganate ( known as third uyghur "'' El'' " or khaganate ).

Bayanchur Khan belonged to the ruling ''Yaglakar'' tribe of the ''[[on-uyghur]]'' confederation of ten tribes ( known as northern alliance ) and ''[[Dokuz Oğuz|toquz-oghuz]]'' confederation of nine tribes ( known as southern alliance ). At that time both allied confederations adopted a name, ''[[Uyghur language|Uyghur]]'', which composed of two elements: ''Uy'' or ''Uymak'' ("to bond") and ''Ghur'' ("the people"), i.e. " United people " or " free confederation of people (''Erkin Budun''), voluntarily bound into an alliance ".<ref>Element " Ghur " can be found in the word " ''Ghurkhan'' "- the [[Kara-Khitan Khanate|karakhitai]] Khan, elected by [[wikt:Council|Council]] of tribes in accordance with consensus and in the word " ''Khur + Altai'' " ([[Kurultai]]) - political and military Council of all [[Altay Mountains|Altai]] tribes since around the 3rd century AD.</ref>

In 751, Bayanchur established the new capital in the [[Orkhon Valley]] and named it [[Ordu-Baliq]]. It was built with help of the invited Chinese and [[Sogdiana|Sogdian]] builders at the foot of the sacred [[Otukan]]. The city had city walls made of brown bricks and was probably ringed with a rectangular moat. There was a detached citadel fortified by walls with two gates and watch towers, where the [[Khagan]] and his nobles lived with their families.

About seven years later, Ordu-Baliq was followed by [[Bai-Balik]] ("rich city"), a trading and administrative nexus on the [[Selenga|Selenge River]]. Its construction and strategic location was a result of the empire's expansion north to [[Lake Baikal]] ("rich lake").

In October 756 Bayanchur Khan came to [[Tang China]] to rescue [[Tang Dynasty]] from collapse during the [[An Lushan Rebellion]] and to quell the rebels. This military expedition was preceded by the ''Treaty of Peace and Alliance'' enacted with the newly ascended [[Emperor Suzong of Tang]], who took a Uyghur princess in marriage while Bayanchur himself was given a Chinese princess, Ninguo, as his bride. In December 756 Bayanchur combined 4,000 of his selected cavalry with Tang forces and launched military operations against the rebels. These operations were successful and in 757 the joint forces liberated the Tang Dynasty capital [[Chang'An]] from rebel control. In recompense for their assistance, the Uyghurs received tribute from China in the form of 10,000 rolls of silk. A later (762 CE) treaty included the annual exchange of horses from the Uyghur Khaganate for rolls of silk cloth from Tang China; each horse being the equivalent of 40 rolls of silk. In exchange for 20,000 rolls of silk, the Uyghurs were obliged to supply 500 selected horses. This type of concealed annual tribute amounted to reparations for saving the Tang Dynasty from annihilation.

Bayanchur Khan erected a number of ''Bitig Tash'' (stone steles) during his lifetime bearing [[Old Turkic script|Runic Turkic inscriptions]] to preserve the memory of ''Uyghur Els'' for future generations. The most famous such stele is the granite stele inserted into a tortoise-shaped plinth (Tariat inscriptions), on which Bayanchur Khan had described not only current events, but also made references to the previous Uyghur Els (the First and Second Uyghur Khaganates). The First Uyghur El was ruled by three prominent Uyghur khagans and lasted for about 200 years. After an interregnum of about a century, another foreign power ruled the Uyghurs on the Orkhon River( "''Qalmisi Budun On-Uyghur, Tokuz-Oghuz uza yuz yil olurups'' "- ''Remaining people of On-Uyghur, Tokuz-Oghuz they 100 years ruled''"). The Uyghurs then rebelled and the Second Uyghur El was founded by the Yaghlaqar clan around 605 CE, establishing the beginning of the Yaghlaqar Dynasty which remained in power for about 400 years (the last Yaghlaqar Khagan of the Uyghur Ganzhou Kingdom in [[Gansu]] was killed by the [[Tanguts]] in 1028 CE). This polity existed for about 80 years and collapsed when the ruling Bazh Khagan was killed by the Gokturks in 688 CE which inaugurated a period of about 50 years of Gokturk rule over the Uyghurs. A rebellion was launched against the Gokturks in 742 CE by the Yaghlaqars who fled to Ganzhou in Gansu after the Bazh Khagan's death and then returned to the Orkhon Valley a half-century later, this time united with other Tokuz-Oghuz tribes and overthrew all their enemies.

Bayanchur Khan died soon after ending his successful expedition against hostile tribes in the [[Sayan Mountains]] in the summer of 759 CE, during a feast devoted to this victory. [[Por-Bazhyn]] (''Kasar Korug'' in Uyghur runic inscriptions, summer residence of Bayanchur Khan) was among seventeen brick [[fort]]s that had been erected during that and the previous khagan's expeditions (751, 756, 758) in [[Tuva]] with permanently stationed [[garrisons]] to guard the sources of the [[Yenisei]] River and the northern borders of the Khaganate. Most forts were connected with one other by stone defensive walls stretching for hundreds of kilometers. This feature was later known as ''[[Chengiz Khan]]'s wall''. Remnants of 14 forts, known as the ''[[Shagonar]] cities'', were discovered in the 1950s, but were not investigated and were engulfed in the 1970s by the reservoir of the [[Sayano-Shushenskaya Dam]] on the Yenisei River in [[Khakassia]]. The purpose of these expeditions was neutralization of the emergent and rapidly growing threat from the ''North'', e.g., the [[Kyrgyz people|Kyrgyz]] tribes, a treat which proved to be fatal in 840 CE, when the Uyghur Empire finally collapsed.

==See also ==
* [[Tariat inscriptions]] by Bayanchur Khan (El etmish Bilge kagan).<ref>[http://irq.kaznpu.kz/index.php?mod=1&tid=1&oid=24&lang=e Inscription El etmish Bilge kagan (Tariat // Terh)]. The "Turk bitig" site {{en icon}}</ref>

== Notes==
{{Reflist}}

== References ==
[[Lev Gumilev]]. ''Ancient Turks''. [[Kyzyl]], 2004. 
[[Turghun Almas]]. ''The Uyghurs'' (''"Uyghurlar"''). Almaty, Kazakhstan, 1992 (In the Uyghur language. Published originally in China, then banned with all issues being seized. Republished in Almaty)

{{S-start}}
{{Succession box|title=[[Khagan]] of the [[Uyghur Khaganate]]|before=[[Kutlug I Bilge Kagan|Guli Peilo]]|after=[[Qutlugh tarqan sengün]]|years = 747–759}}
{{S-end}}

== External links ==

* The ruins of walls of [[Ordu-Baliq]] city- former [[Uyghur people|Uyghur]] capital ([[Mongolia]]) are at coordinates {{Coord|47.431288|102.659349|type:landmark}}
* The ruins of walls of Uyghur fortress on island in [[Tere-Kol]] lake - source of [[Yenisey]] River ([[Tuva Republic]], Russia) are at coordinates {{Coord|50.6151|97.3847|type:landmark}}
* The ruins of Uyghur King Palace in Karakhoja ([[Turpan Basin]] in [[Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region]] of [[People's Republic of China]]) are at coordinates {{Coord|42.8505|89.5195|type:landmark}}
* [http://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/museums/ubhist/turk.html] The National Museum of Mongolian History: the early Turk Empire and [[Uyghur people|Uyghurs]].

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khan, Bayanchur}}
[[Category:Year of birth missing]]
[[Category:759 deaths]]
[[Category:Uyghurs]]
[[Category:Turkic rulers]]
[[Category:8th-century Turkic people]]

Risto Ristović

2017-04-11T07:49:54Z

John of Reading: /* Career */Some copyediting. I've assumed "2007/07" was a typo for "2007/08". using AWB

{{Infobox football biography
| name = Risto Ristović
| image =
| height = {{height|m=1.74|precision=0}}
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1988|5|5}}
| birth_place = [[Valjevo]], [[Serbia]], [[SFR Yugoslavia]]
| currentclub = [[FK Zemun|Zemun]]
| clubnumber = 17
| position = [[Midfielder (association football)|Attacking Midfielder, Winger]]
| years1 = 2005–2006 | clubs1 = [[FK Mačva Šabac|Mačva Šabac]] | caps1 = 8 | goals1 = 0
| years2 = 2006–2007 | clubs2 = [[OFK Beograd]] | caps2 = 0 | goals2 = 0
| years3 = 2007–2008 | clubs3 = Vujić Voda Valjevo | caps3 = 26 | goals3 = 3
| years4 = 2008–2012 | clubs4 = [[FK Banat|Banat]] | caps4 = 65 | goals4 = 9
| years5 = 2012–2013 | clubs5 = [[FK Novi Pazar|Novi Pazar]] | caps5 = 14 | goals5 = 1
| years6 = 2013–2015 | clubs6 = [[FC Baku|Baku]] | caps6 = 43 | goals6 = 4
| years7 = 2015 | clubs7 = [[AE Larissa FC|AEL]] | caps7 = 7 | goals7 = 0
| years8 = 2015 | clubs8 = [[FK Voždovac|Voždovac]] | caps8 = 16 | goals8 = 0
| years9 = 2016 | clubs9 = [[FC Okzhetpes|Okzhetpes]] | caps9 = 25 | goals9 = 2
| years10 = 2017– | clubs10 = [[FK Zemun|Zemun]] | caps10 = 4 | goals10 = 1
| pcupdate = 16:21, 26 March 2017 (UTC)
}}
'''Risto Ristović''' ([[Serbian Cyrillic]]: Ристо Ристовић; born May 5, 1988 in [[Valjevo]]) is a [[Serbia]]n [[Association football|footballer]], playing for [[FK Zemun|Zemun]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.srbijafudbal.com/zemun/ristovic_r.htm|title=Ristovic, Rista|website=srbijafudbal.com|language=Serbian|accessdate=26 March 2017}}</ref>

==Career==
Risto Ristović, born in [[Valjevo]], began his career in his native [[Serbia]] playing for [[FK Mačva Šabac|Mačva]] He moved to [[OFK Beograd]] for the 2006/07 season. In the 2007/08 season he was on loan to FK Vujić Voda Valjevo. In 2008, Ristović moved to [[FK Banat]] and played four seasons for them in the [[Serbian First League]]. In 2012, he moved to [[FK Novi Pazar]] playing in the [[Serbian Superliga]]. He made his debut in the Serbian SuperLiga playing against [[FK Radnički Niš]].<ref>http://www.soccerway.com/matches/2012/08/11/serbia/super-liga/fk-novi-pazar/fk-radnicki-nis/1297985/</ref>

In May 2015, Ristović solved his contract with [[AE Larissa FC]] in the [[Football League (Greece)|Greek Football League]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Τέλος οι Φλεριβάλ και Ρίστοβιτς.(Greek)|url=http://www.larissasportnews.gr/2015/05/telos-i-flerival-ke-ristovits/|}}</ref>

In January 2017, Ristović went on trial with [[Tajik League|Tajik]] champions [[FC Istiklol|Istiklol]].<ref name="Trialists">{{cite web|title=Истиклол вновь не удержал победный счет|url=http://fc-istiklol.tj/index.php?view=1&news=2194|website=fc-istiklol.tj|publisher=FC Istiklol|accessdate=31 January 2017|language=Russian|date=23 January 2017}}</ref>

==Career statistics==
{{updated|26 October 2016}}<ref>{{cite web|title=R. RISTOVIĆ|url=http://uk.soccerway.com/players/risto-ristovi/145096/|website=soccerway.com|publisher=Soccerway|accessdate=31 January 2016}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Appearances and goals by club, season and competition
|-
!rowspan="2"|Club
!rowspan="2"|Season
!colspan="3"|League
!colspan="2"|National Cup
!colspan="2"|League Cup
!colspan="2"|Continental
!colspan="2"|Other
!colspan="2"|Total
|-
!Division!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals
|-
|valign="center"|[[FK Novi Pazar|Novi Pazar]]
|[[2012–13 Serbian SuperLiga|2012–13]]
|[[Serbian SuperLiga]]
|14||1||2||0||colspan="2"|–||colspan="2"|–||colspan="2"|–||16||1
|-
|rowspan="4" valign="center"|[[FC Baku|Baku]]
|[[2012–13 FK Baku season|2012–13]]
|rowspan="3" valign="center"|[[Azerbaijan Premier League]]
|9||0||4||0||colspan="2"|-||0||0||colspan="2"|-||13||0
|-
|[[2013–14 FK Baku season|2013–14]]
|23||3||2||1||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||25||3
|-
|[[2014–15 FK Baku season|2014–15]]
|13||1||0||0||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||colspan="2"|-||13||1
|-
!colspan="2"|Total
!43!!4!!6!!1!!-!!-!!0!!0!!-!!-!!49!!5
|-
|valign="center"|[[Athlitiki Enosi Larissa F.C.|Larissa]]
|[[2014–15 Football League (Greece)|2014–15]]
|[[Football League (Greece)|Beta Ethniki]]
|7||0||0||0||colspan="2"|–||colspan="2"|–||colspan="2"|–||7||0
|-
|valign="center"|[[FK Voždovac|Voždovac]]
|[[2015–16 Serbian SuperLiga|2015–16]]
|[[Serbian SuperLiga]]
|16||0||2||0||colspan="2"|–||colspan="2"|–||colspan="2"|–||18||0
|-
|valign="center"|[[FC Okzhetpes|Okzhetpes]]
|[[2016 FC Okzhetpes season|2016]]
|[[Kazakhstan Premier League]]
|25||3||2||0||colspan="2"|–||colspan="2"|–||colspan="2"|–||27||3
|-
!colspan="3"|Career total
!107!!8!!12!!1!!-!!-!!0!!0!!-!!-!!119!!9
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{FK Zemun squad}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ristovic, Risto}}
[[Category:1988 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Serbian footballers]]
[[Category:Serbian expatriate footballers]]
[[Category:Serbian First League players]]
[[Category:Serbian SuperLiga players]]
[[Category:Azerbaijan Premier League players]]
[[Category:Kazakhstan Premier League players]]
[[Category:FK Mačva Šabac players]]
[[Category:FK Novi Pazar players]]
[[Category:FK Banat Zrenjanin players]]
[[Category:FK Voždovac players]]
[[Category:FK Zemun players]]
[[Category:FC Baku players]]
[[Category:FC Okzhetpes players]]
[[Category:Expatriate footballers in Azerbaijan]]
[[Category:Expatriate footballers in Greece]]
[[Category:Expatriate footballers in Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Serbian expatriates in Azerbaijan]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Valjevo]]

Kazakhstan Central Concert Hall

2017-04-10T10:08:52Z

John of Reading: /* Related videos on web */Typo fixing, replaced: surronding → surrounding using AWB

{{Infobox building
|name = Kazakhstan Central Concert Hall
|image = Astana-concerthall.jpg
|image_size = 250px
|caption = Concert Hall in Astana
|location = [[Astana]], [[Kazakhstan]]
|coordinates = {{coord|51|07|22|N|71|26|30|E|region:KZ-AST_source:kolossus-dewiki|display=inline,title}}
|status = Built
|start_date = June 2004
|completion_date =
|est_completion =
|opening = Dec 2009
|building_type =
|antenna_spire =
|roof =
|top_floor =
|floor_count =
|elevator_count =
|cost = € 120.000.000,00
|floor_area = {{convert|55,000|m2|sqft|abbr=on}}
|architect = [[Manfredi Nicoletti]]
|structural_engineer=
|main_contractor = [[Mabetex]]
|developer =
|owner =
}}

The '''Central Concert Hall''' ({{lang-kk|«Қазақстан» Орталық концерт залы}}; {{lang-ru|Центральный концертный зал «Казахстан»}}) is a center for performing arts in [[Astana]], the capital city of [[Kazakhstan]]. It was designed by Italian architect [[Manfredi Nicoletti]] and was inaugurated by the President of Kazakhstan, [[Nursultan Nazarbayev]] on the nation's Independence Day - the 15th of December - in 2009.

The building’s shape evokes the dynmism of a flower's petals as a metaphor for the dynamism of music itself. The building's external structure comprises a series of curved inclined walls made of concrete with a blue back painted glass panels cladding. Those structures protect the building's interior functions from Astana’s harsh weather conditions.

The building features a thirty-meter-high foyer which extends over 3.000 square meters, which is intended to create an urban-scale internal public square that could welcome the citizens of Astana throughout the entire year. The building contains three different music halls. It also encloses restaurants, shops, and bars.

The main Concert hall for 3.500 seats is one of the biggest of its kind and is capable of hosting a multitude of different events, from classical to pop music, ballet and conferences thanks to its acoustic flexibility. This flexibility is produced by a system of acoustic curtains and a special false ceiling design called a black-hole, which absorbs most of the acoustic reflections of the hall.

The two smaller halls, of 400 and 200 seats respectively, have been designed to be flexible enough to host chamber music as well as cinema and conferences.

The [[International Astana Action Film Festival]] was held there in 2010.

== Related videos on web ==
Here are some videos, recorded inside the concert hall, or in the surrounding area:
# [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1nWpAQH1Hcw Kazakh music performance]
# [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DPObzl4-LOM Music performance]
#

==External links==
*[http://www.manfredinicoletti.com/#/projects/5/ manfredinicoletti.com]
*[http://www.ckzkazakhstan.kz/page.php Kazakhstan Central Concert Hall official website]

[[Category:Buildings and structures in Astana]]
[[Category:Concert halls in Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Music venues completed in 2009]]
[[Category:2009 establishments in Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Culture in Astana]]

Ján Maslo

2017-03-13T12:42:35Z

John of Reading: /* Club */Typo fixing, replaced: on three-year contract → on a three-year contract using AWB

{{Infobox football biography
| name = Ján Maslo
| image = Ján Maslo.jpg
| fullname = Ján Maslo
| height = {{height|meters=1.96}}
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=y|1986|2|5}}
| birth_place = [[Dolný Kubín]], [[Czechoslovakia]]
| currentclub = [[MFK Ružomberok|Ružomberok]]
| clubnumber = 3
| position = [[Defender (association football)|Centre back]]
| youthyears1 = 1993–2000 | youthclubs1 = Dlhá nad Oravou
| youthyears2 = 2001–2004 | youthclubs2 = [[MFK Ružomberok]]
| years1 = 2005–2011 | clubs1 = [[MFK Ružomberok|Ružomberok]] | caps1 = 119 | goals1 = 10
| years2 = 2011–2014 | clubs2 = [[FC Volyn Lutsk|Volyn Lutsk]] | caps2 = 51 | goals2 = 1
| years3 = 2014 | clubs3 = [[FC Shakhter Karagandy|Shakhter Karagandy]] | caps3 = 10 | goals3 = 1
| years4 = 2015– | clubs4 = [[MFK Ružomberok|Ružomberok]] | caps4 = 12 | goals4 = 2
| nationalyears1 = | nationalteam1 = [[Slovakia national under-21 football team|Slovakia U20]] | nationalcaps1 = | nationalgoals1 =
| nationalyears2 = | nationalteam2 = [[Slovakia national under-21 football team|Slovakia U21]] | nationalcaps2 = | nationalgoals2 =
| pcupdate = 14 June 2015
| ntupdate =
}}

'''Ján Maslo''' (born 5 February 1986) is a [[Slovakia|Slovak]] [[Association football|football]] [[Defender (association football)|defender]] who currently plays for the [[Slovak First Football League|Fortuna Liga]] club [[MFK Ružomberok]].

