Kazakhstan Encyclopedia - User contributions [en]

Vladislav Polyakov

2017-04-26T12:06:25Z

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{{Infobox swimmer
| name = Vladislav Polyakov
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| fullname = Vladislav Vitalyevich Polyakov
| nicknames = ''Vlad''
| nationality = {{KAZ}}
| strokes = [[Breaststroke swimming|Breaststroke]]
| club = Coral Springs Swim Club (USA)<ref name=london2012/>
| coach = Michael Lohberg (USA)<ref name=london2012/>
| collegeteam = [[Alabama Crimson Tide]] (USA)<ref name=london2012/>
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1983|11|30|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Petropavl]], [[Kazakh SSR]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| height = {{height|m=1.91|0|abbr=on}}
| weight = {{convert|78|kg|lb|0|abbr=on}}
| medaltemplates =
{{MedalSport | Men's [[swimming (sport)|swimming]]}}
{{MedalCountry | {{KAZ}} }}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Asian Games]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2006 Asian Games|2006 Doha]]|[[Swimming at the 2006 Asian Games – Men's 50 metre breaststroke|50 m breaststroke]]}}
{{MedalSilver|[[2010 Asian Games|2010 Guangzhou]]|[[Swimming at the 2010 Asian Games – Men's 100 metre breaststroke|100 m breaststroke]]}}
{{MedalBronze|[[2006 Asian Games|2006 Doha]]|[[Swimming at the 2006 Asian Games – Men's 100 metre breaststroke|100 m breaststroke]]}}
{{MedalBronze|[[2006 Asian Games|2006 Doha]]|[[Swimming at the 2006 Asian Games – Men's 200 metre breaststroke|200 m breaststroke]]}}
{{MedalBronze|[[2010 Asian Games|2010 Guangzhou]]|[[Swimming at the 2010 Asian Games – Men's 4 x 100 metre medley relay|4×100 m medley]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Universiade]]}}
{{MedalSilver|[[Swimming at the 2005 Summer Universiade|2005 Izmir]] | 200 m breaststroke}}
{{MedalBronze|[[Swimming at the 2007 Summer Universiade|2007 Bangkok]] | 200 m breaststroke}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m)|World Championships (SC)]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2006 FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m)|2006 Shanghai]]|200 m breaststroke}}
{{MedalBronze|[[2004 FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m)|2004 Indianapolis]]|100 m breaststroke}}
{{MedalBronze|[[2004 FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m)|2004 Indianapolis]]|200 m breaststroke}}
| show-medals = no
| updated =
}}

'''Vladislav Vitalyevich Polyakov''' (also ''Vlad Polyakov'', {{lang-ru|Владислав Витальевич Поляков}}; born November 30, 1983 in [[Petropavl]]) is a Kazakhstani swimmer, who specialized in breaststroke events.<ref name=london2012>{{cite web|title=Vladislav Polyakov|url=http://www.london2012.com/athlete/polyakov-vladislav-1136159/|publisher=[[London 2012]]|accessdate=21 May 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite sports-reference|Vladislav Polyakov|http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/po/vlad-polyakov-1.html|21 May 2013}}</ref> He swam for his native Kazakhstan at three Olympic Games (2004, 2008, and 2012), and eventually finished fifth in both 100 and 200 m breaststroke at his official Olympic debut in [[Athens]]. In total, he has won eight medals in major international tournaments, including his first career gold from the [[2006 FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m)|2006 FINA World Short Course Championships]] in [[Shanghai, China]]. While residing in the United States, Polyakov is a five-time [[Southeastern Conference|SEC]] champion, a double [[NCAA]] titleholder, and a two-time gold medalist at the national championships. He also earned a total of twelve [[All-American]] titles while playing for the [[Alabama Crimson Tide]] from 2003 to 2007.

==Early life==
Polyakov was born in [[Petropavl]], [[Kazakh SSR]], the son of Vitaliy Polyakov and Galina Polyakova. During his early childhood, his family moved to [[Moscow, Russia]], where he started swimming at the CSKA Red Army Club, one of Russia's top sports clubs. He was put in a national program for elite swimmers, and was forced to undergo a rigorous training that left him fatigued and mentally ill.<ref name=polyakov>{{cite news|last=Robb|first=Sharon|title=Where Dreams Come True|url=http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/2000-10-10/sports/0010100075_1_water-polo-breaststroker-michael-lohberg|publisher=[[Sun-Sentinel]]|date=10 October 2000|accessdate=21 May 2013}}</ref> In June 1999, Polyakov came to the United States under the guidance of his mother Galina, concerned about her son's lifetime goals. Polyakov almost gave up his sporting career before he decided to leave Eastern Europe: "At the time I left Russia I was sick mentally, I didn't want to go through another hard practice. I was so dead I was thinking about quitting swimming."<ref name=polyakov/>

During his first trip to the United States, Polyakov met Michael Goldenberg, a former Russian water polo player working as a top-ranked official and coach. He resided in [[Florida]] with Goldenberg and family, who later became his legal guardians. He attended [[St. Thomas Aquinas High School (Fort Lauderdale, Florida)|Saint Thomas Aquinas High School]] in [[Fort Lauderdale]], graduating in 2002, and swam for the Coral Springs Swim Club under four-time Olympic coach Michael Lohberg.<ref name=polyakov/><ref>{{cite news|last=Trott|first=Ginny|title=Catching Up With Freshman Swimmer Vlad Polyakov|url=http://www.rolltide.com/genrel/021203aab.html|publisher=[[Alabama Crimson Tide]]|date=12 February 2003|accessdate=21 May 2013}}</ref>

==College career==
In 2003, Polyakov accepted an [[athletic scholarship]] at the [[University of Alabama]] in [[Tuscaloosa, Alabama]], where he swam for the [[Alabama Crimson Tide]] swimming and diving team under head coach Arthur Albeiro.<ref name=polyakov-coach>{{cite news|title=Vlad Polyakov, Three-Time Olympian, Joins Swim Coaching Staff|url=http://www.gocards.com/sports/c-swim/spec-rel/092012aaa.html|publisher=[[Alabama Crimson Tide|Rolltide Athletics]]|date=20 September 2012|accessdate=21 May 2013}}</ref><ref name=polyakov-college>{{cite news|title=Swimming Duo Earn Academic All-America Honors|url=http://www.rolltide.com/sports/c-swim/spec-rel/061307aaa.html|publisher=[[Alabama Crimson Tide]]|date=13 July 2006|accessdate=21 May 2013}}</ref> While swimming for the Crimson Tide, Polyakov was a two-time [[NCAA]] champion, a five-time [[Southeastern Conference|SEC]] champion, a double U.S. Open champion, and a twelve-time All-American titleholder.<ref name=polyakov-college/><ref>{{cite news|title=Alabama's Vlad Polyakov Wins U.S. Open Title|url=http://www.rolltide.com/genrel/120204aac.html|publisher=[[Alabama Crimson Tide]]|date=13 July 2006|accessdate=21 May 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Robb|first=Sharon|title=St. Thomas Graduate Gets Win At U.s. Open|url=http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/2005-12-02/sports/0512020083_1_100-meter-breaststroke-top-seed-atkinson|publisher=[[Sun-Sentinel]]|date=2 December 2005|accessdate=21 May 2013}}</ref> At the 2007 [[NCAA Men's Swimming and Diving Championships]], during his senior year, Polyakov claimed the 200 m breaststroke title in 1:52.71, the third fastest of all-time in NCAA history, just missing out a 0.09-second record set by [[Brendan Hansen]] in 2003.<ref>{{cite news|last=Marsteller|first=Jason|title=Alabama's Vlad Polyakov Takes 200 Breast Title|url=http://www.swimmingworldmagazine.com/lane9/news/14214.asp|publisher=[[Swimming World Magazine]]|date=17 March 2007|accessdate=20 May 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Robb|first=Sharon|title=Springs rallies to take title|url=http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/2007-03-19/sports/0703180149_1_springs-rallies-pine-crest-school-fort-lauderdale-aquatics|publisher=[[Sun-Sentinel]]|date=19 March 2007|accessdate=21 May 2013}}</ref> Gathering a laundry list of accomplishments as a college swimmer, Polyakov was later inducted to the Alabama Swimming and Diving Hall of Fame.<ref name=polyakov-coach001>{{cite news|last=Hill|first=Sammie|title=Three-time Olympian joins swimming and diving staff|url=http://www.louisvillecardinal.com/2012/10/three-time-olympian-joins-swimming-diving-staff/|publisher=[[Louisville Cardinals|The Louisville Cardinal]]|date=2 October 2012|accessdate=21 May 2013}}</ref>

Polyakov also accumulated numerous honors as a student during his four-year stay at the University. He was a school's dean lister from 2002 to 2007, and was named Academic All-SEC four times.<ref name=polyakov-coach/> In his senior season, Polyakov was among the top swimmers to be selected by the College Sports Information Directors of America, in honor of the Men's ESPN The Magazine Academic At-Large All-Americans of the Year.<ref>{{cite news|title=Gaul, Wildman-Tobriner lead Academic All-America teams|url=http://sports.espn.go.com/ncaa/news/story?id=2909578|publisher=[[ESPN]]|date=21 June 2007|accessdate=21 May 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Stanford's Ben Wildman-Tobriner, Missouri-Rolla's Bill Gaul Named Men's ESPN The Magazine Academic At-Large All-Americans of the Year|url=http://www.swimmingworldmagazine.com/lane9/news/14919.asp|publisher=[[Swimming World Magazine]]|date=12 June 2007|accessdate=20 May 2013}}</ref> In late spring of 2007, Polyakov graduated from the University of Alabama with a bachelor's degree in marketing major in international business.<ref>{{cite web|title=Top of the World (Vlad Polyakov – 2006 World Champion)|url=http://grfx.cstv.com/photos/schools/alab/sports/c-swim/auto_pdf/07-mg-1-13.pdf|page=11|format=[[PDF]]|work=Alabama Swimming & Diving|publisher=[[CBS College Sports]]|accessdate=21 May 2013}}</ref>

==International career==

===2004 Summer Olympics===
{{see also|Swimming at the 2004 Summer Olympics}}

Polyakov swam for his native country Kazakhstan in his official Olympic debut. He posted FINA A-standard entry times of 1:01.98 (100 m breaststroke) and 2:14.36 (200 m breaststroke) at the U.S. National Championships in [[Orlando, Florida]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Robb|first=Sharon|title=St. Thomas Grad Polyakov Sweeps Breaststroke Titles|url=http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/2004-02-14/sports/0402140184_1_100-meter-breaststroke-100-meter-backstroke-michael-phelps|publisher=[[Sun-Sentinel]]|date=14 February 2004|accessdate=21 May 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Whitten|first=Phillip|title=Phelps, Bal Triumph at Nationals|url=http://www.swimmingworldmagazine.com/lane9/news/6781.asp|publisher=[[Swimming World Magazine]]|date=13 February 2004|accessdate=21 May 2013}}</ref> At the [[2004 Summer Olympics]] in [[Athens]], Polyakov reached a historic milestone as the first swimmer from Kazakhstan to reach an Olympic final since the nation's independent debut in 1996. Even though he was not a top medal favorite, Polyakov powered home with a fifth-place finish each in the [[Swimming at the 2004 Summer Olympics – Men's 100 metre breaststroke|100 m breaststroke]] (1:01.34),<ref>{{cite web|title=Men's 100m Breaststroke Final|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/olympics_2004/swimming/results/3535088.stm|work=[[Athens 2004]]|publisher=[[BBC Sport]]|date=14 August 2004|accessdate=31 January 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Whitten |first=Phillip |title=Kitajima Keeps His Promise, Upsetting Brendan Hansen to Win the Men's 100 meter Breaststroke |url=http://www.swimmingworldmagazine.com/lane9/news/7829.asp |publisher=[[Swimming World Magazine]] |date=15 August 2004 |accessdate=10 May 2013 }}{{dead link|date=April 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> and in the [[Swimming at the 2004 Summer Olympics – Men's 200 metre breaststroke|200 m breaststroke]] (2:11.76).<ref>{{cite web|title=Men's 200m Breaststroke Final|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/olympics_2004/swimming/results/3531220.stm|work=[[Athens 2004]]|publisher=[[BBC Sport]]|date=15 August 2004|accessdate=11 April 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Thomas |first=Stephen |title=Kitajima Takes the Breaststroke Double, Wins the 200 in an Olympic Record 2:09.44 |url=http://www.swimmingworldmagazine.com/lane9/news/7882.asp |publisher=[[Swimming World Magazine]] |date=18 August 2004 |accessdate=10 May 2013 }}{{dead link|date=April 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

Later that year, Polyakov won two bronze medals at the [[2004 FINA Short Course World Championships]] in [[Indianapolis, Indiana]]. In the 100 m breaststroke, he cleared a one-minute barrier to strike his first ever career medal, posting a short-course lifetime best of 59.07.<ref>{{cite news|title=Short Course World Champs, Day 2 Finals: Hansen Triumphs in 100 Breast|url=http://www.swimmingworldmagazine.com/lane9/news/8213.asp|publisher=[[Swimming World Magazine]]|date=18 August 2004|accessdate=10 May 2013}}</ref> In the 200 m breaststroke, Polyakov almost missed the podium by two-hundredths of a second in 2:08.36 until he added a second bronze to his hardware, when Australia's [[Jim Piper]] was disqualified for moving before the start.<ref>{{cite news|title=Short Course World Champs, Day Three Finals: Hansen Is Untouchable in the 200 Breast|url=http://www.swimmingworldmagazine.com/lane9/news/8228.asp|publisher=[[Swimming World Magazine]]|date=9 October 2004|accessdate=10 May 2013}}</ref>

===2005–2007===
At the [[Swimming at the 2005 World Aquatics Championships|2005 FINA World Championships]] in [[Montreal, Canada]], Polyakov finished eighth in the [[Swimming at the 2005 World Aquatics Championships – Men's 200 metre breaststroke|200 m breaststroke]] with a time of 2:12.72.<ref>{{cite news|last=Lohn|first=John|title=World Champs, Day 6 Evening Session: Hansen Overwhelms Field to Capture Gold Medal in Men's 200 Breaststroke|url=http://www.swimmingworldmagazine.com/lane9/news/9824.asp|publisher=[[Swimming World Magazine]]|date=29 July 2005|accessdate=21 May 2013}}</ref> He also competed in the [[Swimming at the 2005 World Aquatics Championships – Men's 100 metre breaststroke|100 m breaststroke]], but finished his semifinal run with the second-slowest time of 1:01.70.<ref>{{cite web|title=2005 FINA World Championships (Montreal, Canada) – Men's 100m Breaststroke Semifinals|url=http://www.omegatiming.com/File/Download?id=00010509000E000000FFFFFFFFFFFF01|format=[[PDF]]|publisher=Omega Timing|accessdate=11 February 2013}}</ref>

Two weeks later, at the [[2005 Summer Universiade]] in [[Izmir, Turkey]], Polyakov earned a silver medal in the 200 m breaststroke at 2:12.69, just 0.34 seconds off a leading time set by Poland's [[Sławomir Kuczko]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Robb|first=Sharon|title=Bronze Makes It Three For Tarantino|url=http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/2005-08-13/sports/0508120449_1_final-dive-3-meter-jevon-tarantino|publisher=[[Sun-Sentinel]]|date=13 August 2005|accessdate=21 May 2013}}</ref>

At the [[2006 FINA Short Course World Championships]] in [[Shanghai]], held just two weeks after the NCAA Championships, Polyakov captured his first major international title in the 200 m breaststroke. He touched the wall first in 2:06.95, holding off Australia's top favorite [[Brenton Rickard]] by more than half a second.<ref>{{cite news|title=Lochte, Aussie Women Light Up World Short Course Champs with Global Standards|url=http://www.swimmingworldmagazine.com/lane9/news/11183.asp|publisher=[[Swimming World Magazine]]|date=7 April 2006|accessdate=21 May 2013}}</ref> His gold medal also marked a first for Kazakhstan in world swimming history.<ref>{{cite news|title=Tide swimmer captures world title in breaststroke|url=http://txstage.ny.atl.publicus.com/article/20060408/NEWS/604080348|publisher=[[Alabama Crimson Tide|Tide Sports]]|date=8 April 2006|accessdate=21 May 2013}}</ref>

Following ahis first major triumph, Polyakov clearly became one of the top medal favorites for the Asian Gamesat the peak of his sporting career. When he made his official debut at the [[2006 Asian Games]] in [[Doha]] later that year, Polyakov competed in three individual events, including the [[Swimming at the 2006 Asian Games – Men's 50 metre breaststroke|50 m breaststroke]]. In his first final, he edged out Asian record holder and Japan's top medal contender [[Kosuke Kitajima]] to secure a first gold medal for Kazakhstan at these Games, creating a new record of 28.29.<ref>{{cite news|last=Marsteller|first=Jason|title=Park Sizzles at Asian Games With Asian Record in 200 Free|url=http://www.swimmingworldmagazine.com/lane9/news/12877.asp|publisher=[[Swimming World Magazine]]|date=3 December 2006|accessdate=21 May 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Polyakov Wins Gold at the 2006 Asian Games|url=http://www.rolltide.com/sports/c-swim/spec-rel/120506aab.html|publisher=[[Alabama Crimson Tide]]|date=5 December 2006|accessdate=21 May 2013}}</ref> Polyakov also added two more bronze medals to his hardware from these Games, finishing third in the [[Swimming at the 2006 Asian Games – Men's 100 metre breaststroke|100 m breaststroke]] (1:01.63), and in the [[Swimming at the 2006 Asian Games – Men's 200 metre breaststroke|200 m breaststroke]] (2:13.60).<ref>{{cite news|last=Marsteller|first=Jason|title=China Women, Japan Men Dominate Third Day of Asian Games|url=http://www.swimmingworldmagazine.com/lane9/news/12894.asp|publisher=[[Swimming World Magazine]]|date=4 December 2006|accessdate=21 May 2013}}</ref> For his final event, [[Swimming at the 2006 Asian Games – Men's 4 x 100 metre medley relay|4 × 100 m medley relay]], Polyakov helped his Kazakh teammates [[Stanislav Ossinskiy]], [[Stanislav Kuzmin]], and [[Vitaliy Khan]] to earn a fourth spot in a final time of 3:42.16.<ref>{{cite news|last=Marsteller|first=Jason|title=Park Snares Second Asian Record, Japan Wins Medal Count as Asian Games Come to a Close|url=http://www.swimmingworldmagazine.com/lane9/news/12877.asp|publisher=[[Swimming World Magazine]]|date=7 December 2006|accessdate=21 May 2013}}</ref>

In early 2007, Polyakov decided to skip from the World Championships to focus on his senior season for the [[Alabama Crimson Tide]], handing his teammate [[Yevgeniy Ryzhkov]] a slot. In that same year, he won a bronze medal in the 200 m breaststroke at the [[2007 Summer Universiade]] in [[Bangkok]], in his personal best of 2:13.53.<ref>{{cite news|title=World University Games: First Night of Action at the World University Games Presents World-Class Performances|url=http://www.swimmingworldmagazine.com/lane9/news/15410.asp|publisher=[[Swimming World Magazine]]|date=9 August 2007|accessdate=21 May 2013}}</ref>

===2008 Summer Olympics===
{{see also|Swimming at the 2008 Summer Olympics}}

At the [[2008 Summer Olympics]] in [[Beijing]], Polyakov competed in two individual events with only four days in between. He achieved FINA A-standards of 1:01.43 (100 m breaststroke) and 2:12.29 (200 m breaststroke) at the Japan International Swim Meet in [[Chiba, Chiba|Chiba]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Olympic Cut Sheet – Men's 100m Breaststroke|url=http://magazines.swimmingworld.com:9997/SPIPDF/080508olyscutsheet.pdf|format=[[PDF]]|page=27|publisher=[[Swimming World Magazine]]|accessdate=9 April 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Japan International Swim Meet: Day Three Continues Strong Swimming With Stellar Times; Kirsty Coventry Takes Run at Krisztina Egerszegi's 200 Back WR|url=http://www.swimmingworldmagazine.com/lane9/news/15476.asp|publisher=[[Swimming World Magazine]]|date=23 August 2007|accessdate=21 May 2013}}</ref> On the first day of the Games, Polyakov missed out on the semifinals in the [[Swimming at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Men's 100 metre breaststroke|100 m breaststroke]] by nine-hundredths of a second, finishing with a time of 1:00.80.<ref>{{cite web|title=Men's 100m Breaststroke Heat 6 |url=http://www.2008.nbcolympics.com/swimming/resultsandschedules/rsc=SWM031900/index.html |work=[[Beijing 2008]] |publisher=[[NBC Olympics]] |accessdate=24 November 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120821062328/http://www.2008.nbcolympics.com/swimming/resultsandschedules/rsc%3DSWM031900/index.html |archivedate=21 August 2012 |df= }}</ref> Four days later, in the [[Swimming at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Men's 200 metre breaststroke|200 m breaststroke]], Polyakov posted a qualifying time of 2:10.83 to earn the eleventh spot in the prelims, qualifying for the semifinals.<ref>{{cite news|last=Lohn|first=John|title=Olympics, Swimming: Olympic Record Tumbles Twice, Daniel Gyurta Paces Qualifying in 200 Breast|url=http://www.swimmingworldmagazine.com/lane9/news/18785.asp|publisher=[[Swimming World Magazine]]|date=12 August 2008|accessdate=17 May 2013}}</ref> In the following morning session, Polyakov could not match his best results from Athens four years earlier, as he placed fifteenth in the semifinals at 2:11.87.<ref>{{cite web|title=Men's 200m Breaststroke Semifinal 2|url=http://www.2008.nbcolympics.com/swimming/resultsandschedules/rsc=SWM032200/index.html|work=[[Beijing 2008]]|publisher=[[NBC Olympics]]|accessdate=18 January 2013}}</ref>

===2009–2011===
At the [[Swimming at the 2009 World Aquatics Championships|2009 FINA World Championships]] in [[Rome, Italy]], Polyakov failed to reach the top 16 in any of his individual events, finishing twentieth in the [[Swimming at the 2009 World Aquatics Championships – Men's 50 metre breaststroke|50 m breaststroke]] (27.57),<ref>{{cite web|title=2009 FINA World Championships (Rome, Italy) – Men's 50m Breaststroke Heats|url=http://www.omegatiming.com/File/Download?id=0001090B001E000000FFFFFFFFFFFF00|format=[[PDF]]|publisher=Omega Timing|accessdate=11 February 2013}}</ref> twenty-ninth in the [[Swimming at the 2009 World Aquatics Championships – Men's 100 metre breaststroke|100 m breaststroke]] (1:00.83),<ref>{{cite web|title=2009 FINA World Championships (Rome, Italy) – Men's 100m Breaststroke Heats|url=http://www.omegatiming.com/File/Download?id=0001090B0005000000FFFFFFFFFFFF01|format=[[PDF]]|publisher=Omega Timing|accessdate=11 February 2013}}</ref> and eighteenth in the [[Swimming at the 2009 World Aquatics Championships – Men's 200 metre breaststroke|200 m breaststroke]] (2:11.09).<ref>{{cite web|title=2009 FINA World Championships (Rome, Italy) – Men's 200m Breaststroke Heats|url=http://www.omegatiming.com/File/Download?id=0001090B0039000000FFFFFFFFFFFF01|format=[[PDF]]|publisher=Omega Timing|accessdate=11 February 2013}}</ref>

Polyakov swam again in three individual events, when he swam at the [[2010 Asian Games]] in [[Guangzhou, China]], his second Asian Games. In his first event, [[Swimming at the 2010 Asian Games – Men's 50 metre breaststroke|50 m breaststroke]], Polyakov shared a three-way tie with Iran's [[Mohammad Alirezaei]] and Japan's top medal contender [[Kosuke Kitajima]] for fourth place in 28.15.<ref>{{cite news|last=Davis|first=Craig|title=Coral Springs' Polyakov wins silver medal at Asian Games|url=http://articles.sun-sentinel.com/2010-11-16/sports/fl-vlad-asian-swim-1117-20101116_1_vlad-polyakov-100-meter-breaststroke-short-course-nationals|publisher=[[Sun-Sentinel]]|date=30 November 2006|accessdate=21 May 2013}}</ref> In the [[Swimming at the 2010 Asian Games – Men's 100 metre breaststroke|100 m breaststroke]], Polyakov rebounded from that early loss, and claimed a silver medal in 1:01.03, the second-fastest time in a textile suit.<ref>{{cite news|title=Asian Games: China Dominates Third Day|url=http://www.swimmingworldmagazine.com/lane9/news/25690.asp|publisher=[[Swimming World Magazine]]|date=15 November 2010|accessdate=21 May 2013}}</ref> Polyakov also captured a bronze as a member of the Kazakhstan team in the [[Swimming at the 2010 Asian Games – Men's 4 x 100 metre medley relay|4 × 100 m medley relay]] (3:40.55), following China's disqualification for an early takeoff on the breaststroke leg.<ref>{{cite news|title=Sun clinches 1,500m, China disqualified in relay|url=http://www.thehindu.com/sport/other-sports/sun-clinches-1500m-china-disqualified-in-relay/article894439.ece|publisher=[[The Hindu]]|date=19 November 2010|accessdate=21 May 2013}}</ref>

One month later, at the [[2010 FINA Short Course World Championships]] in [[Dubai]], Polyakov finished seventh in the [[2010 FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m) – Men's 100 metre breaststroke|100 m breaststroke]] with a time of 58.66, failing to reach the podium for the first time in his short-course swimming career.<ref>{{cite news|title=FINA Short Course World Championships: Cameron van der Burgh Dominates 100 Breast Final|url=http://www.swimmingworldmagazine.com/lane9/news/25946.asp|publisher=[[Swimming World Magazine]]|date=19 December 2010|accessdate=21 May 2013}}</ref>

At the [[Swimming at the 2011 World Aquatics Championships|2011 FINA World Championships]] in [[Shanghai, China]], Polyakov competed again in three individual events as a lone male swimmer for Kazakhstan. His best result was reaching the semifinals in the [[Swimming at the 2011 World Aquatics Championships – Men's 50 metre breaststroke|50 m breaststroke]], finishing fourteenth with a lifetime best of 27.81.<ref>{{cite web|title=2011 FINA World Championships (Shanghai, China) – Men's 50m Breaststroke Heats|url=http://www.omegatiming.com/File/Download?id=00010B0D0027000000FFFFFFFFFFFF01|format=[[PDF]]|publisher=Omega Timing|accessdate=11 February 2013}}</ref>