==Club==
In July 2011, Maslo joined Ukraine club [[FC Volyn Lutsk]] on a three-year contract.<ref>[http://www.profutbal.sk/clanok122772-Chce_sirit_dobre_meno_slovenskemu_futbalu_v_rodisku_Bondru.htm?utm_source=neprehliadnite__titulka Chce šíriť dobré meno slovenskému futbalu v rodisku Bondru] 19.07.2011, profutbal.sk</ref>

In June 2014, Maslo moved to [[Kazakhstan Premier League]] side [[FC Shakhter Karagandy|Shakhter Karagandy]].<ref>{{cite web|script-title=uk:Ян Масло переезжает в Караганду|url=http://football.ua/ukraine/news/240699.html|website=http://football.ua|publisher=Football.ua|accessdate=3 July 2014|language=Ukrainian}}</ref>

==External links==
* {{Soccerway|jan-maslo/35488}}
* [http://www.mfkruzomberok.sk/timy/?hrac=hrac.6 at mfkruzomberok.sk {{sk icon}}]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{MFK Ružomberok squad}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Maslo, Jan}}
[[Category:1986 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Slovak footballers]]
[[Category:Slovakia under-21 international footballers]]
[[Category:Slovak expatriate footballers]]
[[Category:Association football defenders]]
[[Category:MFK Ružomberok players]]
[[Category:FC Volyn Lutsk players]]
[[Category:FC Shakhter Karagandy players]]
[[Category:Slovak Super Liga players]]
[[Category:Ukrainian Premier League players]]
[[Category:Kazakhstan Premier League players]]
[[Category:Expatriate footballers in Ukraine]]
[[Category:Expatriate footballers in Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:People from Dolný Kubín]]

{{Slovakia-footy-defender-stub}}

Alimujiang Yimiti

2017-03-05T17:01:11Z

John of Reading: /* Summary of Events */Date fixes, replaced: the 13th of September, 2007 → 13 September 2007 (7) using AWB

'''Alimujiang Yimiti''' (Uyghur: Alimjan Yimit) is an [[Uyghur people|Uyghur]] [[Chinese house church|house church]] clergyman.<ref name='CA profile'>{{cite web | url = http://www.chinaaid.org/downloads/sb_chinaaid/AlimujiangYimitiProfile.pdf | title = Profile of Alimujiang Yimiti | accessdate = 2010-05-26 | format = PDF | publisher = [[China Aid]]}}</ref>

==History==
The [[Kashgar|Kashi]] Municipal Bureau for Ethnic Religious Affairs ordered that Alimujiang's license to operate his business, Xinjiang Jiaerhao Foodstuff Company, be revoked on {{date|2007-09-13}} for "[using the business] as a cover to preach Christianity among people of Uyghur ethnicity".<ref name='BNL 2008-04-09'>{{cite news | title = China Christian Facing Execution After Tibet Protests, Family Says | date = 2008-04-09 | url = http://www.bosnewslife.com/3555-3555-china-christian-facing-execution-following-ti | work = BosNewsLife | accessdate = 2010-05-26}}</ref><ref name='Bos 2007-10-07'>{{cite news | first = Stefan J. | last = Bos | title = China Expels Dozens of Foreign Missionaries, Closes Down Christian Companies | date = 2007-10-07 | publisher = [[Worthy Christian News]] | url = http://www.worthynews.com/1495-china-expels-dozens-of-foreign-missionaries-closes-down-christian-companies | work = BosNewsLife | accessdate = 2010-05-26}}</ref>

Alimujiang was arrested on {{date|2008-01-12}} and sentenced to 15 years incarceration for allegedly instigating separatism and stealing, penetrating, purchasing and illegally providing state secrets to overseas organizations and individuals.<ref name='ICN 2009-06-04'>{{cite news | title = Campaigners Call for Release of Prisoners of Conscience | date = 2009-06-04 | publisher = [[Independent Catholic News]] | url = http://www.indcatholicnews.com/news.php?viewStory=14426 | work = Christian Solidarity Worldwide | accessdate = 2010-05-26}}</ref><ref name='Ireland 2009-07-27'>{{cite news | first = Michael | last = Ireland | title = Trial Date set for Imprisoned Christian Alimujiang Yimiti | date = 2009-07-27 | url = http://www.assistnews.net/Stories/2009/s09070181.htm | work = ASSIST News Service | accessdate = 2010-05-26}}</ref><ref name='PCTV 2009-12-08'>{{cite news | title = Uyghur Church Leader Sentenced to 15 Years Criminal Detention | date = 2009-12-08 | url = http://pakistanchristian.tv/news/2009-12-08_Uyghur_Church_Leader_Sentenced_to_15_Years_Criminal_Detention.cfm | work = Pakistan Christian TV | accessdate = 2010-05-26}}</ref><ref name='Bos 2009-04-02'>{{cite news | first = Stefan J. | last = Bos | title = China Jailed House Church Leader Hospitalized; Christian Lawyer Remains Missing | date = 2009-04-02 | url = http://www.worthynews.com/5398-news-alert-china-jailed-house-church-leader-hospitalized-christian-lawyer-remains-missing | work = Worthy Christian News | accessdate = 2010-05-26}}</ref>

Those close to Alimujiang claim that there is no proof of wrongdoing and that agricultural workers such as Alimujiang do not have access to state secrets.<ref name='CT 2009-12-10'>{{cite news | title = Uyghur Christian sentenced to fifteen years in prison | date = 2009-12-10 | url = http://in.christiantoday.com/articles/uyghur-christian-sentenced-to-fifteen-years-in-prison/4937.htm | work = Christianity Today | accessdate = 2010-05-26}}</ref>

==Summary of Events==
The following train of events is chronicled by Open Doors, a non-denominational Christian organization dedicated to raising awareness of global persecution of Christians.<ref>[[Open Doors]]</ref><ref>http://www.oduk.org/campaign/alimjan.php</ref>

1. Alimjan had a business, the Xinjiang Jiaerhao Foodstuff Company Ltd. Because of Alimjan's association with two foreign-owned companies, officials from the State Security Bureau often called him in for interrogations. His house began to be searched and his personal computer was seized. Alimjan also complained that he had been physically abused to the bureau's headquarters in Ürümqi. His complaint was not addressed.

2. On 13 September 2007, the authorities closed down Alimjan's business and accused him of using it as a front for "preaching Christianity among people of Uyghur."

3. On 12 January 2008, Alimjan was arrested on a so-called national security issue, and held at Kashgar Detention Centre.

4. Alimjan was threatened with a range possible sentences, from six years in prison to execution.

5. According to his lawyer conditions in detention have been so harsh that it has affected Alimjan's health. It has also been reported that he was much respected in the Detention Centre.

6. On 20 February 2008, charges against Alimjan were changed to 'inciting secessionist sentiment to split the country', and 'collecting and selling intelligence for overseas organizations'. The question of how an agricultural worker such as Alimjan could have had access to classified information has still not been addressed.

7. At a hearing on 27 May 2008, the Xinjiang Court cited 'insufficient evidence' as reason for returning the case to state prosecutors.

8. On 12 September 2008, the UN Working Group on Arbitrary Detention, in its Opinion 29/2008, ruled that the arrest and detention of Alimjan was arbitrary and in violation of international law. The Working Group concluded that Alimjan was detained because of his faith and requested that the government correct the situation.

9. In September 2008 Public Security Bureau officials returned the case to State prosecutors.

10. In October 2008 State Prosecutors sent the case back to the court.

11. On 28 July 2009, Alimjan was tried secretly at Kashi District Intermediate People's Court in Xinjiang for 'collecting and selling intelligence for overseas organisations'. This was Alimjan's first hearing since being detained for a year and a half and is contrary to China criminal law.

12. On 27 October 2009, according to CAA, Alimjan was read his verdict. He was sentenced to 15 years in prison. Mr. Li Dunyong, one of Alimjan's lawyers, subsequently lodged an appeal.

13. On 16 March 2010 the People's High Court upheld the original verdict. According to CAA, Alimjan's lawyers, Li Baiguang and Liu Peifu, appealed to the Beijing Supreme Court, but after reconsidering his case, they ruled to uphold the sentence of 15 years of imprisonment.

14. Dunyong was among the lawyers who did not get the annual renewal of his bar registration in May 2009. Another lawyer who defended Alimjan also lost his license when Chinese authorities turned down his annual application for renewal.

Dunyong said that "The key for this case was the flawed Certificate for the Evidence," verified by the Bureau of Conservative Secrets. According to Dunyong, in both form and content the certificate was questionable. Furthermore, it had no signature by the verifier at the Bureau, contrary to Chinese law.

15. Dunyong confirmed that "religion lies at the heart of this case." Friends of Alimjan also said they believe the true reason for his arrest is his faith.

==See also==
*[[Freedom of religion in China]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.freealim.com/ Free Alim]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Yimiti, Alimujiang}}
[[Category:Uyghur Christian clergy]]
[[Category:Chinese Christians]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Uyghurs]]

Yerkesh Shakeyev

2017-03-02T11:43:39Z

John of Reading: Typo/general fixes, replaced: dissapeared → disappeared, typo(s) fixed: world famous → world-famous using AWB

{{multiple issues|
{{BLP sources|date=October 2016}}
{{notability|biography|date=October 2016}}
{{peacock|date=October 2016}}
{{third-party|date=October 2016}}
{{Orphan|date=October 2016}}
{{more footnotes|date=October 2016}}
{{improve categories|date=October 2016}}
}}
{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Yerkesh Shakeyev
| image = Z0Bdoc8pMPs.jpg
| caption =
| birth_name = Yerkesh Kokenovich Shakeyev
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1965|05|05|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Kokshetau|Kokshetau region]], [[Kazakhstan]], [[USSR]]
| background = non_performing_personnel
| instrument = [[Piano]], [[Keyboard instrument|keyboard]], [[synthesizer]], [[guitar]] [[Vocals]]
| genre = [[Soundtrack]], [[Pop Music|pop]], [[Neoclassicism (music)|neoclassical]]
| occupation = [[Composer]], [[Songwriter]], [[Singer]]
| years_active = 1987–present
| associated_acts =
| website = http://www.yerkesh-shakeyev.kz

}}

'''Yerkesh Shakeyev''' - Kazakh composer, lyricist and songwriter, started his way from bard songs and pop hits to neoclassicism, born on May 5, 1962 in the village of Ruzaevka, Kokshetau region. He was born in the family of Kokena Shakeev the People's Akyn of Kazakhstan and the First President of the Akyns Union of Kazakhstan.

Winner of the 3rd place on South Pacific International Song Contest "Pacific Song Contest" in Australia in 1999 (3,000 participants from 40 countries), the holder of the special awards of the British Academy of Composers and Songwriters (BACS), at the same competition winner in nomination "Best European Entry". The owner of Platinum "Tarlan Prize "over the years, the winner of the All-Union television festival" Song of the Year "(Moscow, Russia).

Yerkesh started his professional career in 1987 after winning the Republican contest of young talents called "Zhastar Dausy" (1st place and the audience award). After this victory, he was invited to work as singer-songwritert to the ensemble of "Aray" under the direction of Taskyn Okapova.

Songs of Yerkesh were released within dozens of albums by famous Kazakhstan and Russian artists, such as : '' A - Studio '' '(in three formulations), Batyrkhan Shukenov, Ani Lorak, Anita Tsoi, the duo ''Myuzikola'',duo of "duo L'', group ''Vostok (East)'' 'Nagima Eskalieva, group '' "Rakhat Lukum", Parviz Nazarov, Rahat Turlyhanov, Tolkyn Zabirova, Baurzhan Isayev, Dinara Sultan, ''Group of 101'', and many other stars of the post-soviet union area.

== Personal life ==
Yerkesh Shakeyev is married to Zhibek Dusanovna Shakeyeva, they have four children. In 2015 it was 25 anniversary of their marriage. In July 28, after being disappeared for two weeks, his son's Safar body was found in the Yesentay river, in [[Almaty]]. The reasons for his death are still being investigated.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.caravan.kz/news/safar-shakeev-najjden-mertvym-v-reke-esentajj-v-almaty-380194/|title=Сафар Шакеев найден мертвым в реке Есентай в Алматы|publisher=caravan.kz|accessdate=3 November 2016}}</ref>

== Career ==
* Began a collaboration with the group '' A - Studio' '' since 1989. The first songs, written as a poet, together with a group, had become hits ( "Stop, noch'! (Stop, Night)" "Belaya reka (White River)", " Soldat lyubvi (Soldier of Love)", "Sezon dozhdey (Rainy Season)", "Eti teplyye letniye dni (These warm summer days)", and so on. D.) . The peak of his joint work with this group was the song "Nelyubimaya (Unloved)" (music and lyrics by E. Shakeyev), with which he won the All-Union TV Festival "Song-95", and even after for many years these song continued winning various charts throughout the CIS (Commonwealth of Independent States).
* In 1991, the Christmas meetings of Alla Pugacheva ended with the song on the verses of Y. Shakeev "Ostrov Nadezhdy (Island of Hope)" performed by Russian pop stars (A. Pugacheva, Vladimir Presnyakov, S. Chelobanov, Shukenov B. et al.)
* Since 1995, he has worked with ''Duo L '' ( "Donna osen' (Donna autumn)", "Love story", "Alma-Ata"), with duo '' 'Myuzikkola''' as a songwriter ( " Devochka v plat'itse belom (Girl in a white dress)"," Rozovyy rassvet (Pink sunrise)"," Proshchay (Goodbye)"," Ya ne luna (I am not a moon)".
* In 1996 he recorded the song in his performance ""Nikomu tebya ya ne otdam" (I won't give you to someone)" and also he had released his own album "Kan'on lyubvi (Canyon of love)."
* In 1997 he wrote the famous song "Krestnaya mat' (Godmother)" for Parviz Nazarov ( "Mercy", "Ty Daleko (You're Away)"). He came up with album for Tolkyn Zabirova ( "Sygray, maestro, tango (Just play, maestro the tango)", "Yeliseyskiye polya (Champs Elysees)", "Ardagym").
* In 1998 he wrote the lyrics for Vladimir Stupin and produced his participation at the International Competition "Asia Dausy" (1st place) and the International competition of performers in Pamukale, Turkey (2nd place).
* In 2000 he began working with Rakhat Turlykhanov ( "Zimniye livni (Winter rains)", "Zvezdnyye nochi (Starry Nights)", "Asyl azhe", "Daylight between us" - in collaboration with the English poet Barney Pini and producer Guy Fletcher ).
* In 2001, I started cooperation with Nurlan Bimurzinym ( "Ona ne takaya (she is not like...)", "Ya tebya lyublyu (Ilove you)", "Ne rasstavaysya (Do not brake)").
* In 2002, created the project ''Dayana (Diana)'' ( "Gloria", "Anda Sand", "Priletay (arrive)"), began to write songs for a solo project of Batyrkhan Shukenov ( "Tvoi shagi (Your Steps)", "Revnivaya (Jealous)", "Vremya lyubvi (Love Time)", "Polzhizni (Half of life )"," Kto (Who) ","20 minut do rassveta (20 minutes before the sunrise)","Ya tebya risuyu (I'm drawing you").
* In 2003 he released the album of most popular songs of Y.Shakeyev called "Vysota (Height)".
* In 2006 he wrote the song called "Martovskiy vecher (March evening)" on poems by Alexander Belyaev, performed by Lima Vajkule this song became the laureate of the TV project ''Novyye Pesni o Glavnom (New songs about the main)'' on RTR TV channel in Moscow.
* In 2007 he received an honored diploma at the TV Festival "Pesnya Goda 2007 (Song of the Year 2007)" (Moscow) for the lyrics to the song "Begu k tebe (Run to You)" performed by the group '' A-Studio''.
* In 2008, the song "Serdtse pod pritselom (The Heart under the gun)" performed by ''Group 101'' became very popular song. In celebration of the 10th anniversary of Astana city, the song "Gorod nad rekoy (City on the River!)", Performed by the Uzbek ensemble ''Yalla'' (music by Farukh Zakirov, words E. Shakeyev), was recognised as the best song about Astana.
* In 2009, the CIS radio stations made popular the song "Dusha (Soul)" (music and lyrics by Y. Shakeeva and E., B. Serkebayev).
* In 2010 in Moscow was release of two albums of Batyrkhan Shukenov and one album of "A-studio" ( "Volny (Wave)"), with music and lyrics Y. Shakeyev. In the same year in the CIS the song "Fashion girl" was broadcast, music and lyrics of the song by Y. Shakeyev, performed by the group ''A- Studio'', song became the winner of the TV festival "Pesnya Goda 2010 (Song of the Year 2010)" in Moscow.
* In 2011, the grand closing event for the country, "Asian Games 2010" was held under the song Y. Shakeyev "Asian Games Kazakhstan".
* Since 2012 Yerkesh started cooperation with Anita Tsoi, Ani Lorak, lime Vajkule, Zhuldyz.
* On the 20th anniversary of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Y. Shakeyev wrote the song "My Motherland" (co-author of the text Kairat Saparbayev, by Batyrkhan Shukenov Erkesh Shakeeva, Nurlan Abdullin, Andrew Tregubenko and Aikyn), which till this days broadcast on TV channels of the country and in 2015 the same composition was performed of the Assembly of People's of Kazakhstan.
* From 1 October 2012 the CIS has begun rotation of the clip on the Y. Shakeyev's song " Zazhigay serdtse (Light up the Heart)" performed by Ani Lorak.
* In the summer of 2013 the song "Zazhigay serdtse (Light up the Heart)" performed by Ani Lorak won the Russian TV channel RU.TV Music Award in the category "Best Dvizhuha (best action)".
* September 27, 2013 in Kiev hosted a presentation of the new album of Ani Lorak, which was called "Zazhigay serdtse (Light up the Heart)."
* October 26, 2013 Kazakhstani singer Zhuldyz had presented her new album "Ot serdtsa (From the Heart)" the album was proceed in the style of '' Classical Crossover ''. All eleven songs were written Yerkesh Shakeyev.
* December 7, 2013 at concert hall Olympic in Moscow, Yerkesh Shakeyev became the winner of the annual TV festival "Pesnya Goda (Song of the Year)" with the song "Zazhigay serdtse (Light up the Heart)" performed by Ani Lorak.
* From January 2014 he began a collaboration with wellknown musician and conductor Marat Bisengaliyev, and began to work on the new projects in the genre neoclassicism.
* In the period from 12 May to 10 July 2014, in London's world-famous studios "AIR studios" and "Abbey Road" the new album "Inception" was recorded, the album was consisting entirely of works by Y. Shakeyev. Recording took place with the participation of the legendary London Symphony Orchestra.
* December 6, 2014, Yerkesh Shakeyev once again became the winner of the famous Russian TV festival "Song of the Year" for the music and lyrics to the song " Dusha (Soul)" performed by the group A-Studio.
* January 17, 2015 in London (United Kingdom), in the concert hall of St. Luke's, for the first time in the history of Kazakhstan and the CIS countries, was held a unique online concert with musical works Yerkesh Shakeyev performed by the famous London Symphony Orchestra and virtuoso solo violinist Marat Bisengaliyev with the participation of world-renowned conductor Lior Shambadala (chief conductor of the Berlin Symphony Orchestra).<ref>{{Cite web|accessdate = 2015-11-25|title =The London he Symphony Orchestra has performed compositions of Yerkesh Shakeyev|url = http://www.kursiv.kz/news/obshestvo/londonskiy_simfonicheskiy_orkestr_ispolnil_proizvedeniya_erkesha_shakeeva/|publisher = Kursiv.kz}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|accessdate = 2015-11-25|title = Compositions of Yerkesh Shakeyev was performed by the London he Symphony Orchestra |url = http://www.inform.kz/rus/article/2737793|publisher = www.inform.kz}}</ref>
* 5 February 2015 in Mumbai (India), at the Opera House Jamshed Bhabha Theatre, and on February 8 at the largest arts festival Mumbayskom Kala Ghoda Open Air, music Yerkesh Shakeyev was performed by Symphony Orchestra of India (SOI) and Marat Bisengaliev (solo violin). The music of Kazakh composer was heard by more than ten thousand people.<ref>{{Cite web|accessdate = 2015-11-25|title = The Symphony Orchestra of India is performing Yerkesh Shakeyev's compositions. Tengrinews.kz|url = http://tengrinews.kz/music/proizvedeniya-erkesha-shakeeva-ispolnit-simfonicheskiy-269590/|publisher = Tengrinews.kz}}</ref>
* 18 April 2015 was held a solo concert of Yerkesh Shakeyev "Pesni pod Gitaru (songs with a guitar)," where he performed original songs. Also during the concert there the State Symphony Orchestra "Camerata of Kazakhstan" under the control of Gauhar Murzabekova (conductor Paul Tarasevich) performed five works of Yerkesh in the genre of neoclassic.<ref>{{Cite web|accessdate = 2015-11-25|title = Concert Yerkesh Shakeyev "Songs with a guitar" was held in Almaty|url = http://www.dailynews.kz/culture/kontsert_erkesha_shakeeva_pesni_pod_gitaru_proshel_v_almaty|publisher = www.dailynews.kz}}</ref>

== Awards ==
* Tarlan" Yerkesh was awarded by the Platinum Tarlan Award in 2003 for the creativity.
* 3 September 2012, Yerkesh was awarded by the title of honorary citizen of Kokshetau.
* December 5, 2012, Yerkesh was awarded by the honorary title "Honored Person of Kazakhstan".