===2012 Summer Olympics===
{{see also|Swimming at the 2012 Summer Olympics}}

At the [[2012 Summer Olympics]] in [[London]], Polyakov competed only in the [[Swimming at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Men's 100 metre breaststroke|100 m breaststroke]], because of a prior change in [[FINA]]'s qualifying standard format.<ref>{{cite news|title=Swimming Contingent Ready for London Olympics|url=http://www.rolltide.com/sports/c-swim/spec-rel/072612aaa.html|publisher=[[Alabama Crimson Tide]]|date=28 July 2012|accessdate=21 May 2013}}</ref> Unlike his two previous Games, he posted an Olympic selection time (formerly a B-cut) of 1:01.48 from the USA Swimming Grand Prix in [[Indianapolis, Indiana]].<ref>{{cite news|title=USA Swimming Grand Prix, Indianapolis: Michael Phelps Blazes World-Best Time in 200 IM|url=http://www.swimmingworldmagazine.com/lane9/news/USA/30179.asp|publisher=[[Swimming World Magazine]]|date=31 March 2012|accessdate=21 May 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Qualifying Athletes – Men's 100 m breaststroke |url=http://www.fina.org/H2O/docs/events/london2012/sw/qual_lists/men_100breast.pdf |publisher=[[FINA]] |accessdate=20 April 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121116044024/http://www.fina.org/H2O/docs/events/london2012/sw/qual_lists/men_100breast.pdf |archivedate=16 November 2012 |df= }}</ref> Swimming in heat two, he picked up a third spot in 1:02.15, almost seven-tenths of a second (0.70) outside his entry time. Polyakov failed to advance into the semifinals, as he placed thirty-fourth overall on the first day of prelims.<ref>{{cite web|title=Men's 100m Breaststroke Heat 2|url=http://www.london2012.com/swimming/event/men-100m-breaststroke/phase=swm031900/index.html|publisher=[[London 2012]]|accessdate=11 February 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Kausler|first=Don|title=Former Tide swimmer Vlad Polyakov fails to advance at Olympics|url=http://www.al.com/sports/index.ssf/2012/07/former_tide_swimmer_vlad_polya.html|publisher=Alabama Local News|date=28 July 2012|accessdate=21 May 2013}}</ref>

==Life after swimming==
Polyakov ended his swimming career with a total of eight medals in international tournaments, and twelve All-American titles in his college career. In September 2012, he joined the [[University of Louisville]] swimming and diving staff as an assistant coach for the [[Louisville Cardinals]].<ref name=polyakov-coach/><ref name=polyakov-coach001/>

==Personal bests==
{|
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{| class="wikitable"
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
! colspan="5" | Long course
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
| '''Event'''
| align="center" | '''Time'''
| align="center" | '''Meet'''
|-
| 50 m breaststroke
| 27.40
| [[Swimming at the 2009 6th Asian Age Group Championship – Men's 50 metre breaststroke|6th Asian Age Group Championship]]
|-
| 100 m breaststroke
| 1:00.65
| [[Swimming at the 2009 Summer Universiade – Men's 100 metre breaststroke|2009 Summer Universiade]]
|-
| 200 m breaststroke
| 2:10.53
| [[Swimming at the 2009 6th Asian Age Group Championship – Men's 200 metre breaststroke|6th Asian Age Group Championship]]
|}
||
{| class="wikitable"
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
! colspan="5" | Short course
|- bgcolor="#eeeeee"
| '''Event'''
| align="center" | '''Time'''
| align="center" | '''Meet'''
|-
| 50 m breaststroke
| 26.80
| [[2010 FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m) – Men's 50 metre breaststroke|2010 FINA Short Course World Championships]]
|-
| 100 m breaststroke
| 57.80
| [[2010 FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m) – Men's 100 metre breaststroke|2010 FINA Short Course World Championships]]
|-
| 200 m breaststroke
| 2:06.78
| [[2010 FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m) – Men's 200 metre breaststroke|2010 FINA Short Course World Championships]]
|}
|}

==See also==
* [[Alabama Crimson Tide]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
*[http://www.rolltide.com/genrel/052502aad.html Player Bio – Alabama Crimson Tide]
*[http://www.gocards.com/sports/c-swim/mtt/polyakov_vlad00.html Coach Bio – Louisville Cardinals]{{dead link|date=April 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
*[http://www.aquatics.kz/en/federation/swimming/athletes/sports/polyakov/ Profile – Kazakhstan Aquatics]
*[http://www.2012.nbcolympics.com/athletes/athlete=polyakov-vladislav-1136159/index.html NBC Olympics Profile]
*[http://swimcssc.com/index.php?view=article&catid=44%3Ahall-of-fame&id=190%3Avlad-polyakov&option=com_content&Itemid=121 Hall of Fame Profile – Coral Springs Swim Club]
{{Footer World SC Champions 200m Breaststroke Men}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Polyakov, Vladislav}}
[[Category:1983 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Kazakhstani male swimmers]]
[[Category:Swimmers at the 2004 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Swimmers at the 2008 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Swimmers at the 2012 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Olympic swimmers of Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Male breaststroke swimmers]]
[[Category:Alabama Crimson Tide swimmers]]
[[Category:University of Alabama alumni]]
[[Category:People from Petropavl]]
[[Category:Kazakhstani people of Russian descent]]
[[Category:Kazakhstani expatriates in the United States]]
[[Category:Medalists at the FINA World Swimming Championships (25 m)]]
[[Category:Asian Games medalists in swimming]]
[[Category:Swimmers at the 2006 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Swimmers at the 2010 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Asian Games gold medalists for Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Asian Games silver medalists for Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Asian Games bronze medalists for Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 2006 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 2010 Asian Games]]

John Ordway (ambassador)

2017-04-25T15:07:31Z

InternetArchiveBot: Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v1.3beta8)

{{About||John Ordway (c.1775 – c.1817), member of the Lewis and Clark expedition|John Ordway}}
{{Infobox Ambassador
|name = John M. Ordway
|image = John M Ordway.jpg

|country = Kazakhstan
|president = [[George W. Bush]]
|ambassador_from = United States
|term_start = May 12, 2004
|term_end = October 7, 2008
|predecessor = [[Larry C. Napper]]
|successor = [[Richard E. Hoagland]]

|country2 = Armenia
|ambassador_from2 = United States
|president2 = [[George W. Bush]]
|term_start2 = November 5, 2001
|term_end2 = July 31, 2004
|predecessor2 = [[Michael Craig Lemmon]]
|successor2 = [[John Marshall Evans]]

|birth_date = {{birth year and age|1950}}
|birth_place =
|death_date = 
|death_place =
|alma_mater = [[Stanford University]]; [[University of California]]
}}
'''John Malcolm Ordway''' (born 1950, in [[California]]) retired from the [[United States Foreign Service]] in 2008 as a [[Senior Foreign Service]] officer. Prior to his retirement, he served as the [[United States Ambassador to Kazakhstan]] from August 30, 2004 to October 7, 2008, and as the [[United States Ambassador to Armenia]] from November 2001 to August 2004.<ref>[http://bciu.org/wip06/online_event_invitation.asp?currentorpast=&eventsorprograms=tbl_events&IDNumber=1067&ProgramIDNumber=0&Keycode=4523432 Kazakhstan: Luncheon with The Honorable John Ordway - Houston, Texas] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131005001126/http://bciu.org/wip06/online_event_invitation.asp?currentorpast=&eventsorprograms=tbl_events&IDNumber=1067&ProgramIDNumber=0&Keycode=4523432 |date=2013-10-05 }}</ref><ref>[http://2001-2009.state.gov/outofdate/bios/o/36242.htm Biography John M. Ordway]</ref><ref>[http://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/people/ordway-john-malcolm John Malcolm Ordway (1950-)]</ref>

==Career==
Following his retirement, the [[United States Department of State]] tapped Mr. Ordway to serve as interim [[Chargé d'Affaires]] at five United States embassies: [[Kathmandu, Nepal|Kathmandu]], [[Nepal]] (December 2009 – January 2010), [[Sofia, Bulgaria|Sofia]], [[Bulgaria]] (August 2009 – November 2009), [[Vienna]], [[Austria]] (May 2009 – July 2009), [[Prague]], [[Czech Republic]] (May 2010 – August 2010), and [[Astana, Kazakhstan|Astana]], [[Kazakhstan]] (January 2011 – July 2011, and again from October 2013 - December 2014).

Mr. Ordway’s distinguished career with the Foreign Service began in 1975. He has an extensive background in Soviet and Russian affairs, as well as experience in European security affairs, conflict resolution, and peacekeeping operations. Prior becoming a Senior Foreign Service officer, Mr. Ordway served abroad at the U.S. Embassies in Prague (1978–1981), Moscow (1985–87), and in Brussels at the U.S. Mission to NATO (1993–1995). He was in Moscow from 1996 to 2001, serving the last two years as Deputy Chief of Mission. While in Moscow, he also was chairman of Anglo-American School Board during the successful construction of a new 1200-student facility.

In Washington, Mr. Ordway worked in the State Department’s Press Office, the Office of Southern African Affairs, and twice in the Office of Soviet Union Affairs. He served twice as Director of African Affairs for the National Security Council (NSC). During this period, he was a member of the U.S. negotiating team that achieved and then helped implement the agreement that led to Cuban withdrawal from Angola and the independence of Namibia. At the NSC, he was deeply involved in the decision-making process in 1992–1993 that led to American military participation in efforts to overcome starvation in Somalia.

==Life==
Ordway graduated from [[Stanford University]] in 1972 and the [[University of California]]'s Hastings College of Law in 1975. He speaks [[Russian language|Russian]], [[French language|French]], [[Italian language|Italian]], [[Czech language|Czech]], [[Kazakh language|Kazakh]], and [[Armenian language|Armenian]].

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20100527093255/http://prague.usembassy.gov/charge.html U.S. Embassy in Prague, Czech Republic: Biography of John M. Ordway]

{{s-start}}
{{s-dip}}
{{succession box | before = [[Michael Craig Lemmon]] | title = [[United States Ambassador to Armenia]] | years = 2001–2004 | after = [[John Marshall Evans]] }}
{{succession box | before = [[Larry C. Napper]] | title = [[United States Ambassador to Kazakhstan]] | years = 2004–2008 | after = [[Richard E. Hoagland]] }}
{{s-end}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ordway, John}}
[[Category:Ambassadors of the United States to Armenia]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of the United States to Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Stanford University alumni]]
[[Category:University of California, Hastings College of the Law alumni]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1931 births]]
[[Category:People from Gilroy, California]]

Jiří Novotný (ice hockey)

2017-04-23T02:03:35Z

InternetArchiveBot: Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v1.3beta8)

{{Infobox ice hockey player
| name = Jiří Novotný
| image = Jiří Novotný 2013.JPG
| image_size = 230px
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1983|8|12|mf=y}}
| birth_place = [[Pelhřimov]], [[Czechoslovakia|TCH]]
| league = [[Kontinental Hockey League|KHL]]
| team = [[Lokomotiv Yaroslavl]]
| former_teams = [[Buffalo Sabres]] [[Washington Capitals]] [[Columbus Blue Jackets]] [[Atlant Moscow Oblast]] [[Barys Astana]] [[HC Lev Praha|Lev Praha]]
| position = [[Centre (ice hockey)|Centre]]
| shoots = Right
| height_ft = 6
| height_in = 2
| weight_lb = 214
| ntl_team = Czech Republic
| draft = 22nd overall
| draft_year = 2001
| draft_team = [[Buffalo Sabres]]
| career_start = 2002
}}
'''Jiří Novotný''' (born August 12, 1983) is a Czech professional [[ice hockey]] [[Centre (ice hockey)|centre]] currently playing for [[Lokomotiv Yaroslavl]] of the [[Kontinental Hockey League]].

==Playing career==
Novotný was drafted 22nd overall by the [[Buffalo Sabres]] in the [[2001 NHL Entry Draft]]. He spent two seasons with [[HC České Budějovice]] in the [[Czech Republic]] before moving on to the Sabres' [[American Hockey League]] (AHL) affiliate, the [[Rochester Americans]]. He made his NHL debut with the Sabres in a January 12, 2006 game against the [[Phoenix Coyotes]].

Novotný's first NHL point came in his second game, when he assisted on a [[Daniel Paille]] goal against the [[Los Angeles Kings]] on January 14, 2006. His first NHL goal came in his sixth game, against the [[Florida Panthers]] on February 11, 2006.

He was traded on February 27, 2007 to the [[Washington Capitals]] with a 1st round pick in the [[2007 NHL Entry Draft]] for [[Dainius Zubrus]] and [[Timo Helbling]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://capitals.nhl.com/team/app?articleid=316485&page=NewsPage&service=page|title=Capitals acquire first-round pick, Novotny from Buffalo | publisher =capitals.nhl.com | date = 2007-02-27 | accessdate = 2009-06-29}}</ref> At the conclusion of the season, he was not extended a qualifying offer by the Capitals, making him an unrestricted free agent.

On July 3, 2007, Novotný was signed by the Columbus Blue Jackets to a two-year contract.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bluejackets.nhl.com/team/app?articleid=327095&page=NewsPage&service=page |title=Blue Jackets sign center Jiri Novotny to two-year deal |publisher=bluejackets.nhl.com |date=2007-07-03 |accessdate=2009-06-29 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070910095118/http://bluejackets.nhl.com/team/app/?service=page&page=NewsPage&articleid=327095 |archivedate=2007-09-10 |df= }}</ref>

On July 2, 2014, he signed a two-year contract with [[Lokomotiv Yaroslavl]], after [[HC Lev Praha|Lev Praha]] announced not to participate in [[2014–15 KHL season]].<ref>{{citeweb| url = http://hclokomotiv.ru/news/news/irzhi_novotny_v_lokomotive_/ | title = Jiri Novotny with Lokomotiv | publisher = ''[[Lokomotiv Yaroslavl]]'' | date = 2014-07-02 | accessdate = 2014-07-02 | language = Russian}}</ref>

==Career statistics==
===Regular season and playoffs===
{| border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" style="text-align:center; width:60em;"
|- style="background:#e0e0e0;"
! colspan="3" bgcolor="#ffffff" |  
! rowspan="99" bgcolor="#ffffff" |  
! colspan="5" | [[regular season|Regular season]]
! rowspan="99" bgcolor="#ffffff" |  
! colspan="5" | [[Playoffs]]
|- style="background:#e0e0e0;"
! [[Season (sports)|Season]]
! Team
! League
! GP
! [[Goal (ice hockey)|G]]
! [[Assist (ice hockey)|A]]
! [[Point (ice hockey)|Pts]]
! [[Penalty (ice hockey)|PIM]]
! GP
! G
! A
! Pts
! PIM
|- ALIGN="center"
| [[2000-01 Czech Extraliga season|2000–01]]
| [[HC České Budějovice]]
| [[Czech Extraliga|CZE]]
| 19
| 0
| 4
| 4
| 2
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
|- ALIGN="center" bgcolor="#f0f0f0"
| [[2001-02 Czech Extraliga season|2001–02]]
| HC České Budějovice
| CZE
| 41
| 8
| 6
| 14
| 6
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
|- ALIGN="center"
| [[2002–03 AHL season|2002–03]]
| [[Rochester Americans]]
| [[American Hockey League|AHL]]
| 43
| 2
| 9
| 11
| 14
| 3
| 0
| 1
| 1
| 10
|- ALIGN="center" bgcolor="#f0f0f0"
| [[2003–04 AHL season|2003–04]]
| Rochester Americans
| AHL
| 48
| 1
| 14
| 15
| 16
| 13
| 0
| 1
| 1
| 10
|- ALIGN="center"
| [[2004–05 AHL season|2004–05]]
| Rochester Americans
| AHL
| 61
| 5
| 20
| 25
| 36
| 9
| 2
| 2
| 4
| 4
|- ALIGN="center" bgcolor="#f0f0f0"
| [[2005–06 AHL season|2005–06]]
| Rochester Americans
| AHL
| 66
| 17
| 37
| 54
| 40
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
|- ALIGN="center"
| [[2005–06 NHL season|2005–06]]
| [[Buffalo Sabres]]
| [[National Hockey League|NHL]]
| 14
| 2
| 1
| 3
| 0
| 4
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
|- ALIGN="center" bgcolor="#f0f0f0"
| [[2006–07 NHL season|2006–07]]
| Buffalo Sabres
| NHL
| 50
| 6
| 7
| 13
| 26
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
|- ALIGN="center"
| 2006–07
| [[Washington Capitals]]
| NHL
| 18
| 0
| 6
| 6
| 2
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
|- ALIGN="center" bgcolor="#f0f0f0"
| [[2007–08 NHL season|2007–08]]
| [[Columbus Blue Jackets]]
| NHL
| 65
| 8
| 14
| 22
| 24
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
|- ALIGN="center"
| [[2008–09 NHL season|2008–09]]
| Columbus Blue Jackets
| NHL
| 42
| 4
| 3
| 7
| 14
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
|- ALIGN="center" bgcolor="#f0f0f0"
| [[2009-10 KHL season|2009–10]]
| [[Atlant Moscow Oblast]]
| [[KHL]]
| 45
| 12
| 21
| 33
| 8
| 4
| 0
| 1
| 1
| 0
|- ALIGN="center"
| [[2010-11 KHL season|2010–11]]
| [[Barys Astana]]
| KHL
| 53
| 13
| 28
| 41
| 78
| 4
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 2
|- ALIGN="center" bgcolor="#f0f0f0"
| [[2011-12 KHL season|2011–12]]
| Barys Astana
| KHL
| 42
| 9
| 13
| 22
| 22
| 7
| 0
| 3
| 3
| 25
|- ALIGN="center"
| [[2012-13 KHL season|2012–13]]
| [[HC Lev Praha|Lev Praha]]
| KHL
| 43
| 6
| 9
| 15
| 18
| 4
| 1
| 0
| 1
| 4
|- ALIGN="center" bgcolor="#f0f0f0"
| [[2013-14 KHL season|2013–14]]
| Lev Praha
| KHL
| 49
| 11
| 16
| 27
| 22
| 21
| 5
| 4
| 9
| 26
|- ALIGN="center"
| [[2014–15 KHL season|2014–15]]
| [[Lokomotiv Yaroslavl]]
| KHL
| 59
| 7
| 25
| 32
| 42
| 6
| 1
| 0
| 1
| 4
|- bgcolor="#e0e0e0"
! colspan="3" | NHL totals
! 189
! 20
! 31
! 51
! 66
! 4
! 0
! 0
! 0
! 0
|- bgcolor="#e0e0e0"
! colspan="3" | KHL totals
! 291
! 58
! 112
! 170
! 190
! 46
! 7
! 8
! 15
! 61
|}

===International===
{{MedalTableTop|name = no}}
{{MedalCountry|{{flagicon|CZE}} [[Czech Republic men's national ice hockey team|Czech Rep]]}}
{{MedalSport|[[Ice hockey]]}}
{{Medal|Competition|[[Ice Hockey World Championships|World Championships]]}}
{{Medal|Gold | [[2010 IIHF World Championship|2010 Cologne]] | }}
{{Medal|Bronze | [[2011 IIHF World Championship|2011 Bratislava]] | }}
{{Medal|Bronze | [[2012 Men's World Ice Hockey Championships|2012 Helsinki]]|}}
{{MedalBottom}}
{| border="0" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" style="text-align:center; width:40em"
|- ALIGN="center" bgcolor="#e0e0e0"
! Year
! Team
! Event
! Result
! rowspan="99" bgcolor="#ffffff" |  
! GP
! G
! A
! Pts
! PIM
|- ALIGN="center"
| [[2000 IIHF World U18 Championships|2000]]
| [[Czech Republic men's national junior ice hockey team|Czech Republic]]
| [[IIHF World U18 Championships|WJC18]]
| 6th
| 6
| 0
| 2
| 2
| 0
|- ALIGN="center" bgcolor="#f0f0f0"
| [[2001 IIHF World U18 Championships|2001]]
| Czech Republic
| WJC18
| 4th
| 6
| 3
| 4
| 7
| 2
|- ALIGN="center"
| [[2002 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships|2002]]
| Czech Republic
| [[World Junior Ice Hockey Championships|WJC]]
| 7th
| 7
| 0
| 2
| 2
| 4
|- ALIGN="center" bgcolor="#f0f0f0"
| [[2003 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships|2003]]
| Czech Republic
| WJC
| 6th
| 6
| 0
| 1
| 1
| 2
|- ALIGN="center"
| [[2007 IIHF World Championship|2007]]
| [[Czech Republic men's national ice hockey team|Czech Republic]]
| [[IIHF World Championships|WC]]
| 7th
| 6
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
|- ALIGN="center" bgcolor="#f0f0f0"
| [[2008 IIHF World Championship|2008]]
| Czech Republic
| WC
| 5th
| 7
| 1
| 1
| 2
| 2
|- ALIGN="center"
| [[2010 IIHF World Championship|2010]]
| Czech Republic
| WC
| {{goca}}
| 9
| 1
| 5
| 6
| 12
|- ALIGN="center" bgcolor="#f0f0f0"
| [[2011 IIHF World Championship|2011]]
| Czech Republic
| WC
| {{brca}}
| 9
| 0
| 2
| 2
| 0
|- ALIGN="center"
| [[2012 IIHF World Championship|2012]]
| Czech Republic
| WC
| {{brca}}
| 10
| 4
| 1
| 5
| 0
|- ALIGN="center" bgcolor="#f0f0f0"
| [[2013 IIHF World Championship|2013]]
| Czech Republic
| WC
| 7th
| 8
| 1
| 1
| 2
| 4
|- ALIGN="center"
| [[ice hockey at the 2014 Winter Olympics|2014]]
| Czech Republic
| [[2014 Winter Olympics|Oly]]
| 6th
| 4
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
|- ALIGN="center" bgcolor="#f0f0f0"
| [[2014 IIHF World Championship|2014]]
| Czech Republic
| WC
| 4th
| 10
| 1
| 2
| 3
| 2
|- bgcolor="#e0e0e0"
! colspan="4" | Junior totals
! 25
! 3
! 9
! 12
! 8
|- bgcolor="#e0e0e0"
! colspan="4" | Senior totals
! 63
! 8
! 12
! 20
! 20
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Commonscat-inline}}
*{{hockeydb|59881|Jiri Novotny}}

{{s-start}}
{{succession box | before = [[Artem Kryukov]] | title = [[List of Buffalo Sabres draft picks|Buffalo Sabres first round draft pick]] | years = [[2001 NHL Entry Draft|2001]] | after = [[Keith Ballard]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Novotny, Jiri}}
[[Category:1983 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Barys Astana players]]
[[Category:Buffalo Sabres draft picks]]
[[Category:Buffalo Sabres players]]
[[Category:Columbus Blue Jackets players]]
[[Category:Czech ice hockey players]]
[[Category:Expatriate ice hockey players in Russia]]
[[Category:Atlant Moscow Oblast players]]
[[Category:Motor České Budějovice players]]
[[Category:HC Lev Praha players]]
[[Category:National Hockey League first round draft picks]]
[[Category:People from Pelhřimov]]
[[Category:Rochester Americans players]]
[[Category:Washington Capitals players]]
[[Category:Olympic ice hockey players of the Czech Republic]]
[[Category:Ice hockey players at the 2014 Winter Olympics]]

Jimmy Mulisa

2017-04-22T21:27:30Z

InternetArchiveBot: Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v1.3beta8)

{{Infobox football biography
| name = Jimmy Mulisa
| image =
| fullname =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1984|4|24|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Kigali]], [[Rwanda]]
| height = {{convert|1.87|m|ftin|0|abbr=on}}
| position =
| currentclub = Sunrise (technical director)
| clubnumber =
| youthyears1 =
| youthclubs1 =
| years1 = 2002–2005
| clubs1 = [[APR FC]]
| caps1 = 41
| goals1 = 16
| years2 = 2005–2006
| clubs2 = [[RAEC Mons]]
| caps2 = 28
| goals2 = 10
| years3 = 2006–2007
| clubs3 = [[KRC Mechelen]]
| caps3 = 30
| goals3 = 13
| years4 = 2007–2008
| clubs4 = [[RFC Tournai]]
| caps4 = 25
| goals4 = 12
| years5 = 2008–2009
| clubs5 = [[K.F.C. V.W. Hamme|KFC Hamme]]
| caps5 = 29
| goals5 = 10
| years6 = 2009–2010
| clubs6 = [[SV Roeselare]]
| caps6 = 30
| goals6 = 10
| years7 = 2010–2011
| clubs7 = → [[KSK Beveren]] ''(loan)''
| caps7 = 33
| goals7 = 9
| years8 = 2011–
| clubs8 = [[Ceahlăul Piatra Neamţ]]
| caps8 = 27
| goals8 = 11
| years9 = 2011–2012
| clubs9 = [[FC Shakhter Karagandy|Shakhter Karagandy]]
| caps9 = 31
| goals9 = 10
| years10 = 2012–2013
| clubs10 = [[FC Vostok]]
| caps10 = 29
| goals10 = 11
| years11 = 2013–2014
| clubs11 = [[A.F.C. Tubize]]
| caps11 = 22
| goals11 = 8
| years12 = 2014–
| clubs12 = [[T-Team F.C.|T-Team]]
| caps12 = 15
| goals12 = 8
| nationalyears1 = 2003–
| nationalteam1 = [[Rwanda national football team|Rwanda]]
| nationalcaps1 = 37
| nationalgoals1 = 21
| ntupdate = 29 March 2011
| pcupdate = 09 May 2014
}}

'''Jimmy Mulisa''' (born 24 April 1984) is a [[association football|footballer]] from [[Rwanda]] who plays as a striker.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Guardian.co.uk]] |title=Stats Centre: Jimmy Mulisa Facts |url=http://guardian.touch-line.com/StatsCentre.asp?CTID=6&CPID=10&TEID=3238&PLID=183230&pStr=Player |accessdate=2009-05-08 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120525140226/http://guardian.touch-line.com/StatsCentre.asp?CTID=6&CPID=10&TEID=3238&PLID=183230&pStr=Player |archivedate=2012-05-25 |df= }}</ref> His current club is A.P.R F.C as Head Coach.<ref>http://allafrica.com/stories/201502231000.html</ref>

==Career==
He played the 2008-2009 season for [[K.F.C. V.W. Hamme]] in [[Belgium]].<ref>{{NFT player|pid=5474}}</ref>

In April 2014, Mulisa was signed by [[T-Team F.C.]] of Malaysia after trialling with the team.<ref>http://www.nst.com.my/galleries/image/t-team-selangor-rue-their-luck-1.558749</ref><ref>http://www.nst.com.my/sports/soccer/coaches-walking-on-thin-ice-1.591215</ref>

==Career==
Mulisa has made several appearances for the [[Rwanda national football team]], including 11 qualifying matches for the [[2006 FIFA World Cup|2006]] and [[2010 FIFA World Cup]]s.<ref>{{FIFA player|208880|Kimmy Mulisa}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Rwanda Squad 2004 African Cup of Nations}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mulisa, Jimmy}}
[[Category:1984 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Kigali]]
[[Category:Rwandan footballers]]
[[Category:Rwandan expatriate footballers]]
[[Category:Rwanda international footballers]]
[[Category:2004 African Cup of Nations players]]
[[Category:Association football forwards]]
[[Category:R.A.E.C. Mons players]]
[[Category:KV Mechelen players]]
[[Category:K.S.K. Beveren players]]
[[Category:K.S.V. Roeselare players]]
[[Category:Armée Patriotique Rwandaise F.C. players]]
[[Category:Belgian First Division A players]]
[[Category:Belgian Second Division/Belgian First Division B players]]
[[Category:Liga I players]]
[[Category:CSM Ceahlăul Piatra Neamț players]]
[[Category:Expatriate footballers in Belgium]]
[[Category:Expatriate footballers in Romania]]
[[Category:Expatriate footballers in Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Rwandan expatriates in Romania]]
[[Category:Rwandan expatriates in Belgium]]
[[Category:Expatriate footballers in Malaysia]]

{{Rwanda-footy-bio-stub}}

Jian Bozan

2017-04-22T08:16:57Z

InternetArchiveBot: Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v1.3beta8)

'''Jian Bozan''' ({{zh|t=翦伯贊|s=翦伯赞|p=Jiǎn Bózàn}}; April 14, 1898 – December 18, 1968) was a Chinese scholar and Marxist historian of [[Uyghurs|Uyghur]] descent. Born in [[Taoyuan County]], Hunan province, Jian became an early supporter of the [[Communist Party of China]]. From 1952 to his death, he was Vice President of [[Peking University]]. Like many authoritative academic figures of his generation, he was persecuted during the [[Cultural Revolution]] over a perceived divergence between his own ideas and that of dominant Maoist orthodoxy of the time. Unable to bear torture, Jian committed suicide in 1968.

==Biography==

=== Family and Ancestor ===
Jian Bozan traces his ancestry to the present-day Xinjiang region of China. He was a direct descendant of a Uyghur General (哈勒巴士) who served the Emperor of the Ming Dynasty in quelling a Miao Rebellion in southeastern China. The Emperor rewarded his family with the surname "Jian" (翦), and married him to his god-daughter, the Duyi Princess. Jian Family then settled in Taoyuan County for generations. They gradually integrated into Han Chinese culture over years. "Jian" (翦) is very unusual surname in China.

===Early years and education===
In 1916, he entered school in Beijing, where he studied and conducted research about Chinese economic history.<ref name="Shi"/><ref name="Wang"/> His graduation thesis was a 50,000-character study of the history of China's currency system.<ref name="Wang Changpei">{{cite journal | url=http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-SYSJ200902011.htm | title=The Characteristics of Chinese Marxist Historiography——Focusing on the Works of Guo Moruo, Fan Wenlan, Jian Bozan, Lü Zhenyü, and Hou Wailu |author1=Wang, Changpei |author2=Zhou, Wenjiu | journal=Journal of Historiography | year=2009 | volume=2 | pages=68 | doi= | language=Chinese}}</ref> Believing that industry was China's savior, he travelled to the [[University of California]] in 1924 to research economics. During this time, he studied [[Anti-Dühring]], [[The Origin of the Family, Private Property, and the State]], [[The Communist Manifesto]], and other famous Marxist works. He returned to China in 1926.<ref name="Shi"/> Jian was a patriot, and participated in the protests leading up to the [[March 18 Massacre]] of that year.<ref name="Wang and Zhou, 68">Wang and Zhou, 68</ref> He published his first Marxist interpretation of [[Chinese history]] during the 1930s, and joined the [[Communist Party of China]] in 1937.<ref name="Shi">{{cite journal | author=Weigelin-Schwiedrzik, Susanne| title=On Shi and Lun: Toward a Typology of Historiography in the PRC| journal=History and Theory| year=1996| volume=35| issue=4| pages=74–95| doi=10.2307/2505445 | jstor=2505445 | publisher=Blackwell Publishing }}</ref><ref name="Bio">{{Cite web|url=http://www.guji.cn/openzjml.php?id=19 |title=Chinese Ancient Classics Net - Jian Bozan |accessdate=2007-09-10 |language=Chinese |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070610114918/http://www.guji.cn/openzjml.php?id=19 |archivedate=2007-06-10 |df= }}</ref> In 1934, while serving as secretary to [[Tan Zhen]], deputy head of the [[Judicial Yuan]], Jian went on a tour of numerous countries around the world.<ref name="Wang and Zhou, 68"/> As a close ally of the Communist Party, Jian became professor of history at [[Peking University]] after the party's rise to power in 1949, and later served as dean of the faculty of history and vice-president of the university.<ref name="Shi"/><ref name="Wang"/>

===During the Cultural Revolution===
Jian became a target of struggle during the early stages of the [[Cultural Revolution]]. During the early 1960s, Jian began to advocate historical accounts that combined the methodology of class analysis and [[historicism]]. For this, [[Mao Zedong]] criticized Jian at the end of 1965. [[Qi Benyu]], a prominent Maoist figure of the time period, also criticized Jian on four counts: opposing the theory of class struggle, denigrating peasant revolutions, praising emperors and kings, and applauding conciliatory policies.<ref name="Beida">{{cite journal | author=Munro, Robin| title=Settling Accounts with the Cultural Revolution at Beijing University 1977-78| journal=The China Quarterly| year=1980| volume=82| pages=308–333| issue=82| doi=10.1017/S030574100001239X| jstor=653067}}</ref> Jian also suffered from severe torture and was lynched at the hands of radicals. The ill treatment drove Jian to commit suicide. Jian, along with his wife, took an overdose of sleeping pills and died on December 18, 1968.<ref name="Shi"/><ref name="Wang">{{cite journal | author=Wang, Youqin| title=The Second Wave of Violent Persecution of Teachers: the Revolution of 1968 | journal=35th International Congress of Asian and North African Studies| year=1997| url=http://humanities.uchicago.edu/faculty/ywang/history/1968teacher.htm}}</ref>

==Abridged list of publications==
* ''Treatise on Chinese History'' (中国史论集)
* ''Discussions of Historical Questions'' (历史问题论丛)
* ''Anthology of Historical Works by Jian Bozan'' (翦伯赞历史论文选集)
* ''Historical Data and the Study of History'' (史料与史学)
* ''Recent Capitalist Economy of the World'' (最近之世界资本主义经济)
* ''A Course in the Philosophy of History'' (历史哲学教程)
* ''An Outline of Chinese History'' (中国史纲)
* ''History of the Qin and Han Dynasties'' (秦汉史)
* ''Timeline of Chinese and Foreign History'' (中外历史年表)
* ''General Reference on Chinese History'' (中国通史参考资料)

==See also==
*[[Wu Han (PRC)|Wu Han]]
*[[Chen Boda]]

==References==
<references/>

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jian, Bozan}}
[[Category:Republic of China historians]]
[[Category:People's Republic of China historians]]
[[Category:Victims of the Cultural Revolution]]
[[Category:Uyghurs]]
[[Category:1898 births]]
[[Category:1968 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Changde]]
[[Category:Writers from Hunan]]
[[Category:20th-century historians]]
[[Category:Delegates to the 1st National People's Congress]]

Jhonnes

2017-04-22T07:31:59Z

InternetArchiveBot: Rescuing 9 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v1.3beta8)

{{Infobox football biography
| name = Marques de Souza
| fullname = Jhonnes Marques de Souza
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1984|4|22|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Londrina]], [[Brazil]]
| height = {{height|meter=1.93}}
| position = [[Defender (association football)|Centre back]]
| currentclub = [[FC ViOn Zlaté Moravce|Zlaté Moravce]]
| clubnumber = 5
| youthyears1 = 2000–2003
| youthclubs1 = PSTC <ref>[http://www.pstc.com.br/revelacoes.aspx?id=0&j=159&p=3#posicao Jhonnes] at ptsc.com.br</ref>
| youthyears2 = 2004
| youthclubs2 = [[Junior Team Futebol|Londrina Junior Team]]
| youthyears3 = 2004
| youthclubs3 = → [[Udinese Calcio|Udinese]] (loan)
| years1 = 2004–2010 | clubs1 = [[Junior Team Futebol]] | caps1 = 0 | goals1 = 0
| years2 = 2004–2006 | clubs2 = → [[NK Domžale|Domžale]] (loan) | caps2 = 47 | goals2 = 8
| years3 = 2006–2007 | clubs3 = → [[NK Celje|Celje]] (loan) | caps3 = 11 | goals3 = 0
| years4 = 2008 | clubs4 = → [[Clube Náutico Capibaribe|Náutico]] (loan) | caps4 = 0 | goals4 = 0
| years5 = 2008 | clubs5 = → [[Treze Futebol Clube|Treze]] (loan) | caps5 = 0 | goals5 = 0
| years6 = 2009 | clubs6 = → [[Londrina Esporte Clube|Londrina]] (loan) | caps6 = 0 | goals6 = 0
| years7 = 2009 | clubs7 = → [[Arapongas Esporte Clube|Arapongas]] (loan) | caps7 = 0 | goals7 = 0
| years8 = 2009–2010 | clubs8 = → [[NK Hrvatski dragovoljac|Hrvatski dragovoljac]] (loan) | caps8 = <ref>http://www.hnl-statistika.com/p1.asp?ID=2150</ref> 15 | goals8 = 2
| years9 = 2010 | clubs9 = [[FK Liepājas Metalurgs|Liepājas Metalurgs]] | caps9 = 8 | goals9 = 2
| years10 = 2011 | clubs10 = [[Újpest FC|Újpest]] | caps10 = 1 | goals10 = 0
| years11 = 2011 | clubs11 = [[NK Varteks (1958–2012)|Varaždin]] | caps11 = 8 | goals11 = 0
| years12 = 2012–2013 | clubs12 = [[FC Tobol|Tobol]] | caps12 = 36 | goals12 = 3
| years13 = 2015–2016 | clubs13 = [[FC ViOn Zlaté Moravce|Zlaté Moravce]] | caps13 = 29 | goals13 = 9
| totalcaps =
| totalgoals =
| nationalyears1 =
| nationalteam1 =
| nationalcaps1 =
| nationalgoals1 =
| club-update = 21 June 2016
| nationalteam-update =
}}
'''Jhonnes Marques de Souza''' (born 22 April 1984) is a Brazilian [[association football|football]] defender who last played for [[FC ViOn Zlaté Moravce]] in the [[Slovak First Football League|Fortuna Liga]].

==Biography==
Born in [[Londrina]], [[Paraná (state)|Paraná]], Jhonnes was signed by [[Junior Team Futebol|Londrina Junior Team]] in 2004, the youth team of [[Londrina Esporte Clube|Londrina]] (later became two separate entity). He also trailed at [[Serie A]] team [[Udinese Calcio|Udinese]] but failed to sign a contract, as Italian clubs were restricted to sign any non-EU player.

===Slovenia===
In September 2004 he left for Slovenian side [[NK Domžale|Domžale]] along with [[Wilson Aparecido Xavier Júnior|Juninho]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www2.cbf.com.br/bid/ti2004.htm |title=RELATÓRIO DE TRANSFERÊNCIAS INTERNACIONAIS EM 2004 |date=11 March 2005 |accessdate=10 December 2010 |work=Confederação Brasileira de Futebol (CBF) |language=Portuguese |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100402225550/http://www.cbf.com.br/bid/ti2004.htm |archivedate= 2 April 2010 |df= }}</ref> In February 2005, his contract with [[Junior Team Futebol|Londrina Junior Team]] was extended to 31 December 2008<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www2.cbf.com.br/php/bid.php?d=22/02/2005&uf=PR |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120430172943/http://www2.cbf.com.br/php/bid.php?d=22%2F02%2F2005&uf=PR |dead-url=yes |archive-date=30 April 2012 |title=BOLETIM INFORMATIVO DIÁRIO ELETRÔNICO (BID-E) RELAÇÃO PELA DATA 22/02/2005 |date=22 February 2005 |accessdate=10 December 2010 |work=CBF |language=Portuguese |df= }} </ref> and [[Jefferson Lucas Azevedo dos Santos|Lucas]] also joined him at [[Domžale]]. He played 20 league matches in 2005–06 season.<ref>http://www.nkdomzale.si/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=503&Itemid=84</ref> In 2006-07 season he left for [[NK Celje|Celje]]. In January 2007, his contract with [[Junior Team Futebol|Londrina Junior Team]] was extended again, to 31 December 2011.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www2.cbf.com.br/php/bid.php?d=15/01/2007&uf=PR |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120430173017/http://www2.cbf.com.br/php/bid.php?d=15%2F01%2F2007&uf=PR |dead-url=yes |archive-date=30 April 2012 |title=BOLETIM INFORMATIVO DIÁRIO ELETRÔNICO (BID-E) RELAÇÃO PELA DATA 15/01/2007 |date=15 January 2007 |accessdate=10 December 2010 |work=CBF |language=Portuguese |df= }} </ref>

===Returned to Brazil===
In January 2008. he joined [[Clube Náutico Capibaribe|Náutico]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www2.cbf.com.br/php/bid.php?d=14/01/2008&uf=PE |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120430173105/http://www2.cbf.com.br/php/bid.php?d=14%2F01%2F2008&uf=PE |dead-url=yes |archive-date=30 April 2012 |title=BOLETIM INFORMATIVO DIÁRIO ELETRÔNICO (BID-E) RELAÇÃO PELA DATA 14/01/2008 |date=14 January 2008 |accessdate=10 December 2010 |work=CBF |language=Portuguese |df= }} </ref> and in February left for [[Treze Futebol Clube|Treze]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www2.cbf.com.br/php/bid.php?d=27/02/2008&uf=PB |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120430173148/http://www2.cbf.com.br/php/bid.php?d=27%2F02%2F2008&uf=PB |dead-url=yes |archive-date=30 April 2012 |title=BOLETIM INFORMATIVO DIÁRIO ELETRÔNICO (BID-E) RELAÇÃO PELA DATA 27/02/2008 |date=2 February 2008 |accessdate=10 December 2010 |work=CBF |language=Portuguese |df= }} </ref> He also trailed at German side [[TuS Koblenz]] in January 2009, played a friendly.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.bundesliga.de/de/liga2/news/2008/index.php?f=116582.php|title="Club" besiegt russischen Meister - Koblenz spielt remis|date=14 January 2009|accessdate=10 December 2010|work=Bundesliga official site|language=German}}</ref>

In February 2009, he was signed by [[Londrina Esporte Clube|Londrina]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.futeboltotal.com.br/noticia/jhonnes-a-novidade-do-londrina-no-estadual|title=Jhonnes é a novidade do Londrina no Estadual|date=29 February 2009|accessdate=10 December 2010|work=Futebol Total|language= Portuguese}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www2.cbf.com.br/php/bid.php?d=20/02/2009&uf=PR |title=BOLETIM INFORMATIVO DIÁRIO ELETRÔNICO (BID-E) RELAÇÃO PELA DATA 20/02/2009 |date=20 February 2009 |accessdate=10 December 2010 |work=CBF |language=Portuguese |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5yz7lrpRY?url=http://www2.cbf.com.br/php/bid.php?d=20/02/2009 |archivedate=27 May 2011 |deadurl=yes |df= }}</ref> In April, he was signed by [[Arapongas Esporte Clube|Arapongas]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www2.cbf.com.br/php/bid.php?d=29/04/2009&uf=PR |title=BOLETIM INFORMATIVO DIÁRIO ELETRÔNICO (BID-E) RELAÇÃO PELA DATA 29/04/2009 |date=29 April 2009 |accessdate=10 December 2010 |work=CBF |language=Portuguese |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5yz7vS58E?url=http://www2.cbf.com.br/php/bid.php?d=29/04/2009 |archivedate=27 May 2011 |deadurl=yes |df= }}</ref>

===Return to Europe===
He was loaned to Croatian side [[NK Hrvatski dragovoljac|Hrvatski dragovoljac]] in August 2009.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www2.cbf.com.br/bid/ti2009.htm |title=TRANSFERÊNCIAS PARA O EXTERIOR |trans_title=Transfer Outwards |date=ca. January 2010 |accessdate=10 December 2010 |work=CBF |language=Portuguese |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6F8bslVJi?url=http://www2.cbf.com.br/bid/ti2009.htm |archivedate=15 March 2013 |df= }}</ref>

In August 2010, he finally terminated his contract with [[Junior Team Futebol]] (ex-Londrina Junior Team)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www2.cbf.com.br/php/bid.php?d=27/08/2010&uf=PR |title=BOLETIM INFORMATIVO DIÁRIO ELETRÔNICO (BID-E) RELAÇÃO PELA DATA 27/08/2010 |date=27 August 2010 |accessdate=10 December 2010 |work=CBF |language=Portuguese |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5yz7zAPV3?url=http://www2.cbf.com.br/php/bid.php?d=27/08/2010 |archivedate=27 May 2011 |deadurl=yes |df= }}</ref> and left for Latvia side [[FK Liepājas Metalurgs|Liepājas Metalurgs]], played 8 times and scored 2 goals in [[Latvian Higher League]].{{citation needed|date=December 2010}}

In February 2011, he signed a contract with [[Újpest FC]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ujpestfc.hu/index.php?pg=news_78_10708|title=Ujpest FC sign defender Jhonnes|date=11 February 2011|accessdate=27 May 2011|work=Újpest FC}}</ref> and in September 2011 he signed for [[NK Varteks (1958–2012)|NK Varaždin]].

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* Player's [http://www.imscouting.com/players/jhonnes-marques-de-souza/ profile] imscouting.com
*

{{FC ViOn Zlaté Moravce squad}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Jhonnes, Marques De Souza}}
[[Category:1984 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Brazilian footballers]]
[[Category:Londrina Esporte Clube players]]
[[Category:Clube Náutico Capibaribe players]]
[[Category:NK Hrvatski dragovoljac players]]
[[Category:Újpest FC players]]
[[Category:FC Tobol players]]
[[Category:FC ViOn Zlaté Moravce players]]
[[Category:Kazakhstan Premier League players]]
[[Category:Brazilian expatriate footballers]]
[[Category:Expatriate footballers in Slovenia]]
[[Category:Expatriate footballers in Croatia]]
[[Category:Expatriate footballers in Latvia]]
[[Category:Expatriate footballers in Hungary]]
[[Category:Expatriate footballers in Slovakia]]
[[Category:Expatriate footballers in Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Association football central defenders]]
[[Category:People from Londrina]]

Jesús Rabanal

2017-04-22T03:01:34Z

InternetArchiveBot: Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead. #IABot (v1.3beta8)

{{Infobox football biography
| name = Jesús Rabanal
| fullname =Jesús Giancarlos Rabanal Dávila
| image =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1984|12|25}}
| birth_place = [[Lima]], [[Peru]]
| height = {{height|m=1.84|precision=0}}
| currentclub = [[Alianza Atlético]]
| clubnumber = 5
| position = [[Defender_(association_football)#Full_back|Left back]] / [[Midfielder#Right/Left Midfielders|Left Midfielder]]
| youthyears1 =
| youthclubs1 = [[Universitario de Deportes|Universitario]]
| years1 = 2004–2011 | clubs1 = [[Universitario de Deportes|Universitario]]
| caps1 = 146 | goals1 = 5
| years2 = 2012 | clubs2 = [[Alianza Lima]]
| caps2 = 36 | goals2 = 3
| years3 = 2013 | clubs3 = [[FC Kairat|Kairat]]
| caps3= 0 | goals3 = 0
| years4 = 2013–2014 | clubs4 = [[Club Deportivo Universidad César Vallejo|Universidad César Vallejo]]
| caps4 = 48 | goals4 = 1
| years5 = 2015– | clubs5 = [[Alianza Atlético]]
| caps5 = 12 | goals5 = 0
| pcupdate = 9 November 2013 (UTC)
| nationalyears1 = 2010–
| nationalteam1 = [[Peru national football team|Perú]]
| nationalcaps1 = 7
| nationalgoals1 = 0
| ntupdate =
}}

'''Jesús Giancarlos Rabanal Dávila''' (born December 25, 1984) is a [[Peruvian people|Peruvian]] [[association football|footballer]] who plays as a [[Defender_(association_football)#Full_back|left back]] for [[Alianza Atlético]].

==Club career==
Rabanal made his league debut with [[Universitario de Deportes]] in the [[2004 Torneo Descentralizado]] season.<ref name ="NFT">{{NFT player|pid=39875}}</ref> He managed to score his first goal in the Torneo Descentralizado in the [[2007 Torneo Descentralizado|2007 season]].<ref name ="NFT"/>

In January 2012, Rabanal left Universitario and joined their rivals [[Alianza Lima]] for the start of the [[2012 Torneo Descentralizado|2012 season]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Jesus Rabanal: Ganarse un puesto en Alianza Lima sera duro |url=http://www.clubalianzalima.com/pages/noticia_f.asp?codigo_noticia=4543 |work=clubalianzalima.com |publisher=[[Alianza Lima|Club Alianza Lima]] |language=spanish |date=31 January 2012 |accessdate=27 February 2012 }}{{dead link|date=April 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

==International career==
Rabanal made his debut with the [[Peru national football team|Peruvian national team]] on 4 September 2010 in a friendly match away to [[Canada]], which finished in a 2–0 win for Peru.<ref name="NTdebut">{{cite web|url=http://www.footballdatabase.eu/football.coupe.canada.perou.113712.en.html|title=Match - Canada 0-2 Peru|accessdate=27 February 2012|date=|language=|publisher=footballdatabase.eu}}</ref>

==Honours==

===Club===
;[[Universitario de Deportes]]
* [[Apertura and Clausura in Peruvian football|Apertura]]: [[2008 Torneo Descentralizado#Torneo Apertura|2008]]
* [[Peruvian Primera División|Torneo Descentralizado]]: [[2009 Torneo Descentralizado|2009]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

== External links ==
*{{NFT player|pid=39875|Jesús Rabanal}}
*[http://www.footballdatabase.eu/football.joueurs.jesus.rabanal.59652.en.html Jesús Rabanal] at footballdatabase.eu

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rabanal, Jesus}}
[[Category:1984 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Lima]]
[[Category:Association football fullbacks]]
[[Category:Peruvian footballers]]
[[Category:Peru international footballers]]
[[Category:Peruvian Primera División players]]
[[Category:Universitario de Deportes footballers]]
[[Category:Alianza Lima footballers]]
[[Category:FC Kairat players]]
[[Category:Club Deportivo Universidad César Vallejo footballers]]
[[Category:Alianza Atlético footballers]]
[[Category:Peruvian expatriate footballers]]
[[Category:Expatriate footballers in Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Kazakhstan Premier League players]]

{{Peru-footy-bio-stub}}

Jeltoqsan

2017-04-21T02:24:09Z

InternetArchiveBot: Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v1.3beta8)

{{infobox military conflict
| conflict = Jeltoqsan''' {{lang-kk|Желтоқсан көтерілісі}}
| partof =
| image =
| caption = A depiction of the Jeltoqsan events on Republic Square in Almaty
| date = December 16–19, 1986
| place = [[Almaty|Alma-Ata]], [[Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic|Kazakhstan]], [[Soviet Union]]
| coordinates =
| map_type =
| latitude =
| longitude =
| map_size =
| map_caption =
| map_label =
| territory =
| result = Massacre of civilians
| status =
| combatant1 = {{flagdeco|Kazakh SSR}} Kazakh protesters
| combatant2 = {{flag|Soviet Union|size=23px}}
*{{flagicon image|Red Army flag.svg|size=23px}} [[OMON]]
*{{flagicon image|Emblema_KGB.svg|border=no|size=25px}} [[KGB]]
| combatant3 =
| commander1 = ?
| commander2 = {{flagicon|Soviet Union}} [[Mikhail Gorbachev]] {{flagicon|USSR}} [[Gennady Kolbin]]
| commander3 =
| strength1 =
| strength2 =
| strength3 =
| casualties1 = 168–200 civilians killed More than 200 injured
| casualties2 =
| casualties3 =
| notes =
}}

The '''Jeltoqsan''' ({{lang-kk|Желтоқсан көтерілісі; Jeltoqsan köterilisi}}) or '''"December" of 1986''' were riots that took place in [[Almaty|Alma-Ata]] (present day Almaty), [[Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic|Kazakhstan]], in response to [[General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union|General Secretary]] [[Mikhail Gorbachev]]'s dismissal of [[Dinmukhamed Kunayev]], the First Secretary of the [[Communist Party of Kazakhstan]] and an [[ethnic Kazakh]], and his appointment of [[Gennady Kolbin]], an outsider from the [[Russian SFSR]].<ref>[http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/content~content=a782006656&db=all "Nationalist riots in Kazakhstan: Violent nationalist riots erupted in Alma-Ata, the capital of Kazakhstan, on 17 and 18 December 1986"], Informaworld</ref><ref name="HIMETHNICITY"/> Some sources cite Kolbin's ethnicity as [[Russians|Russian]], others as [[Chuvash people|Chuvash]].