== Quotes ==
<Blockquote> While performance of the song Yerkesh Shakeyev " Ne Lubimaya (Unloved)" Batyr in gratitude to the audience, who were singing it along with musicians knelt and sentimentality pressed his hands to his face.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.event.rbc.ru/ru/news/how_it_was/index.php?from4=6&id4=1788|title=Светские события. Клуб РБК. Как это было|publisher=}}</ref></blockquote>

== List of published songs ==
{| class = "wikitable sortable"
! Artist !! Composition !! The words !! Music
|-
| A-Studio || Nelyubimaya || Y. Shakeyev || Y. Shakeyev
|-
| A-Studio || 7 nebo|| Y. Shakeyev ||Y. Shakeyev, B. Serkebayev
|-
| A-Studio || Fashion Girl || Y. Shakeyev || A. Sarkisyan, M. Gladkikh
|-
| A-Studio || Begu k tebe || Y. Shakeyev, B.Serkebayev || Neizvestno
|-
| A-Studio || Belaya reka || Y. Shakeyev || B. Serkebayev
|-
| A-Studio || Bud' ostorozhna || Y. Shakeyev || B. Shukenov
|-
| A-Studio || Byl moy son || Y. Shakeyev || B. Serkebayev
|-
| A-Studio || Vchera || Y. Shakeyev || Y. Shakeyev
|-
| A-Studio || Devochka Tango || Neizvestno || Y. Shakeyev, B. Serkebayev
|-
| A-Studio || Dusha || Y.Shakeyev, B. Serkebayev || Y.Shakeyev, B. Serkebayev
|-
| A-Studio || Ital'yanskoye pal'to || Y. Shakeyev || B. Serkebayev
|-
| A-Studio || Korabli Lyubvi || Y. Shakeyev || B. Shukenov
|-
| A-Studio || Letniye dni || Y. Shakeyev || B. Serkebayev
|-
| A-Studio || Letniy liven' || Y. Shakeyev || B. Serkebayev
|-
| A-Studio || Na kryl'yakh schast'ya || Y. Shakeyev || B. Serkebayev
|-
| A-Studio || Neznakomka || Y. Shakeyev || B. Serkebayev
|-
| A-Studio || Osvobodi moye serdtse || Y. Shakeyev || B. Serkebayev
|-
| A-Studio || Osen' || Y. Shakeyev || B. Sadvakasov
|-
| A-Studio || Ostavlyayu tebya || Y. Shakeyev || A. Sarkisyan
|-
| A-Studio || Ostrov Nadezhdy || Y. Shakeyev, V. Mikloshich || B. Serkebayev
|-
| A-Studio || Potantsuy so mnoy || Y. Shakeyev || B. Sadvakasov
|-
| A-Studio || Svet neonovykh ogney || Y. Shakeyev, B. Serkebayev || Y. Shakeyev, B. Serkebayev
|-
| A-Studio || Svobodnaya ptitsa || Y. Shakeyev || B. Serkebayev
|-
| A-Studio || Sezon dozhdey || Y. Shakeyev || B. Serkebayev
|-
| A-Studio || Serenada dozhdya || Y. Shakeyev || B. Sadvakasov
|-
| A-Studio || Soldat Lyubvi || Y. Shakeyev || B. Serkebayev
|-
| A-Studio || Stop, noch'! || Y. Shakeyev || B. Serkebayev
|-
| A-Studio || Eto voyna || Y. Shakeyev, B. Serkebayev || Y. Shakeyev, B. Serkebayev
|-
| A-Studio || Yuzhnoye solntse || Y. Shakeyev || B. Sadvakasov
|-
| A-Studio || YA ne zabyl || Y. Shakeyev || I. Pushkarev
|-
| A-Studio || YA ne tvoy || Y. Shakeyev || B. Sadvakasov
|-
| A-Studio || Khudozhnik || Y. Shakeyev || B. Serkebayev
|-
| A-Studio || Opustevshiy plyazh || Y. Shakeyev || B. Sadvakasov
|-
| Ani Lorak || Zazhigay serdtse || Y. Shakeyev || Y. Shakeyev
|-
| Anita Tsoy || Molitva || Y. Shakeyev || A.Sarkisyan, M. Gladkikh
|-
| Batyrkhan Shukenov || 20 minut do rassveta || Y. Shakeyev || Y. Shakeyev
|-
| Batyrkhan Shukenov || Vremya Lyubvi || Y. Shakeyev || D.Kopytov
|-
| Batyrkhan Shukenov || Vse proydet || Y. Shakeyev || Y. Shakeyev, B. Shukenov
|-
| Batyrkhan Shukenov || Zima || A. Belyayev || Y. Shakeyev
|-
| Batyrkhan Shukenov || Kto || Y. Shakeyev || D. Kopytov
|-
| Batyrkhan Shukenov || Prosti i proshchay || Y. Shakeyev || D. Kopytov
|-
| Batyrkhan Shukenov || Revnivaya || Y. Shakeyev || V. Kovalev
|-
| Batyrkhan Shukenov || Slyshish' serdtse || A. Belyayev || Y. Shakeyev
|-
| Batyrkhan Shukenov || Tvoi shagi || Y. Shakeyev || V. Kovalev
|-
| Batyrkhan Shukenov || Chuzhiye-rodnyye || Y. Shakeyev || A. Volk
|-
| Batyrkhan Shukenov || YA tebya risuyu || A. Belyayev || Y. Shakeyev
|-
| Layma Vaykule || Eto schast'ye || Y. Shakeyev || Y. Shakeyev
|-
| Layma Vaykule || Martovskiy vecher || A. Belyayev || A. Belyayev
|-
| Yalla || Gorod nad rekoy || Y. Shakeyev || F. Zakirov
|-
| Yerkesh Shakeyev || Lyubi menya || Y. Shakeyev || Y. Shakeyev
|-
| Yerkesh Shakeyev || Mezhdu nami || Y. Shakeyev || Y. Shakeyev
|-
| Yerkesh Shakeyev || Ne zabyvay || Y. Shakeyev || Y. Shakeyev, V. Kovalev
|-
| Yerkesh Shakeyev || Nikomu tebya ya ne otdam || Y. Shakeyev || Y. Shakeyev
|-
| Yerkesh Shakeyev || Radioveter || Y. Shakeyev || Y. Shakeyev
|-
| Yerkesh Shakeyev || Svet || Y. Shakeyev || D. Kopytov
|-
| Yerkesh Shakeyev || YA vozvrashchayus' || Y. Shakeyev || Y. Shakeyev
|-
| Yerkesh Shakeyev || Vorony || Y. Shakeyev || Y. Shakeyev
|-
| Yerkesh Shakeyev || Voskresen'ye || Y. Shakeyev || Y. Shakeyev
|-
| Yerkesh Shakeyev || Dorogaya || Y. Shakeyev || Y. Shakeyev
|-
| Yerkesh Shakeyev || Druz'yam || Y. Shakeyev || Y. Shakeyev
|-
| Yerkesh Shakeyev || Koroleva zimy || Y. Shakeyev || Y. Shakeyev
|-
| Yerkesh Shakeyev || Likhoradka || Y. Shakeyev || Y. Shakeyev
|-
| Yerkesh Shakeyev || Predstavleniye || Y. Shakeyev || Y. Shakeyev
|-
| Yerkesh Shakeyev || Skoryy poyezd || Y. Shakeyev || Y. Shakeyev
|-
| Yerkesh Shakeyev || Tam gde ya || Y. Shakeyev || Y. Shakeyev
|-
| Yerkesh Shakeyev || V kalendare Lyubvi || Y. Shakeyev || Y. Shakeyev
|-
| Yerkesh Shakeyev || Vmeste byt' s toboy || Y. Shakeyev || Y. Shakeyev
|-
| Yerkesh Shakeyev || Dozhd' || Y. Shakeyev || Y. Shakeyev
|-
| Yerkesh Shakeyev || Zhdi menya || Y. Shakeyev || Y. Shakeyev
|-
| Yerkesh Shakeyev || Zoloto tvoikh volos || Y. Shakeyev || Y. Shakeyev
|-
| Yerkesh Shakeyev || Rozy na snegu || Y. Shakeyev || Y. Shakeyev
|-
| Yerkesh Shakeyev || Solntse pechali || Y. Shakeyev || Y. Shakeyev
|-
| Yerkesh Shakeyev || Tol'ko ty || Y. Shakeyev || Y. Shakeyev
|-
| Yerkesh Shakeyev || Solntse pechali || Y. Shakeyev || Y. Shakeyev
|-
| Yerkesh Shakeyev || Novyy god || Y. Shakeyev || Y. Shakeyev
|-
| Yerkesh Shakeyev || Sneg razluki || Y. Shakeyev || Y. Shakeyev
|-
| Yerkesh Shakeyev || Aeroport || Y. Shakeyev || Y. Shakeyev
|-
| Yerkesh Shakeyev || Kak chasto vo sne || Y. Shakeyev || Y. Shakeyev
|-
| Yerkesh Shakeyev || Kilimandzharo || Y. Shakeyev || Y. Shakeyev
|-
| Yerkesh Shakeyev || Lunnaya dorozhka || Y. Shakeyev || Y. Shakeyev
|-
| Yerkesh Shakeyev || Lyubov' moya || Y. Shakeyev || Y. Shakeyev
|-
| Yerkesh Shakeyev || Mama || Y. Shakeyev || Y. Shakeyev
|-
| Yerkesh Shakeyev || Nashi yunyye den'ki || Y. Shakeyev || Y. Shakeyev
|-
| Yerkesh Shakeyev || Novyy god || Y. Shakeyev || Y. Shakeyev
|-
| Yerkesh Shakeyev || Osen' snov || Y. Shakeyev || Y. Shakeyev
|-
| Yerkesh Shakeyev || Svetlyye gody || Y. Shakeyev || Y. Shakeyev
|-
| Yerkesh Shakeyev || Shkol'nyy val's || Y. Shakeyev || Y. Shakeyev
|-
| Yerkesh Shakeyev || YA ostavil tebya || Y. Shakeyev || Y. Shakeyev
|-
| Yerkesh Shakeyev || Beda || Y. Shakeyev || Y. Shakeyev
|-
| Yerkesh Shakeyev || Brodyaga veter || Y. Shakeyev || Y. Shakeyev
|-
| Yerkesh Shakeyev || V khrustal'nom zamke || Y. Shakeyev || Y. Shakeyev
|-
| Yerkesh Shakeyev || Vysota || Y. Shakeyev || Y. Shakeyev
|-
| Yerkesh Shakeyev || Dal'nyaya doroga || Y. Shakeyev || Y. Shakeyev
|-
| Yerkesh Shakeyev || Detstvo ubezhalo || Y. Shakeyev || Y. Shakeyev
|-
| Yerkesh Shakeyev || Lyudi govoryat || Y. Shakeyev || Y. Shakeyev
|-
| Yerkesh Shakeyev || Mezhdu nami || Y. Shakeyev || Y. Shakeyev
|-
| Yerkesh Shakeyev || Moy vokzal || Y. Shakeyev || Y. Shakeyev
|-
| Yerkesh Shakeyev || Na Severe Dal'nem || Y. Shakeyev || Y. Shakeyev
|-
| Yerkesh Shakeyev || Pechal'noye utro || Y. Shakeyev || Y. Shakeyev
|-
| Yerkesh Shakeyev || Polshaga do sebya || Y. Shakeyev || Y. Shakeyev
|-
| Yerkesh Shakeyev || Proshchayte, rebyata!|| Y. Shakeyev || Y. Shakeyev
|-
| Yerkesh Shakeyev || Raskryvayetsya nebo || Y. Shakeyev || Y. Shakeyev
|-
| Yerkesh Shakeyev || S Dnem rozhdeniya, drug!|| Y. Shakeyev || Y. Shakeyev
|-
| Yerkesh Shakeyev || Slova || Y. Shakeyev || Y. Shakeyev
|-
| Yerkesh Shakeyev || Trevozhnoye nebo || Y. Shakeyev || Y. Shakeyev
|-
| Yerkesh Shakeyev || Turetskiy yubiley || Y. Shakeyev || Y. Shakeyev
|-
| Yerkesh Shakeyev || YA Vash poklonnik || Y. Shakeyev || Y. Shakeyev
|-
| Yerkesh Shakeyev || YA pogib vchera || Y. Shakeyev || Y. Shakeyev
|-
| Yerkesh Shakeyev || 1989 god Siluyet || Y. Shakeyev || R.Daukayev
|-
| Duet Myuzikola || Devochka v plat'itse belom || Y. Shakeyev || B. Syzdykov
|-
| Duet Myuzikola || YA ne luna || Y. Shakeyev || B. Syzdykov
|-
| Duet Myuzikola || Rozovyy rassvet || Y. Shakeyev || B. Syzdykov
|-
| Duet Myuzikola || Proshchay || Y. Shakeyev || K. Abdullina
|-
| Duet L || Love story || Y. Shakeyev || Y. Shakeyev
|-
| Duet L || Alma-Ata || Y. Shakeyev || Y. Shakeyev
|-
| Duet L || Arivederchi || Y. Shakeyev || Y. Shakeyev
|-
| Duet L, gruppa Vostok || Donna Osen' || Y. Shakeyev || Y. Shakeyev
|-
| Duet L || Donna Osen' || Y. Shakeyev || Y. Shakeyev
|-
| Duet L || Ne zhdi menya || Y. Shakeyev || Y. Shakeyev
|-
| Duet L || Tvoi glaza || Y. Shakeyev || Y. Shakeyev
|-
| Parviz Nazarov || Krestnaya mat' || Y. Shakeyev || Y. Shakeyev
|-
| Parviz Nazarov || Mersi || A. Belyayev || Y. Shakeyev
|-
| Parviz Nazarov || Ty daleko || A. Belyayev || Y. Shakeyev
|-
| Neizvestno|| Nebo goluboye || Y. Shakeyev || Y. Shakeyev
|-
| Zvezdy Kazakhstana || Novyy god || Y. Shakeyev || Y. Shakeyev
|-
| Yulian || Staraya fleyta || A. Belyayev || Y. Shakeyev
|-
| Zvezdy Kazakhstana || Novyy god || Y. Shakeyev || Y. Shakeyev
|-
| Zvezdy Kazakhstana || Schastlivaya zhizn' || A. Belyayev || Y. Shakeyev
|-
| Mordali || Ty dlya menya || Y. Shakeyev || Y. Shakeyev
|-
| Gruppa Asyl || Kirleme menin zhuregim || Y. Askarov || Y. Shakeyev
|-
| N. Bimurzin || YA tebya lyublyu || Y. Shakeyev || Y. Shakeyev
|-
| Roza Rymbayeva || Budem vmeste my || Y. Shakeyev || T. Sarlbayev
|-
| Shiko || Tikhiy vecher || A. Belyayev || Y. Shakeyev
|-
| Taumatau || Astana || Y. Shakeyev || Y. Shakeyev
|-
| Tamshylar || Koroleva || Y. Shakeyev || Y. Shakeyev
|-
| Nurlan Abdullin || Tsveti, moya zemlya! || Y. Shakeyev || Y. Shakeyev
|-
| Zhuldyz || Moy angel || R. Burkitbayeva || Y. Shakeyev
|-
| Zhuldyz || Vmeste byt' s toboy || Y. Shakeyev || Y. Shakeyev
|-
| Zhuldyz || Druz'yam || Y. Shakeyev || Y. Shakeyev
|-
| Zhuldyz || Kolybel'naya || Y. Shakeyev || Y. Shakeyev
|-
| Zhuldyz || Mama || Y. Shakeyev || Y. Shakeyev
|-
| Zhuldyz || Ptitsy || Y. Shakeyev || Y. Shakeyev
|-
| Zhuldyz || Ty pomni || R. Burkitbayeva || Y. Shakeyev
|-
| Zhuldyz || Tsvety || R. Burkitbayeva || Y. Shakeyev
|-
| Zhuldyz || Chainki || R. Burkitbayeva || Y. Shakeyev
|-
| Zhuldyz || Balalyk kunder || R. Zaitov || Y. Shakeyev
|-
| K-Rim || Boks || Neizvestno || Neizvestno
|-
| K-Rim || Ty dlya menya || Y. Shakeyev || Y. Shakeyev
|-
| K-Rim || Ty dlya menya Remix || Y. Shakeyev || Y. Shakeyev
|-
| Gruppa Rakhat Lukum || Belyy sneg || Y. Shakeyev || Y. Shakeyev
|-
| Gruppa Rakhat Lukum || Lyubov'- ogon' || A. Belyayev || Y. Shakeyev
|-
| Gruppa Rakhat Lukum || Tantsy s ten'yu || Y. Shakeyev || Y. Shakeyev
|-
| Gruppa101|| Serdtse pod pritselom || Y. Shakeyev || Y. Shakeyev
|-
| Ivan Breusov || Aeroport || Y. Shakeyev || Y. Shakeyev
|-
| Ivan Breusov || Ona ne takaya || Y. Shakeyev || Y. Shakeyev
|-
| Ivan Breusov || YA obeshchayu || Y. Shakeyev || Y. Shakeyev
|-
| Dinara Sultan || Naydi menya || Y. Shakeyev || Y. Shakeyev
|-
| Dinara Sultan || Energiya lyubvi || Y. Shakeyev || Y. Shakeyev
|-
| Dinara Sultan || Eto byla lyubov' || Y. Shakeyev || Y. Shakeyev
|-
| Nagima Yeskaliyeva || Prosti menya || Y. Shakeyev || T. Kazhgaliyev
|-
| Nagima Yeskaliyeva || Pervoye utro stolitsy || Neizvestno || B. Isayev
|-
| Rakhat Turlykhanov || Day Light Between Us || B. Pini || Y. Shakeyev
|-
| Rakhat Turlykhanov || Akku || Neizvestno || Y. Shakeyev
|-
| Rakhat Turlykhanov || Asyl azhe || A. Asylbek || Y. Shakeyev
|-
| Rakhat Turlykhanov || Bumazhnyy parokhod || Y. Shakeyev || Y. Shakeyev
|-
| Rakhat Turlykhanov || Zhdi menya, lyubimaya || Y. Shakeyev || Y. Shakeyev
|-
| Rakhat Turlykhanov || Zvezdnyye nochi || Y. Shakeyev || Y. Shakeyev
|-
| Rakhat Turlykhanov || Zimniye livni || Y. Shakeyev || Y. Shakeyev
|-
| Rakhat Turlykhanov || Na beregu reki || Y. Shakeyev || Y. Shakeyev
|-
| Rakhat Turlykhanov || Pervaya lyubov' || Y. Shakeyev || Y. Shakeyev
|-
| Rakhat Turlykhanov || YA pridu || Y. Shakeyev || Y. Shakeyev
|-
| Tolkyn Zabirova || Ardagym || SH. Sariyev || Y. Shakeyev
|-
| Tolkyn Zabirova || Gorodskiye fontany || Y. Shakeyev || Y. Shakeyev
|-
| Tolkyn Zabirova || Gor'kaya lyubov' || Y. Shakeyev || Y. Shakeyev
|-
| Tolkyn Zabirova || Den' za dnem || Y. Shakeyev || Y. Shakeyev
|-
| Tolkyn Zabirova || Detskiy son || Y. Shakeyev, A. Chichkin || Y. Shakeyev
|-
| Tolkyn Zabirova || Yeliseyskiye polya || A. Yuldashkhodzhayev || Y. Shakeyev
|-
| Tolkyn Zabirova || Zhambyr || SH. Sariyev || Y. Shakeyev
|-
| Tolkyn Zabirova || Letnyaya noch' || Y. Shakeyev || Y. Shakeyev
|-
| Tolkyn Zabirova || Ne pokiday menya || Y. Shakeyev || Y. Shakeyev
|-
| Tolkyn Zabirova || Ostrovok Lyubvi || Y. Shakeyev || Y. Shakeyev
|-
| Tolkyn Zabirova || Otmetut meteli || Y. Shakeyev, D. Sokolova || Y. Shakeyev
|-
| Tolkyn Zabirova || Priznaniye || Y. Shakeyev || Y. Shakeyev
|-
| Tolkyn Zabirova || Proshchay || Y. Shakeyev || Y. Shakeyev
|-
| Tolkyn Zabirova || Tango || Y. Shakeyev || Y. Shakeyev, S. Sokolov
|-
| Yerkin Kaliyev || Alma-Ata || Y. Shakeyev || Y. Shakeyev
|-
| Yerkin Kaliyev || Vysota || Y. Shakeyev || Y. Shakeyev
|-
| Yerkin Kaliyev || Noch' || Y. Shakeyev || Y. Shakeyev
|-
| Yerkin Kaliyev || Polshaga do sebya || Y. Shakeyev || Y. Shakeyev
|-
| Ayzhan Nurmagambetova || Farforovaya svad'ba || A. Belyayev || Y. Shakeyev
|-
| Ayzhan Nurmagambetova || Sen menin zhalgyz synarymsyn || A. Belyayev || Y. Shakeyev
|-
| Ayzhan Nurmagambetova || Ty yedinstvennyy moy muzhchina || A. Belyayev || Y. Shakeyev
|-
| Ayzhan Nurmagambetova || YA nikogda ne sostaryus' || A. Belyayev || Y. Shakeyev
|-
| Anara Aytzhanova || Dva angela || Y. Shakeyev || Y. Shakeyev
|-
| Anara Aytzhanova || Dusha muz || Y. Shakeyev || Y. Shakeyev
|-
| Anara Aytzhanova || Yesli ty uydesh' || Y. Shakeyev || Y. Shakeyev
|-
| Anara Aytzhanova || Lyublyu tebya || Y. Shakeyev || Y. Shakeyev
|-
| Anara Aytzhanova || YA ne odna || Y. Shakeyev || Y. Shakeyev
|-
| B. Isayev || Bir aru || SH. Sariyev || Y.Shakeyev
|-
| B. Isayev || Kariyalar || SH. Sariyev || Y. Shakeyev
|-
| B. Isayev || Reggi || Y. Shakeyev || Y. Shakeyev
|-
| B. Isayev || Sinyaya ptitsa || Y. Shakeyev || Y. Shakeyev
|-
| B. Isayev || Uznik mechty || Y. Shakeyev || Y. Shakeyev
|-
| Ikan || Aygul' || A. Asylbek || Y. Shakeyev
|-
| Ikan || Ayryksha || A. Asylbek || Y. Shakeyev
|-
| Ikan || Almaty-Astana || Y. Shakeyev || Y. Shakeyev
|-
| Ikan || Aul || A. Asylbek || Y. Shakeyev
|-
| Ikan || Zhadnyye ruki dozhdya || Y. Shakeyev || Y. Shakeyev
|-
| Ikan || Za rekoyu tsitata || Y. Shakeyeva || Y. Shakeyeva
|-
| Ikan || Zima || Y. Shakeyev || Y. Shakeyev
|-
| Ikan || Znayu || Y. Shakeyev || Y. Shakeyev
|-
| Ikan || Kyzdar || A. Asylbek || Y. Shakeyev
|-
| Ikan || Lavina Lyubvi || Y. Shakeyev || Y. Shakeyev
|-
| Ikan || Mariya || Y. Shakeyev || Y. Shakeyev
|-
| Ikan || Medovyy mesyats || Y. Shakeyev || Y. Shakeyev
|-
| Ikan || Ne zhelay || Y. Shakeyev || Y. Shakeyev
|-
| Ikan || Svadebnyye tsvety || Y. Shakeyev || Y. Shakeyev
|-
| Ikan || Sport || Y. Shakeyev || Y. Shakeyev
|-
| Ikan || Sport-bor'ba || Y. Shakeyev || Y. Shakeyev
|-
| Ikan || Tlek || A. Asylbek || Y. Shakeyev
|-
| Ikan || Chempiony || Y. Shakeyev || Y. Shakeyev
|-
| Ikan || YA vernus' || Y. Shakeyev || Y. Shakeyev
|-
| Ikan || YA tebya lyublyu || Y. Shakeyev || Y. Shakeyev
|-
| Ikan || Blizskiye lyudi || Y. Shakeyev || Y. Shakeyev
|-
| Zvezdy Kazakhstana || Aziada|| Y. Shakeyev, K. Saparbayev || Y. Shakeyev
|-
| T.Zabirova, R. Nurzhigitov || Gimn Akademii karate || Y. Shakeyev || Y. Shakeyev
|-
| M. Isabekova || Al'yans polis || Y. Shakeyev || Y. Shakeyev
|-
| V. Stupin || Astana-Motors || Y. Shakeyev || Y. Shakeyev
|-
| Zvezdy Kazakhstana || Gimn BTA || Y. Shakeyev || Y. Shakeyev
|-
| Zvezdy Kazakhstana || Gimn Kazakhtelekom || Y. Shakeyev, A. Asylbek || Ye .Shakeyev
|-
| Zvezdy Kazakhstana || Kulager || Y. Shakeyev, A. Asylbek || Y. Shakeyev
|-
| Neizvestno || Ofitsery dorog || Y. Shakeyev || Y. Shakeyev
|-
| Zvezdy Kazakhstana || Pesnya neftyanikov || Y. Shakeyev || Y.Shakeyev
|-
| Zvezdy Kazakhstana || Rodina moya || Y. Shakeyev, K. Saparbayev || Y. Shakeyev
|-
| Sestry Yesimovy i Lido || S Dnem rozhdeniya, papa! || Y. Shakeyev || Y. Shakeyev
|-
| Myuzikola || Fudmaster || S. Seyfullin || Y. Shakeyev
|-
| V. Stupin || Chimkent || Y. Shakeyev, K. Saparbayev || Y. Shakeyev
|-
| Otsutstvuyet || Kinopark dzhingl || Y. Shakeyev || Y. Shakeyev
|-
| D. Sharapova || Gimn Fideliti || Y. Shakeyev || Y. Shakeyev
|-
| D. Sharapova || Fideliti dzhingl || Y. Shakeyev || Y. Shakeyev
|-
| Dayana || Angely || Y. Shakeyev || R.Daukayev
|-
| Dayana || Anda sanda || A. Asylbek || Y. Shakeyev
|-
| Dayana || Gloriya || Y. Shakeyev || Y. Shakeyev
|-
| Dayana || Ne bylo || Y. Shakeyev || Y. Shakeyev
|-
| Dayana || Priletay || Y. Shakeyev || Y. Shakeyev
|-
| A. Zhorabayeva || Sol Bir Tun || A. Belyayev || Y. Shakeyev
|-
| R. Toktakhunov || Aeroport || Y. Shakeyev || Y. Shakeyev
|-
| ZH .Sattarova || Zatelefonilis' || A. Belyayev || Y. Shakeyev
|-
| Diana Sharapova || Ledi Vesna || Y. Shakeyev || Y. Shakeyev
|-
| ZH. Omarova || Malen'kiy dom || Y. Shakeyev || Y. Shakeyev
|-
| Gruppa Relaks || Meteli || Y. Shakeyev || Y. Shakeyev
|-
| N. Bimurzin || Ne rasstavaysya || Y. Shakeyev || Y. Shakeyev
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.caravan.kz/article/?pid=164&aid=7776 Yerkesh Shakeyev. Ne khochu byt' mashinoy, pishushchey muzyku ''(interv'yu na sayte www.caravan.kz)'']
* [http://www.kazakh.ru/news/articles/?a=1537 Yerkesh Shakeyev. Kak dostayetsya schast'ye ''(interv'yu na sayte www.kazakh.ru)'']
* [http://www.time.kz/redirect_to_article/28237 Yerkesh Shakeyev. Soldat svoyey lyubvi ''(interv'yu na sayte www.time.kz)'']
* [http://www.kzmz.kz/275 Yerkesh Shakeyev. Na lyudey smotryu, kak na bol'shikh detey ''(interv'yu na muzykal'nom portale KZMZ)'']
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IXldLQxvX2I Yerkesh Shakeyev. Moya istoriya ''(video-interv'yu v proyekte "Moya Istoriya" na Sed'mom kanale)'']
* [http://erkindik.kz/erkesh-shakeev-ya-vse-delayu-po-veleniyu-serdtsa/ Yerkesh Shakeyev. YA vse delayu po veleniyu serdtsa ''(interv'yu na sayte www.erkindik.kz)'']
* [http://www.yerkesh-shakeyev.kz Yerkesh Shakeyev's official site.]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Shakeyev, Yerkesh}}
[[Category:Kazakhstani composers]]