The events lasted from 16 December until 19 December 1986. The protests began in the morning of 17 December, as a [[student demonstration]] attracted thousands of participants as they marched through [[Republic Square, Almaty|Brezhnev Square]] across to the CPK Central Committee building. As the result, internal troops and [[OMON]] forces entered the city,<ref name="TROOPS"/> violence erupted throughout the city.<ref name="HIMETHNICITY">"[http://countrystudies.us/kazakstan/6.htm Reform and Nationalist Conflict]", [[U.S. Library of Congress]]</ref><ref name="TROOPS">“[https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA0712F7395A0C728EDDAF0894D1484D81 Soviet Troops Enforce Kazakh City Curfew]”, ''The New York Times''</ref><ref name="IMPOSED">“[https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F50712FC3B5B0C7A8DDDAB0994DE484D81 Soviet Nationalities: Russians Rule, Others Fume]”, ''The New York Times''.</ref><ref name="SEGREGATION"> “[https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F40713FF35540C728DDDA80894DF484D81 Origins of Kazakhstan Rioting Are Described]”, ''The New York Times''.</ref><ref name="NATIONWIDE">[http://inform.kz/showarticle.php?lang=eng&id=147080 1986 "December events showed people’s striving for independence"] KAZINFORM</ref> In the following days, protests spread to [[Shymkent]], [[Taldykorgan]], and [[Karaganda]].

== Protests ==
{{Eastern Bloc sidebar}}
{{History of Kazakhstan}}
The dismissal of the long-serving First Secretary of the [[Communist Party of Kazakhstan]], [[Dinmukhamed Kunayev]] (1964–1986), an ethnic Kazakh, on 16 December and the appointment of an outsider, [[Gennady Kolbin]] (1986–1989), as the First Secretary was the primary reason for the peaceful student demonstrations that started in the early morning of 17 December.<ref name=gorb330>Mikhael Gorbachev, ''Memoirs'', New York: Doubleday, 1996, p. 330</ref>

According to Gorbachev's memoir, after the 27th Party Congress of December 1986, he met with Kunayev and discussed Kunayev's resignation. Kunayev expressed his desire to retire and proposed the appointment of a Russian in his place to stop advancement of [[Nursultan Nazarbayev]] (later and also the current [[President of Kazakhstan]]) in the party ranks.<ref name=gorb330/> Kunayev, in his own book, said that Gorbachev never asked him about his replacement and only said "a good comrade will be 'sent'".<ref>Dinmukhamed Kunayev, ''O Moem Vremeni'', Almaty: Dauir, 1992, p. 8</ref>

Demonstrations started in the morning of 17 December 1986 as 200–300 students gathered in front of the Central Committee building on Brezhnev Square to protest the decision of the CPSU to appoint Kolbin rather than an ethnic Kazakh. The number of protesters increased to 1,000–5,000 as students from universities and institutes joined the crowd on Brezhnev Square.

[[Telegraph Agency of the Soviet Union|TASS]] reported,
<blockquote>"A group of students, incited by nationalistic elements, last evening and today took to the streets of Alma-Ata expressing disapproval of the decisions of the recent plenary meeting. Hooligans, parasites and other antisocial persons made use of this situation and resorted to unlawful actions against representatives of law and order. They set fire to a food store and to private cars and insulted townspeople."<ref name=LATimes/></blockquote>Meetings were held at factories, schools, and other institutions to condemn these actions.<ref name=LATimes>[http://articles.latimes.com/1986-12-18/news/mn-4155_1 ''Los Angeles Times''], 18 December 1986</ref>

Witnesses reported that the rioters were given vodka, narcotics and leaflets, indicating that the riots were not spontaneous. They disagreed with the characterization of the riot as related to nationalism or independence; they said it was a protest over Gorbachev's appointing an outsider to head the state.<ref>''San Francisco Chronicle'', December 23, 1986; Retrieved March 27, 2010, from ProQuest Newsstand, .</ref>

As a response, the CPK Central Committee ordered troops from the Ministry of Internal Affairs, ''druzhiniki'' (volunteers), cadets, policemen, and the KGB to cordon the square and videotape the participants. The situation escalated around 5 p.m., as troops were ordered to disperse the protesters. Clashes between the security forces and the demonstrators continued throughout the night in the square and in different parts of Almaty.

The second day, protests turned into civil unrest as clashes in the streets, universities and dormitories between troops, volunteers, and militia units, and Kazakh students turned into a wide-scale armed confrontation. The clashes were not controlled until the third day. The Almaty events were followed by smaller protests and demonstrations in [[Shymkent]], [[Pavlodar]], [[Karaganda]] and [[Taldykorgan]].

== Estimates of protesters ==
Estimates of the number of protesters vary.

Initial reports from Moscow said that about 200 people were involved in the riots. Later reports from the Kazakh SSR authorities estimated that the riots drew 3,000 people.<ref>"Soviet Riots Worse Than First Reported", ''San Francisco Chronicle'', February 19, 1987. p. 22</ref>

Other estimates are of at least 30,000 to 40,000 protesters, with 5,000 arrested and jailed, and an unknown number of casualties.<ref name="MARKED"/> Jeltoqsan leaders say over 60,000 [[Kazakhs]] participated in the protests nationwide.<ref name="BLAME">"[http://www.eurasianet.org/resource/kazakhstan/hypermail/200204/0053.shtml "Jeltoqsan" Movement blames leader of Kazakh Communists] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080904060721/http://www.eurasianet.org/resource/kazakhstan/hypermail/200204/0053.shtml |date=2008-09-04 }}", EurasiaNet</ref><ref name="MARKED">"[http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2006/12/1B31A151-3C74-413B-909C-876E8F3020A9.html Kazakhstan: Jeltoqsan Protest Marked 20 Years Later]", ''RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty''</ref>

In [[Karaganda]], 54 students were excluded from the universities, and five students were prosecuted.{{cn|date=December 2016}}

== Loss of life ==

According to the Kazakh SSR government, there were two deaths during the riots, including a volunteer police worker and a student. Both of them had died from blows to the head. About 100 others were detained and several others were sentenced to terms in labor camps.<ref>''San Francisco Chronicle''. Retrieved March 27, 2010, from ProQuest Newsstand.</ref>

Sources cited by the US [[Library of Congress]] claim that at least 200 people died or were [[summary execution|summarily executed]] soon after. Some accounts estimate [[casualties]] at more than 1,000.<ref name="DEATHCOUNT"/>

The writer [[Mukhtar Shakhanov]] claimed that a [[KGB]] officer testified that 168 protesters were killed.<ref name="DEATHCOUNT_1"/> The Jeltoqsan events formed the basis of the main platforms of the Azat and Alash political parties and the Jeltoqsan movement that developed in independent Kazakhstan.

Kazakh students [[Kayrat Ryskulbekov]] and [[Lazat Asanova]] were among the victims.<ref name="DEATHCOUNT">"[http://countrystudies.us/kazakstan/6.htm Reform and Nationalist Conflict]", [[U.S. Library of Congress]]</ref><ref name="DEATHCOUNT_1">"[http://origin.foxnews.com/printer_friendly_wires/2006Dec16/0,4675,KazakhstanRememberingDecember,00.html Kazakhs remembering uprising of 1986]", Associated Press, 2006</ref>

== Separation from USSR ==

In the March 1991 referendum, the population of Kazakhstan overwhelmingly voted to preserve the Soviet system. 89.2% of the population participated in the vote, of which 94.1% voted in favor.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=qmN95fFocsMC&pg=PA419&dq=89.2+kazakhstan+march+1991&cd=1#v=onepage&q=89.2%20kazakhstan%20march%201991&f=false Eastern Europe and the Commonwealth of Independent States, Volume 4| publisher= Europa Publications Limited]</ref>


After the [[1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt|aborted coup d'état in August]], the Soviet government in Kazakhstan declared independence on 16 December 1991 as the last republic to declare independence. The Soviet Union itself disintegrated ten days later.{{cn|date=December 2016}}

On 18 September 2006, the Dawn of Liberty monument, dedicated to the 20th anniversary of Jeltoqsan, was opened with a solemn ceremony in Almaty. In the 21st century, Jeltoqsan has come to be regarded as the symbol of Kazakhstan's struggle for independence. The monument has three-parts: two [[Pylon (architecture)|pylons]] of intricate shapes symbolizing the breach and conflict of past and future, the explosion of the nation's consciousness and downfall of ideological canons, and the triumph of liberty and independence of the state.<ref name="ceremony">"[http://inform.kz/showarticle.php?lang=eng&id=144658 The Head of the State unveiled a monument in Almaty]", ''KAZINFORM''</ref><ref name="aspiration">"[http://inform.kz/showarticle.php?lang=eng&id=147080 1986 December events showed people's striving for independence]", ''KAZINFORM''</ref>

[[Dinmukhamed Kunayev]] died in 1993 at the age of 82. An avenue and an institute in Almaty were named for him, as well as an avenue in downtown [[Astana]], designated as the capital in 1997.{{cn|date=December 2016}}

== See also ==
* [[Dissolution of the Soviet Union]]
* [[Black January]]
* [[January Events]]
* [[9 April tragedy]]
* [[Zharmakhan Tuyakbay]]
* [[Tulip Revolution]]

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

== External links ==
* [http://iicas.org/english/enlibrary/libr_13_04_01kp_0.htm Let my people print]
* [http://folk.uio.no/palk/stability.htm The price of stability. Kazakhstani control mechanisms in a bipolar cultural and demographic situation]

{{Kazakhstan topics}}

{{coord missing|Kazakhstan}}

[[Category:1986 riots]]
[[Category:History of Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Protests]]
[[Category:Ethnic riots]]
[[Category:Riots and civil disorder in the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:1986 in the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:Protests in the Soviet Union]]

Japanese prisoners of war in the Soviet Union

2017-04-19T12:22:21Z

InternetArchiveBot: Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v1.3beta7)

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2011}}
[[File:Japanese Soldiers Returning from Siberia 1946.jpg|thumb|right|300 px|Repatriated Japanese soldiers returning from Siberia wait to disembark from a ship at Maizuru, Kyoto Prefecture, Japan, in 1946]]
By the end of [[:World War II]] there were from 560,000 to 760,000 Japanese personnel in the [[Soviet Union]] and [[Mongolia]] interned to work in [[Gulag|labor camps]] as [[POW]]s.<ref name="sankeishinbun">{{cite web|url=http://sankei.jp.msn.com/world/europe/090724/erp0907240115000-n1.htm |title=シベリア抑留、露に７６万人分の資料　軍事公文書館でカード発見 |accessdate=21 September 2009 |date=24 July 2009 |work=Sankeishinbun |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090726100909/http://sankei.jp.msn.com/world/europe/090724/erp0907240115000-n1.htm |archivedate=26 July 2009 |df= }}</ref> Of them, about 10% died (50–60,000), mostly during the winter of 1945–46.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/monitoring/63012.stm Japanese POW group says files on over 500,000 held in Moscow], ''[[BBC News]]'', 7 March 1998</ref><ref>[http://www.unhchr.ch/huricane/huricane.nsf/view01/8D22741F69F38DD3802568C40036B229?opendocument UN Press Release], [[Commission on Human Rights]], 56th session, 13 April 2000.</ref><ref name=zagor>[http://www.auditorium.ru/books/407/ POW in the USSR 1939–1956:Documents and Materials] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071102082712/http://www.auditorium.ru/books/407/ |date= 2 November 2007 }} Moscow ''[[Logos Publishers]] (2000)'' (Военнопленные в СССР. 1939–1956: Документы и материалы] Науч.-исслед. ин-т проблем экон. истории ХХ века и др.; Под ред. М.М. Загорулько. – М.: Логос, 2000. – 1118 с.: ил.) ISBN 5-88439-093-9</ref><ref name="Ann">[[Anne Applebaum]] ''Gulag: A History'', Doubleday, April 2003, ISBN 0-7679-0056-1; page 431.[http://www.anneapplebaum.com/gulag/intro.html Introduction online])</ref>

The majority of the approximately 3.5 million Japanese armed forces outside Japan were disarmed by the United States and [[Kuomintang]] China and repatriated in 1946. Western Allies had taken 35,000 Japanese prisoners between December 1941 and 15 August 1945, i.e., before the Japanese capitulation<ref>Ulrich Straus. "[http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.cgi?path=118051176320560 The Anguish of Surrender: Japanese POWs of World War II]". Seattle and London: University of Washington Press, 2003. ISBN 978-0-295-98336-3.</ref> The Soviet Union held the Japanese POWs much longer and used them as a labor force.

==History==
The majority of Japanese who were held in the USSR did not consider themselves as "Prisoners of War" and referred to themselves as "internees", because they voluntarily laid down their arms after the official capitulation of Japan, i.e., after the end of the military conflict. The number of Japanese prisoners captured in combat was very small.<ref name=tatami>[http://www.dodi.ru/glossary/ru/v/v18/ Japanese POW in the USSR] {{ru icon}}</ref>

After the [[Soviet invasion of Manchuria|defeat of the Kwantung Army in Manchuria]], Japanese POWs were sent from [[Manchuria]], Korea, South [[Sakhalin]] and [[Kuril Islands]] to [[Primorski Krai]], [[Khabarovsk Krai]], [[Krasnoyarsk Krai]], Kazakhstan ([[South Kazakhstan Province]] and [[Zhambyl Province]]), [[Buryat-Mongol ASSR]], and [[Uzbek SSR]]. In 1946, 49 labor camps for Japanese POWs under the management of [[GUPVI]] housed about 500,000 persons. In addition there were two camps for those convicted of various crimes.

Handling of Japanese POWs was, in line with the [[USSR State Defense Committee]] Decree no. 9898cc "About Receiving, Accommodation, and Labor Utilization of the Japanese Army Prisoners of War" ("О приеме, размещении, трудовом использовании военнопленных японской армии") dated by 23 August 1945.

A significant number of Japanese were assigned to the construction of the [[Baikal-Amur Mainline]] (over 200,000 persons), in eight camps, in [[Komsomolsk-on-Amur]] (two camps, for two railroad branches), [[Sovetskaya Gavan]], [[Raychikha]] railroad station (Khabarovsk Krai), [[Izvestkovaya]] r/r station (Khabarovsk Krai), [[Krasnaya Zarya (rural locality)|Krasnaya Zarya]] ([[Chita Oblast]]), [[Taishet]], and [[Novo-Grishino]] ([[Irkutsk Oblast]]).<ref name=zagor/>

The repatriation of Japanese POWs started in 1946.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! year
! number released
! notes
|-
| 1946
|align=right| 18,616
|
|-
| 1947
|align=right| 166,240
|
|-
| 1948
|align=right| 175,000
|
|-
| 1949
|align=right| 97,000
| 971 transferred to [[People's Republic of China|PRC]]
|-
| 1950
|align=right| 1,585
| leaving 2,988 remaining in USSR
|}

Those remaining after 1950 were detained having been convicted of various crimes. The release of these persons continued from 1953 under various amnesties, and the last major group of 1025 Japanese POWs was released on 23 December 1956.<ref name=zagor/>

There are about 60 associations of Japanese former internees and members of their families today. The Soviet Union did not provide the lists of POWs and did not allow the relatives of those POWs who died in captivity to visit their burial sites. This became possible after the dissolution of the Soviet Union.<ref name=tatami/>

==Japanese internees and Russians==
Historian S. Kuznetsov, dean of the Department of History of the [[Irkutsk State University]], one of the first researchers of the topic, interviewed thousands of former internees and came to the following conclusion:

{{cquote|"Siberian Internment" (the Japanese term) was a unique and paradoxical phenomenon. Many of them have nostalgic and sentimental recollection of this period of their life. In their memoirs and recollections they drew a distinction between the attitude of the Soviet state machine and ordinary Russian people. Unlike Germans, Japanese were not associated in the perception of Russians with [[Nazi]] atrocities in the Russian land, although initially the attitude of Russians was hostile, under the influence of Soviet propaganda. What is more, romantic relations between Japanese internees and Russian women were not uncommon. For example, in the city of [[Kansk]], [[Krasnoyarsk Krai]], about 50 Japanese married locals and stayed. Japanese noticed the overall poverty of the Russian population. They also met Soviet [[political prisoner]]s in the [[GULAG]] prison camps abundant in Siberia at the time, and acquired a good understanding of the [[Soviet system]]. All of them recall the ideological indoctrination during the compulsory daily "studies of democracy", however only a very small number of them embraced communism.}}

However, many of the inmates do not share Kuznetsov's views and retain negative memories of being robbed of personal property, and the brutality of camp personnel, harsh winters and exhausting labor.<ref name=kuzn/>
One of these critics is [[Haruo Minami]] who later became one of the most famous singers in Japan. Minami, because of his harsh experiences in the labor camp, became a well-known [[anti-communist]].

Most Japanese were captured in Soviet-occupied [[Manchuria]] (northeast China) and were brought to Soviet POW camps. Many Japanese died while they were detained in the POW camps; estimates of the number of these deaths vary from 60,000, based on deaths certified by the USSR, to 347,000 (the estimate of American historian [[William F. Nimmo]], including 254,000 dead and 93,000 missing), based on the number of Japanese servicemen and civilian auxiliaries registered in Manchuria at the time of surrender who failed to return to Japan subsequently. Some remained in captivity until December 1956 (11 years after the war) before they were allowed to return to Japan. The wide disparity between Soviet records of death and the number of Japanese missing under Soviet occupation, as well as the whereabouts of the remains of POWs, are still grounds of political and diplomatic contention, at least on the Japanese side.

==Japanese ex-internees today==
Various associations of former internees seek compensation for their wartime treatment and for pensions from the Japanese government.<ref>[http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0XPQ/is_1999_Feb_15/ai_53928150 Japanese, Korean, Dutch POWs to hold meeting in Tokyo] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071102101242/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0XPQ/is_1999_Feb_15/ai_53928150 |date= 2 November 2007 }}</ref> An appeal to the [[Commission on Human Rights]] says

{{quote|Japan had a moral and legal responsibility to compensate the victims of its aggression, yet the Japanese Government had so far refused to provide compensation to former prisoners of war for their period of forced labour in Siberia, although it had made concessions to prisoners from other regions. The veterans had sued the Japanese Government in 1981 for compensation and had eventually been issued with labour certificates by the Russian Government, as requested by the court, but their appeal had been rejected.|[http://www.unhchr.ch/huridocda/huridoca.nsf/AllSymbols/252DFB6FB197D3C4802568DC0056A92C/$File/G0015686.doc?OpenElement 56th session record of the Economic and Social Council of the UN Commission on Human Rights] 13 April 2000}}

Those who chose to stay in Russia and eventually decided to return had to deal with significant Japanese bureaucracy. A major problem is the difficulty in providing the documentary confirmation of their status. Toshimasa Meguro, a 77-year-old former POW, was permitted to visit Japan as late as in 1998. He served 8 years of labor camps and after the release was ordered to stay in Siberia.<ref>[https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F30E14F638590C718DDDAD0894D0494D81&n=Top%2fNews%2fWorld%2fCountries%20and%20Territories%2fRussia "Japan's Blossoms Soothe a P.O.W. Lost in Siberia"], ''[[New York Times]]'', 12 April 1998</ref>

Tetsuro Ahiko is the last remaining Japanese POW living in Kazakhstan.<ref>{{cite news | first = Sarah | last = Noorbakhsh | title = The last Japanese man remaining in Kazakhstan: A Kafkian tale of the plight of a Japanese POW in the Soviet Union | date = 7 February 2011 | url = http://www.japansubculture.com/the-last-japanese-man-remaining-in-kazakhstan-a-kafkian-tale-of-the-plight-of-a-japanese-pow-in-the-soviet-union/ | work=Japan Subculture Research Center | accessdate =21 February 2011}}</ref>

==Research in Russia==
Research into the history of the Japanese POWs has become possible in [[Russia]] only since the second half of the 1980s, with [[glastnost]] and the [[dissolution of the Soviet Union]]. Until this time the only public information about any World War II POWs taken by the Soviet Union was some numbers of prisoners taken. After opening the secret Soviet archives the true scope of the [[POW labor in the Soviet Union]] has become known,<ref name=zagor/> and the topic has been discussed in the press.

Japanese POWs have become the subject of the historians of [[Siberia]] and the [[Russian Far East]], who gained access to local archives of [[NKVD]]/MVD and [[CPSU]]<ref>[http://mion.isu.ru/pub/sib-japan/3.htm Internment of Japanese in the USSR in Soviet and Russian historiography] {{ru icon}}</ref> A number of ''[[kandidat]]'' (PhD) dissertations had been presented about Soviet POW in various regions. In 2000 a fundamental collection of documents related to POWs in the USSR was published, which contained significant information about Japanese.<ref name=zagor/>

In the 2000s, several books about Japanese POWs were published in Russia.<ref>[[Elena Kasatonova|Kasatonova E.L.]] (2003) "Japanese POW in the USSR: A Big Game of Great Powers" (''Yaponskiye voyennnoplennye v SSSR: Bolshaya igra velekikh derzhav'') ISBN 5-89282-218-4 {{ru icon}}</ref><ref>Bondarenko, E. Yu. (2002) "Foreign POWs in the Russian Far East, 1914–1956" ISBN 5-7444-1326-X {{ru icon}}</ref><ref>Kasatonova, E. L. (2005) "The Last Prisoners of the World War II: Little Known Pages of the Russia-Japan Relations" ISBN 5-89282-258-3 {{ru icon}}</ref>

About 2,000 memoirs of Japanese POWs in the Soviet Union have been published in Japan.<ref name=kuzn>[http://russia-japan.nm.ru/kuznetsov02.htm Russia in the Eyes of Japanese Internees] {{ru icon}}</ref>

== In fiction ==

The Japanese television drama Fumou Chitai (2009) is a fictional account of the experiences of a POW after returning to Japan.

A dramatisation of experiences as a Soviet POW form a portion of the latter part of the epic movie trilogy, [[The Human Condition (film trilogy)|The Human Condition]], by Masaki Kobayashi.

Kiuchi Nobuo reported his experiences about Soviet camps in his [http://kiuchi.jpn.org/en/nobindex.htm "The Notes of Japanese soldier in USSR"] online comic series.

The South Korean movie [[My Way (2011 film)|''My Way'' (2011)]] also shows the treatment of Japanese and Japanese-recruited Koreans in Soviet POW camps.

==See also==
*[[Japanese prisoners of war in World War II]]
*[[Soviet invasion of Manchuria]]
*[[Japanese people in Russia]]
*[[German prisoners of war in the Soviet Union]]
*[[Italian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union]]
*[[Romanian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union]]
*[[Finnish prisoners of war in the Soviet Union]]

==References==

{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
*"Japanese POW in [[Primorsky Krai|Primorye]] (1945–1949)"
**Issue 1: "POW Labor in Coal Industry" ("Японские военнопленные в Приморье (1945–1949 гг.) Вып.1 Труд военнопленных в угольной промышленности" Владивосток: Государственный архив Приморского края, Мор. гос. ун-т им. адм. Г. И. Невельского) 2005.- 152 pp. {{ru icon}}
**Issue 2: "POW Labour in Various Spheres of the Notional Economy of the Primorsky Krai"(Японские военнопленные в Приморье (1945–1949 гг.) : документы Государственного архива Приморского края Выпуск 2: Труд военнопленных в отраслях народного хозяйства Приморского края, 2006 ISBN 5-8343-0355-2
*Nicole Piper, "War and Memory: Victim Identity and the Struggle for Compensation in Japan" ''War & Society'' (2001) vol. 19, issue 1, pp. 131–148.