Ukrainians in Kazakhstan

2017-02-22T08:46:45Z

John of Reading: /* Society and Culture */Typo fixing, replaced: liguistically → linguistically using AWB

'''Ukrainians''' are an ethnic minority in [[Kazakhstan]] that according to the 1989 census numbered 896,000 people, or 5.4% of the population.<ref name = "wilson">"The Ukrainians: Engaging the 'Eastern Diaspora'". By [[Andrew Wilson (historian)|Andrew Wilson]]. (1999). In Charles King, Neil Melvin (Eds.) ''Nations Abroad''. Westview Press, pp. 103-132. ISBN 0-8133-3738-0</ref> Due to subsequent emigration to Russia and Ukraine, this number had declined to 796,000 by 1998 and 456,997 in the 2009 census.<ref name = "Coordinating">[http://www.uvkr.com.ua/ua/structure/ukr_gromady/Kazakhstan.html Ukrainian World Coordinating Council Website]</ref>

== History ==
Beginning in the end of the 18th century, several waves of both voluntary and involuntary Ukrainian settlers came to Kazakhstan. The first Ukrainians to arrive were exiled [[Haidamaka|Haidamaks]], members of paramilitary Ukrainian peasant and [[Cossack]] bands, who were sent by the Russian government to Kazakhstan after their failed [[Koliyivschyna|uprising in 1768]].<ref name = "Coordinating"/>

[[File:Astana-steppe-7748.jpg|thumb|right|300px|The steppes north of [[Astana]] in Akmola province, a region where many Ukrainians settled]]

More significant in terms of their contribution to the Ukrainian ethnic group in Kazakhstan were a large wave of settlers who beginning in the late nineteenth century arrived from almost all of the regions of Ukraine that had been part of the Russian Empire at that time. Seeking more opportunities and free land, these voluntary emigrants numbered approximately 100,000 people in Kazakhstan and adjacent regions of Russia by the turn of the century. This movement escalated significantly following the agricultural reforms of Russian Prime Minister [[Pyotr Stolypin]] in the early 20th century. Between 1897 and 1917, the proportion of the population of Kazakhstan that was of Ukrainian ethnicity increased from 1.9% to 10.5%. They tended to settle in the regions of Kazakhstan that most resembled Ukraine, in the northern part of Kazakhstan. By 1917, Ukrainians came to make up approximately 29.5% of the population of [[Akmola Province]] and 21.5% of the population of [[Turgai (Imperial Russia)|Turgai province]]. By 1926, according to the census, Kazakhstan was home to 860,000 Ukrainians.<ref name = "Coordinating"/>

In the 1930s during the [[Collectivization in the Soviet Union|Soviet process of collectivization]], approximately 64,000 Ukrainian [[kulak]] (relatively wealthy peasant) families were forcibly resettled in Kazakhstan.<ref name = "Coordinating"/>

The first western Ukrainians were forcibly deported to Kazakhstan from the regions of [[Galicia (Central Europe)|Galicia]] and [[Volhynia]] when the Soviet Union [[Soviet annexation of Western Ukraine, 1939–1940|annexed western Ukraine in 1939-1940]]. They were followed by more deportees from western Ukraine, people who were accused of having been members of the [[Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists]]. Approximately 8,000 of the latter were sent to forced labor camps near [[Karaganda]] and many of them stayed there after having served their sentences.<ref name = "Coordinating"/> The descendents of the post-World War II Ukrainian immigrants tend to dominate the staffing of Kazakhstan's numerous UKrainian cultural centers.<ref name = "dave"/>

== Society and Culture ==
In an effort to differentiate the Ukrainian and Russian communities in Kazakhstan, the Kazakh government has actively supported Ukrainian cultural aspirations.<ref name = "dave">Bhavna Dave. (2007). ''Kazakhstan: ethnicity, language and power ''. Psychology Press, pp.133-134</ref> It has funded a Ukrainian newspaper. Ukrainian organizations operate freely in Kazakhstan, and currently there are 20 Ukrainian cultural centers that sponsor Sunday schools, choirs, and folk dancing groups. Kazakhstan's capital, [[Astana]], has a Ukrainian high school and Sunday school.<ref>[http://www.mfa.gov.ua/russia/ru/publication/content/1050.htm Ukraine - Kazakhstan Relations, taken from the website of the Ukrainian Embassy in the Russian Federation, accessed March 2009.]</ref> The shared sufferings of the Kazakh and Ukrainian peoples at the hands of the Soviets are emphasized by Kazakh-Ukrainian activists.<ref name = "dave"/>

Although the Ukrainian language continues to be significant in rural areas with compact Ukrainian settlement, and is actively supported by the Kazakh government,<ref name = "dave"/> the use of the Russian language has come to dominate within Kazakhstan's Ukrainian community. Due to assimilation with Russian culture, the proportion of the Ukrainian population in Kazakhstan who declare the Ukrainian language to be their mother tongue has declined from 78.7% in 1926 to only 36.6% today.<ref name = "Coordinating"/> Most Ukrainians in Kazakhstan, when faced with pressure from the majority Kazakhs, have tended to unite with Russian fellow Slavs.<ref name = "wilson"/> There is thus somewhat of a cultural divide within Kazakhstan's Ukrainian community between those who maintain a Ukrainian political and cultural identity (largely descendents of mid 20th century immigrants) and those who have become culturally and linguistically Russified (the descendents of those who migrated to Kazakhstan earlier).<ref name = "dave"/>

The [[Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church]] began its existence in Kazakhstan when the first western Ukrainians were exiled there during and after World War II. Centered in [[Karaganda]], the Church services were conducted in people's homes until 1978, when the first Roman Catholic church was built. The first Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church was built in 1996. Currently, Kazakhstan has nine parishes of the [[Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church]]. The Ukrainian Greek Catholic community was visited in 2002 by the head of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church, [[Major archbishop]] [[Lubomyr Husar]].<ref>[http://www.catholic-kazakhstan.org/gka/Ua/index.htm Website of the Ukrainian Catholic Church of Kazakhstan, accessed March 21, 2009]</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Kazakhstan topics}}
{{Ukrainian diaspora}}
{{Ethnic groups in Kazakhstan}}

[[Category:Ethnic groups in Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:European diaspora in Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Ukrainian diaspora by country|Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Kazakhstani people of Ukrainian descent| ]]
[[Category:Ukrainian diaspora in Asia]] 070945483

Nura River

2017-02-19T16:26:59Z

John of Reading: /* Course */Typo fixing, replaced: Irtysh–Karaganda Canal canal → Irtysh–Karaganda Canal using AWB

{{Geobox|River

| name = Nura
| native_name =
| other_name =
| category =

| etymology =
| nickname =

| image = Nurarivermouth.jpg
| image_caption = Mouth of the Nura River viewed from the [[International Space Station]]. Nura River cuts across the picture from upper right to just right of lower left.
| image_size = 295

| country = Kazakhstan
| state =
| region =
| district =
| municipality =

| parent =
| tributary_left = Sherubainura
| tributary_right =
| city = Karaganda
| city1 = Temirtau
| city2 = Kyzylzhar
| city3 = [[Saran, Kazakhstan|Saran]]
| city4 = Isen{{dn|date=December 2016}}
| city5 = Astana
| landmark =

| source = Kyzyltas Mountains
| source_location = Near Besoba| source_region = | source_country =
| source_elevation = 950
| source_lat_d = 48| source_lat_m = 56| source_lat_s = | source_lat_NS =N
| source_long_d = 74| source_long_m = 23| source_long_s = | source_long_EW =E

| source1 =
| source1_location = | source1_region = | source1_country =
| source1_elevation =
| source1_lat_d = | source1_lat_m = | source1_lat_s = | source1_lat_NS =
| source1_long_d = | source1_long_m = | source1_long_s = | source1_long_EW =
| source_confluence =
| source_confluence_location = | source_confluence_region = | source_confluence_country =
| source_confluence_elevation =
| source_confluence_lat_d = | source_confluence_lat_m = | source_confluence_lat_s = | source_confluence_lat_NS =
| source_confluence_long_d = | source_confluence_long_m = | source_confluence_long_s = | source_confluence_long_EW =
| mouth = Lake Tengiz
| mouth_location = | mouth_region = | mouth_country =
| mouth_elevation = 301
| mouth_lat_d = 50| mouth_lat_m = 20| mouth_lat_s = 34| mouth_lat_NS =N
| mouth_long_d = 69| mouth_long_m = 08| mouth_long_s = 21| mouth_long_EW =E

| length = 978
| width =
| depth =
| volume =
| watershed = 58100
| discharge = 28.39
| discharge_max =
| discharge_min = 0

| free = | free_type =

| map = Tengis&nura.png
| map_caption = Map of the general area 
| map_background =
| map_locator =
| map_locator_x =
| map_locator_y =

| website =
| commons =

| footnotes =
}}

The '''Nura River''' or '''River Nura''' is a major watercourse of northeast-central [[Kazakhstan]]. It is about {{convert|978|km|mi}} long and drains an area of {{convert|58100|km2|mi2}}.

==Course==
The river rises in the Kyzyltas Mountains and flows initially north-northwestwards for about {{convert|100|km|mi}}. It then turns to the west and flows in that direction for {{convert|220|km|mi}}, then southwest for {{convert|180|km|mi}}. The Nura turns north near Isen for about {{convert|200|km|mi}}, eventually turning southwest as it draws close to [[Astana, Kazakhstan|Astana]] near the [[Irtysh River]]. From there, it flows southwest for almost {{convert|300|mi|km}}, through a series of lakes, finally ending in the [[endorheic]] [[Lake Tengiz]]. The river's largest tributaries are the Sherubainura, Ulkenkundyzdy, and Akbastau rivers. It is heavily used for [[irrigation]] and [[municipal water]] supply.<ref name="UNDP">{{cite web|url=http://www.voda.kz/new/en/resources_main_river.php|title=Water Resources/Main river basins of Kazakhstan|publisher=United Nations Development Programme in Kazakhstan|work=Integrated Water Resource Management|date=|accessdate=2010-03-21}}</ref> The average discharge at the mouth is {{convert|28.39|m3/s|cuft/s}}.<ref>{{cite map
|url=http://www.voda.kz/new/maps/ish_dren.gif
|title=Rivers basins of Nura and Ishim — Drainage network
|publisher=United Nations Development Programme in Kazakhstan
|cartography=United Nations
|date=
|language=Russian 
|accessdate=2010-03-21}}</ref>

The [[Irtysh–Karaganda Canal]] crosses the Nura at {{coord|50|05|26|N|73|22|40|E|display=inline|type:landmark}}, in what appears to be a tunnel. Some of the canals water is directed into the Nura (a chute below the dam at {{coord|50|5|30|N|73|22|37|E|display=inline|type:landmark}}), replenishing this river.

The Samarkand Reservoir is constructed on the Nura downstream from the canal crossing (the dam is at {{coord|50|06|17|N|72|55|08|E|display=inline|type:landmark}}), providing a waterfront for the city of [[Temirtau]].

==Pollution==
In 1972, an [[acetaldehyde]] factory in the city of [[Temirtau]] began to discharge large quantities of [[mercury (element)|mercury]] waste into the river. Although the factory closed in 1997, large amounts of mercury remain in the river and the area around it. Most of the mercury is spread in alluvial soils for a {{convert|25|km|mi|adj=on}} stretch from Temirtau to the Intumak Reservoir, where most of the pollution was trapped. Despite that, significant levels of mercury are still found as far as {{convert|70|km|mi}} downstream and during high water, contaminants are spread all over the [[floodplain]], creating a widespread problem. There is an estimated {{convert|1500000|m3|ft3}} of contaminated soil surrounding the site. Ash from coal-fired power plants also pollutes the river.<ref>{{cite news|
|last=Sadykova
|first=Dana
|url=http://www.brettonwoodsproject.org/art.shtml?x=552228
|title=Mercury rising: The World Bank and the Nura river clean-up
|work=Bretton Woods Project
|date=2007-04-02
|accessdate=2010-03-21}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|last1=Heaven
|first1=S.
|last2=Ilyushchenko
|first2=M.A.
|last3=Kamberov
|first3=I.M.
|last4=Politikov
|first4=M.I.
|last5=Tanton
|first5=T.W.
|last6=Ullrich
|first6=S.M.
|last7=Yanin
|first7=E.P.
|url=http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=1506114
|title=Mercury in the River Nura and its floodplain, Central Kazakhstan : II. Floodplain soils and riverbank silt deposits
|publisher=Cat.inist
|work=Kazakh State Academy of Architecture and Construction, Almaty; Institute of New Chemical Technologies and Materials, Almaty; Kaskelen Geophysical Observatory, Almaty; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Southampton; Institute of Mineralogy, Geochemistry and Crystallochemistry of Rare Elements, Moscow
|date=2000
|accessdate=2010-03-21}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[List of rivers of Kazakhstan]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Rivers of Kazakhstan}}
[[Category:Rivers of Kazakhstan]]

Jerry Johnson (basketball)

2017-02-18T13:23:54Z

John of Reading: /* BC Astana */Typo fixing, replaced: contributed contributed → contributed using AWB

{{Infobox basketball biography
| name = Jerry Johnson
| image =
| number =
| position = [[Point guard]] / [[Shooting guard]]
| height_cm = 183
| weight_kg = 82
| league = [[Turkish Basketball Super League]]
| team = Büyükçekmece Basketbol
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|mf=yes|1982|4|23}}
| birth_place = [[Lancaster, Pennsylvania]]
| nationality = Kazakhstani / American
| high_school = [[J. P. McCaskey High School|J. P. McCaskey]] (Lancaster, Pennsylvania)
| college = [[Rider Broncs men's basketball|Rider]] (2001–2005)
| draft_year = 2005
| career_start = 2005
| career_end =
| years1 = 2005–2006
| team1 = [[SKS Starogard Gdański|Polpharma Starogard Gdańsk]]
| years2 = 2006–2007
| team2 = [[Mersin Büyükşehir Belediyesi S.K.|Mersin BB]]
| years3 = 2007–2008
| team3 = [[Stade Clermontois BA]]
| years4 = 2008–2010
| team4 = [[Spirou Charleroi]]
| years5 = 2010–2011
| team5 = [[BC Lietuvos rytas|Lietuvos rytas]]
| years6 = 2011
| team6 = [[Galatasaray S.K. (men's basketball)|Galatasaray]]
| years7 = 2011–2016
| team7 = [[BC Astana]]
| years8 = 2016–present
| team8 = [[Büyükçekmece Basketbol]]
| highlights =
*4× [[Kazakhstan Division I Basketball League|Kazakhstan Basketball League]] (2012–2015)
*4× [[Kazakhstan Basketball Cup|Kazakhstan Cup]] (2011–2014)
*3× [[Basketball League Belgium Division I|Belgium Basketball League]] (2008–2010)
*[[Belgian Basketball Cup|Belgian Cup]] (2009)
*[[Rider Broncs|Rider]] Athletic Hall of Fame (2013)
}}
'''Jerry Jamar Johnson''' (born April 23, 1982) is an American-born naturalised Kazakhstani professional [[basketball]] player for [[Büyükçekmece Basketbol]] of the [[Turkish Basketball Super League]] (BSL).

Playing as a [[point guard]], he played college basketball at [[Rider Broncs men's basketball|Rider]], earning a slew of personal awards.
Since 2011 he has been playing for [[BC Astana]] in [[Kazakhstan]], he later became a citizen of the country, playing for the [[Kazakhstan national basketball team|national team]].

==College career==
The [[Lancaster, Pennsylvania]] natived played at [[J. P. McCaskey High School]] from 1997 to 2001, scoring a school record 1,792 points.<ref name=Lancaster30>{{cite web |url=http://lancasteronline.com/sports/jerry-johnson-reflects-at/article_22a0d60d-c3b5-5693-9f17-9dc30aecfd32.html |title=Jerry Johnson reflects at 30 |last=Jones |first=Gordie |date=20 May 2012 |website=LancasterOnline |publisher=[[LNP Media Group]] |access-date=19 June 2015}}</ref>

Johnson was recruited by the [[Rider Broncs men's basketball|Rider]] to play in the [[Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference]] (MAAC) of the [[NCAA Division I]]. He was predicted to struggle to in obtaining sufficient SAT scores to be academically eligible, reportedly only receiving a scholarship offer from Rider.<ref name=CollegeIn>{{cite web |url=http://www.collegeinsider.com/angela/johnson.html |title=Player, leader, father |last=Lento |first=Angela |website=[[Collegeinsider.com]] |publisher=[[Basketball Times]] |via=Collegeinsider |access-date=19 June 2015}}</ref>

In his freshman season in 2001-2002 he earned the MAAC Rookie of the Year title, also being selected to the All-MAAC third team.<ref name=MAAC>{{cite web |url=http://www.maacsports.com/ViewArticle.dbml?DB_OEM_ID=17400&ATCLID=940275 |title=All-Time All-MAAC Honors |author= |website=[[Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference]] |access-date=19 June 2015}}</ref>

For his sophomore season, despite adapting to a move from [[point guard]] to [[shooting guard]],<ref name=CollegeIn /> he was selected to the All-MAAC First Team, ditto in his junior season.<ref name=MAAC />

After the 2004-2005 season, he was selected to the All-MAAC First Team for the third consecutive time,<ref name=MAAC/> also earning an [[MAAC Men's Basketball Tournament|MAAC Tournament]] First Team selection after Rider reached the final.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.maacsports.com/ViewArticle.dbml?DB_OEM_ID=17400&ATCLID=939793 |title=2005 MAAC Basketball Championship |author= |website=[[Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference]] |date=3 June 2005 |location=Buffalo (New York) |access-date=19 June 2015}}</ref> To cap off the season, the senior was elected male [[Rider Broncs|Rider Athlete]] of the Year.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gobroncs.com/ViewArticle.dbml?DB_OEM_ID=20200&ATCLID=1365019 |title=6-30-05 Jerry Johnson 2004-05 Rider Athlete of the Year |author= |website=[[Rider Broncs]] |date=30 June 2005 |location=Lawrenceville (New Jersey) |access-date=19 June 2015}}</ref>

Johnson finished his Broncs career with 2,047 points - second best career record for the program - in 116 games (17.6 per game, fifth best), also adding 421 assists (fifth best) at an average of 3.6 (seventh best) whilst his 102 three-pointers in 2004-05 established a Rider record.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gobroncs.com/ViewArticle.dbml?DB_OEM_ID=20200&ATCLID=205562862 |title=MBB 1,000 Point Scorers |author= |website=[[Rider Broncs]] |date=18 August 2014 |access-date=19 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gobroncs.com/ViewArticle.dbml?DB_OEM_ID=20200&ATCLID=205562862 |title=MBB Career Assist Leaders |author= |website=[[Rider Broncs]] |date=28 June 2013 |access-date=19 June 2015}}</ref>
A three-time team MVP, he was inducted into the Rider Hall of Fame in 2013.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gobroncs.com/ViewArticle.dbml?DB_OEM_ID=20200&ATCLID=208328067 |title=Rider Hall of Fame Bio |author= |website=[[Rider Broncs]] |access-date=19 June 2015}}</ref>

==Professional career==
Johnson participated in the [[Portsmouth Invitational Tournament]] but went undrafted in the [[2005 NBA draft]], a [[NBA Summer League]] participation with the [[Los Angeles Clippers]] was also unsuccessful.<ref name=Lancaster30 />

Johnson started his career with [[SKS Starogard Gdański|Polpharma Starogard Gdańsk]] in the [[Polish Basketball League]], averaging 20 points and 5.8 assists in more than 36 minutes per game.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.plk.pl/en/zawodnicy/p/31970/jerry-johnson/0.html |title=Jerry Johnson |author= |website=[[Polish Basketball League|Tauron Basket Liga]] |access-date=19 June 2015 |language=Polish}}</ref>

After an unsuccessful trial with Greek side [[Panellinios B.C.]] the next summer,<ref name=EurocupLast16>{{cite web |url=http://www.eurocupbasketball.com/eurocup/features/interviews/i/55902/jerry-johnson-spirou-basket |title=Jerry Johnson, Spirou Basket |last=Lawlor |first=Frank |date=23 February 2009 |website=[[Eurocup Basketball]] |access-date=19 June 2015}}</ref> he moved to [[Turkish Basketball League]] side [[Mersin Büyükşehir Belediyesi S.K.|Mersin BB]].<ref name=Avenir>{{cite web |url=http://www.lavenir.net/cnt/223383 |title=Le moteur Johnson à plein régime |author= |date=9 December 2008 |website=[[L'Avenir (Belgian newspaper)]] |access-date=19 June 2015 |language=French |trans-title=The engine Johnson at full throttle}}</ref>
He posted 10.9 points and 3.17 assists (16th best) in nearly 27 minutes on average in the league.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tblstat.net/pd.asp?p=1350&s=0607 |title=Johnson, Jerry - 2006-2007 |author= |website=TBLStat.net |access-date=19 June 2015}}</ref>

He was contracted to Chypriot side [[APOEL B.C.]] during the 2007 offseason, before joining French [[LNB Pro A]] side [[Stade Clermontois BA]] in October.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-actu/2007/10/09/01011-20071009FILSPO00208-clermont-signe-johnson.php |title=Saison 2007/2008 - Jerry Johnson |author= |date=9 October 2007 |website=[[Ligue Nationale de Basket]] |access-date=19 June 2015 |language=French |trans-title=2007-2008 season - Jerry Johnson}}</ref>
The side struggled despite Johnson contributing 15,3 points and 3,9 assists per game,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lnb.fr/fr/Pro-A/200006/Joueurs/A34326/Johnson-Jerry?saison=2007 |title=Le moteur Johnson à plein régime |author= |date=9 December 2008 |website=[[L'Avenir (Belgian newspaper)]] |access-date=19 June 2015 |language=French |trans-title=The engine Johnson at full throttle}}</ref> with a relegation mathematically confirmed in April 2008, he moved to [[Basketball League Belgium Division I|Belgian League]] side [[Spirou Charleroi]] that same month.<ref name=EurocupLast16 /><ref name=Avenir />

He was a key factor in Charleroi's league title in 2008, contributing 9.5 points and 3 assists in 11 games, following which his contract was extended for two years.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eurocupbasketball.com/eurocup/news/i/32774/spirou-charleroi-inks-sekularac-keeps-johnson |title=Spirou Charleroi inks Sekularac, keeps Johnson |author= |date=3 June 2008 |website=[[Eurocup Basketball]] |access-date=19 June 2015}}</ref>
He was a crucial contributor to the Belgians run to the European second tier [[2008–09 Eurocup Basketball#Last 16 2|Eurocup Last 16]] contributing 14.9 points (on 45.5% from the three point line) and 3.4 assists in 10 games.<ref name=EurocupLast16 /> The [[Charleroi]] side would again win the league in 2009, adding the [[Belgian Basketball Cup|Belgian Cup]] as well.<ref name=EurocupGala>{{cite web |url=http://www.eurocupbasketball.com/eurocup/news/i/81111/galatasaray-grabs-playmaker-johnson |title=Galatasaray grabs playmaker Johnson |author= |date=10 January 2011 |website=[[Eurocup Basketball]] |access-date=19 June 2015}}</ref>
In October 2009 he suffered a knee injury that kept him out of for nearly two months,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eurocupbasketball.com/eurocup/news/i/59841/spirou-basket-jerry-johnson-out-4-6-weeks |title=Spirou Basket: Jerry Johnson out 4-6 weeks |author= |date=24 October 2009 |website=[[Eurocup Basketball]] |access-date=19 June 2015}}</ref> he only played two [[Eurocup Basketball|Eurocup]] games that season.
The side would add a third consecutive league title in 2010.

After the expiry of his contract, Johnson moved to [[Lietuvos krepšinio lyga|Lithuanian league]] side [[BC Lietuvos rytas|Lietuvos rytas]] also playing in the [[Euroleague]], Europe's elite competition,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.euroleague.net/news/i/72292/lietuvos-rytas-signs-jerry-johnson-cemal-nalga |title=Lietuvos Rytas signs Jerry Johnson, Cemal Nalga |author= |date=6 June 2010 |website=[[Euroleague]] |access-date=19 June 2015}}</ref> and the [[VTB United League]].
However, after playing a handful of games in the domestic league and United League, Johnson suffered a foot injury in October that sidelined him for more than a month.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.euroleague.net/news/i/76805/l-rytas-loses-johnson-long-term |title=L. Rytas loses Johnson long-term |author= |date=10 October 2010 |website=[[Euroleague]] |access-date=19 June 2015}}</ref>

After playing a few more games for Lietuvos rytas (none in the Euroleague), Johnson returned to the Turkish league in January 2011, signing with [[Galatasaray S.K. (men's basketball)|Galatasaray]] for the rest of the season.<ref name=EurocupGala />
He contributed 11.6 points and 3.2 assists in 23 minutes per game as Galatasaray reached the [[2010–11 Turkish Basketball League#Play-offs|championship finals]], losing to [[Fenerbahçe Men's Basketball|Fenerbahçe]] despite his 19 points and 8 assists in the decisive game.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tblstat.net/pd.asp?p=1350&s=1011 |title=Johnson, Jerry - 2010-2011|author= |website=TBLStat.net |access-date=19 June 2015}}</ref>

===BC Astana===

During the next offseason his agent secured him a contract,<ref name=Lancaster30 /> to play for newly formed [[BC Astana]] in both the [[Kazakhstan Division I Basketball League|Kazakhstan Basketball League]] and the VTB United League, he signed a one-year contract in June 2011.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://en.tengrinews.kz/sport/American-guard-joined-Astana-basketball-team-2682/ |title=American guard joined Astana basketball team |author= |date=24 June 2011 |website=Tengrinews |publisher=Effective Media Liaison JSC |access-date=19 June 2015}}</ref>

In his first year in [[Kazakhstan]], the American won both the domestic league and [[Kazakhstan Basketball Cup|cup]], in the [[2011–12 VTB United League]] Astana finished 7th of their group with a 7-9 record, he scored 14 points to help the side achieve their first victory in the league against [[BC Žalgiris|Žalgiris]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vtb-league.com/en/game/770.htm?sid=14733 |title=The first victory of "Astana" - and directly over "Zalgiris"! |author= |date=9 October 2011 |website=[[VTB United League]] |location=Kaunas (Lithuania) |access-date=19 June 2015}}</ref>
The now 30-year-old extended his contract for two years in the summer of 2012.<ref name=Lancaster30 /><ref name=BCAContract>{{cite web |url=http://www.bcastana.kz/en/news/id/9215 |title=Ramunas Butautas: I am glad that Jerry Johnson will stay in BC Astana |author= |date=17 June 2015 |website=[[BC Astana]] |access-date=19 June 2015}}</ref>

The 2012-13 proved a repeat domestically, with Astana again achieving a domestic double, with Johnson earning All-tournament team selections on both occasions.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vtb-league.com/en/news/budivelnik-and-astana--winners-of-cups-in-their-countries.htm |title=Budivelnik and Astana – winners of Cups in their countries |author= |date=26 March 2013 |website=[[VTB United League]] |access-date=19 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vtb-league.com/en/news/astana-wins-kazakh-league.htm |title=Astana wins Kazakh league |author= |date=29 April 2013 |website=[[VTB United League]] |access-date=19 June 2015}}</ref>
He was also an important contributor to the Kazakhstani side reaching the [[2012–13 VTB United League#Playoffs|VTB United League playoffs]] in only its second participation in the league.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vtb-league.com/en/news/astana-on-the-rise.htm |title=Astana. Striving forward |author= |date=18 September 2013 |website=[[VTB United League]] |access-date=19 June 2015}}</ref>

The next season, Johnson had an injury scare in the second United League game of the season after hurting his back, however he came back the next game to pick up a Week MVP award. He posted 14.8 points, 2.9 rebounds and 7.5 assists, [[List of VTB United League season assists leaders|leading the league in assists]] and being selected as one of the contenders for the season MVP award.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vtb-league.com/en/news/15-regular-season-stars.htm |title=From Gerasimenko to Kurtinaitis: 15 stars of the regular season |author= |date=31 March 2014 |website=[[VTB United League]] |access-date=19 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vtb-league.com/en/mvpmonth/mvp-of-the-regular-season-2014.htm |title=The regular-season MVP |author= |website=[[VTB United League]] |access-date=19 June 2015}}</ref>
Now captaining the squad, Johnson was a "driving force" for Astana,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vtb-league.com/en/news/astana-is-now-an-established-brand.htm |title=Valery Tikhonenko: Astana is now an established brand |author= |date=28 August 2014 |website=[[VTB United League]] |access-date=19 June 2015}}</ref> leading them to another [[2013–14 VTB United League#Playoffs|playoff appearance]] and domestic double (again a First Team selection in both the Kazakhstan league and cup).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vtb-league.com/en/news/astana-wins-kazakhstan-cup.htm |title=Astana wins Kazakhstan Cup |author= |date=4 March 2014 |website=[[VTB United League]] |access-date=19 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vtb-league.com/en/news/astana-captures-kazakh-championship.htm |title=Astana captures Kazakh championship |author= |date=23 April 2014 |website=[[VTB United League]] |access-date=19 June 2015}}</ref>

In [[2014–15 VTB United League|2014-15]] the guard again led the United League in assists, earning another MVP nomination as he contributed 16.2 points and 8.3 assists.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vtb-league.com/en/news/10-contenders-for-most-valuable-player.htm |title=10 contenders for Most Valuable Player |author= |date=13 April 2015 |website=[[VTB United League]] |access-date=19 June 2015}}</ref> He was crucial in Astana's third consecutive playoff run, though they again stalled in the first round, heavily beaten by perennial champions [[PBC CSKA Moscow|CSKA Moscow]], with his 16 points, 5 rebounds and 7 assists in game 3 not enough.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vtb-league.com/en/news/cska-first-to-reach-semifinals.htm |title=CSKA first to reach semifinals |author= |date=7 May 2015 |website=[[VTB United League]] |access-date=19 June 2015}}</ref>
That season also marked the European debut of Astana, in the third tier [[2014–15 EuroChallenge]], he led his team to the Last 16 of the competition, with a Week 2 MVP performance of 29 points (7 for 9 in three-point shots) and 13 assists.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fibaeurope.com/eurochallenge/cid_04nV5LW1InMnPsDwhkujE0.teamID_97806.compID_BYg5Rb55Jw-G5I3MZ6JB01.season_2015.roundID_10369.playerID_55197.coid_i3TrQzbVGWopXRNzdzQwY1.articleMode_on.html |title=Johnson is Last 16 Week 2 top performer |author= |date=22 January 2015 |website=[[FIBA Europe]] |access-date=19 June 2015}}</ref>
He also was selected in the All-Final Four Team of the Kazakhstani league as Astana won its fourth consecutive title,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vtb-league.com/en/news/astana-wins-kazakh-championship.htm |title=Astana wins Kazakh championship |author= |date=11 April 2015 |website=[[VTB United League]] |access-date=19 June 2015}}</ref> though they did win the cup.