==External links==
*[http://kiuchi.jpn.org/en/nobindex.htm The Notes of Japanese soldier in USSR]
*[http://www.ishiikazumasa.com/gwife.b/gwife/senryaku/hikiage_keiihyo.htm Historical time table of Japanese prisoners returning in 1945 – 1958] (in Japanese) (ソ連地域の引揚経緯表)
*[http://www.japansociety.org.uk/20530/japanese-pows-in-siberia-unfinished-tragedy Japanese POWs in Siberia]

{{World War II}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Japanese Prisoners Of War In The Soviet Union}}
[[Category:Japanese prisoners of war|*Soviet Union]]
[[Category:World War II prisoners of war held by the Soviet Union|*Japan]]
[[Category:Military history of Japan during World War II]]
[[Category:Mongolian People's Republic]]
[[Category:Military history of Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Military history of Uzbekistan]]
[[Category:Unfree labor during World War II]]
[[Category:Unfree labor in the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:Japan–Soviet Union relations]]

Japanese language education in Kazakhstan

2017-04-19T11:58:41Z

InternetArchiveBot: Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v1.3beta7)

{|class="wikitable" align="right" width="300"
|+'''Tertiary students of Japanese, 2007'''<ref name="Sugiura">{{cite journal|title=カザフスタンにおける日本語教育の現状と課題 (The Current State and Issues of Japanese Language Education in Kazakhstan)|last=Sugiura|first=Chisato|journal=Current report on Japanese-language education around the globe|issue=22|date=2007|pages=121–128|url=http://www.tulips.tsukuba.ac.jp/limedio/dlam/M90/M902494/12.pdf|accessdate=2007-08-23|format=PDF}}</ref>
|-
!Institution
!Major
!Minor
!Other
!Total
|-
![[Al-Farabi University]]
|72
|46
|10
|128
|-
![[Kazakh University of International Relations]]
|35
|133
|85
|253
|-
![[Kazakh Academy of Labour and Social Relations]]
|13
|10
|0
|23
|-
![[Kazakh National Pedagogical University]]
|0
|149
|19
|168
|-
![[Eurasian National University]]
|0
|0
|163
|163
|-
![[Kazakh Economics University]]
|0
|0
|20
|20
|-
![[Kazakhstan Institute of Management, Economics and Strategic Research|KIMEP]]
|0
|0
|25
|25
|-
!Total
|120
|338
|322
|780
|-
|}

'''Japanese language education in Kazakhstan''' dates back to 1992; the [[Japan Foundation]]'s 2006 survey showed 51 teachers teaching the language to 1,569 students at thirteen institutions in [[Kazakhstan]]; the number of students increased by 38% as compared to the 2003 survey and more than triple the number in the 1998 survey.<ref name="1998Survey">{{cite web|publisher=The Japan Foundation|title=1998年海外日本語教育機関調査結果: カザフスタン (Results of the 1998 survey of overseas Japanese language educational institutions: Kazakhstan)|url=http://www.jpf.go.jp/j/japan_j/oversea/kunibetsu/1999/kazakhstan.html|date=2004|accessdate=2008-01-14}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref><ref name="2003Survey">{{cite web|publisher=The Japan Foundation|title=2003年海外日本語教育機関調査結果: カザフスタン (Results of the 2003 survey of overseas Japanese language educational institutions: Kazakhstan)|url=http://www.jpf.go.jp/j/japan_j/oversea/kunibetsu/2004/kazakhstan.html|date=2004|accessdate=2008-01-14| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20060103195115/http://www.jpf.go.jp/j/japan_j/oversea/kunibetsu/2004/kazakhstan.html| archivedate = January 3, 2006}}</ref><ref name="2003Survey"/>

==History==
Japanese language education in Kazakhstan formally began with the 1992 establishment of a Japanese language course at [[Almaty]]'s [[Al-Farabi University]]; [[Kazakh National Technical University]], Kazakh University of International Relations, Kazakh National Pedagogical University, [[Almaty Management University]], and two other [[List of universities in Kazakhstan|universities in Kazakhstan]] soon followed. Courses at the elementary and secondary levels were established several years later; two schools began offering Japanese classes in 1996, followed by another three in 1998 and an additional four schools after 2000. However, by 2003, four of the primary and secondary programmes were terminated due to lack of teaching staff, while an additional two universities and one non-school institution began to offer Japanese language courses. For students in primary and secondary schools, Japanese language classes might begin as early as the fifth year of compulsory education, proceeding until the eighth or the eleventh year.<ref name="2006Survey">{{cite web|publisher=The Japan Foundation|title=2006年海外日本語教育機関調査結果: カザフスタン (Results of the 2006 survey of overseas Japanese language educational institutions: Kazakhstan)|url=http://www.jpf.go.jp/j/japan_j/oversea/kunibetsu/2006/kazakhstan.html|date=2006|accessdate=2008-01-14}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> As of 2007, Kazakhstan had 43 teachers of Japanese, among whom eight were native speakers. Students majoring in Japanese faced problems such as low wages and lack of opportunities to use their skills in professional contexts, leading to limits on the growth of interest in the language.<ref name="Sugiura"/>

Much language study is funded not indigenously, but rather through a portion of the [[United States dollar|US$]]95 million in official development assistance provided by [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Japan)|Japan's Ministry of Foreign Affairs]], as well as additional private aid.<ref>{{cite conference|pages=165–186|last=Uyama|first=Tomohiko|title=Thinking Strategically: The major Powers, Kazakhstan, and the Central Asian Nexus|editor=Robert H. Legvold|publisher=The MIT Press|date=2003|isbn=0262621746}}</ref> There is no unified national curriculum for Japanese studies at either the primary, secondary, or tertiary levels; rather, institutions design their own curricula, typically with the aid of, and using textbooks published by, the Japan Center, which is also funded by the Japanese government.<ref name="Sugiura"/>

==Standardised testing==
{| class="wikitable" align="right"
|+ JLPT examinees in Kazakhstan
!rowspan=2|Year
!rowspan=2|City
!colspan=5|Examinees by Level
|-
! L1
! L2
! L3
! L4
! Total
|-
|2006<ref name="JLPT2006">{{cite web|title=Japanese Language Proficiency Test 2006: Summary of the Results|url=http://www.jees.or.jp/jlpt/pdf/result_2006_pri.pdf|publisher=Japan Educational Exchanges and Services, [[The Japan Foundation]]|date=2006|accessdate=2007-08-22|format=PDF| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20070710005338/http://www.jees.or.jp/jlpt/pdf/result_2006_pri.pdf| archivedate = July 10, 2007}}</ref>
| [[Almaty]]
| 50
| 98
| 135
| 91
| 374
|-
|2005<ref name="JLPT2005">{{cite web|title=Japanese Language Proficiency Test 2005: Summary of the Results|url=http://www.jees.or.jp/jlpt/pdf/result_2005_pri.pdf|publisher=Japan Educational Exchanges and Services, The Japan Foundation|date=2005|accessdate=2006-12-01|format=PDF| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20061102040054/http://www.jees.or.jp/jlpt/pdf/result_2005_pri.pdf| archivedate = November 2, 2006}}</ref>
| [[Almaty]]
| 28
| 43
| 68
| 25
| 164
|-
|2004<ref name="JLPT2004">{{cite web|title=Japanese Language Proficiency Test 2003: Summary of the Results|url=http://www.jees.or.jp/jlpt/pdf/result_2004_5.pdf |publisher=Japan Educational Exchanges and Services, The Japan Foundation|date=2004|accessdate=2006-12-03|format=PDF |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20050827215746/http://www.jees.or.jp/jlpt/pdf/result_2004_5.pdf |archivedate = 2005-08-27}}</ref>
| [[Almaty]]
| 34
| 63
| 61
| 28
| 186
|-
|2003<ref name="JLPT2003">{{cite web|title=Japanese Language Proficiency Test 2003: Summary of the Results |url=http://www.jees.or.jp/jlpt/jlpt_result.pdf |publisher=Japan Educational Exchanges and Services, The Japan Foundation |date=2003 |accessdate=2006-12-03 |format=PDF |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040921165029/http://www.jees.or.jp/jlpt/jlpt_result.pdf |archivedate=2004-09-21 |deadurl=yes |df= }}</ref>
| [[Almaty]]
| 41
| 87
| 42
| 24
| 194
|-
|}

The [[Japanese Language Proficiency Test]] has been offered in Kazakhstan since 2003, solely in the former capital of [[Almaty]]. The number of examinees fell every year for the first two years after the test's introduction, but in 2006, their count more than doubled; the number of people taking the introductory 4th-level examination nearly quadrupled. However, [[JETRO]]'s Business Japanese Test was not offered in Kazakhstan or any other [[Post-Soviet states|former Soviet Union]] member state {{As of|2006|lc=on}}.<ref name="JETROStats">{{cite web|url=http://www.jetro.go.jp/en/bjt/data/jlrt/pdf/res13report_en.pdf|format=[[PDF]] |title=13th JLRT (2006): A Summary Report|publisher=[[Japan External Trade Organization]]|date=2006|accessdate=2006-12-01| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20070927192906/http://www.jetro.go.jp/en/bjt/data/jlrt/pdf/res13report_en.pdf| archivedate = September 27, 2007}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Chinese as a foreign language]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite journal|last=Arakawa|first=Tomoyuki|author2=Natsumi Waguri|title=カザフスタンにおける日本語初級カリキュラム -日本人材開発センターの新しい試み- (A Report on the New Curriculum of Elementary Japanese-Language Classes in the Kazakhstan Japan Center)|date=March 2007|volume=3|pages=123–134, 196|issn=1349-5658|journal=Kokusai Kōryūkikin Nihongo Kyōiku Kiyo|url=http://www.jpf.go.jp/j/japan_j/publish/bulletin/03/pdf/09.pdf|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929124324/http://www.jpf.go.jp/j/japan_j/publish/bulletin/03/pdf/09.pdf|archivedate=29 September 2007}}

==External links==
*[http://www.jpf.go.jp/e/japanese/network/ The JF Nihongo Network]

{{Japanese as a second or foreign language}}

[[Category:Education in Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Japanese-language education by country|Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Languages of Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Japan–Kazakhstan relations]]

Jambyl Region

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{{Infobox settlement
| name = Jambyl Region
| native_name = Жамбыл облысы Жамбылская область
| settlement_type = [[Province]]
| image_skyline = E8132-Chu-River.jpg
| imagesize =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_shield = Zhambyl_province_seal.png
| shield_alt =
| image_map = Jambyl in Kazakhstan.svg
| map_alt =
| map_caption = Map of Kazakhstan, location of Jambyl Province highlighted
| coordinates = {{coord|44|0|N|72|0|E|region:KZ|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
| subdivision_name = {{flag|Kazakhstan}}
| subdivision_type1 =
| subdivision_name1 =
| blank_name_sec1 = [[Districts of Kazakhstan|Districts]]
| blank_info_sec1 = 10
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[List of cities in Kazakhstan|Cities]]
| blank1_info_sec1 = 4
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Township]]s
| blank2_info_sec1 =
| blank3_name_sec1 = [[Village]]s
| blank3_info_sec1 = 367
| seat = [[Taraz]]
| seat_type = [[Capital (political)|Capital]]
| leader_party =
| leader_title = [[Akim]]
| leader_name = [[Karim Kokirekbaev]]
| area_footnotes = <ref name="zhambyl.kz">[http://www.zhambyl.kz/main.php?action=contents&IDrazdel=1&lan=rus Official site - General Information]</ref>
| area_total_km2 = 144264
| timezone1 = East
| utc_offset1 = +6
| timezone1_DST = not observed
| utc_offset1_DST = +6
| postal_code_type = [[Postal codes]]
| postal_code = 080000
| area_code_type = [[Area codes]]
| area_code = +7 (726)
| population_footnotes = <ref>Agency of statistics of the Republic of Kazakhstan: [http://www.stat.kz/digital/naselsenie/2012/2013/%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82/01_2012_%D0%AD-14-05-%D0%9C.xls Численность населения Республики Казахстан по областям с началa 2013 года до 1 февраля 2013 года]{{dead link|date=April 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} (russisch; Excel-Datei; 55 kB).</ref>
| population_total = 1071645
| population_as_of = 2013-02-01
| population_density_km2 = auto
| iso_code = KZ-ZHA
| registration_plate = 08, H
| website = {{URL|http://www.zhambyl.gov.kz/}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Jambyl Region''' ({{lang-kk|Жамбыл облысы, ''Jambıl oblısı'', جامبىل وبلىسى}}) is a [[Regions of Kazakhstan|region]] of [[Kazakhstan]]. Its capital is [[Taraz]]. The population of the region is 1,000,000; the city is 335,100. The region borders [[Kyrgyzstan]], and is very near [[Uzbekistan]] (all to the south). Jambyl also borders three other provinces: [[Karaganda Region]] (to the north), [[South Kazakhstan Region]] (to the west) and [[Almaty Region]] (to the east). The total area is {{convert|144200|km2|mi2}}. The province borders [[Lake Balkhash]] to its northeast. The province (and its capital during the [[Soviet era]]) was named after the Kazakh ''[[akyn]]'' (folk singer) [[Jambyl Jabayev]].

==Population==

An estimated 1.2 million people lived in the province in 2010. The population consists of more than 100 ethnic groups. Kazakhs comprise about 65% of the population. The lowest percentage of Kazakhs is in Taraz (Dzhambul) though their share in the city has grown from 23% in 1989 to 60% in 2009.

==History==
See [[Taraz]] for a detailed account of the history of the provincial capital.

==Administrative divisions==
The province is administratively divided into ten districts and the city of [[Taraz]].<ref name="akimat">{{cite web|url=http://www.zhambyl.gov.kz/index.php?action=contents&page=2&lan=rus|title=Характеристика|publisher=The official portal of akimat of Jambyl Region|language=Russian|accessdate=13 July 2013}}</ref>
# [[Bayzak District]], with the administrative center in [[Village#Central Asia|the auyl]] of [[Sarykemer]];
# [[Jambyl District, Jambyl|Jambyl District]], the auyl of [[Asy, Kazakhstan|Asy]];
# [[Korday District]], the auyl of [[Korday]];
# [[Merki District]], the auyl of [[Merki]];
# [[Moiynkum District]], the auyl of [[Moiynkum]];
# [[Sarysu District]], the town of [[Janatas]];
# [[Shu District]], the auyl of [[Tole bi]];
# [[Talas District, Kazakhstan|Talas District]], the town of [[Karatau, Kazakhstan|Karatau]];
# [[Turar Ryskulov District]], the auyl of [[Kulan, Kazakhstan|Kulan]];
# [[Zhualy District]], the auyl of [[Bauyrjan Momyshuly]].
[[Janatas]], [[Karatau, Kazakhstan|Karatau]], [[Shu, Jambyl|Shu]], and [[Taraz]] have the administrative status of a town.<ref name="akimat"/>

==Economy==
Important industries include rock [[phosphate]] mining (around [[Karatau]]). The [[Chu River]] valley is one of Kazakhstan's important areas of irrigated agriculture.

The core of the rail transportation network in the region is based on the east-west [[Turksib]] rail line, which runs through Taraz and Chu toward [[Almaty]], and the north-south [[Transkazakhstan]] line, which runs north from Chu toward Astana. [[:ru:Автострада М 39|CIS Highway M 39]] (which in this area forms part of [[European route E40]]) comes from Tashkent, Uzbekistan over Shymkent (capital of neighbouring province South Kazakhstan) and runs further over Taraz to [[Bishkek]], Kyrgyzstan; then it comes to Jambyl Province again through [[Korday border crossing]] and continues east toward Almaty.

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
Image:E7830-Shu-steppe.jpg|In the steppe north of the town of Shu
Image:E7860-Korday-entering-KZ.jpg|Entering Kazakhstan (and Jambyl Province) via [[Korday]] Bridge over the Chu
</gallery>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.zhambyl.gov.kz/index.php?lan=rus Official website(in Russian)]

{{Geographic location
|Centre = Jambyl Province
|North = [[Karagandy Province]]
|Northeast =
|East = [[Almaty Province]]
|Southeast = {{flagicon image|Flag of Chuy Province.svg}} [[Chuy Region]], {{flag|Kyrgyzstan}}
|South = {{flagicon image|Flag of Talas Province Kyrgyzstan.svg}} [[Talas Region]], {{flag|Kyrgyzstan}}
|Southwest =
|West = [[South Kazakhstan Province]]
|Northwest =
}}

{{Zhambyl Province}}
{{Provinces of Kazakhstan}}

[[Category:Jambyl Region| ]]
[[Category:Regions of Kazakhstan]]

Jamaal Smith

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{{Infobox football biography
|name = Jamaal Smith
|image =
|image_size =
|caption =
|fullname =
|birth_date = {{birth date and age|1988|2|22|df=y}}
|birth_place = Canada
|height = {{height|m=1.90}}<ref name = "NFT"/>
|position = [[Defender (association football)|Defender]]
|currentclub = [[Alpha United FC|Alpha United]]
|clubnumber =
|youthyears1 =
|youthclubs1 = [[York Lions]]
|years1 = 2008
|clubs1 = [[Italia Shooters]]
|caps1 =
|goals1 =
|years2 = 2011
|clubs2 = [[SC Toronto]]
|caps2 =
|goals2 =
|years3 = 2012
|clubs3 = [[Syrianska IF Kerburan|Syrianska Kerburan]]
|caps3 = 20
|goals3 = 0
|years4 = 2013
|clubs4 = [[K-W United FC]]
|caps4 = 0
|goals4 = 0
|years5 = 2013–2014
|clubs5 = [[Caledonia AIA F.C.|Caledonia AIA]]
|caps5 =
|goals5 =
|years6 = 2014
|clubs6 = [[FC Okzhetpes|Okzhetpes]]
|caps6 = 1
|goals6 = 0
|years7 = 2014
|clubs7 = [[Vaughan Azzurri]]
|caps7 =
|goals7 =
|years8 = 2015–
|clubs8 = [[Alpha United FC|Alpha United]]
|caps8 =
|goals8 =
|nationalyears1 = 2012–
|nationalteam1 = [[Guyana national football team|Guyana]]<ref name = "NFT"/>
|nationalcaps1 = 12
|nationalgoals1 = 0
|club-update = 10:16, 19 July 2015 (UTC)
|ntupdate = 16:07, 24 August 2015 (UTC)
}}
'''Jamaal Smith''' (born 22 February 1988) is a Guyanese international [[association football|footballer]] who plays for [[Alpha United FC|Alpha United]], as a [[Defender (association football)|defender]].

==Career==

===College career===
Smith played college soccer for the [[York Lions]], winning [[Canadian Interuniversity Sport|CIS]] championships in 2008 and 2010.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oua.ca/sports/msoc/2008-09/releases/3493.html|title=YORK WINS 2008 CIS MEN'S SOCCER CROWN|date=10 November 2008|accessdate=19 July 2015|publisher=Ontario University Athletics}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.cis-sic.ca/championships/msoc/2010-11/boxscore/20101114_lq8m.xml|title=York at UBC|date=14 November 2010|accessdate=19 July 2015|publisher=Canadian Interuniversity Sport}}</ref> He also represented Canada at the Universiade in [[2009 Summer Universiade|2009]] and [[2011 Summer Universiade|2011]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.canadasoccer.com/cis-announces-men-s-soccer-universiade-team-p146338|title=CIS announces men's soccer Universiade team|date=3 June 2009|accessdate=21 June 2015|publisher=Canada Soccer}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mississauga.com/sports-story/3117421-smith-anchors-canada-defence/|title=Smith anchors Canada defence|date=20 May 2011|accessdate=21 June 2015|publisher=Mississauga News}}</ref>

===Club career===
Smith has played club football for [[Italia Shooters]], [[SC Toronto]], [[Syrianska IF Kerburan|Syrianska Kerburan]], [[K-W United FC]], [[Caledonia AIA F.C.|Caledonia AIA]], [[FC Okzhetpes|Okzhetpes]] and [[Vaughan Azzurri]].<ref name = "NFT">{{NFT player|pid=48358|accessdate=24 August 2015}}</ref><ref>{{soccerway|jamaal-smith/235566|accessdate=21 June 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.canadiansoccerleague.ca/page.php?page_id=9314 |title=Canadian Soccer League Powered by Goalline Sports Administration Software |date=2008-07-25 |access-date=2016-12-04 |deadurl=bot: unknown |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080725070902/http://www.canadiansoccerleague.ca/page.php?page_id=9314 |archivedate=2008-07-25 |df= }}</ref>

He signed for Caledonia AIA in August 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.concacaf.com/article/caledonia-aia-signs-guyana-international|title=Caledonia AIA signs Guyana international|date=1 August 2013|accessdate=21 June 2015|publisher=CONACAF}}</ref> His debut for Caledonia came in a 3-1 away defeat to Mexican club [[Deportivo Toluca F.C.|Toluca]] in the [[CONCACAF Champions League]] a few days later.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wired868.com/2013/08/07/caledonia-falls-to-toluca-but-grabs-away-goal-in-mexico-city/|title=Caledonia falls to Toluca but grabs away goal in Mexico City|date=7 August 2013|accessdate=19 July 2015|publisher=Wired868}}</ref>

In April 2015 he was playing for [[Alpha United FC|Alpha United]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.concacaf.com/article/alpha-united-to-rely-on-team-effort-in-cfu-play|title=Alpha United to rely on team effort in CFU play|date=15 April 2015|accessdate=21 June 2015|publisher=CONACAF}}</ref>

===International career===
Born in Canada, he made his international debut for [[Guyana national football team|Guyana]] in 2012,<ref name = "NFT"/> and has appeared in FIFA World Cup qualifying matches for them.<ref>{{FIFA player|361062}}</ref> He also represented them at the [[2012 Caribbean Cup]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://caribbeanfootballdatabase.com/guyana/players/jamaalsmith.html|title=Profile|accessdate=19 July 2015|publisher=Caribbean Football Database}}</ref>

==International career statistics==
{{updated|match played 14 June 2015}}<ref name = "NFT"/>
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!colspan=3|[[Guyana national football team|Guyana]]
|-
!Year!!Apps!!Goals
|-
|2012||7||0
|-
|2013||0||0
|-
|2014||0||0
|-
|2015||5||0
|-
!Total||12||0
|}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Smith, Jamaal}}
[[Category:1988 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Canadian soccer players]]
[[Category:Guyanese footballers]]
[[Category:Guyana international footballers]]
[[Category:Canadian people of Guyanese descent]]
[[Category:SC Toronto players]]
[[Category:Syrianska IF Kerburan players]]
[[Category:K-W United FC players]]
[[Category:TT Pro League players]]
[[Category:Caledonia AIA F.C. players]]
[[Category:FC Okzhetpes players]]
[[Category:Alpha United FC players]]
[[Category:Association football defenders]]
[[Category:Canadian expatriate soccer players]]
[[Category:Canadian expatriates in Sweden]]
[[Category:Canadian expatriates in Trinidad and Tobago]]
[[Category:Canadian expatriates in Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Guyanese expatriate footballers]]
[[Category:Guyanese expatriates in Sweden]]
[[Category:Guyanese expatriates in Trinidad and Tobago]]
[[Category:Guyanese expatriates in Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Expatriate footballers in Sweden]]
[[Category:Expatriate footballers in Trinidad and Tobago]]
[[Category:Expatriate footballers in Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Canadian Soccer League (2006–present) players]]
[[Category:York Region Shooters players]]

{{Guyana-footy-bio-stub}}

List of Kazakhs

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''This is a '''list of famous [[Kazakhs]].''

== Actors, Filmmakers and Fashion Models==
*[[Shaken Aimanov]] (1914-1970), film director, actor
*[[Timur Bekmambetov]] (born 1961), film director
*[[Rashid Nugmanov]] (born 1954), film director
*[[Gulshat Omarova]] (born 1968), writer, film director and actress
*[[Ruslana Korshunova]] (born 1987), international fashion model
*[[Alyona Subbotina]] (born 1990), international fashion model

==Artists==
*[[Altynai Asylmuratova]] (born 1961), ballerina
*[[Abylkhan Kasteev]] (1904-1973), painter

==Businessmen==
*[[Timur Kulibayev]] (born 1966), businessman
*[[Oleg Novachuk]], businessman, currently Chief Executive of [[Kazakhmys]]

== Composers and Musicians==
*[[Kulyash Baiseitova]] (1912-1957), opera singer
*[[Marat Bisengaliev]] (born 1962), violinist and director of Orchestras
*[[Alan Buribaev]] (born 1979), conductor
*[[Jambyl Jabayev]] (1846-1945), akyn, student of Suinbay
*[[Shamshi Kaldayakov]] (1930-1992), composer
*[[Erik Kurmangaliev]] (1959-2008), opera singer
*[[Makhambet Otemisuly]] (1804-1846), akyn, composer, leader of rebellious movement against Russian Empire
*[[Roza Rymbaeva]] (born 1957), singer
*[[Kurmangazy Sagyrbayuly]] (1823-1896), composer, instrumentalist and folk artist
*[[Tolkyn Zabirova]] (born 1970), singer
*[[Roza Baglanova]] (1922-2011), opera singer

==Heads of State==
*[[Ablai Khan]] (1711-1781), khan of [[Middle jüz]], leader of [[Kazakh Khanate]] (1771-1781)
*[[Abul Khair Khan]] (1693-1748), khan of [[Junior jüz]] (1725-1748)
*[[Zhumabay Shayakhmetov]] (1902-1966), First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Kazakh SSR (1946 - 1954)
*[[Jumabek Tashenov]](1915-1986), Prime Minister
*[[Dinmukhamed Kunayev]] (1912-1993), First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Kazakh SSR (1960-1962, 1964-1986), Prime Minister, President Kazakhstan Academy of Sciences
*[[Nursultan Nazarbaev]] (born 1940), President of Kazakhstan
*[[Kerei Khan]](?-1465)founder and co-leader of Kazakh Khanate(1456-1465)
*[[Janybek Khan]] (1428-1480), founder and co-leader of Kazakh Khanate (1465-1480)
*[[Burunduk Khan]](?-1511), leader of the Kazakh Khanate(1480-1510)
*[[Kasym Khan]] (1445-1521), leader of the Kazakh Khanate (1510 - 1521)
*[[Kenesary Khan]] (1802-1847), khan of all three jüzes (1841 - 1847)
*[[Tauke Khan]] (?-1718), leader of the Kazakh Khanate (1680-1718)
*[[Haknazar Khan]](?-1580), leader of the Kazakh Khanate(1538- 1580)
*[[Shygai Khan]](1500-1582),leader of the Kazakh Khanate(1580-1582)
*[[Tawekel Khan]](?-1598), leader of the Kazakh Khanate(1582-1598)
*[[Esim Khan]](?-1628(1643)), leader of the Kazakh Khanate( 1598-1628(1643))
*[[Salkam Jangir Khan]](?-1652),leader of the Kazakh Khanate(1628(1643)-1652)
*[[Batyr Khan]](?-1680), leader of the Kazakh Khanate(1652-1680)

== Philosophers ==
*[[Abay Qunanbayuli]] (1845-1904), poet, translator, composer and philosopher.
*[[Al-Farabi]] (872-950), scientist, philosopher and mathematician
*[[Khoja Ahmad Yasavi]] (1106-1166), poet and Sufi (Muslim mystic)

== Politicians ==
*[[Karim Masimov]] (born 1965), Prime Minister
*[[Byrganym Aytimova]] (born 1953), ambassador, minister
*[[Akhmet Baitursynov]] (1873-1937), poet, writer and politician
*[[Osman Batur]] (1899-1951), (also referred to as Ospan) fighter for the freedom of the Qazaq people in [[Xinjiang]]
*[[Alikhan Bokeikhanov]] (1866-1937), writer, political activist and environmental scientist
*[[Mirjaqip Dulatuli]] (1885-1935), poet, writer and a leader of [[Alash Orda]] government
*[[Janabil]] (born 1934), politician in China
*[[Gulzhana Karagusova]] (born 1950), member of Majilis, Minister of Labor and Social Protection
*[[Ashat Kerimbay]] (born 1947), politician in China
*[[Eset Kotibaruli]] (1803-1889), leader of the anti-colonial war against Russian Empire
*[[Bolat Nurgaliyev]] (born 1951), diplomat
*[[Makhambet Otemisuly]] (1804-1846), akyn, composer, leader of rebellious movement against Russian Empire
*[[Kanat Saudabayev]] (born 1946), politician, Secretary of State, Minister of Foreign Affairs
*[[Zhumabay Shayakhmetov]] (1902-1966), First Secretary of the Kazakh SSR
*[[Mustafa Shokay]] (1890-1941), leader of the Kokand revolt (1917) against the [[Bolsheviks]]
*[[Olzhas Suleimenov]] (born 1936), poet, politician, and anti-nuclear activist
*[[Imangali Tasmagambetov]] (born 1956), Prime Minister
*[[Marat Tazhin]] (born 1960), Foreign Minister
*[[Isatay Taymanuly]] (1791-1838), leader of rebellious movement against Russian Empire
*[[Kassym-Jomart Tokayev]] (born 1953), Foreign Minister, Prime Minister
*[[Zhanseit Tuimebayev]] (born 1958), Minister of Education and Science
*[[Aman Tuleev]] (born 1944), governor of [[Kemerovo Oblast]], Russia

== Military ==
*[[Syrym Datuly]] (1712-1802), leader of the Kazakhs of the [[Junior Jüz]]
*[[Nurken Abdirov]] (1919-1942), fighter pilot, hero of the Soviet Union
*[[Toktar Aubakirov]] (born 1946), first Kazakh in space, MP
*[[Raiymbek Batyr]] (1705-?), warrior in the 18th century against [[Dzungar people|Dzungar]]s
*[[Talgat Begeldinov]] (born 1922), fighter pilot, hero of the Soviet Union during World War II
*[[Manshuk Mametova]] (1922-1943), machine gunner, hero of the Soviet Union during World War II
*[[Baurzhan Momyshuly]] (1910-1982), writer, hero of the Soviet Union of World War II
*[[Talgat Musabayev]] (born 1951), test pilot, former cosmonaut, Director of Aerospace Agency of Republic of Kazakhstan
*[[Rakhimzhan Qoshqarbaev]] (1924-1988), first soldier to raise the Soviet flag over the [[Reichstag building|Reichstag]] in Berlin

== Scientists ==
''Applied and Natural Science''
*[[Ken Alibek]] (born 1950), microbiologist
*[[Kaisha Atakhanova]] (born 1957), genetic biologist
*[[Alikhan Bokeikhanov]] (1866-1937), writer, political activist and environmental scientist
*[[Shafik Chokin]] (1912-2003), engineer, President of Academy of Sciences
*[[Kanysh Satpayev]] (1899-1964), engineer, geologist, President of Academy of Sciences

''Social Science''
*[[Al-Farabi]] (872-950), scientist, philosopher and mathematician
*[[Sarsen Amanzholov]] (1903-1958), linguist, [[Turkologist]]
*[[Orazak Ismagulov]] (born 1930), anthropologist
*[[Zhenis Kembayev]] (born 1975), jurist
*[[Marat Aldangorovich Sarsembaev]] (born 1947), jurist

== Sportspersons ==

=== Boxers ===
*[[Serik Konakbaev]] (born 1959) - silver medal winner of the [[1980 Summer Olympics]]
*[[Bolat Niyazymbetov]] (born 1972) - bronze medal winner of the [[1996 Summer Olympics]]
*[[Yermakhan Ibraimov]] (born 1972) - bronze medal winner of the [[1996 Summer Olympics]], champion of the [[2000 Summer Olympics]]
*[[Bekzat Sattarkhanov]] (1980-2000) - champion of the [[2000 Summer Olympics]]
*[[Bulat Jumadilov]] (born 1973) - silver medal winner of the [[1996 Summer Olympics]] and [[2000 Summer Olympics]]
*[[Mukhtarkhan Dildabekov]] (born 1976) - silver medal winner of the [[2000 Summer Olympics]]
*[[Bakhtiyar Artayev]] (born 1983) - champion of the [[2004 Summer Olympics]]
*[[Serik Yeleuov]] (born 1980) - bronze medal winner of the [[2004 Summer Olympics]]
*[[Bakhyt Sarsekbayev]] (born 1981) - champion of the [[2008 Summer Olympics]]
*[[Yerkebulan Shynaliyev]] (born 1987) - bronze medal winner of the [[2008 Summer Olympics]]
*[[Serik Sapiyev]] (born 1983) - boxer, champion of the 2012 Summer Olympics
*[[Yerdos Zhanabergenov]] (born 1983) - boxer
*[[Gennady Golovkin]] (born 1982) - silver medal winner of the [[2004 Summer Olympics]], current WBC, IBF, WBA Super Middleweight and IBO champion

=== Wrestling ===

==== Greek-Roman (Classic) Style ====
*[[Shamil Serikov]] (1956-1989) - champion of the [[1980 Summer Olympics]]
*[[Zhaqsylyq Üshkempirov|Jacksylyk Ushkempirov]] (born 1951) - champion of the [[1980 Summer Olympics]]
*[[Daulet Turlykhanov]] (born 1963) - silver medal winner of the [[1992 Summer Olympics]], silver bronze-winner of the [[1996 Summer Olympics]]
*[[Nurbakyt Tengizbayev]](born 1983) - bronze medal winner of the [[2008 Summer Olympics]]
*[[Asset Mambetov]] (born 1982) - bronze medal winner of the [[2008 Summer Olympics]]

==== Freestyle ====
*[[Maulen Mamyrov]] (born 1970) - bronze medal winner of the [[1996 Summer Olympics]]
*[[Islam Bairamukov]] (born 1971) - silver medal winner of the [[2000 Summer Olympics]]

=== Ice Hockey ===
*[[Evgeni Nabokov]] (born 1975) - former [[NHL]] goaltender (1995-2015)

=== Soccer ===
*[[Seilda Baishakov]] (born 1950) - [[FC Kairat]] (1971 -1981)
*[[Kairat Ashirbekov]] (born 1982) - footballer
*[[Samat Smakov]] (born 1978) - footballer
*[[Nurbol Zhumaskaliyev]] (born 1981) - footballer

=== Other ===
*[[Qajymuqan]] (1871-1948) - freestyle wrestler
*[[Assan Bazayev]] (born 1981) - cyclist
*[[Kaisar Nurmagambetov]] (born 1977) - flatwater canoer
*[[Darmen Sadvakasov]] (born 1978) - chess grandmaster
*[[Aliya Yussupova]] (born 1984) - athlete
*[[Yernar Yerimbetov]] (born 1980) - gymnast
*[[Radik Zhaparov]] (born 1984) - ski jumper
*[[Dias Keneshev]] (born 1985) - [[biathlete]]
*[[Boris Polak]] (born 1954), Israeli world champion and Olympic sport shooter
*[[Askhat Zhitkeyev]] (born 1981) - judoka, silver prize-winner of the [[2008 Summer Olympics]]
*[[Arman Chilmanov]] (born 1984) - taekwondo athlete, bronze prize-winner of the [[2008 Summer Olympics]]
*[[Alexander Vinokourov]] (born 1973) - cyclist

=== Weightlifting ===
*[[Ilya Ilyin]] (born 1988) - champion of the [[2008 Summer Olympics]] and [[2012 Summer Olympics]]
*[[Zulfiya Chinshanlo]] (born 1993) - champion of the [[2012 Summer Olympics]]

==Writers and Poets==
*[[Abay Qunanbayuli]] (1845-1904) - poet, composer and philosopher
*[[Ibrahim Altynsarin]] (1841-1889) - pedagogue, writer
*[[Mukhtar Auezov]] (1897-1961) - writer, public figure
*[[Bukhar-zhirau Kalmakanov]] (1693-1789) - poet
*[[Akhmet Baytursinuli]] (1873-1937) - poet, writer, pedagogue and politician
*[[Alikhan Bokeikhanov]] (1866-1937) - writer, political activist and environmental scientist
*[[Mirjaqip Dulatuli]] (1885-1935) - poet, writer and a leader of [[Alash Orda]] government
*[[Qabdesh Jumadilov]] (born 1936) - writer
*[[Bakhytzhan Kanapyanov]] (born 1951) - poet and lyricist
*[[Mukaghali Makatayev]] (1931-1976) - [[akyn]], poet
*[[Baurzhan Momyshuly]] (1910-1982) - writer, hero of the Soviet Union during World War II
*[[Sabit Mukanov]] (1900-1973) - poet and writer
*[[Gabit Musirepov]] (1902-1985) - writer, playwright
*[[Saken Seyfullin]] (1894-1939) - poet and writer, national activist
*[[Magjan Jumabayev]] (1893-1938) - writer, publicist, founder of modern Kazakh literature
*[[Mukhtar Shakhanov]] (born 1942) - writer, lawmaker, ambassador
*[[Olzhas Suleimenov]] (born 1936) - poet, politician, and anti-nuclear activist
*[[Sultanmahmut Toraygirov]] (1893-1920) - poet and writer
*[[Shokan Walikhanuli]] (1835-1865) - scholar, ethnographer and historian
*[[Khoja Akhmet Yassawi]] (1106-1166) - poet and Sufi (Muslim mystic)
*[[Tauman Torekhanov]] (born 1931) - writer, journalist and executive editor

==Gallery==

<gallery class="center">
File:Tokaev.jpg|[[Kassym-Jomart Tokayev]]
File:Assan_Bazayev.jpg|[[Assan Bazayev]]
File:Shamshi Qaldayaqov.jpg|[[Shamshi Kaldayakov]]
File:Talgat Musabayev.jpg|[[Talgat Musabayev]]
File:Muhtar Shaxan Kazak poet.jpg|[[Mukhtar Shakhanov]]
File:Yussupova.jpg|[[Aliya Yussupova]]
File:Dariga Nazarbayeva.jpg|[[Dariga Nazarbayeva]]
File:Absattar Derbisali.png|[[Absattar Derbisali]]
File:Kazakh FM Marat Tazhin.jpg|[[Marat Tazhin]]
</gallery>

==See also==
*[[List of people by nationality]]

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090904080150/http://expat.nursat.kz/?3201 Great People of Kazakhstan]

{{Kazakhstan topics}}

[[Category:Lists of people by nationality|Kazakh]]
[[Category:Kazakhstani people|*]]
[[Category:Lists of Kazakhstani people|Kazakh]]
[[Category:Ethnic Kazakh people|*]]

Islam in Kazakhstan

2017-04-15T08:57:07Z

InternetArchiveBot: Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v1.3beta6)

'''[[Islam]]''' is the largest [[religion]] practiced in '''[[Kazakhstan]]''', as 70.2% of the country's population is [[Muslim]] according to a 2009 national census.<ref name="2009 Census">{{cite web|url=http://www.stat.kz/news/Pages/n2_12_11_10.aspx |title=Итоги национальной переписи населения 2009 года (Summary of the 2009 national census) |language=Russian |publisher=Agency of Statistics of the Republic of Kazakhstan |accessdate=15 November 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130612063733/http://www.stat.kz/news/Pages/n2_12_11_10.aspx |archivedate=12 June 2013 |df= }}</ref> Ethnic [[Kazakhs]] are predominantly [[Sunni]] [[Muslim]]s of the [[Hanafi school]].<ref name=REPORT>[http://www.usembassy.kz/documents/irf-2006.html International Religious Freedom Report 2006] U.S. Embassy in Astana, Kazakhstan</ref> There are also small number of [[Shia]] and few [[Ahmadiyya|Ahmadi]] Muslims.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.forum18.org/archive.php?article_id=1577 | title=KAZAKHSTAN: Ahmadi Muslim mosque closed, Protestants fined 100 times minimum monthly wage | publisher=Forum 18 | accessdate=June 7, 2014}}</ref> Geographically speaking, Kazakhstan is the northernmost Muslim-majority country in the world. Kazakhs make up over half of the total population, and other ethnic groups of Muslim background include [[Uzbeks]], [[Uyghurs]] and [[Tatars]].<ref>[http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2009/127366.htm Kazakhstan - International Religious Freedom Report 2009] U.S. Department of State. Retrieved on 2009-09-07.</ref> Islam first arrived on the southern edges of the region in the 8th century from Arabs.

==History==
[[File:2-minaret mosque in Semey.jpg|thumb|250px| Mosque in Semey]]

[[File:Центральная мечеть Павлодара.JPG|thumb|250px|Mashkhur Jusup central mosque, Pavlodar]]

[[Islam]] was brought to the Kazakhs during the 8th century when the [[Arab]]s arrived in Central Asia. Islam initially took hold in the southern portions of [[Turkestan]] and thereafter gradually spread northward.<ref>Atabaki, Touraj. ''Central Asia and the Caucasus: transnationalism and diaspora'', pg. 24</ref> Islam also took root due to the zealous missionary work of [[Samanid]] rulers, notably in areas surrounding [[Taraz]]<ref>Ibn Athir, volume 8, pg. 396</ref> where a significant number of Kazakhs accepted Islam. Additionally, in the late 14th century, the [[Golden Horde]] propagated Islam amongst the Kazakhs and other Central Asian tribes. During the 18th century, Russian influence rapidly increased toward the region. Led by [[Catherine the Great|Catherine]], the Russians initially demonstrated a willingness in allowing [[Islam]] to flourish as Muslim clerics were invited into the region to preach to the Kazakhs whom the Russians viewed as "savages" and "ignorant" of morals and ethics.<ref>Khodarkovsky, Michael. ''Russia's Steppe Frontier: The Making of a Colonial Empire, 1500-1800'', pg. 39.</ref><ref name=EncycSex572>Ember, Carol R. and Melvin Ember. ''Encyclopedia of Sex and Gender: Men and Women in the World's Cultures'', pg. 572</ref>

Russian policy gradually changed toward weakening Islam by introducing pre-Islamic elements of [[collective consciousness]].<ref name=Hunter14>Hunter, Shireen. "Islam in Russia: The Politics of Identity and Security", pg. 14</ref> Such attempts included methods of eulogizing pre-Islamic historical figures and imposing a sense of inferiority by sending Kazakhs to highly elite [[Russia]]n military institutions.<ref name=Hunter14 /> In response, Kazakh religious leaders attempted to bring religious fervor by espousing [[pan-Turkism]], though many were persecuted as a result.<ref>Farah, Caesar E. ''Islam: Beliefs and Observances'', pg. 304</ref> During the [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] era, [[Muslim]] institutions survived only in areas where Kazakhs significantly outnumbered non-Muslims due to everyday Muslim practices.<ref>Farah, Caesar E. ''Islam: Beliefs and Observances'', pg. 340</ref> In an attempt to conform Kazakhs into [[Communist]] ideologies, gender relations and other aspects of the Kazakh culture were key targets of social change.<ref name=EncycSex572 />

In more recent times, Kazakhs have gradually employed determined effort in revitalizing Islamic religious institutions after the fall of the [[Soviet Union]]. While not strongly fundamentalist, Kazakhs continue to identify with their Islamic faith,<ref>Page, Kogan. ''Asia and Pacific Review 2003/04'', pg. 99</ref> and even more devotedly in the countryside. Those who claim descent from the original [[Muslim]] warriors and missionaries of the 8th century, command substantial respect in their communities.<ref>Atabaki, Touraj. ''Central Asia and the Caucasus: transnationalism and diaspora''.</ref> Kazakh political figures have also stressed the need to sponsor Islamic awareness. For example, the Kazakh Foreign Affairs Minister, [[Marat Tazhin]], recently emphasized that Kazakhstan attaches importance to the use of "positive potential Islam, learning of its history, culture and heritage."<ref>[http://www.inform.kz/showarticle.php?lang=eng&id=154837 inform.kz | 154837] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071020120928/http://www.inform.kz/showarticle.php?lang=eng&id=154837 |date=2007-10-20 }}</ref>

[[Soviet Union|Soviet]] authorities attempted to encourage a controlled form of Islam under the [[Spiritual Administration of the Muslims of Central Asia and Kazakhstan]] as a unifying force in the Central Asian societies, while at the same time prohibiting true religious freedom. Since independence, religious activity has increased significantly. Construction of [[mosque]]s and religious schools accelerated in the 1990s, with financial help from [[Turkey]], [[Egypt]], and, primarily, [[Saudi Arabia]].<ref>[http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e1247 From the article "Kazakhstan, Islam in" in Oxford Islamic Studies Online]</ref> In 1991 170 mosques were operating, more than half of them newly built. At that time an estimated 230 Muslim communities were active in Kazakhstan.

==Islam and the state==

[[File:Almaty 13.jpg|thumb|250px|Central Mosque, Almaty]]
In 1990 [[Nursultan Nazarbayev]], then the First Secretary of the [[CPSU|Kazakhstan Communist Party]], created a state basis for Islam by removing Kazakhstan from the authority of the Muslim Board of Central Asia, the Soviet-approved and politically oriented religious administration for all of Central Asia. Instead, Nazarbayev created a separate [[muftiate]], or religious authority, for Kazakh Muslims.<ref name=LOC>[http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/kztoc.html Country Study - Kazakhstan] Library of Congress</ref>

With an eye toward the Islamic governments of nearby [[Iran]] and [[Afghanistan]], the writers of the 1993 constitution specifically forbade religious political parties. The 1995 [[constitution]] forbids organizations that seek to stimulate racial, political, or religious discord, and imposes strict governmental control on foreign religious organizations. As did its predecessor, the 1995 constitution stipulates that Kazakhstan is a secular state; thus, Kazakhstan is the only Central Asian state whose constitution does not assign a special status to Islam. Though, Kazakhstan joined the [[Organisation of Islamic Cooperation]] in the same year. This position was based on the Nazarbayev government's foreign policy as much as on domestic considerations. Aware of the potential for investment from the Muslim countries of the Middle East, Nazarbayev visited Iran, [[Turkey]], and [[Saudi Arabia]]; at the same time, he preferred to cast Kazakhstan as a bridge between the Muslim East and the Christian West. For example, he initially accepted only observer status in the [[Economic Cooperation Organization]] (ECO), all of whose member nations are predominantly Muslim. The president's first trip to the Muslim holy city of [[Mecca]], which occurred in 1994, was part of an itinerary that also included a visit to [[Pope John Paul II]] in the [[Vatican City|Vatican]].<ref name=LOC/>

==See also==
* [[Religion in Kazakhstan]]
* [[Islam in Central Asia]]
* [[Islam in the Soviet Union]]
* [[Khoja (Turkestan)|Khoja]]

== Further reading ==
* {{cite journal
|last = Karagiannis
|first = Emmanuel
|date=April 2007
|title = The Rise of Political Islam in Kazakhstan: Hizb Ut-Tahrir Al Islami
|journal = Nationalism and Ethnic Politics
|volume = 13
|issue = 2
|pages = 297–322
|doi = 10.1080/13537110701293567}}

* {{cite journal
|last = Rorlich
|first = Azade-Ayse
|date=June 2003
|title = Islam, Identity and Politics: Kazakhstan, 1990-2000
|journal = Nationalities Papers
|volume = 31
|issue = 2
|pages = 157–176
|doi = 10.1080/00905990307127 }}

* {{cite journal
|last = Schwab
|first = Wendell
|date=June 2011
|title = Establishing an Islamic niche in Kazakhstan: Musylman Publishing House and its publications
|journal = Central Asian Survey
|volume = 30
|issue = 2
|pages = 227–242
|doi = 10.1080/02634937.2011.565229 }}

* {{cite journal
|last = Schwab
|first = Wendell
|year = 2011
|title = Traditions and texts: how two young women learned to interpret the Qur’an and hadiths in Kazakhstan
|journal = Contemporary Islam}} http://www.springerlink.com/content/76614876h026m165/

==References==
{{commons category|Mosques in Kazakhstan}}
{{reflist}}

{{loc}}

{{Asia in topic|Islam in}}
{{Islam in Europe}}
{{Kazakhstan topics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Islam In Kazakhstan}}
[[Category:Islam in Asia]]
[[Category:Islam in Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Islam in the Soviet Union|Kazakhstan]]

Islam Bayramukov

2017-04-15T08:25:01Z

InternetArchiveBot: Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v1.3beta6)

{{BLP sources|date=November 2010}}
{{MedalTop}}
{{MedalSport | Men's [[Wrestling at the Summer Olympics|freestyle wrestling]]}}
{{MedalSilver | [[2000 Summer Olympics|2000 Sydney]] | [[Wrestling at the 2000 Summer Olympics|97 kg]]}}
{{MedalBottom}}

'''Islam Bayramukov''' (born June 12, 1971) is a [[Kazakhstan|Kazakh]] [[Sport wrestling|wrestler]] who competed in the [[Wrestling at the 2000 Summer Olympics|Men's Freestyle 97 kg]] at the [[2000 Summer Olympics]] and won the silver medal. He also competed in the [[Wrestling at the 1996 Summer Olympics – Men's freestyle 90 kg|1996]] and [[Wrestling at the 2004 Summer Olympics – Men's freestyle 96 kg|2004 Summer Olympics]], but did not reach the final rounds.<ref>[http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ba/islam-bayramukov-1.html Olympic results] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110920055936/http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ba/islam-bayramukov-1.html |date=2011-09-20 }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bayramukov, Islam}}
[[Category:1971 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Wrestlers at the 1996 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Wrestlers at the 2000 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Kazakhstani male sport wrestlers]]
[[Category:Wrestlers at the 2004 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Olympic silver medalists for Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Olympic wrestlers of Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Olympic medalists in wrestling]]
[[Category:Asian Games medalists in wrestling]]
[[Category:Wrestlers at the 1994 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Wrestlers at the 1998 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Wrestlers at the 2002 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 2000 Summer Olympics]]

{{Kazakhstan-wrestling-bio-stub}}
{{Kazakhstan-Olympic-medalist-stub}}

Isa Alptekin

2017-04-15T02:44:13Z

InternetArchiveBot: Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v1.3beta6)

{{Infobox Politician
| name = Isa Yusuf Alptekin (艾薩·玉素甫·阿布甫泰肯)
| image = İsa Yusuf Alptekin.jpg
| image_size = 100px
| caption =
| office = Member of the [[Legislative Yuan]] from Xinjiang province
| term_start = 1939
| term_end = -
| predecessor =
| successor =
| birth_date = 1901
| birth_place = [[Kashgar]], [[Qing Dynasty]]
| death_date = 1995
| death_place = [[Istanbul]], [[Turkey]]
| profession = [[Politician]]
| religion = [[Sunni Islam]]
}}

'''Isa Yusuf Alptekin''' or ʿĪsa Yūsuf Alptekin ({{lang-ug| ئەيسا يۈسۈپ ئالپتېكىن|}} (عيسى يوسف الپتگین) or (عيسى يوسف الپتكین) ([[Turkish language|Turkish]]:İsa Yusuf Alptekin )Айсабек {{zh|s=艾萨·玉素甫·阿布甫泰肯|p=Àisà Yùsùfŭ Ābùfŭtàikěn}};<ref name="trans"/> 1901 – 17 December 1995), known in China as '''Ai Sha''' ({{zh|t=艾沙伯克|s=艾沙伯克|p=àishābókè}}), was a [[Uyghur people|Uyghur]] political leader. After the communist takeover of [[Xinjiang]], Alptekin went into exile from [[China]] in 1949.

==Biography==
He was born at 1901 in [[Yengisar County]], [[Kashgar]], [[Qing Dynasty]]. He headed the [[First East Turkestan Republic]] in Kashgar from November 12, 1933 to February 6, 1934 as the [[General Secretary]] of the National Assembly of the Republic, alongside Prime Minister [[Sabit Damulla Abdulbaki|Sabit Damulla]], and titular President [[Hoja-Niyaz]]. He also represented [[Xinjiang]] in [[Nanjing]] from 1932 to 1934. Initially the republic was named the "Turkish Islamic Republic of East Turkestan" (TIRET), representing the multi-national staff of its government, which included Uyghurs, [[Kazakhs]] and [[Kyrgyz people|Kyrgyz]]; its anti-[[Hui people|Hui]], anti-[[Han Chinese|Han]], and anti-[[communism|communist]] policies, declared in its [[declaration of independence]]; and basic [[Islam]]ic principles, declared in its constitution.

He stayed in Nanjing, and then fled to [[Chongqing]] with the Chinese government when Japan invaded. He lived there along with several other Uyghurs like [[Masud Sabri]].

In order to gain sympathy for the [[Chinese Muslims in the Second Sino-Japanese War|Chinese War against Japan]] Egypt, Syria, and Turkey was visited by Hui Muslim 馬賦良 Ma Fuliang and Uyghur Muslim Isa Yusuf Alptekin in 1939, they contacted [[Muhammad Amin Bughra]] when they also went to Afghanistan in 1940, they asked him to come to [[Chongqing]], the capital of the [[Kuomintang]] regime. Kuomintang arranged for Bughra's release since due to spying British had arrested Bughra. Kuomintang Muslim publications used Isa and Bughra as editors.{{sfn|Lin|2010|p=90}}

The bombardment of Chinese Muslims by the warplanes of the Japanese was reported in the newspapers of Syria. Afghanistan, Iran, Iraq, Syria, and Lebanon were all toured by the delegation. The Foreign Minister, Prime Minister, and President of Turkey met with the Chinese Muslim delegation after they came via Egypt in May 1939. Gandhi and Jinnah met with the Hui Ma Fuliang and Uyghur Isa Alptekin as they denounced Japan.<ref>http://www.xzbu.com/7/view-1606508.htm</ref>

Ma Fuxliang, Isa Alptekin, Wang Zengshan, Xue Wenbo, and Lin Zhongming all went to Egypt to denounce Japan in front of the Arab and Islamic words.<ref>http://www.xzbu.com/4/view-3247116.htm</ref> China was supported by Alptekin during the Japanese invasion.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Muslim World|url=https://books.google.com/?id=74VtAAAAMAAJ&q=Turkistan.+During+the+Sino-Japanese+War+he+advocated+the+cause+of+China+and+continued+his+efforts+for+the+autonomy+of+Sinkiang.&dq=Turkistan.+During+the+Sino-Japanese+War+he+advocated+the+cause+of+China+and+continued+his+efforts+for+the+autonomy+of+Sinkiang.|year=1994|publisher=Motamar al-Alam al-Islami; World Muslim Congress|page=99}}</ref>

Isa returned to Xinjiang, and he opposed the [[Second East Turkestan Republic]] in northern Xinjiang during the [[Ili Rebellion]] since it was a Soviet Communist puppet state of Stalin, instead, he worked for the Chinese Kuomintang regime of [[Zhang Zhizhong]]. There were 3 Effendis, (Üch Äpändi) (ئۈچ ئەپەندى) Aisa Alptekin, Memtimin Bughra (Muhammad Amin Bughra), and Masud Sabri.<ref>{{cite book|editor1-first=James A.|editor1-last=Millward|editor2-first=Yasushi|editor2-last=Shinmen|editor3-first=Jun|editor3-last=Sugawara|publisher=The Toyo Bunko|year=2010|location=Tokyo|first=Ablet|last=Kamalov|page=260|series=Studies on Xinjiang Historical Sources in 17-20th Centuries|title=Uyghur Memoir literature in Central Asia on Eastern Turkistan Republic (1944-49)|url=http://www.academia.edu/2277955/Uyghur_Memoir_literature_in_Central_Asia_on_Eastern_Turkistan_Republic_1944-49_}}</ref><ref name="Klimeš2015 2">{{cite book|author=Ondřej Klimeš|title=Struggle by the Pen: The Uyghur Discourse of Nation and National Interest, c.1900-1949|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rdcuBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA197#v=onepage&q&f=false|date=8 January 2015|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-28809-6|pages=197–}}</ref> The Second East Turkestan Republic attacked them as Kuomintang "puppets".<ref name="Klimeš2015 3">{{cite book|author=Ondřej Klimeš|title=Struggle by the Pen: The Uyghur Discourse of Nation and National Interest, c.1900-1949|url=https://books.google.com/?id=rdcuBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA241&lpg=PA241&dq=khelq+people#v=onepage&q=khelq%20people&f=false|date=8 January 2015|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-28809-6|pages=241–}}</ref><ref name="Wang1999">{{cite book|author=David D. Wang|title=Clouds Over Tianshan: Essays on Social Disturbance in Xinjiang in the 1940s|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c06Er-AvexcC&pg=PA28&lpg=PA28#v=onepage&q&f=false|date=January 1999|publisher=NIAS Press|isbn=978-87-87062-62-6|pages=28–}}</ref>

Isa lead a delegation of 36 Uyghurs to support murderers in [[Lanzhou]] who in revenge for [[Sheng Shicai]] killing their family members, slaughtered a five-year-old girl, and a seven-year-old boy who were Sheng's niece and nephew and nine other relatives of Sheng Shicai. Isa said that the slaughter was justified.{{sfn|Brown & Pickowicz eds.|2007|p=191}}

In Ürümqi (Uyghur) Muslim women who married Han Chinese men were assaulted by hordes of (Uyghur) Muslims on July 11, 1947, and the women were seized and kidnapped by the hordes. Old (Uyghur) Muslim men forcibly married the women. In response to the chaos a curfew was placed at 11 p.m.<ref>{{cite book| last = Benson| first = Linda| title = The Ili Rebellion The Moslem Challenge to Chinese Authority in Xinjiang, 1944-1949| url = https://books.google.com/?id=suuXIhetjZcC&pg=PA74| year = 1990| publisher = M.E. Sharpe| isbn = 978-0-87332-509-7| page = 74 }}</ref>

The [[East Turkestan independence movement#Intermarriage between Han Chinese and Uyghur|marriages between Muslim (Uyghur) women and Han Chinese men]] infuriated Isa Yusuf Alptekin.<ref>{{cite book|author=Linda Benson|title=The Ili Rebellion: The Moslem Challenge to Chinese Authority in Xinjiang, 1944-1949|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=suuXIhetjZcC&pg=PA164#v=onepage&q&f=false|year=1990|publisher=M.E. Sharpe|isbn=978-0-87332-509-7|pages=164–}}</ref>

Anti Soviet sentiment was espoused by Isa while Pro Soviet sentiment was espoused by [[Burhan Shahidi|Burhan]]. The Soviets were angered by Isa.<ref name="BrownPickowicz2007">{{cite book|author1=Jeremy Brown|author2=Paul Pickowicz|title=Dilemmas of Victory: The Early Years of the People's Republic of China|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SK7Jdfnf9RIC&pg=PA188#v=onepage&q&f=false|year=2007|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-02616-2|pages=188–}}</ref>

He asked [[Ma Bufang]] on whether Chiang Kaishek and the Chinese government would allow an independent Islamic state in southern Xinjiang to counter the Communists and the Soviet backed East Turketsan Republic, but Ma Bufang did not bother with this request, instead, Ma fled on an American CIA plane as the Communist army approached Qinghai with several million dollars in gold. Ma then fled to Taiwan, then to Egypt.