In June 2015 Johnson renewed his contract until the end of the 2015-16 season.<ref name=BCAContract />

==International career==
After two years and as many national championships and cups in Kazakhstan, he was offered Kazakhstani citizenship in 2013 in order to play for the [[Kazakhstan national basketball team|Kazakhstan national team]] at the [[2013 FIBA Asia Championship]]. He accepted the offer, becoming the first naturalised player for Kazakhstan,<ref name=StarDie>{{cite web |url=http://www.philstar.com/sports/fiba-asia-2013/news/2013/08/09/1069841/do-or-die-duel-dream-come-true |title=Do-or-die duel a dream come true |last=Henson |first=Joaquin |date=9 August 2015 |website=[[The Philippine Star]] |location=Manila (Philippines) |access-date=19 June 2015}}</ref> he was reunited with BC Astana coach [[Matteo Boniciolli]] on the side.<ref name=LancasterKaz>{{cite web |url=http://lancasteronline.com/sports/pro-basketball-mccaskey-grad-jerry-johnson-a-hit-in-kazakhstan/article_5f1352e2-c290-5b4b-aaa0-3527d8901f7c.html |title=Pro basketball: McCaskey grad Jerry Johnson a hit in Kazakhstan |last=Gross |first=Mike |date=9 May 2013 |website=LancasterOnline |publisher=[[LNP Media Group]] |access-date=19 June 2015}}</ref>

Though he was bothered by niggles to the shoulder and hamstring,<ref name=StarDie /> Johnson posted a team second 12.2 points, 3.1 rebounds and a team high 5 assists per game as Kazakhstan started the tournament with 3 wins before losing the rest of their games,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://archive.fiba.com/pages/eng/fa/player/p/pid/55197/sid/6583/tid/2304/_//index.html |title=Kazakhstan: 5 - Jerri Johnson |author= |website=[[FIBA]] |access-date=19 June 2015}}</ref> including a 58-88 loss to the [[Philippines men's national basketball team|Philippines]] which saw Johnson restricted to 8 points.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.philstar.com/sports/fiba-asia-2013/news/2013/08/10/1073651/el-granada-explosion-lifts-gilas-final-four |title=El Granada explosion lifts Gilas to Final Four |last=Beltran |first=Nelson |date=10 August 2015 |website=[[The Philippine Star]] |location=Manila (Philippines) |access-date=19 June 2015}}</ref>

Accumulated Statistics "He hurt his right shoulder in a bumping accident during a practice game with the PBA team San Mig Coffee and there is pain when he goes up for a three-pointer," said Boniciolli. "Jerry's hamstring is also bothering him. That's why he didn't play against Iran. Our medical staff is working on him. We want him to be at a 100 percent.

He was unable to represent Kazakhstan in the [[Basketball at the 2014 Asian Games – Men's tournament|2014 Asian Games]] as [[Olympic Council of Asia]] rules required three years of residency.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.philstar.com/sports/2014/09/24/1372577/teams-hurt-residency-rule-asiad |title=Teams hurt by residency rule in Asiad |last=Henson |first=Joaquin |date=24 September 2014 |website=[[The Philippine Star]] |location=Manila (Philippines) |access-date=19 June 2015}}</ref>

==Honours==

===Individual===

====Professional====
*'''Kazakhstan Basketball League''': All-League Team ([[Kazakhstan Division I Basketball League|2013, 2014]]), All-Final Four Team ([[Kazakhstan Division I Basketball League|2015]])
*'''Kazakhstan Cup''': All-Kazakhstan Cup Team [[Kazakhstan Basketball Cup|2013, 2014]]

====College====
*'''Rider University Broncs''': Hall of Fame (inducted [[Rider Broncs|2013]]), (Athlete of the Year ([[Rider Broncs|2005]])
*'''All-Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference''': First Team ([[Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference|2003, 2004, 2005]]), Third Team ([[Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference|2002]])
*'''Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference''': Rookie of the Year ([[Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference|2002]])
*'''Metro Atlantic Athletic Conference Tournament''': All-Tournament Team ([[MAAC Men's Basketball Tournament|2005]])

===Team===

====Club====
*'''Kazakhstan Basketball League''': champion ([[Kazakhstan Division I Basketball League|2012, 2013, 2014, 2015]])
*'''Kazakhstan Cup''': winner ([[Kazakhstan Basketball Cup|2011, 2012, 2013, 2014]])
*'''Belgium Basketball League''': champion ([[Basketball League Belgium Division I|2008, 2009, 2010]])
*'''Belgian Cup''': winner ([[Belgian Basketball Cup|2009]])

==See also==
[[List of VTB United League season assists leaders]]

==References==
{{reflist|3}}

==External links==
*[http://www.vtb-league.com/en/player/jerry-johnson.htm?sid=89632 VTB United League profile] Retrieved 19 June 2015
*[http://basketball.realgm.com/player/Jerry-Johnson/Summary/18386 RealGM profile] Retrieved 19 June 2015

{{Kazakhstan Squad 2013 FIBA Asia Championship}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Johnson, Jerry}}
[[Category:1987 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:American expatriate basketball people in Belgium]]
[[Category:American expatriate basketball people in France]]
[[Category:American expatriate basketball people in Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:American expatriate basketball people in Lithuania]]
[[Category:American expatriate basketball people in Poland]]
[[Category:American expatriate basketball people in Turkey]]
[[Category:Basketball players from Pennsylvania]]
[[Category:BC Astana players]]
[[Category:BC Lietuvos rytas players]]
[[Category:Galatasaray S.K. (men's basketball) players]]
[[Category:Kazakhstani men's basketball players]]
[[Category:Point guards]]
[[Category:Rider Broncs men's basketball players]]
[[Category:Spirou Charleroi players]]

Almas Uteshov

2016-12-24T11:18:39Z

John of Reading: Typo/general fixes, replaced: the the → the using AWB

{{MedalTableTop}}
{{MedalSport|Men's [[Olympic weightlifting|Weightlifting]]}}
{{MedalCountry|{{KAZ}}}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[World Weightlifting Championships|World Championships]]}}
{{MedalSilver|[[2013 World Weightlifting Championships|2013 Wrocław]]|[[2013 World Weightlifting Championships – Men's 94 kg|–94 kg]]}}
{{Medal|DQ|[[2015 World Weightlifting Championships|2015 Houston]]|[[2015 World Weightlifting Championships – Men's 94 kg|–94 kg]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Asian Weightlifting Championships|Asian Championships]]}}
{{MedalBronze|[[2009 Asian Weightlifting Championships|2009 Taldykorgan]]|[[2009 Asian Weightlifting Championships – Men's 94 kg|–94 kg]]}}
{{MedalBottom}}
'''Almas Uteshov''' (born 30 March 1988) is a Kazakhstani [[Olympic weightlifting|weightlifter]]. He competed for Kazakhstan at the [[Weightlifting at the 2012 Summer Olympics|2012 Summer Olympics]].<ref>[http://www.london2012.com/athlete/uteshov-almas-1136184/ London 2012]</ref>

In November 2016 it was announced retests of the samples taken from the 2012 Olympics indicated that Uteshov had tested positive for prohibited substances. The IOC Disciplinary Commission disqualified Uteshov from the Olympic Games 2012.<ref>[https://www.olympic.org/news/ioc-sanctions-12-athletes-for-failing-anti-doping-test-at-london-2012 IOC SANCTIONS 12 ATHLETES FOR FAILING ANTI-DOPING TEST AT LONDON 2012 olympic.org]</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Uteshov, Almas}}
[[Category:Kazakhstani male weightlifters]]
[[Category:Weightlifters at the 2012 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Olympic weightlifters of Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:1988 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:World Weightlifting Championships medalists]]
[[Category:Weightlifters at the 2006 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Weightlifters at the 2010 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Weightlifters at the 2014 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Asian Games medalists in weightlifting]]
[[Category:Asian Games silver medalists for Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Doping cases in weightlifting]]
[[Category:Kazakhstani sportspeople in doping cases]]

{{Kazakhstan-weightlifting-bio-stub}}

Energy in Kazakhstan

2016-11-29T19:55:49Z

John of Reading: /* Oil */Typo fixing, replaced: Accoring → According using AWB

'''Energy in Kazakhstan''' describes [[World energy resources and consumption|energy]] and [[Electricity generation|electricity]] production, consumption and import in [[Kazakhstan]]. [[Energy policy of Kazakhstan]] describes the [[politics of Kazakhstan]] related to energy.

== Overview ==

Kazakhstan is net energy exporter. Kazakhstan has oil, gas, coal and uranium reserves. Kazakhstan is a leading energy producer in the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS). It is a major producer of oil, gas, and coal, as well as being the largest producer and exporter of uranium ore in the world.
<ref>http://www.world-nuclear-news.org/enf-kazakhstan-tops-uranium-league-2701147.html</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="7" align="center" style="background-color: #cfb;" | Energy in Kazakhstan<ref name=IEA2015>IEA Key World Energy Statistics Statistics [http://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/KeyWorld_Statistics_2015.pdf 2015], [http://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/keyworld2014.pdf 2014 (2012R as in November 2015] + 2012 as in March 2014 is comparable to previous years statistical calculation criteria, [http://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/KeyWorld2013.pdf 2013], [http://www.iea.org/publications/freepublications/publication/kwes.pdf 2012], [http://www.iea.org/textbase/nppdf/free/2011/key_world_energy_stats.pdf 2011], [http://www.iea.org/textbase/nppdf/free/2010/key_stats_2010.pdf 2010], [http://www.iea.org/textbase/nppdf/free/2009/key2009.pdf 2009], [http://www.iea.org/textbase/nppdf/free/2006/key2006.pdf 2006] [[International Energy Agency|IEA]] October, crude oil p.11, coal p. 13 gas p. 15</ref>
|-
! style="background-color: #cfb;" |
! style="background-color: #cfb;" | Capita
! style="background-color: #cfb;" | Prim. energy
! style="background-color: #cfb;" | Production
! style="background-color: #cfb;" | Export
! style="background-color: #cfb;" | Electricity
! style="background-color: #cfb;" | CO2-emission
|-----
! style="background-color: #cfb;" |
! style="background-color: #cfb;" | Million
! style="background-color: #cfb;" | TWh
! style="background-color: #cfb;" | TWh
! style="background-color: #cfb;" | TWh
! style="background-color: #cfb;" | TWh
! style="background-color: #cfb;" | Mt
|-----
| align="left" | 2004 || align="right"| 15.0 || align="right" | 638 || align="right" | 1,379 || align="right" | 742 || align="right" | 54.4 || align="right" | 162.2
|-----
| align="left" | 2007 || align="right"| 15.5 || align="right" | 773 || align="right" | 1,582 || align="right" | 811 || align="right" | 68.9 || align="right" | 190.5
|-----
| align="left" | 2008 || align="right"| 15.7 || align="right" | 825 || align="right" | 1,723 || align="right" | 899 || align="right" | 73.5 || align="right" | 201.6
|-----
| align="left" | 2009 || align="right"| 15.9 || align="right" | 766 || align="right" | 1,696 || align="right" | 931 || align="right" | 71.6 || align="right" | 189.5
|-----
| align="left" | 2012 || align="right"| 16.6 || align="right" | 908 || align="right" | 1,863 || align="right" | 972 || align="right" | 81.0 || align="right" | 234.2
|-----
| align="left" | 2012R || align="right"| 16.79 || align="right" | 871 || align="right" | 1,915 || align="right" | 1,023 || align="right" | 85.4 || align="right" | 225.8
|-----
| align="left" | 2013 || align="right"| 17.04 || align="right" | 948 || align="right" | 1,966 || align="right" | 994 || align="right" | 83.4 || align="right" | 244.9
|-----
| align="left" | Change 2004-09 || align="right"| 6.0% || align="right" | 20.1% || align="right" | 22.9% || align="right" | 25.6% || align="right" | 31.7% || align="right" | 16.9%
|-----
| align="left" colspan=7 | Mtoe = 11.63 TWh, Prim. energy includes energy losses.
2012R = CO2 calculation criteria changed, numbers updated 
|}

According to [[International Energy Agency|IEA]] primary energy supply increased 29% and energy export 21% from 2004 to 2008 in Kazakhstan.

== Energy by sources ==
Kazakhstan started looking for ways to use [[renewable energy in Kazakhstan|its renewable energy sources]].<ref name="azi1">{{cite web|title=Kazakhstan to establish fund to finance energy-saving programs|url=http://www.azernews.az/region/85700.html|work=www.azernews.az}}</ref> In late January 2015, an action plan was adopted on the development of renewable energy for the period of 2013 to 2020.<ref name="azi1"/>

On July 20, 2015 Kazakhstan Investment and Development Minister announced that the country would establish a special fund engaged in financing energy-saving programs.<ref name="azi1"/>

In the first half of 2016, Kazakhstan significantly increased the installed capacity of renewable energy facilities, which totaled 251.55 megawatts. It is 1.4 times more than in the same period of 2015.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kazakhstan raises capacity of renewable energy facilities|url=http://en.trend.az/business/economy/2546131.html|website=en.trend.az}}</ref>

=== Oil ===
Kazakhstan has estimated 30 billion barrels of oil reserves. The main reserves are in five largest onshore oil fields of Tengiz – the largest oil producing field with 565,000 barrels per day of crude in 2011 - Karachaganak, Aktobe, Mangistau, and Uzen, all of which are located in the western part of the country. These hold half of current proven reserves. The offshore fields of Kashagan and Kurmanagazy in the Caspian Sea are estimated to hold minimum 14 million barrels. With 9 – 11 billion barrels, Kashagan is the largest oil field outside of the Middle East. It is estimated to come on stream in 2016 and reach production of 1.5 million barrels per day at its peak. Kazakhstan is a major oil producer with an estimated total production of 1.64 million barrels per day in 2013. The country consumes around 13 per cent of the supply domestically and exports the rest to major oil markets. To continue expanding the liquids production above its current levels, the country needs to develop its Tengiz, Karachaganak, and Kashagan fields as well as add export capacity.<ref name="eia.gov">[http://www.eia.gov/countries/analysisbriefs/Kazakhstan/kazakhstan.pdf US Energy Information Administration Kazakhstan Snapshot 2013]</ref>

KazMunayGas (KMG), the national oil and gas company, was created in 2002 to represent the interests of the state in the oil and gas industry. The oil production development has been made possible largely due to significant foreign investment, primarily from the Netherlands and the US in the early 2000s. In 2010, the Kazakh government took away KMG’s responsibility to regulate the sector to enable the company’s higher level of involvement in the commercial sector. The government now reserves a majority stake for KMG in all new projects and joint ventures. KMG now controls 20 per cent of total oil and gas proved reserves of Kazakhstan and produces 27 per cent of total oil and gas condensate and 14 per cent of gas.<ref>[http://www.ey.com/Publication/vwLUAssets/Kazakhstan_oil_and_gas_tax_guide_2014/$FILE/EY-Kazakhstan_oil_and_gas_tax_guide_2014.pdf E&Y Kazakhstan Oil and Gas Tax Guide 2014]</ref>

Kazakhstan has three major refineries - Atyrau,<ref>[http://kazworld.info/?p=58130 Company Overview of Atyrau Refinery LLP]</ref> Shymkent and Pavlodar. Their combined crude refining capacity amounts to around 350,000 barrels per day, roughly evenly split amongst the three. Due to aged infrastructure, they mostly operate only at 60 per cent of their capacity. The government has made significant investment in the modernization of these units to be completed around 2016.<ref name="eia.gov"/>

In mid-2016, a group of oil companies led by Chevron announced a $36.8 billion investment deal for the development of Kazakhstan’s Tengiz oil field. According to experts, this investment may allow Kazakhstan to become a top 10 oil producer.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kazakhstan Moves Towards Becoming A Top 10 Oil Producer|url=http://oilprice.com/Energy/Crude-Oil/Kazakhstan-Moves-Towards-Becoming-A-Top-10-Oil-Producer.html|website=oilprice.com}}</ref>

=== Natural Gas ===
Kazakhstan’s proven reserves of natural gas are 85 trillion cubic feet. (2013). Majority of natural gas reserves are located in the west of Kazakhstan and concentrated in four fields – Karachanganak (46 per cent), Tengiz (12 per cent), Imashevskoye (7 per cent) and Kashagan (12 per cent).<ref>([http://www.eia.gov/countries/analysisbriefs/Kazakhstan/kazakhstan.pdf] US Energy Information Administration Kazakhstan Snapshot 2013)</ref> Between 2000-2012 the natural gas production increased four times to 40.1 billion cubic meters in 2012. However, only 53 per cent of this gas was for commercial purposes; the rest was re-injected into oil fields to enhance production.<ref>[http://www.azernews.az/oil_and_gas/49040.html Kazakhstan announces 2012 oil and gas production figures])</ref>

Kazakhstan’s gas production suffices to meet domestic demand of 10.5 billion cubic meters (2012). However, due to limited internal gas pipeline network that does not connect all the production centers (west) with demand centers (south, east, north), the country needs to import gas from Uzbekistan to satisfy the demand in the south of the country and from Russia to satisfy demand in the north and east. In 2012, the country exported 8.8 billion cubic meters of gas to China through the Central Asia – China pipeline. Kazakhstan serves as a major transit country for gas exports from Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan that are destined to Russia and China. In 2012, the amount of gas transited through Kazakhstan was 96.5 billion cubic meters.<ref name="eia.gov"/>

=== Coal ===
Kazakhstan sits on Central Asia’s largest recoverable coal reserves. At 33.6 billion tonnes the reserves represent 3.8 per cent of global total reserves. (2013). In 2013, the country produced 58.4 million tones.<ref>[http://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/pdf/Energy-economics/statistical-review-2014/BP-statistical-review-of-world-energy-2014-full-report.pdf BP Statistical Review of World Energy June 2014]</ref> Coal production stands at 70 per cent of what it was during the Soviet Union. The largest coal producer is Bogatyr Coal that operates the largest 4.5 billion tons open-pit coal mine in the world in Ekibastuz in the northeastern region of Kazakhstan. In 2012 Bogatyr Coal produced 46 million tons of coal.<ref>[http://www.rusal.ru/en/about/7.aspx Bogatyr Komir data]</ref>

Majority of coal, 75 percent, is used for domestic consumption, power generation in particular. The largest importers of Kazakhstan’s oil include the neighboring southern Russia and Ukraine.<ref>[http://www.eia.gov/countries/cab.cfm?fips=KZ US Energy Information Agency data]</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
! colspan="7" align="center" style="background-color: #cfb;" | Coal in Kazakhstan (Mt)<ref>IEA Key energy statistics 2012, 2010, 2009 and 2006 page 15</ref>
|-
! style="background-color: #cfb;" |
! style="background-color: #cfb;" | Production
! style="background-color: #cfb;" | Import
|-----
| align="left" | 2005 || align="right"| 79 || align="right" | 15
|-----
| align="left" | 2008 || align="right"| 108 || align="right" | 27
|-----
| align="left" | 2009 || align="right"| 101 || align="right" | 22
|-----
| align="left" | 2011 || align="right"| 117 || align="right" | 34
|-----
|}

A major concern of the coal mines of Kazakhstan is safety and prevention and control of mine explosions.<ref>[http://www.finnwatch.org/images/stories/Kivihiili_EN_web.pdf Coal from the East and the South], Responsibility in energy company coal purchases, FinnWatch 23.12.2010</ref>

In 2009 Kazakhstan was '''''8. top coal producer''''': 96 million tonnes hard coal and 5 million tonnes brown coal. 22 Mt of hard coal was exported (2009). In 2009 Kazakhstan was world 8. top coal exporter. The top hard coal net exporters in 2009 were (Mt): [[Energy in Australia|Australia]] 262, [[Energy in Indonesia|Indonesia]] 230, [[Energy in Russia|Russia]] 93, [[Energy in Colombia|Colombia]] 69, [[Energy in South Africa|South Africa]] 67, [[Energy in the United States|United States]] 33, [[Energy in Vietnam|Vietnam]] 25, Kazakhstan 22, [[Energy in Canada|Canada]] 20 and [[Energy in Czech Republic|Czech Republic]] 4.<ref>[http://www.iea.org/textbase/nppdf/free/2010/key_stats_2010.pdf Key world energy statistics 2010] IEA</ref>
The coal of Kazakhstan has low energy value 0.444 toe/tonne compared to e.g. in this respect top coal of Australia 0.689 toe/tonne.<ref>[http://www.iea.org/textbase/nppdf/free/2010/key_stats_2010.pdf Key world energy statistics 2010] IEA page 59</ref>

Assuming both hard coal 96 Mt and brown coal 6 Mt having about the same energy value,: the coal production would have been about 101 Mt*0.444 toe/Mt*11.630 TWh/toe = 521 TWh in 2009 and export .22*0.444 toe/Mt*11.630 TWh/toe = 114 TWh.