Alptekin fled the communist takeover of Xinjiang theough the Himalayas, reaching Ladakh in Kashmir and going into exile in Turkey. In 1954, he and Muhammad Amin Bughra went to Taiwan to try to persuade the [[Kuomintang]] government of the [[Republic of China]] of dropping its claims to Xinjiang. Their demand was rejected and Taiwan affirmed that it claimed Xinjiang as "an integral part of China".<ref>Page 52, Ismail, Mohammed Sa'id, and Mohammed Aziz Ismail. [http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA365044 Moslems in the Soviet Union and China]. Translated by U.S. Government, Joint Publications Service. Tehran, Iran: Privately printed pamphlet, published as vol. 1, 1960 (Hejira 1380); translation printed in Washington: JPRS 3936, September 19, 1960.</ref>

Members of the American Congress in 1970 met with Alptekin.<ref>{{cite news |last= |first= |date= 2016-04-30 |title=غەرب دۇنياسىدىكى ئۇيغۇرلار (4A) |url=http://www.rfa.org/uyghur/xewerler/medeniyet-tarix/gherb-dunyasidiki-uyghurlar-04302016112419.html |newspaper=Radio Free Asia |location= |access-date= }}</ref> Alptekin met with the ultra-nationalist Pan-Turkic leader [[Alparslan Türkeş]].<ref>http://www.hurgokbayrak.com/yeni_sayfa_162.htm</ref><ref>http://www.turkislamdavasi.com/isa-yusuf-alptekini-rahmet-ve-minnetle-yad-ediyoruz/</ref><ref>http://www.dtv.org.tr/?HABER/572/alparslan-turkesin-dogu-turkistan-davasina-bakisi.html</ref><ref>http://www.eskipazaryerel78.com/?pnum=98&pt=T%C3%9CRK%C4%B0STANDAK%C4%B0+M%C3%9CSL%C3%9CMAN+T%C3%9CRK+KARDE%C5%9ELER%C4%B0M%C4%B0Z%C4%B0N+D%C3%9CN%C3%9C+VE+BU+G%C3%9CN%C3%9C</ref><ref>http://www.turkcuturanci.com/turkcu/turkcu-ogreti/ynt-ruzgar-birligi/10/</ref><ref>http://www.yenicaggazetesi.com.tr/turkes-turkistan-turklugun-davasi-20025h.htm</ref> Alptekin spouted [[Anti-Armenian sentiment|anti-Armenian]] rhetoric while he was in Turkey and claimed that innocent Turkish Muslims were massacred by Armenians.<ref>http://www.konyayenigun.com/haber/93883/Isa_Yusuf_Alptekin_ve_Turkiyenin_Siyasal_Hayatina_Etkileri.html</ref><ref>http://www.dtv.org.tr/?MAKALE/38/isa-yusuf-alptekin-ve-turkiyenin-siyasal-hayatina-etkileri.html&git=3</ref><ref>http://www.konyayenigun.com/cikti.php?mode=news&id=93883</ref><ref>http://www.gokbayrak.com/dergi_oku.asp?id=100&sid=540</ref><ref>“Dış Türk Kardeşlerime sesleniyorum!

Ermeni katilleri protesto eden mitingler, yürüyüşler tertip etmeliyiz. Ermenileri destekleyen devletleri ve milletleri şiddetle telin etmeliyiz…

İslam Dünyasına sesleniyorum!

Bir milyarı aşan İslam âlemi; diniyle, kitabıyla, Rasulüyle bir bütündür. (Bu sebeple) birimizin dostu hepimizin dostu, birimizin düşmanı hepimizin düşmanı olmadı idi… Fakat maalesef olmadı. Olamıyor. Birimizin düşmanı maalesef diğerinin dostu oluyor. Ermeni caniler masum Müslüman Türk kardeşlerimizi katlederken, İslam dünyası sessiz kalıyor, sükût ediyor…

Ortadoğu’daki Müslüman devletler ve milletler şunu bilmelidirler ki, bugün Türkiye Cumhuriyeti, dünya hâkimiyeti güden Rusya ile sizin aranızda yıkılmaz bir kale, aşılmaz bir settir. Evvel Allah Türkiye sayesinde hür ve müstakil yaşama imkânına sahip bulunuyorsunuz… Türkiye Cumhuriyeti’nin mevcudiyeti, sizin de mevcudiyetiniz ve bekanızın teminatı demektir.

Ermenileri destekleyen devletlere sesleniyorum!

Şunu unutmayınız ki, esaret altında olsalar bile yüz milyon Türk, Türkiye’ye yekvücut gibi bağlıdır. Onun zararına olacak her hareket, bütün Türk dünyasını incitmiş olacak, ona yan bakanlar, yüz milyon Dış Türkü yanında yanında bulacaktır.

Bunları bütün dünyanın böyle bilmesini istiyoruz.”</ref>

Isa Yusuf Alptekin was the father of [[Erkin Alptekin]]. During Alptekin's exile in Turkey, where he received great support from [[Pan-Turkism|Pan-Turkic]] elements in the [[Government of Turkey]], the PRC government denounced him for continuing his "[[Xinjiang]] independence activities", and for trying to overthrow the "[[socialist]] system". When he died there in 1995, over a million people {{Citation needed|date=June 2014}} allegedly attended his funeral, and he was buried in Topkapı Cemetery, next to the mausoleums of two former Turkish leaders, [[Adnan Menderes]] and [[Turgut Özal]].{{sfn|Polat|1995}}{{sfn|Kayıkçı|2008}} In 1995, a park was dedicated to Alptekin in the [[Sultan Ahmed Mosque|Blue Mosque]] section in [[Istanbul]], along with a memorial for [[martyr]]s of the late [[East Turkestan Independence Movement]]. The high-profile nature of the dedication, including the attendance of the Turkish President, Prime Minister, chairman of parliament and others, enraged China. It denounced Turkey for meddling in its 'internal affairs', and the Turkish state department requested the closing of the park, but domestic constituencies refused.<ref name="trans">{{Cite book|title=Muslim networks and transnational communities in and across Europe|first=Stefano|last=Allievi|first2=Jørgen|last2=Nielsen|publisher=[[Brill Publishers]]|year=2003|isbn=978-90-04-12858-3|pages=303–305}}</ref>{{sfn|Çolakoğlu|2013|page=35}}

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite book
|title=Dilemmas of Victory: The Early Years of the Peoples Republic of China|year=2007|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=0674026160|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SK7Jdfnf9RIC|edition=illustrated|editor1-first=Jeremy|editor1-last=Brown|editor2-first=Paul G.|editor2-last=Pickowicz|accessdate=8 April 2013|ref = {{harvid|Brown & Pickowicz eds.|2007}}
}}
*{{cite journal|last1=Çolakoğlu|first1=Selçuk|title=Turkey-China Relations: Rising Partnership|journal=Middle Eastern Analysis/Ortadogu Analiz|date=2013|volume=5|issue=52|url=http://www.orsam.org.tr/en/enUploads/Article/Files/2013415_3selcukcolakoglu.pdf|ref=harv}}
*{{Cite web|url=http://oxuscom.com/sovinxj.htm |title=The Soviets in Sinkiang (1911-1949) |date=1990 |accessdate=28 June 2014 |website= |publisher=Oxus Communications |last=Dickens |first=Mark |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081023203643/http://www.oxuscom.com/sovinxj.htm |archivedate=23 October 2008 |df= }}
*{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rsLQdBUgyMUC|title=Modern China's Ethnic Frontiers: A Journey to the West|last=Lin|first=Hsiao-ting|year=2010|publisher=Taylor & Francis|location=|isbn=0-415-58264-4|page=|pages=|accessdate=2010-06-28|ref=harv}}
*{{Cite web|url = http://dengegazetesi.com.tr/author_article_detail.php?id=342|title = Unutulan Vatan: Türkistan ve İsa Yusuf Alptekin Destanı|date =14 March 2008|accessdate = 28 June 2014|website = |publisher = Denge Gazetesi|last = Kayıkçı|first = Ali|ref=harv}}
*{{Cite web|url = http://www.medeniyetimiz.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=2008:dou-tuerkistann-bamszlk-oenderi-sa-yusuf-alptekin&catid=58:genel&Itemid=76|title = Doğu Türkistan’ın bağımsızlık önderi İsa Yusuf Alptekin|date = 17 December 1995|accessdate = 28 June 2014|website = |publisher = |last = Polat|first = Mehmet Şadi|ref=harv}}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
*[http://crwflags.com/fotw/flags/cn-islam.html Flags of Independence]
* [http://washington.eastwestcenter.org/publications/bovingdon.pdf Gardner Bovingdon. " Autonomy in Xinjiang: Han nationalists imperatives and uyghur discontent."]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Alptekin, Isa}}
[[Category:1902 births]]
[[Category:1995 deaths]]
[[Category:Uyghurs]]
[[Category:Uyghur activists]]
[[Category:Pan-Turkists]]
[[Category:Chinese anti-communists]]
[[Category:Turkish anti-communists]]

Irtysh Air

2017-04-15T01:03:26Z

InternetArchiveBot: Rescuing 4 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v1.3beta6)

{{multiple issues|
{{third-party|date=May 2011}}
{{Update|date=June 2014}}
}}
{{Infobox Airline
| airline = Irtysh Air Иртыш-Аир
| image = IrtishAirLogo.jpg
| image_size =
| IATA = IH<ref name="frontpage"/>
| ICAO = MZA<ref name="Raspisanie"/>
| callsign = AZAMAT
| founded = {{Start date|2007}}
| commenced = {{Start date|2009|4|22|df=y}}
| ceased =
| bases = {{Unbulleted list|[[Pavlodar Airport]]}}
| hubs = {{Unbulleted list|[[Almaty International Airport]]}}
| secondary_hubs =
| focus_cities =
| frequent_flyer =
| lounge =
| alliance =
| subsidiaries =
| fleet_size = 3
| destinations = 6
| parent =
| company_slogan =
| headquarters = [[Ekibastuz]], [[Pavlodar Province]], [[Kazakhstan]]
| key_people =
| website = {{url|www.irtyshair.kz}}
}}

'''Irtysh-Air''' ([[Kazakh language|Kazakh]]: АО Авиакомпания «Иртыш-Аир») is an [[airline]] headquartered in [[Ekibastuz]], [[Pavlodar Province]], [[Kazakhstan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.irtyshair.kz/kont.html|title=Контакты|trans_title=Contact|publisher=Irtysh-Air|language=Kazakh|accessdate={{date|2011-5-2}}|quote=АО Авиакомпания «Irtysh – Air» Республика Казахстан, 141202, Павлодарская область, город Экибастуз, ул. М.Ауэзова, 49А}}</ref> Despite the airline is based at [[Pavlodar Airport]], it operates a domestic network within that country from its [[Airline hub|hub]] in [[Almaty International Airport]]. {{As of|2012|4}}, the company is [[list of air carriers banned in the European Union|banned from operating within the European Union]].<ref>{{cite web|title=List of airlines banned within the EU |url=http://ec.europa.eu/transport/air-ban/doc/list_en.pdf |publisher=[[European Commission]] – Mobility & Transport |date={{date|2012-4-3}} |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/68Wat3Mtj?url=http://ec.europa.eu/transport/air-ban/doc/list_en.pdf |archivedate=19 June 2012 |accessdate={{date|2012-6-19}} |deadurl=yes |df= }}</ref>

==History==
{{Expand section|Facts regarding the history of the airline|date=May 2011}}
Irtysh–Air started operations on {{date|2009-4-22}} with a Pavlodar–[[Domodedovo International Airport|Moscow-Domodedovo]] service.<ref name="frontpage">{{cite web|url=http://www.irtyshair.kz/index.php |title=Добро пожаловать на официальный сайт авиакомпании "IRTYSH-AIR" |publisher=Irtysh Air |language=Kazakh |trans_title=Welcome to the official website of "IRTYSH-AIR" |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/68NEHsfrr?url=http://www.irtyshair.kz/index.php |archivedate=12 June 2012 |accessdate={{date|2012-6-12}} |deadurl=yes |df= }}</ref>

On {{date|2010-5-11}}, the Ministry of Transport and Communications of the [[Government of Kazakhstan]] authorised the carrier to operate on several domestic routes radiating from [[Almaty]].<ref name="frontpage"/>

In {{start date|2013|7}}, following the Ministry of Transport and Communications revoking the operator{{'s}} certificate to {{cardinal to word|3}} airlines, it was informed that Irtysh Air could also lose its license.<ref>{{cite web|title=ROUTES CIS: Kazakhstan Takes Strong Stance with Airlines |first=Richard |last=Maslen |work=Routes Online |date={{Date|2013-7-21}} |url=http://www.routesonline.com/news/29/breaking-news/209876/routes-cis-kazakhstan-takes-strong-stance-with-airlines-/ |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140615190727/http://www.routesonline.com/news/29/breaking-news/209876/routes-cis-kazakhstan-takes-strong-stance-with-airlines-/ |archivedate=15 June 2014 |deadurl=yes |df= }}</ref>

== Destinations ==
[[File:Irtysh-Air Yak-42D UP-Y4207 DME Jul 2009.png|thumb|An Irtysh-Air [[Yakovlev Yak-42D]] at [[Domodedovo Airport]]. (2009)]]
{{As of|2011|10}}, the airline served the following destinations:<ref name="Raspisanie">{{cite web|title=Irtysh-Air Timetable (Effective {{date|27 mar}}{{spaced ndash}}{{date|2011-10-29}}) |url=http://www.irtyshair.kz/Raspisanie.html |language=Kazakh |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140615181341/http://www.irtyshair.kz/Raspisanie.html |archivedate=15 June 2014 |deadurl=yes |df= }}</ref>

=== Kazakhstan ===
{{div col||20em}}
*[[Almaty]] – [[Almaty International Airport]]
*[[Karaganda]] – [[Karaganda Airport]]
*[[Kostanay]] – [[Narimanovka Airport]]
*[[Kyzylorda]] – [[Kyzylorda Airport]]
*[[Oskemen]] – [[Oskemen Airport]]
*[[Pavlodar]] – [[Pavlodar Airport]]
{{div col end}}

=== Terminated destinations ===

==== Russia ====
*[[Moscow]]{{spaced ndash}}[[Domodedovo International Airport]]<ref name="frontpage"/>

== Fleet ==
The Irtysh-Air fleet comprises the following aircraft:
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:0.5em auto"
|+ '''Irtysh-Air Fleet'''
|-
!Aircraft
!In Fleet
!Orders
!Passengers
!Notes
|-
|[[CRJ-100]]
|align="center"|2
|align="center"|0
|align="center"|50
|Leased from [[SAPSAN]]<ref name="frontpage"/>
|-
|[[Yak-42]]
|align="center"|1
|align="center"|0
|align="center"|104/120
|
|}

==See also==
{{Portal|Kazakhstan|Aviation}}
*[[List of airlines of Kazakhstan]]
*[[Transport in Kazakhstan]]
{{clear right}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Official website|http://www.irtyshair.kz/}} {{kz icon}}

{{Airlines of Kazakhstan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2011}}

[[Category:Airlines of Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Airlines established in 2007]]

{{Asia-airline-stub}}
{{Kazakhstan-transport-stub}}

Irreligion in Kazakhstan

2017-04-15T00:33:08Z

InternetArchiveBot: Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v1.3beta6)

[[File:Kazakhstan atheists 2009.png|300px|thumb|Share of nonbelievers by rayons and cities 2009]]
Almost 3% of [[Kazakhstan]] citizens can identified as irreligious.

{| class="wikitable"
|+Religious affiliation of the population of Kazakhstan (preliminary results of the censusи 2009 г.<ref>[http://www.stat.kz/news/Pages/n2_12_11_10.aspx Итоги национальной переписи населения 2009 года (публикация 12.11.2010)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130612063733/http://www.stat.kz/news/Pages/n2_12_11_10.aspx |date=2013-06-12 }}</ref>)
|-
! Religious affiliation of the responders !! Absolute numbers (in thousands)!! Share of the population %
|-
| [[Islam]] ||align=right| 11 237.9 ||align=right| 70.19
|-
| [[Christianity]] ||align=right| 4 190.1 ||align=right| 26.17
|-
| [[Judaism]] ||align=right| 5.3 ||align=right| 0.03
|-
| [[Buddhism]] ||align=right| 14.6 ||align=right| 0.09
|-
| other religions ||align=right| 30.1 ||align=right| 0.19
|-
| unbelievers ||align=right| 450.5 ||align=right| 2.81
|-
| did not answer ||align=right| 81.0 ||align=right| 0.51
|-
| '''all in all''' ||align=right| '''16 009.6''' ||align=right| '''100.00'''
|}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+Religious affiliation of ethnic groups in Kazakhstan (preliminary results of the census 2009 г.<ref>[http://www.stat.kz/p_perepis/Documents/010411_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%86%20%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%20%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81.doc Итоги национальной переписи населения 2009 года. Национальный состав, вероисповедание и владения языками в Республике Казахстан]</ref>)
|-
! Ethnic group !! Islam !! Christianity !! Judaism !! Buddhism !! other religions !! unbelievers !! did not answer !! total
|-
| Kazakhs || 9928705 ||39172|| 1929|| 749 || 1612 || 98511 || 26085 || '''10096763'''
|-
| Russians || 54277 || 3476748 || 1452 || 730 || 1011 || 230935 || 28611 || '''3793764'''
|-
| Uzbeks || 452668 || 1794 || 34 || 28 || 78 || 1673 || 722 ||''' 456997'''
|-
| Ukrainians || 3134 || 302199 || 108 || 49 || 74 || 24329 ||3138 || '''333031'''
|-
| Uighurs || 221007 || 1142 || 34 || 33 || 63 || 1377 || 1057 || '''224713'''
|-
| Tatars || 162496 || 20913 || 47 || 58 || 123 || 16569 || 4023 || '''204229'''
|-
| Germans || 2827 || 145556 || 89 || 66 || 192 || 24905 || 4774 || '''178409'''
|-
| Koreans || 5256 || 49543 || 211 || 11446 || 138 || 28615 || 5176 || '''100385'''
|-
| Turks || 96172 || 290 || 7 || 6 || 20 || 321 || 199 || '''97015'''
|-
| Azerbaijanis || 80864 || 2139 || 16 ||16 || 24 || 1586 || 647 || '''85292'''
|-
| Belarusians || 526 || 59936 || 25 || 9 || 20 || 5198 || 762 || '''66476'''
|-
| Dungan || 51388 ||191 || 4 || 15|| 19 || 179 ||148 || '''51944'''
|-
| Kurds || 37667 || 203 || 11 || 6 || 9 ||285 || 144 || '''38325'''
|-
| Tajiks || 35473 || 331 || 2 || 6 ||30 || 307 || 128 || '''36277'''
|-
| Poles || 235 || 30675 || 14 || 4 || 45 || 2486 ||598 || '''34057'''
|-
| Chechens || 29448 || 940 || 6 || 3 || 16 ||653 ||365 || '''31431'''
|-
| Kirghiz || 22500 || 206 || 6 || 6 || 4 || 352 || 200|| '''23274'''
|-
| Other nationalities || 54533 || 82254 || 1286 ||1433 || 210 || 13266 || 4233 || '''157215'''
|-
| '''All:''' || '''11239176''' || '''4214232''' || '''5281''' || '''14663''' ||'''3688'''|| '''451547''' || '''81010''' || '''16009597'''
|}

==See also==
* [[Religion in Kazakhstan]]
* [[Freedom of religion in Kazakhstan]]
* [[Christianity in Kazakhstan]]
* [[Islam in Kazakhstan]]
* [[Demographics of Kazakhstan]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Asia topic|Irreligion in}}
{{Europe topic|Irreligion in}}

[[Category:Religion in Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Irreligion by country|Kazakhstan]]

{{atheism-stub}}
{{Kazakhstan-stub}}

Iris loczyi

2017-04-14T20:07:47Z

InternetArchiveBot: Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v1.3beta6)

{{italic title}}{{Taxobox
|name = ''Iris loczyi''
|image =
|image caption =
|regnum = [[Plantae]]
|unranked_divisio = [[Angiosperms]]
|unranked_classis = [[Monocots]]
|ordo = [[Asparagales]]
|familia = [[Iridaceae]]
|subfamilia = [[Iridoideae]]
|tribus = [[Irideae]]
|genus = ''[[Iris (plant)|Iris]]''
|subgenus = ''[[Iris subg. Limniris|Limniris]]''
|series=''[[Iris series Tenuifoliae]]''
|species = '''''I. loczyi'''''
|binomial = ''Iris loczyi''
|binomial_authority = [[August Kanitz|Kanitz]]
| synonyms = {{species list
|Cryptobasis loczyi |(Kanitz) Ikonn.
|Cryptobasis tianschanica |(Maxim.) Nevski
|Iris tenuifolia var. thianshanica |Maxim.
|Iris tenuifolia var. tianschanica |Maxim.
|Iris thianshanica |(Maxim.) Vved.
|Iris tianschanica |(Maxim.) Vved.<ref name=plantlist>{{cite web |title=Iris loczyi Kanitz is an accepted name |date=23 March 2012 |url=http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-322054 |publisher=theplantlist.org ([[The Plant List]]) |accessdate=17 January 2015}}</ref>}}
}}
'''''Iris loczyi''''' is a beardless [[iris (plant)|iris]] in the genus ''[[Iris (plant)|Iris]]'', in the subgenus ''[[Iris subg. Limniris|Limniris]]'' and in the ''[[Iris series Tenuifoliae|Tenuifoliae series]]'' of the species. It is a [[rhizomatous]] [[herbaceous plant|herbaceous]] [[perennial plant|perennial]], from a wide area of Asia, including [[Afghanistan]], [[Iran]],(the mountainous parts of [[Pakistan]]), [[Kazakhstan]], [[Tajikistan]], [[Mongolia]], [[Tibet]] and China. It has long thin grey green leaves, long stems and 1 flower in pale violet, blue violet, lavender or light blue.