==Electricity==
In 2013, the country produced 93.76 billion kWH - 70 billion kWh (81%) from coal, 8 from gas and 8 from hydro. The country has 71 power stations, including 5 hydro power plants located on the Irtysh river, which translates to total installed generating capacity of 19.6 GW. 75 per cent of electricity generated is consumed by industry, 11 per cent by households, 2 per cent by transportation.<ref>[http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/Country-Profiles/Countries-G-N/Kazakhstan/, Uranium and Nuclear Power in Kazakhstan, World-nuclear.org]</ref>

Kazakhstan largest solar power station "Burboye Solar-1" LLP was commissioned in July 2015. Since then during a year of operation the solar power station produced over 38.4 million kWh. Besides "Burboye Solar-1," the Zhambyl region implements nine projects of alternative energy sources.<ref>{{cite web|title=Six green energy projects to be launched in Zhambyl region by 2020|url=http://www.inform.kz/eng/article/2940414|website=www.inform.kz}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Energy policy of Kazakhstan]]

{{Portal|Energy|Sustainable development|Kazakhstan}}
{{Commons category|Energy in Kazakhstan}}

==References==
<references/>

{{Asia topic|Energy in}}
{{Europe topic|Energy in}}
{{Asia topic|Energy policy of}}
{{Europe topic|Energy policy of}}
{{Kazakhstan topics}}

[[Category:Energy in Kazakhstan| ]]

Central Mosque Almaty

2016-11-28T13:47:18Z

John of Reading: /* Gallery */Typo fixing, replaced: Ariel view → Aerial view using AWB

{{Infobox religious building
| building_name = Central Mosque Almaty
| native_name = орталық мешіті Алматы
| native_name_lang = Kazakh
| image = Almaty Central Mosque.jpg
| image_size = 370px
| alt =
| caption =
| map_type =
| map_size =
| map_caption =
| location = {{flagicon|KAZ}} [[Almaty]], [[Kazakhstan]]
| coordinates =
| latitude =
| longitude =
| coordinates_region =
| religious_affiliation = [[Hanafi]]
| rite =
| region =
| state =
| province =
| territory =
| prefecture =
| sector =
| district =
| cercle =
| municipality =
| consecration_year =
| status =
| functional_status =
| heritage_designation =
| leadership = Yesmagambet Nurbek
| patron =
| website = http://www.azan.kz/
| architecture =
| architect = Sultan Baimagambetov Zhanabayev Sharapov Kazbek Zharylgapov
| architecture_type = [[Mosque]]
| architecture_style = [[Islamic]]
| administration =
| founded_by =
| funded_by =
| general_contractor =
| facade_direction =
| groundbreaking = 1996
| year_completed = 1999
| construction_cost =
| specifications =
| capacity = 7000
| length =
| width =
| width_nave =
| height_max =
| dome_quantity =
| dome_height_outer = 36 m
| dome_height_inner =
| dome_dia_outer = 20 m
| dome_dia_inner =
| minaret_quantity =
| minaret_height =
| spire_quantity =
| spire_height =
| materials =
| nrhp =
| added =
| refnum =
| designated =
}}
'''Almaty Central Mosque''' ({{lang-kk|орталық мешіті Алматы}}) is one of the largest mosques in [[Almaty]], and [[Kazakhstan]] as well, which is designed for 7000 visitors. Built on the site of the old mosque, which functioned from 1890 as well, but was caught on fire and burned in 1987. The foundation of the mosque was filed in 1993, but the construction was completed only in 1999. In 2000, a large dome was decorated by verses of Quran and calligraphy which was performed by Turkish art masters. A high-quality sound equipment was purchased and also installed. The repair was carried out throughout the first floor, which has a powerful air conditioning, office of the chief imam and accountant supplied with modern equipment, the chairs in the room to read the Quran have been replaced by made of precious wood.

On December 22, 2006, the [[National Bank of Kazakhstan]] officially added Central Mosque symbol to the 500 tenge which was a 925 silver edition of 4000 pieces. The purpose of featuring Central Mosque to a currency symbol was to promote the understanding of the whole culture of Kazakhstan, and to show that converting to a religion teaches peaceful spiritual and moral self-improvement of the individual.<ref>https://en.tengrinews.kz/politics_sub/Chief-Imam-of-Almaty-Central-Mosque-resigned-16136/</ref>

[[File:Coin of Kazakhstan CentMask-r.jpg|180px|thumb|left|Mosque in Tenge coin.]]

==Gallery==
<gallery mode=packed widths="130px" heights="130px">
File:Almaty 13.jpg|View of the mosque with a blue colored dome
Almaty Mosque (4002011065).jpg|Mosque during the evening
File:ALAMosque.JPG|Dome during renovation
File:Golden Dome Mosque.png|Golden colored dome
File:Mosque Aerial Shoot.png|Aerial view of the Central Mosque
File:Golden Crescent.png|Golden Crescent in the main dome
</gallery>

==References==
<references/>

{{Mosques in Kazakhstan}}

{{coord missing|Kazakhstan}}

[[Category:Mosques in Almaty]]
[[Category:Mosques completed in 1999]]
[[Category:1999 establishments in Kazakhstan]]

Abai (opera)

2016-11-24T17:12:48Z

John of Reading: Typo/general fixes, replaced: Litterature → Literature using AWB

'''''Abai''''' (Абай) is an [[opera]] in two acts, created by Latif Khamidi and Akhmet Zhubanov, on a libretto of [[Mukhtar Auezov]], inspired by a slice of the life of the poet [[Abai Qunanbaiuli]] (1845-1904).

Created on December 24, 1944 at the Kazakh Academic Theater of Opera and Ballets during the year preceding the centenary of Qunanbaiuli's birth, it is considered as one of "the most beautiful operas written in [[kazakh language]]".<ref>« ''[http://www.newjerseystage.com/articles/getarticle.php?ID=4054 The Astana Opera Company Makes NYC Debut]'' », ''The New Jersey Stage'', 18 octobre 2014.</ref>

== History ==
For the premiere, the distribution, upon direction of Jandarbekov, included Rishat Abdulin (as Abai), Kulyash Baisseitova (as Ajar) and Anuarbek Umbetbayev (as Aidar).<ref name="Astana Times">« [http://astanatimes.com/2014/10/abai-opera-gets-warm-reception-paris/ Abai ''Opera Gets Warm Reception in Paris''][http://astanatimes.com/2014/10/abai-opera-gets-warm-reception-paris/] », ''The Astana Times'', 28 octobre 2014.</ref>

The opera has been shown in [[Moscow]] in 1958, in [[Berlin]] and [[Dresden]] in 1986 and in Paris at the [[théâtre des Champs-Élysées]] on October 26 of 2014.<ref name="Astana Times"/>

The opera is part of the repertoire of the [[Astana opera]].

== Scenario ==
Abai helps Aidar, one of his disciples, and his fiance, Ajar, to overcome the obstacles to their wedding, but a rival poisons the young man.<ref>« [http://en.tengrinews.kz/opinion/548/ ''Astana Opera Conductor Alan Buribayev’s bond with Kazakhstan’s signature opera'', Abai] », ''tengrinews.kz'', 29 août 2015.</ref>

=== First Act ===
* First scene
While nightly fleeing, Aidar and Ajar are caught by the members of the clan of Narymbet, spouse of Ajar by arranged marriage. Aidar invokes the name of Abai as his protector, but it only increases the anger of their chasers, who decide to tie him to a horse and to drag him. Abai comes and intervene in favor of the young couple, swearing to protect them. The question should be brought before the [[Aqsaqal]].
Jirenshe, an infleunt man, partisan of the clan of Narymbeta, asks Azim, another disciple of Abai, to convince Ajar of returning in her village, and to deliver up Aidar. Azim declines. Nevertheless, Azim is jealous of the poetic talent of Aidar and of the preference Abai shows towards him.
The aqsaqal visits Abai, and asks to hear Ajar. The latter explains that only love drove her to abandon her spouse, infringe the tradition and join Aidar.

* Second scene
Judgement scene upon presidency of Syrttan. Jirenshe requires the death of Aidar and the return of Ajar in her village. Azim defends Aidar, but his argumentation turns contradicted; then, Abai pleads the cause of the young couple, and wins the case. Jirenshe and the members of the clan of Narymbet swear to make Aidar perish.

=== Second Act ===
* Third scene
Celebration of Ajar and Aidar's wedding. Azim pours poison in Aidar's cup. Aidar begins a song in honour of his beloved spouse, and collapses before the end of his song.

*Fourth scene
Aidar dies. Jirenshe is first suspected of the poisoning, then Azim is declared guilty of the murder. Azim is punished, but the people is in mourning.
The opera ends with Abai leading his people and encouraging him to move forward.<ref>[http://afishaday.kz/cat/theatre/989-abay-opera-v-2-h-deystviyah.html Description of the opera], ''afishaday.kz'', 25 april 2013.</ref>

== Music ==
The music is inspired of traditional folkloric Kazakh songs and melodies, which granted to the opera a wide success, above all due to the arias of Abai « Айттым сәлем Қаламқас » (« I come to greet you, Kalamkas… ») and « Ұзын қайың » (« Birch »). The aria « Қай талқы », in which Abai hopefully sings the future of the people, has become an emblematic musical theme.

== Literature ==
* ''[http://www.madenimura.kz/ru/culture-legacy/books/book/kazahstan-nacionalnaa-enciklopedia-1-tom?category=all&page=70 Abai]'' on the national encyclopedy Almaty, 2004 ([[International Standard Book Number|ISBN]] 9965-9389-9-7) (Russian).

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Portal|Kazakhstan|Opera}}

[[Category:Kazakhstani music]]
[[Category:20th-century operas]]
[[Category:Kazakh-language operas]]

Pavel Zhitkov

2016-10-30T18:15:46Z

John of Reading: Typo/general fixes, replaced: who currently playing → who currently plays using AWB

{{Infobox ice hockey player
| image =
| caption =
| image_size = 225px
| ntl_team = Kazakhstan
| team = [[Arystan Temirtau]]
| league = [[Kazakhstan Hockey Championship|KAZ]]
| former_teams =
| position = [[Goaltender]]
| height_ft = 5
| height_in = 9
| weight_lb = 172
| catches = Left
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1984|06|04}}
| birth_place = [[Karaganda]], [[Soviet Union]]
| draft = Undrafted
| career_start = 2006
}}
'''Pavel Zhitkov''' (born June 4, 1984) is a [[Kazakhstan]]i professional [[ice hockey]] [[goaltender]] who currently plays for [[Arystan Temirtau]] in the [[Kazakhstan Hockey Championship]] league. He participated at the [[2010 IIHF World Championship]] as a member of the [[Kazakhstan men's national ice hockey team]]<ref>{{cite book |last=IIHF|title=IIHF Media Guide & Record Book 2011|year=2010 |publisher=Moydart Press |page= 181|isbn= 978-0-9867964-0-1}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Eliteprospects}}
*{{hockeydb|130758|Pavel Zhitkov}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Zhitkov, Pavel}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Karaganda]]
[[Category:Arlan Kokshetau players]]
[[Category:Arystan Temirtau players]]
[[Category:Bulat Temirtau players]]
[[Category:HC Almaty players]]
[[Category:Kazakhmys Satpaev players]]
[[Category:Kazakhstani ice hockey players]]
[[Category:1984 births]]

{{Kazakhstan-icehockey-bio-stub}}

Anjelika Akbar

2016-09-16T07:18:29Z

John of Reading: /* Career */Typo fixing, replaced: in November 2009 edition → in the November 2009 edition, On March 2016 → In March 2016 using AWB

{{Infobox musical artist
| name = Anjelika Akbar
| image = Anjelika Akbar.jpg
| image_size =
| caption = Akbar with her piano before the concert
| background = non_vocal_instrumentalist
| birth_name = Angelika Akbar
| alias =
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1969}}
| birth_place = [[Karaganda]], [[Kazakh SSR]], [[Soviet Union]]
| origin = [[Ashkenazi Jews|Jewish]]
| genre = [[classical music|Classical]]
| occupation = [[Musician]], [[Composer]], [[Concert pianist]]
| instrument = [[piano]]
| years_active = 1987-present
| associated_acts =
| website = [http://www.anjelikaakbar.com/ Akbar's Official Site]
}}

'''Anjelika Akbar''' (born 1969 in [[Karaganda]], [[Kazakh SSR]], [[Soviet Union]]) is a [[Turkey|Turkish]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.anjelikaakbar.com/Content/549/biyografi|title=Anjelika Akbar - Biography|accessdate=25 December 2012}}</ref> [[composer]], [[pianist]] and writer.

==Biography==
She was born Anjelika Rosenbaum to a [[Jewish people|Jewish]] family. Her mother was a professional musician mother, and her father, Stanislav Konstantinovich Timchenko,<ref>[http://www.martidergisi.com/benim-icin-nefes-almak-gibi-bir-sey-muzik-anjelika-akbar/ “Benim için nefes almak gibi bir şey müzik.” Anjelika Akbar]</ref> was a philosopher who also directed an orchestra. Akbar could play the [[piano]] and read [[music]] before reaching the age of 3.<ref name="DUNYA">[http://www.dunya.com/mobi/news_detail.php?id=174940 COMPOSER SYNTHESİZES WESTERN AND ORİENTAL MUSİC]. [[Dünya (newspaper, 1981)|Dünya]]</ref> Akbar began taking private piano lessons when she became 3 years old. Her first master was V. Lipovetsky, one of the founders of the [[Chinese Harbin Conservatory]] and a teacher at the [[Moscow Conservatory]].

At the age of 4, she was discovered to possess the [[Absolute Pitch|absolute pitch]], and admitted to Uspkensky State Music School,<ref name="DUNYA" /> a soviet school for [[child prodigies]], drawing the interest of the [[Moscow State Conservatory]] musicians. She continued her education at the Tashkent division of the same school, where other child prodigies like [[Alexei Sultanov]] and [[Stanislav Ioudenitch]] studied as well.

She studied her 11-year-long piano and composition in the classes of Ass. Prof. V. Fadeyeva, Prof. A. Berlin and Prof. B. Zeydman of the [[St. Petersburg State Conservatory]]. Soon after Akbar entered [[Tashkent State Conservatory]], where she studied [[Musical composition|composition]], [[orchestration]] and piano for additional 5 years to complete her education.

==Career==

Akbar completed her [[Master’s Degree]] in composition and [[orchestral conductor]] at Hacettepe State Conservatory, [[Turkey]] where she arrived in 1990<ref name="DUNYA" /> to write the music score of a film on world ecology that her husband had written. Akbar and her husband decided to stay permanently, and acquired [[Turkish citizenship]]. She received the “Degree for Proficiency in Art” in 1993<ref>[http://www.last.fm/music/Anjelika+Akbar/+wiki Biography]. Last.fm</ref> after submitting her thesis in the class of Ass. Prof. Turgay Erdener on the subject of Russian composer A. Skriabin’s “Analysis of Selected Piano Works in Harmonic, Melodic, Rhythmic, Formal and Philosophical Aspects” and composing “Symphony No.1” in Hacettepe State Conservatory. (“Proficiency in Art” is the equivalent of Doctorate for composers.)

Akbar recorded her first album “Su” (water), featuring her preludes in 1999.

She has been credited with releasing the first<ref>[http://www.dailysabah.com/music/2014/04/30/classical-musician-anjelika-akbar-returns-to-istanbul Classical musician Anjelika Akbar returns to Istanbul]. [[Sabah (newspaper)|Sabah]]</ref> solo piano adaptation of Vivaldi's [[The Four Seasons (Vivaldi)|Four Seasons]] in the history of classical music, which was published by Sony Music International in 2002, making its way to the Sony Classical catalogue as the first ever Turkish Classical Music album in their catalogue. Again in 2002, Anjelika Akbar co-performed the “Bir'den Bir'e” album with [[Rana Erkan]] and [[Zara (Turkish singer)|Zara]].

She has been working with Composer [[Ali Darmar]] since 2003. On the same year, she released her album “Bach A L'Orientale” in 2003, where she fuses Bach works with Oriental instruments.

“Bir Yudum Su” (A Drop of Water), an album including the artist's compositions and arrangements, was released in November, 2005.

She performed the Piano Concerto No.1 titled “Sevgi Çemberi” (Circle of Love) the world premiere during the introductory concert of 10th International CRR (Cemal Reşit Rey) Piano Festival. Her Symphonic Poem “Kutsal İmler” (Sacred Signs), composed for ‘Indian Instruments Group and Symphonic Orchestra’ was performed by the Symphonic Orchestra for the first time at the [[Atatürk Cultural Center]], conducted by A. Pirolli. Her tribute composition for the first president of Turkey, [[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk]], called “Güneşin Doğduğu Ufuk-Piyano ve Senfonik Orkestra için Rapsodi” (Horizon where the Sun Rises - Rhapsody for Piano and The Symphonic Orchestra) was performed by the Symphonic Orchestra of Turkey, and conducted by Rengim Gökmen as a world premiere.

In total, Akbar has composed over 400 works for the chorus, piano and other instruments with Symphonic Orchestra and Chamber Orchestra, and has performed in countless concerts in [[Russia]], [[France]], [[Germany]], the [[Baltic Countries]], [[Central Asia]], [[India]], [[Qatar]], [[Turkey]] and [[Northern Cyprus]].<ref>[http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/bach-a-lorientale----a-unique-union-of-west-and-east-in-music.aspx?pageID=438&n=bach-a-lorientale----a-unique-union-of-west-and-east-in-music-2003-02-02 'Bach A L'Orientale' -- A unique union of West and East in music]. [[Hurriyet]]</ref>

Akbar has been interviewed by two of [[Turkish Airlines]]' official monthly ''Skylife'''s journalists, Julide Karahan and Ihsan Uysal, and was featured in an article in the airline's magazine published in November 2009.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.turkishairlines.com/en-INT/skylife/2009/november/articles/anjelika-akbar.aspx|title=''Born Again Anjelika Akbar''|publisher=Turkishairlines.com, published in ''Skylife'' magazine in the November 2009 edition|accessdate=2010-11-02}}</ref>

In March 2016, the digital exhibition “Picturesque Istanbul”, containing famous paintings of Istanbul from about 200 years ago, was opened at the Istanbul Naval Museum. Akbar composed and directed the music used in the exhibition.<ref>[http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/travelling-painters-to-meet-in-istanbul-.aspx?pageID=238&nID=96196&NewsCatID=385 Travelling painters to meet in Istanbul]. [[Hurriyet]]</ref> At the end of the exhibition, she presented her concert "Oriental Rhapsody".<ref>[http://www.dailysabah.com/events/2016/03/17/pianist-anjelika-akbar-to-perform-oriental-rhapsody Pianist Anjelika Akbar to perform ‘Oriental Rhapsody']. [[Sabah (newspaper)|Sabah]]</ref>

==Awards and recognitions==
Anjelika Akbar is the holder of many awards, some of them are: Moscow “Sobesednik” Press Award; USSR Ethnic Music Award ; “Golden Lenin Award” Uzbekistan “Best Young Composer” Award; USSR Board of Composers “Best Young Composer” Award; 4TH Nejat Eczacıbaşı Composition Contest “Third Place Prize”.

The Russian Board of Composers has recognized her as the “Best Young Composer”.{{citation needed|date=October 2010}} She has become a member of Ukraine Board of Composers in 2006.<ref>[http://www.openspaceistanbul.co.uk/akbar-anjelika/ Anjelika Akbar]. Open Space Istanbul</ref> Affiliating with the Board facilitates the composer members publishing their works or performing in concerts, also meant for its members to merit the title of “Honorary Artist” rewarded by the Ministry of Culture.

==Personal life==
Mrs Akbar is married to Batu Tarman, a Turkish civil engineer and contractor, and is the mother of 2 children. Her son Yurek Akbar, from her first marriage, is a photographer.<ref name="DUNYA" />

==Discography==

===Albums===
* [[Su (album)|Su]] (1999)
* [[bir'den Bir'e]] (2002)
* [[Vivaldi - Four Seasons]] (2002)
* [[Bach A L'orientale]] (2003)
* [[Bach A L'orientale Remix]] (2004)
* [[Bir Yudum Su]] (2005)
* [[Raindrops By Anjelika]] (2009)
* [[İçimdeki Türkiyem]] (2010)
* [[Likafoni]] (2011)

==Soundtracks==
* Original soundtrack for the film ''[[Beni Unutma]]'' (2011)

== Books ==
*''İçimdeki Türkiyem'', autobiography, 2010. ISBN 9786053600718
*''Uçan Köpek Baaşa'', children's book, 2011. ISBN 9786055340001

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.anjelikaakbar.com/ Anjelika Akbar's Official Website]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Akbar, Anjelika}}
[[Category:1969 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Musicians from Ankara]]
[[Category:People from Karaganda]]
[[Category:People from Tashkent]]
[[Category:Turkish classical pianists]]
[[Category:Uzbekistani Jews]]
[[Category:Kazakhstani Jews]]
[[Category:Soviet Jews]]
[[Category:Turkish Jews]]

Epoch of Extreme Inundations

2016-08-30T08:33:54Z

John of Reading: /* Fossils */Typo fixing, replaced: times times → times using AWB

The '''Epoch of Extreme Inundations''' (EEI) is a hypothetical [[Epoch (geology)|epoch]] during which four [[landform]]s in the [[Pontic–Caspian steppe]]—marine lowlands (marine transgressions), river valleys ([[outburst flood]]s), [[marine transgression]]s (thermocarst lakes) and slopes ([[solifluction]] flows)—were widely inundated.<ref>The dynamics of landscape components and inner marine basins of Northern Eurasia over the past 130,000 years. Edited by A.A. Svitoch. GEOS. Moscow. Russia. 2002. ISBN 5-89118-268-8</ref> Catastrophic events during the epoch are theorized to have influenced prehistoric human life.

=={{anchor|History of investigation}}Research history==
In 2002, Russian geographer Andrey L. Chepalyga of the Institute of Geography at the [[Russian Academy of Sciences]] formulated the theory<ref name="Epoch of Extremal Inundations">[http://www.avalon-institute.org/IGCP/doc/ProgramIGCP2009.pdf Chepalyga A.L., H. Arslanov, T. Yanina. Detailed age control of Khvalynean basin history. Collection papers of Intern. geosciens programme conference, project 521 "Black Sea -Mediterranean corridor" Izmir 2009 p.p. 71-75]</ref><ref name="Extremal Inundations">[http://www.avalon-institute.org/IGCP/doc/OdessaAbstract.pdf Chepalyga A.L. Epoch of Extremal Floodings and human adaptation in the North Black Sea basin. Second Plenary Meeting and Field Trip of Project IGCP 521 "Black Sea-Mediterranean Corridor during last 30 ky: Sea level change and human adaptation", Odessa, Ukraine, August 20-28, 2006]</ref> to explain natural events, with field investigation and laboratory work supporting the theory. Archaeological data indicated that the period impacted human life. During the first stage of research, sources were examined for extreme hydro-climatic events between 16000 and 18000 BCE in the [[Caspian Sea|Caspian drainage basin]]. Research focused on sources of water for these events, such as [[megaflood]]s in river valleys and melting permafrost augmenting watersheds. The investigation's second stage included chronological correlation of the events using [[Stratigraphy (archaeology)|stratigraphy]], [[geomorphology]] and [[radiocarbon dating]]. This was followed by paleohydrologic reconstruction of the basins, including their level, area, volume and water exchange between basins. Based on archeological data, the influence of the events on prehistoric human life was studied. The investigation aimed to comprehensively describe the period.

==Time and place==
During the [[deglaciation]] following the [[Last Glacial Maximum]], northwestern [[Eurasia]] experienced widespread flooding from the [[Atlantic Ocean]] to the [[Yenisei River]], including the [[subarctic]] and [[Himalayas]]: over {{convert|10000000|km2|sqmi}}. Flooding occurred in four [[landform]]s: marine lowlands, river valleys, watersheds and slopes, and peaked 17,000 to 15,000 years ago.

==Geology==
The basins' bottom and [[Littoral zone|littoral]] sediments and their [[fossil]]s contain geological evidence of the EEI. In the [[Caspian Sea|Caspian basin]], bottom sediments attributable to the epoch differ from the under- and overlying layers in a number of ways<ref>Badyukova E.N. (2000). Genesis of the Khvalynian (Pleistocene) chocolate clays of Northern Caspian region. Buil. Moscow Soc. Naturalists. Sect. geol. V.75, 5. pp. 25–31</ref><ref>Chistyakova I.A. (2001) Material composition of the early Khvalynian sediments. Buil. Com. Quat Res. 64. pp. 61–69. (In Russian)</ref><ref>Leontyev O.K., Maev E.G., Rychagov G.I. 1977. Geomorphology of coasts and floor of the Caspian Sea. . Moscow: Moscow University Press. (In Russian</ref> and are called "chocolate clays" because of their reddish-brown color. The chocolate clays and related Khvalynean sediments are usually {{convert|3|–|5|m}}, occasionally exceeding {{convert|20|–|25|m}}. They are primarily limited to the [[Caspian Depression]], from the modern Caspian coast to the foothills of the surrounding mountains.

===Stratigraphy===
In the marine sequence of the Caspian basin, the Khvalynean layers are above the Late Khazarian ones (which date to the last interglacial period) and below the New Caspian (Holocene) deposits. They are separated from the Lower Khazarian series by continental Atelian layers synchronous to marine sediments from the Atelian basin. The level of the latter was {{convert|110|–|120|m}} below the present Caspian level—in other words, {{convert|140|-|150|m}} below sea level.<ref>Lokhin M.Yu., Maev E.G. (1990) The late Pleistocene deltas on the northern shelf of the Northern Caspian Sea. Vestnik MGU, Ser. Geogr. 3, 34–40. (In Russian)</ref><ref>Maev E.G. (1994) Caspian regressions: their place in the Quaternary history of the Caspian Sea and impact on the sea floor relief formation. Geomorphologiya. 2, 94–101. (In Russian)</ref> In the Caspian Depression, the Khvalynean sediments occur primarily near the surface; younger still (and higher in the sequence) are the [[Holocene]] floodplain [[Lacustrine deposits|lacustrine]] and marine (New Caspian) sediments.

EEI deposits in the [[Black Sea]] basin occur in the New Euxinian series. On the continental slope and in the deep-sea basin, they are a light reddish-brown and a pale yellow mud {{convert|.5|–|1|m|in}} thick.<ref>Ryan W.B.F., Pitman W.C.I., Major C.O., Shimkus K., Moskalenko V., et al. 1997. An abrupt drowning of the Black Sea shelf. Mar. Geol. 138: 119–26</ref> In color they resemble the chocolate clays of the Caspian basin, and their age is near that of the latter (15,000 BP).

===Fossils===
Indicators of an EEI are brackish-water mollusk species close to modern North Caspian ones. Among these are Caspian [[Endemism|endemic]] species of the ''Limnocardiidae'' family, such as the Didacna Eichwald genus.<ref>Nevesskaya L.A. (1965) Late Quaternary bivalve mollusks of the Black Sea: their systematics and ecology. Acad. nauk SSSR Paleont. Inst. Trudy 105: 1–390 (In Russian)</ref> Although the latter is not presently found outside the Caspian Sea, it occurred widely in the Azov—Black Sea basin during the Pleistocene until the Karangatian era.{{cn|date=January 2016}}

[[Gastropoda|Gastropods]] are represented by the Caspian endemic genera ''[[Caspia]]'' and ''[[Hydrobiidae|Micromelania]]''. Shells of the Early Khvalynean complex are distinguished by their small size (two to three times smaller than present ones) and thin walls. The complex is usually considered as a product of cold climate and low salinity. New Black Sea sediments contain mollusks of the Caspian type.<ref>Algan O., Cagatay N., Tchepalyga A., Ongan D., Eastoe C., Gokasan E. (2001) Stratigraphy of the sediment fill in Bosphorus Strait: water exchange between the Black and Mediterranean Seas during the last glacial – Holocene. Geo.-Mar.Lett. 20:209-18</ref>

=={{anchor|Cascade of Eurasians basins}}Eurasian basins==
===Marine basins and spillways===
Marine transgressions in the Black and Caspian Sea basins formed a number of sea-lakes (the [[Aral Sea|Aral]], Caspian and Black Seas and the [[Sea of Marmara]]) connected by spillways:<ref>Popov G.I. Pleistocene of the Black Sea–Caspian straits. Moscow: Nauka Press. 215 pp. 1983.</ref> the [[Uzboy River]], the [[Kuma–Manych Depression]], the [[Bosphorus]] and the [[Dardanelles]]. The large basin covered about {{convert|1500000|km2|sqmi}} and held up to 700,000 km3 of water and 5000 km3 (10 billion tons) of salt. Discharging more than 60,000 m3 per second, it ran 3,000 km west to east (from the [[Mediterranean]] to Central [[Asia]]) and 2,500 km (from 57 to 35°N) north to south. Its [[drainage basin]] covered more than three million km3.{{cn|date=January 2016}}

The Eurasian cascade system of seas and lakes is unparalleled in water area. The largest intra-continental lake system of today (the [[Great Lakes]] of [[North America]]) is six times smaller (245,000 km2), with a water volume 30 times smaller (22,700 km3), a discharge four times smaller (14,000 m3/s) and a drainage basin three times smaller.{{cn|date=January 2016}}

The peak inundation apparently centered on the Khvalynean basin (the recent [[Caspian Sea]]). Its level rose and its area increased six times, to one million square kilometers. Its water volume doubled (to 130,000 km3), with a [[salinity]] of 10-12[[Per mille|‰]]. Its waters overflowed the Caspian depression down the Manych-Kerch spillway.<ref>{{Citation|url=http://paleogeo.org/manych_en.html|title=Paleohydrological Reconstruction of Manych-Kerch Spillway|accessdate=27 January 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110405202240/http://paleogeo.org/manych_en.html|archivedate=5 April 2011}}</ref><ref>Chepalyga A.L., Pirogov A.N. Extreme sedimentation in the Manych valley during Khvalynean transgression. Proceedings of the tenth international symposium on river sedimentation. August 1–4,. 2007. MSU. Moscow</ref><ref>Pirogov A.N. Paleogeographic reconstruction of the Manych-Kerch spillway. In: Geology and geochemistry. MPSU. Moscow. 2004. pp. 34-35</ref>

===Sources of water===
Additional water sources would have been necessary for the EEI. To fill the Caspian basin to a level of more than {{convert|50|m}} would require as much as 70,000 km3 of water, equivalent to 200 years of river discharge into the Caspian Sea. Water flowed through the Manych Spillway (250 to 1,000 km3 per year) and some (more than 100 km3 per year) was lost through evaporation. Water may have come from:
* Outburst floods in river valleys
* Melting of [[permafrost]]
* Increased runoff due to permafrost
* Greater drainage basin (including Central Asia, now closed)
* Decreased evaporation due to winter ice
Outburst floods have been inferred from studies of macro[[meander]]s in river valleys.<ref>[http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6VF0-42D8164-V&_user=10&_coverDate=02%2F28%2F2001&_rdoc=1&_fmt=high&_orig=gateway&_origin=gateway&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_searchStrId=1747377154&_rerunOrigin=google&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=47e55d6b3d255d5e3b920ca30a29fe80&searchtype=a Sidorchuk A., Borisova O., Panin A. (2001) Fluvial response to the Late Valdai/Holocene environmental change on the East European Plain. Global and Planetary Change, 28: 303–318]</ref><ref>Sidorchuk A., Panin A., Borisova O., Kovalyukh N. (2001b). Lateglacial and Holocene palaeohydrology of the lower Vychegda river, western Russia. In: River basin sediment systems: Archives of environmental change. D.Maddy, M.G.Macklin & J.C.Woodward, eds. A.A.Balkema Publishers. Pp. 265–295</ref> Macromeanders dated to the EEI exceed modern ones in size. Their width tends to increase from north to south; they are similar to modern meanders on the [[tundra]], two to three times wider at the [[Tree line#Arctic|tree line]], three to five times wider in the [[taiga]], five to eight times wider in the [[Forest#Temperate needleleaf|mixed-forest zone]], 10 times wider in the [[Forest#Temperate broadleaf and mixed|broadleaf zone]] and 13 times in the [[forest steppe]] and the [[steppe]].<ref>Sidorchuk A., Panin A., Borisova O. 2003. The Lateglacial and Holocene palaeohydrology of Northern Eurasia. In: Palaeohydrology: Understanding Global Change. K.J.Gegory and G. Benito, eds. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. pp. 61-75</ref>

==Catastrophe==
{{unreferenced section|date=January 2016}}
The rate of water-level rise during the EEI may be inferred from the duration of the epoch, estimated at five to six hundred years. Assuming an equal length of the phases of rising, high water and subsiding (150 to 200 years each), the sea level would rise by {{convert|180|–|190|m}} at a rate of at least one meter per year.

The Caspian Sea has risen {{convert|2.5|m}} since 1978, as much as {{convert|10|cm}} per year, with an adverse impact on human activity. The Khvalynean transgression was more catastrophic, especially the rate of coastline shift in the plains of the North Caspian region. The coastline moved from the Atelian coast (near the [[Mangystau Region|Mangyshlak sill]]) {{convert|1000|km}} north, {{convert|5|to|10|km}} a year. Even greater was the northward migration of the mouth of the [[Volga River]], which moved more than {{convert|2000|km}} upstream in 150 to 200 years—more than {{convert|10|km}} annually, or about {{convert|30|m}} per day.

=={{anchor|Great Flood|Influence on the early man}}Influence on humans==
[[Floodplain]]s and natural spillways influenced human migration. P. M. Dolukhanov of the School of Historical Studies at [[Newcastle University]] has concluded that the Caspian-Black Sea spillway across the Kumo-Manych valley isolated the Caucasus and Central Asia. The spread of [[Upper Paleolithic]] technology in the region became possible only after the crest of the Upper Khvalynian transgression from 12,500 to 12,000 BP.<ref>[http://www.benthamscience.com/open/togeogj/articles/V002/1TOGEOGJ.pdf P.M. Dolukhanov at all. Late Quaternary Caspian: Sea-Levels, Environments and Human Settlement. The open geography journal. 2. 2009. pp.1-15]</ref><ref>Arslanov KA, Dolukhanov PM, Gei NA. Climate, Black Sea levels and human settlements in Caucasus Littoral 50,000 - 9,000 BP. Quaternary International 2007; 167-168: 121-7.</ref>
At Kamennaya Balka,<ref>Leonova N. The Caucasus and Russian Plain in the Late Pleistocene (cultural contacts and migrations) // Annual meeting Society American Archaeologists, Seattle, 2002.</ref><ref>[http://www.lomonosov-fund.ru/enc/ru/library:0134940 Leonova N.B, Minkov E.V. Spatial Analysis of Faunal Remains from Kamennaya Balka II.]</ref> an Upper Paleolithic site in [[Russia]], of three layers the lower and upper ones contain small stone tools of [[Near East]]ern origin.<ref>[http://www.geoenv.ru/izdat/books/book21-eng.htm N.B. Leonova, S.A. Nesmeyanov, E.A. Vinogradova, O.A. Voeikova, M.D. Gvozdover, E. V. Min'kov, E.A. Spiridonova, S.A. Sycheva. The Paleoecology Of The Plains Paleolithic (The Kamennaja Balka Upper Paleolithic Sites North Of Sea Of Azov).Institute of Environment Geoscience RAS. Moscow. 2006.]</ref> This indicates cultural connections in the southern regions (the [[Caucasus]] and [[Iraq]]). The middle layer indicates an indigenous Kamennaya Balka culture, without small stone tools. Its age (17,000 to 15,000 BP) coincides with Manych-Kerch spillway activity, which may have been a barrier to cultural connections with the Near East.<ref>[http://www.avalon-institute.org/IGCP/doc/AbstractIGCPIstambul.pdf A.L. Chepalyga, T.A. Sadchikova, A.N. Pirogov. Influence of the Late Glacial Eurasian Water Flow on the Black Sea-Mediterranear Corridor (BSMS). In: UNESCO-IGCP-IUGC 1st Plenary meeting and field trip of project IGCP – 521 Black Sea-Mediterranean corridor during the last 30 ky: sea level change and human adaptation (2005-2009), 8-15 October 2005, Istanbul.]</ref>
The EEI affected human activity; there is no archaeological evidence that it destroyed civilizations, although A. L. Chepalyga suggests that it may have been the basis for [[flood myth]]s.<ref>[http://www.springerlink.com/content/q02720/#section=335929&page=20&locus=17 Chepalyga A.L. The late glacial Great Flood in the Ponto-Caspian basin. In: The Black Sea Flood question: changes in coastline, climate and human settlement. Springer. 2006. pp.119-148]</ref><ref>Chepalyga A.L. Vsemirnyj potop kak real'noe paleogidrologicheskoe sobytie. (Всемирный потоп как реальное палеогидрологическое событие) Jekstremal'nye gidrologicheskie situacii (Экстремальные гидрологические ситуации). Moscow, Media-PRESS, 2010. Pp. 180-214</ref><ref>http://paleogeo.org/flood_en.html</ref><ref>[http://gsa.confex.com/gsa/2003AM/finalprogram/abstract_63243.htm Late glacial great flood in the Black Sea and Caspian Sea (abstract) 2003-11-04. Conference: The Geological Society of America 2003 Seattle Annual Meeting, Seattle, Washington, Abstracts with Programs, v.35-6, p.460]</ref>

== See also ==
*[[Black Sea deluge hypothesis]]
*[[West Siberian Glacial Lake]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://paleogeo.org/epoch_en.html Epoch of Extremal Inundations]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Epoch Of Extremal Inundations}}

[[Category:Articles created via the Article Wizard]]
[[Category:Black Sea]]
[[Category:Caspian Sea]]

File:Afghanistan Liberation Organization (flag).svg

2016-04-14T16:22:34Z

John of Reading: /* top */Typo fixing, replaced: being showed → being shown using AWB

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{{Non-free logo|Communist party symbols|image has rationale=yes}}
[[Category:Hammer and sickle]]

File:Afghanistan Liberation Organization (emblem).png

2016-04-14T16:22:31Z

John of Reading: /* top */Typo fixing, replaced: being showed → being shown using AWB

{{Non-free use rationale|Article=Afghanistan Liberation Organization
|Description=ALO symbol
|Source=ALO website
|Portion=Entire [[logo]] is being shown
|Resolution=Low resulting
|Purpose=Illustrating ALO article
|Replaceability=Not replaceable
|other_information=
}}
{{Non-free logo|Communist party symbols|image has rationale=yes}}
[[Category:Hammer and sickle]]

==History of Image:Alologo.gif==
*2007-11-08T16:27:22Z [[User:Soman|Soman]] ([[User talk:Soman|Talk]] | [[Special:Contributions/Soman|contribs]]) (344 bytes)
*2007-11-08T15:24:55Z [[User:Rettetast|Rettetast]] ([[User talk:Rettetast|Talk]] | [[Special:Contributions/Rettetast|contribs]]) (265 bytes) ''(<nowiki>{{subst:nrd}}</nowiki>)''
*2007-05-31T18:38:48Z [[User:Soman|Soman]] ([[User talk:Soman|Talk]] | [[Special:Contributions/Soman|contribs]]) (214 bytes)
*2007-05-31T17:45:51Z [[User:BetacommandBot|BetacommandBot]] ([[User talk:BetacommandBot|Talk]] | [[Special:Contributions/BetacommandBot|contribs]]) (324 bytes) ''(<nowiki>tagging {{non-free use disputed}}</nowiki>)''
*2007-04-23T14:52:39Z [[User:Cydebot|Cydebot]] ([[User talk:Cydebot|Talk]] | [[Special:Contributions/Cydebot|contribs]]) (80 bytes) ''(<nowiki>Robot - Renaming non-free template "logo" per [[Wikipedia:Non-free content/templates]].</nowiki>)''
*2006-05-02T10:11:52Z [[User:Soman|Soman]] ([[User talk:Soman|Talk]] | [[Special:Contributions/Soman|contribs]])
*2006-04-04T08:15:35Z [[User:Soman|Soman]] ([[User talk:Soman|Talk]] | [[Special:Contributions/Soman|contribs]])
*2005-08-02T18:27:30Z [[User:RedWolf|RedWolf]] ([[User talk:RedWolf|Talk]] | [[Special:Contributions/RedWolf|contribs]]) ''(<nowiki>{{logo}}</nowiki>)''
*2005-05-30T08:07:06Z [[User:Burgundavia|Burgundavia]] ([[User talk:Burgundavia|Talk]] | [[Special:Contributions/Burgundavia|contribs]]) ''(<nowiki>{{no source}}{{PUI}}</nowiki>)''
*2005-04-29T06:57:32Z [[User:Soman|Soman]] ([[User talk:Soman|Talk]] | [[Special:Contributions/Soman|contribs]]) ''(<nowiki>ALO logo.</nowiki>)''