==Description==
It was once thought to be a form of ''[[Iris tenuifolia]]''.<ref name=cassidy/> Especially in China.<ref name=efloras/>

It has a slender, fibrous, knobbly or gnarled, brown-black rhizome.<ref name=efloras/><ref name=alpine/><ref name=atlas/><ref name=irisbotanique/><ref name=ussrflora>{{cite web |first=V.L. |last=Komarov |year=1935 |title=Akademiya Nauk SSSR (FLORA of the U.S.S.R.) Vol.IV |url=https://archive.org/stream/floraofussr04bota/floraofussr04bota_djvu.txt |publisher=archive.org |accessdate=23 January 2015}}</ref>
It forms hard thick, tussocks or clumps of plants.<ref name=efloras/><ref name=alpine/><ref name=ussrflora/><ref name=onego/><ref name=Archibald>{{cite web |title=The Master List of Archibald Seed. |url=http://files.srgc.net/archibald/seedlists/JJA_seedlist_master_SRGC.pdf |publisher=srgc.net (Scottish Rock Garden Club) |format=PDF |accessdate=23 January 2015}}</ref>
On top of the rhizome are maroon-brown, fibrous (or straw-like), remnants (of last seasons leaves), as sheaths (of the new leaves).<ref name=efloras/><ref name=atlas/><ref name=irisbotanique/><ref name=ussrflora/><ref name=onego/><ref name=Archibald/>

It has long and thin, linear, green-grey leaves, measuring {{convert|20|-|40|cm|0|abbr=on}} long and 2-5mm wide.<ref name=cassidy/><ref name=efloras/><ref name=alpine/><ref name=atlas/><ref name=irisbotanique/><ref name=onego/><ref name=Archibald/> The leaves are sometimes evergreen.<ref name=irisbotanique/>

It has flower stems, that are {{convert|15|-|30|cm|0|abbr=on}} long.<ref name=cassidy/><ref name=alpine/><ref name=irisbotanique/><ref name=ussrflora/><ref name=american/><ref name=rare/><ref name=pacific>{{cite web |title=Iris summary |date=14 April 2014 |url=http://www.pacificbulbsociety.org/pbswiki/files/Iris/Iris_Summary.pdf |format=PDF |publisher=pacificbulbsociety.org |accessdate=23 November 2014}}</ref>
They are sometimes only just above the ground level.<ref name=efloras/><ref name=atlas/><ref name=ussrflora/><ref name=Archibald/><ref name=rare/>

It has 3 green, lanceolate, between {{convert|10|-|15|cm|0|abbr=on}} long and 1.5 cm wide, [[spathe]]s (leaves of the flower bud).<ref name=efloras/><ref name=onego/>

The stems hold normally 1, (rarely 2) terminal (top of stem) flowers,<ref name=cassidy/> blooming in late spring,<ref name=alpine/> between April and June.<ref name=efloras/><ref name=atlas/><ref name=ussrflora/><ref name=onego/>

The fragrant,<ref name=atlas/> flowers are {{convert|4|-|7|cm|0|abbr=on}} in diameter, and come in shades of pale violet,<ref name=efloras/> blue violet,<ref name=cassidy/><ref name=onego/><ref name=Archibald/><ref name=american/><ref name=rare/> lavender,<ref name=irisbotanique/><ref name=pacific/> and light blue.<ref name=atlas/>

It has 2 pairs of petals, 3 large [[sepals]] (outer petals), known as the 'falls' and 3 inner, smaller petals (or [[tepals]], known as the 'standards'.<ref name=ClaireAustin/> The falls are oblanceolate (top wider than the bottom) or slightly obovate, {{convert|6|cm|0|abbr=on}} long and 1–2 cm wide. They are veined with a darker shade and have a white or cream (occasionally yellow), signal area (central area).<ref name=efloras/><ref name=alpine/><ref name=irisbotanique/><ref name=ussrflora/><ref name=onego/><ref name=Archibald/><ref name=american/><ref name=rare/><ref name=pacific/>
The single coloured standards are also oblanceolate, erect, {{convert|4.5|-|5|cm|0|abbr=on}} long and 7-8mm wide.<ref name=efloras/><ref name=alpine/><ref name=ussrflora/>

It has a long, slender perianth tube of {{convert|10|-|14|cm|0|abbr=on}} long.<ref name=efloras/><ref name=alpine/><ref name=irisbotanique/><ref name=ussrflora/><ref name=onego/><ref name=Archibald/>

It has very short pedicels.<ref name=atlas/><ref name=ussrflora/> It has 2.5 cm long stamens and 1.2 cm ovary.<ref name=efloras/>
It has short style branches, 4 cm long and 8m wide, in similar shades as the standards.<ref name=efloras/><ref name=alpine/><ref name=ussrflora/>

After the iris has flowered, it produces a reddish-brown ovoid to cylindric seed capsule, {{convert|4|-|7|cm|0|abbr=on}} long and 2 cm wide between June and September. The capsule has 6 veins, and a short beak-like appendage on the top.<ref name=efloras/><ref name=atlas/><ref name=ussrflora/><ref name=onego/>

===Biochemistry===
In 2008, a study was carried out on the [[anatomical]] structure of the leaf and drought resistance of 4 different species of Iris (''[[Iris songarica]]'', ''[[Iris potaninii]]'', ''Iris loczyi'' and ''[[Iris lactea]]'') from [[Qinghai]], China. It showed that all the species were strongly adaptable to drought conditions.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Wang |first=Jun |last2=Gao |first2=Yi-ke |date=May 2008 |title=Study on the Relationship between Leaf Anatomical Structure and Drought Resistance of Four Species of Iris |url=http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-HLJN200805040.htm |journal=Heilongjiang Agricultural Sciences |publisher=Landscape Architecture College of Beijing Forestry University, Beijing |volume= |issue= |pages= |doi= |accessdate=22 January 2015}}</ref>

In 2013, a chemical analysis study was carried on ''Iris loczyi'' and ''[[Iris unguicularis]]''. Both plants are known as medicinally important.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Mosihuzzmana |first=Mohmmed |last2=Naheedb |first2=Suad |last3=Hareema |first3=Sumaira |last4=Taliba |first4=Sumaira |last5=Abbasc |first5=Ghulam |last6=Khana |first6=Shamsun Nahar |last7=Choudharya |first7=Muhammad Iqbal |last8=Senerd |first8=Bilge |last9=Tareene |first9=Rasool Baksh |last10=Israra |first10=Mudassir |date=27 February 2013 |title=Studies on α-glucosidase inhibition and anti-glycation potential of Iris loczyi and Iris unguicularis |url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0024320512007175 |journal=Life Sciences |publisher=Elsevier |volume=92 |issue=3 |pages= 187–192 |doi= 10.1016/j.lfs.2012.11.022|accessdate=22 January 2015}}</ref><ref>Q. Ashton Acton {{Google books|OMdDYmdmnfwC|Glucosidases—Advances in Research and Application: 2013 Edition |page=271}}</ref>

As most irises are [[diploid]], having two sets of [[chromosomes]]. This can be used to identify hybrids and classification of groupings.<ref name=ClaireAustin>{{cite web| first=Claire | last=Austin | title=Irises A Garden Encyclopedia| pages=274–275 | url=https://worldtracker.org/media/library/Reference/Encyclopedia's/Encyclopedia%20of%20Irises.pdf | format=pdf | publisher=worldtracker.org | accessdate=29 October 2014}}</ref> It has a chromosome count: 2n=20.<ref name=irisbotanique>{{cite web |title=Chapitre II iris a touffe et autre (partie2) |url=http://irisbotanique.over-blog.com/article-chapitre-ii-iris-a-touffe-et-autre-partie1-106517062.html |publisher=irisbotanique.over-blog.com |accessdate=20 January 2015}}</ref>

==Taxonomy==
It is written as 天山鸢尾 in [[Chinese characters|Chinese script]] and known as ''tian shan yuan wei'' in China.<ref name=efloras>{{cite web |title=FOC Vol. 24 Page 305 |url=http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id= 200028188 |publisher=efloras.org (Flora of China) |accessdate=22 January 2015}}</ref><ref name=grin>{{cite web |title= Taxon: Iris loczyi Kanitz |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?428821 |publisher=ars-grin.gov ([[Germplasm Resources Information Network]]) |accessdate=21 January 2015}}</ref>

It has the common name of ''Tianshan Iris'' (in China),<ref>{{cite web |title=Sect. Limniris Tausch |url=http://frps.eflora.cn/frps/Sect. Limniris |publisher=frps.eflora.cn |accessdate=19 January 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Iris loczyi Kanitz |url=http://www.flph.org/s/Iris loczyi |publisher=flph.org (Flora of Pan Himalayas) |accessdate=22 January 2015}}</ref> or ''Tian Shan Mountain iris''<ref name=grin/> or ''Iris Lochan (or Iris Lochi)'' (in Russia).<ref name=onego>{{cite web |title=Subgenus Tenuifolia (Tenuifolia) - fine-leaved irises |url=http://flower.onego.ru/other/iris/iris_ten.html |publisher=flower.onego.ru |accessdate=22 January 2015}}</ref><ref name=exhibition>{{cite web |title=The exhibition "Iris Russia" |url=http://flower-iris.ru/en/knigi-pro-iridariy/zaglyanut-v-knigu/66/ |publisher=flower-iris.ru |accessdate=23 January 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Iris tianschanica (Maxim.) Vved. ex Woronow |url=http://www.plantarium.ru/page/taxonomy/taxon/20837.html |publisher=plantarium.ru |accessdate=23 January 2015 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150713223210/http://www.plantarium.ru/page/taxonomy/taxon/20837.html |archivedate=13 July 2015 |df= }}</ref>

The Latin [[Botanical name#Binary name|specific epithet]] ''loczyi'' is unknown but several other species have the same epithet including, [[Viviparus loczyi]] Halaváts (a type of snail) and [[Cymbella loczyi]] (a type of [[algae]]).

It was published and described by [[August Kanitz]] in ''Exped. Szechen'' (Növényt. Gyujtesek Eredm. Grof Szechenyi Bela Keletazsiai Utjabol) Vol.58. tab. 6. fig. 2. (with illustration) in 1891.<ref name=american>{{cite web |first=Alain |last=Franco |title=(SPEC) Iris loczyi Kanitz |date=6 December 2013 |url=http://wiki.irises.org/bin/view/Spec/SpecLoczyi |publisher=wiki.irises.org (American Iris Society) |accessdate=19 January 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Iridaceae Iris loczyi Kanitz |url=http://www.ipni.org/ipni/idPlantNameSearch.do?id=438801-1 |publisher=ipni.org (International Plant Names Index) |accessdate=19 January 2015}}</ref>

It was originally found in ''[[Ala-Archa River|Ala Archa Valley]]'' of [[Uzbekistan]].<ref name=alpine>{{cite web |title=Iris loczyi |url=http://encyclopaedia.alpinegardensociety.net/plants/Iris/loczyi |publisher=alpinegardensociety.net |accessdate=22 January 2015}}</ref>

It was verified by [[United States Department of Agriculture]] [[Agricultural Research Service]] on 2 October 2014.<ref name=grin/>

As of January 2015, it is listed as ''unchecked'' by the [[Royal Horticultural Society|RHS]].<ref name=rhs>{{cite web |title=Iris loczyi |url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/ 9302/Iris-loczyi/Details |publisher=rhs.org.uk |accessdate=22 January 2015}}</ref>

==Distribution and habitat==
''Iris loczyi'' is [[native plant|native]] to a wide region, of various [[temperateness|temperate]] areas of [[Asia]].<ref name=grin/>

===Range===
It is found in the western Asia countries of [[Afghanistan]] and [[Iran]].<ref name=efloras/><ref name=alpine/><ref name=irisbotanique/><ref name=pacific/><ref name=grin/>
Including; the [[Caucasus]] regions of [[Pamir Mountains]], [[Tien Shan]] (within Kometydavan Ravine and Se-chai River<ref name=ussrflora/>) and [[Baluchistan]] (the mountainous parts of [[Pakistan]] and Iran).<ref name=alpine/><ref name=irisbotanique/><ref name=ussrflora/><ref name=pacific/><ref name=rhs/>

In the middle Asian countries of [[Kazakhstan]], [[Tajikistan]], [[Mongolia]],<ref name=grin/> and [[Tibet]].<ref name=efloras/><ref name=alpine/><ref name=onego/><ref name=rare/><ref name=pacific/>

It is listed with ''[[Iris bloudowii]]'', ''[[Iris psammocola]]'', ''[[Iris ruthenica]]'', ''[[Iris sibirica]]'', ''[[Iris tenuifolia]]'' and ''[[Iris tigridia]]'' as being found in the [[Altai-Sayan region]] (where Russia, China, Mongolia and Kazakhstan come together).<ref>{{cite web |title=Biodiversity of Altai-Sayan Ecoregion |url=http://www.bioaltai-sayan.ru/regnum/eng/species_all.php?right=box-spec-p/iris.php |publisher=bioaltai-sayan.ru |accessdate=15 August 2015}}</ref>

It is found in the [[Provinces of China|Chinese provinces]] of [[Gansu]], [[Nei Mongol]], [[Ningxia]], [[Qinghai]] [[Sichuan]], [[Xinjiang]] and [[Xizang]].<ref name=cassidy/><ref name=efloras/><ref name=irisbotanique/><ref name=onego/><ref name=rare/><ref name=grin/>

==Habitat==
It is found growing on high mountain grasslands,<ref name=alpine/><ref name=irisbotanique/><ref name=ussrflora/><ref name=rare/> (or [[steppe]]s)<ref name=onego/> and sunny hillsides.<ref name=efloras/> It is widespread on the mountains of Central Asia.<ref name=Archibald/>
At altitudes of between {{convert|2200|to|3000|m|ft|abbr=on}} above sea level.<ref name=alpine/><ref name=irisbotanique/><ref name=rare/>

It is also found in clumps by the roadside in Barskon Pass of [[Kyrgyzia]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Kyrgyzia, A Greentours Itinerary |url=http://www.greentours.co.uk/doc/Brochure%202014%20Kyrgyzia%20Itinerary1.pdf |format=PDF |publisher=greentours.co.uk |accessdate=23 January 2015}}</ref>

==Conservation==
It is listed in the [[IUCN]] 'Red Book' of the Republic of [[Tuva]] as a species at ''vulnerable'' status.<ref name=exhibition/>

It was mentioned in (under the name ''Iris tianschanica'') in Czerepano's 'Vascular Plants of Russia and Adjacent States (the Former USSR)' in 1995.<ref>S. K. Czerepano {{Google books|52fdbx9XgC4C|Vascular Plants of Russia and Adjacent States (the Former USSR)|page=281}}</ref>

It is an endangered species in [[Uglovsky District, Altai Krai|Uglovsky District]] of Russia. Only 20 individuals were counted. Although the plants were not eaten by cattle, destruction of the habitat is the major factor in limiting its range.<ref name=atlas>{{cite web |first=I.A. |last=Hrustaleva. |title=IRIS LOCZYI KANITZ - IRIS (iris) Lochan |url=http://lesnoj-atlas.com/page/256/iris-loczyi-kanitz-iris-kasatik-locha.html?group=2 |publisher=lesnoj-atlas.com |accessdate=22 January 2015}}</ref>

==Cultivation==
''Iris loczyi'' is not common in cultivation in the UK,<ref name=cassidy>{{cite book |last1=Cassidy |first1=George E.|last2=Linnegar |first2=Sidney |date=1987 |edition=Revised |title= Growing Irises |location=Bromley |publisher=Christopher Helm | page=139 |isbn=0-88192-089-4}}</ref> Europe,<ref name=irisbotanique/><ref name=rare>{{cite web |title=Iris loczyi syn. I. tenuifolia |url=http://www.rareplants.de/shop/uploads/Html/Iris-loczyi-syn.-I.-tenuifolia_6866_2.htm |publisher=rareplants.de |accessdate=22 January 2015}}</ref> or Russia.<ref name=onego/> It is normally only grown by botanical gardens or collectors.<ref name=irisbotanique/>

It is [[Hardiness (plants)|hardy]] in [[Ashgabat]] and [[Tashkent]] in Russia.<ref name=onego/> It is tolerant of a wide range of temperatures.<ref name=irisbotanique/>

Like others in the ''Series Tenuifoliae'', it prefers sandy well drained soils.<ref name=cassidy/><ref name=atlas/><ref name=irisbotanique/><ref name=rare/>

It prefers positions in full sun.<ref name=rare/> It prefers to be kept dry during the winter, needing the protection of [[bulb frame]]s (in the UK).<ref name=cassidy/>

[[Aphid]] ''[[Dysaphis tulipae]]'' can be found on the plant.<ref>R. L. Blackman, Victor F. Eastop {{Google books|UZqkLr9m4GUC|Aphids on the World's Herbaceous Plants and Shrubs|page=553}}</ref>

===Propagation===
It can be propagated by [[Division (horticulture)|division]] or by seed growing. But the seeds need to be [[Scarification (botany)|scarified]] and the seedlings need a constant temperature of 25C°.<ref name=irisbotanique/>

==Uses==
In China, it is forbidden to export plants or seeds. The reason is not known, but may be due to the medicinal usage of the plants.<ref name=irisbotanique/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.plantarium.ru/page/view/item/20770.html Russian webpage with many photos of Iris loczyi]

===Other sources===
*Khassanov, F. O. & N. Rakhimova. 2012. Taxonomic revision of the genus Iris L. (Iridaceae Juss.) for the flora of Central Asia. Stapfia 97:175.
*Mathew, B. 1981. The Iris. 122–123.
*Rechinger, K. H., ed. 1963–. Flora iranica.
*Waddick, J. W. & Zhao Yu-tang. 1992. Iris of China.
*Wu Zheng-yi & P. H. Raven et al., eds. 1994–. Flora of China (English edition).

==External links==
*{{Commons category-inline|Iris loczyi}}
*{{Wikispecies-inline|Iris loczyi}}

[[Category:Iris (plant)|loczyi]]
[[Category:Flora of Central Asia]]
[[Category:Flora of China]]
[[Category:Flora of Iran]]
[[Category:Flora of Mongolia]]
[[Category:Flora of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Flora of Tibet]]
[[Category:Plants described in 1891]]

[[Category:Flora of Afghanistan]]
[[Category:Flora of Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Flora of Kyrgyzstan]]
[[Category:Flora of Tajikistan]]

Irina Mikitenko

2017-04-14T19:12:25Z

InternetArchiveBot: Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v1.3beta6)

{{Infobox sportsperson
|image= Irina Mikitenko.jpg
|image_size=
|caption= Irina Mikitenko winning the German 10,000 metres Championship in 2006
|birth_date= {{birth date and age|1972|8|23}}
|birth_place=
|height= {{height|m=1.61}}
|weight= {{Unit weight|kg|48}}
|country= {{GER}}
|sport = Athletics
|event=[[Marathon]]
|medaltemplates =
}}
'''Irina Mikitenko''', [[Married and maiden names|''née'']] '''Volynskaya''' ({{lang-ru|Ирина Волынская (Микитенко)}}; born 23 August 1972 in [[Bakanas]], [[Kazakh SSR]], [[Soviet Union]]), is a [[Kazakhstan]]-born [[Germany|German]] [[long-distance runner]] who competes in [[marathon]]s. She won the [[Berlin Marathon]] in 2008 and is a two-time winner of the [[London Marathon]]. She has competed at the [[Summer Olympics]] on four occasions.

Mikitenko was a [[track running|track]] specialist in the early part of her career, running in distances from [[3000 metres]] to [[10,000 metres]]. She represented Kazakhstan at the [[1996 Atlanta Olympics]] in the [[5000 metres]] but migrated to Germany soon after. Taking up German citizenship, she ran [[German records in athletics|German records]] in the 3000 m (8:30.39 minutes) and 5000 m (14:42.03 minutes). She came close to a major 5000 m medal on several occasions: at the [[World Championships in Athletics]] she was fourth in [[1999 World Championships in Athletics|1999]] and fifth in 2001, while at the [[2000 Summer Olympics]] took fifth place. After a seventh-place finish in the event at the [[2004 Summer Olympics]] she took a career break to have a child.

Upon her return to competition she began focusing on [[road running]] events. The change up to the [[marathon]] brought the greatest success of her career. A run of 2:19:19 hours to win the Berlin Marathon made her the fourth fastest woman ever at that point. Her win in London the year after in 2:22:11 hours was the fastest that year. With consistent marathon performances, she secured three consecutive [[World Marathon Majors]] title in both the 2007-08, 2008–09, and 2009–10 seasons. She entered her first [[2012 Summer Olympics|Olympic marathon in 2012]] and came fourteenth.

==Early career==
Mikitenko began participating in long-distance running at the age of 14. Under her maiden name of Volynskaya, she represented Kazakhstan in the [[Athletics at the 1996 Summer Olympics - Women's 5000 metres|5,000 metres]] at the [[1996 Olympic Games]], but failed to make the finals. Since she has German ancestors, she and her husband immigrated in 1996 to the German state of [[Hesse]].

In 1998, she became the German record holder in the [[10,000 metres]], and the year after, in the 5,000 metres. In the 5,000 metres, she bettered [[Kathrin Weßel]]'s time of 14:54.32 with her fourth-place time of 14:50.17 at the [[1999 World Athletics Championships]]. On 7 September of the same year, she set the current German record of 14:42.03 minutes in [[Berlin]].

A year later, Mikitenko became the German champion in [[cross-country running]], defending her national title over 5,000 metres. She won twice consecutively at [[Luxembourg]]'s prestigious [[Eurocross]] meeting in 1999 and 2000.<ref name=ARRS>Civai, Franco & Gasparovic, Juraj (2009-02-28). [http://www.arrs.net/HP_DiekirchXC.htm Eurocross 10.2 km (men) + 5.3 km (women)]. [[Association of Road Racing Statisticians]]. Retrieved 1 March 2010.</ref> In August 2000, she broke the 17-year-old record of [[Brigitte Kraus]] in the [[3000 metres|3,000 metres]]. She placed fifth in the 5,000 metres at the [[2000 Olympic Games]] in [[Sydney]], and finished in the same position at the [[2001 World Athletics Championships]] in [[Edmonton]].

In 2003, she won the Paderborner Osterlauf, a 10-km [[road running|road-running]] race in [[Germany]], finishing in a record time of 31:28 minutes. She also won the Bietigheimer Silvesterlauf race that year, and participated in the [[Athletics at the 2004 Summer Olympics – Women's 5000 metres|5,000 metres]] at the [[2004 Olympic Games]].

==Marathon running==
[[File:Irina Mikitenko at the Berlin Marathon 2011.jpg|thumb|Mikitenko during Berlin Marathon 2011]]
After having a baby, Mikitenko returned to competition in 2006, again becoming the German champion in the 5,000 and 10,000 metres. In the [[2006 European Championships in Athletics|2006 European Championships]], she placed ninth, one place behind long-time rival [[Sabrina Mockenhaupt]].

In 2007, she placed second behind [[Benita Johnson]] in the [[Berlin Half Marathon]], achieving a personal-best time of 1:09:46 hours. In September 2007 she made her [[marathon]] debut at the Berlin Marathon, finishing second and qualifying for the [[2008 Summer Olympics]].

In April 2008, at only her second international marathon, she won the women's [[London Marathon]] in a time of 2:24:12. She withdrew from the [[2008 Summer Olympics]] in Beijing due to hip problems causing pain whilst running on 1 August 2008. Healthy again, on 28 September, she improved her own German record at the [[Berlin Marathon]] almost by five minutes to 2:19:19, making her number four on the women's marathon all-time list.

On 2 November 2008, Mikitenko won the jackpot prize of 500,000 $US of the [[World Marathon Majors]] (WMM) for the best performer in New York, London, Chicago, Berlin and Boston within the last two years. After twelve competitions she was in a tie with Ethiopia's [[Gete Wami]] with 65 points each, but the organisation voted her the winner, awarding her the prize because she had competed in only three races, compared to Wami's four.

She repeated her performance at the London Marathon in 2009, finishing with a time of 2:22:11, one minute ahead of Britain's [[Mara Yamauchi]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Wilson|first=Steve|date=26 April 2009|accessdate=9 August 2009|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/othersports/athletics/london-marathon/5224352/2009-London-Marathon-Irina-Mikitenko-wins-womens-race-with-Mara-Yamauchi-second.html|title=2009 London Marathon: Irina Mikitenko wins women’s race with Mara Yamauchi second|work=[[The Daily Telegraph]]}}</ref> Following the death of her father in July, Mikitenko struggled to find form in the buildup to the [[2009 World Championships in Athletics|2009 World Championships]]. Jurgen Mallow, director for the German athletics team, said her withdrawal was a blow for the team hosting the championships, stating that she "did not manage to hit World Championship form in the St. Moritz altitude training camp. We are very, very sad about this".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/athletics/8191596.stm|title=Hurdler Pechonkina to miss Berlin|department=[[BBC Sport]]|date=8 August 2009|accessdate=9 August 2009}}</ref> Finally she participated in the October 2009 [[Chicago Marathon]], winning with an official time of 2:26:31 and won the half-million dollar WMM jackpot for a second consecutive year.

[[File:Irina Mikitenko - 2012 Olympic Womens Marathon.jpg|thumb|left|Mikitenko competing at her fourth Olympics in London in 2012]]

She had a seven-month lay-off after the Chicago run and decided not to run at the Paderborn 10K, which was her preparation for the [[2010 London Marathon]], due to sore shins.<ref>{{cite news|date=23 April 2010 |last=Brown|first=Matthew|url=http://www.iaaf.org/news/preview/despite-challenges-wanjiru-and-mikitenko-read|title=Despite challenges, Wanjiru and Mikitenko ready to defend - London Marathon preview|publisher=IAAF |accessdate=6 May 2016}}</ref> She attempted to defend her London title but her shin problems persisted and she dropped out mid-race – a fate which also befell defending men's champion [[Samuel Wanjiru]].<ref>{{cite news|date=25 April 2010|last=Brown|first=Matthew|url=http://www.iaaf.org/news/report/commanding-victories-for-kebede-and-shobukhov|title=Commanding victories for Kebede and Shobukhova - London Marathon report|publisher=IAAF|accessdate=6 May 2016}}</ref> She signed up for the [[2010 Chicago Marathon]] but, despite having the fastest time in qualifying, she faded in the second half of the race and ended up in fourth place. She claimed her third consecutive WMM jackpot.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2010-10-11/wanjiru-shobukhova-repeat-at-chicago-marathon/2292332|title=Wanjiru, Shobukhova repeat at Chicago Marathon|agency=[[Agence France-Presse|AFP]]|publisher=[[NBC News]]|date=10 October 2010|accessdate=6 May 2016}}</ref>

She claimed victory at the 2011 [[Parelloop]] 10K in April.<ref>{{cite news|last=van Hemert|first=Wim|date=3 April 2011|url=http://www.iaaf.org/news/news/kogo-runs-2715-on-the-roads-in-brunssum|title=Kogo runs 27:15 on the roads in Brunssum|publisher=[[International Association of Athletics Federations|IAAF]]|accessdate=6 May 2016}}</ref> Running at the [[2011 London Marathon]], she could not keep pace with the race leaders and ended the race in seventh while [[Mary Jepkosgei Keitany|Mary Keitany]] won the race with a time equal to Mikitenko's best.<ref>{{cite news|last=Brown|first=Matthew|date=17 April 2011|publisher=IAAF|accessdate=6 May 2016|url=http://www.iaaf.org/news/news/mutai-and-keitany-dominate-and-dazzle-in-lon|title=Mutai and Keitany dominate and dazzle in London}}</ref> Her season went well from there on, however: she won the Avon Frauenlauf and Berlin 10K races and was runner-up to [[Florence Kiplagat]] at the [[2011 Berlin Marathon]] in a time of 2:22:18 hours.<ref>{{cite news|last=Butcher|first=Pat|date=25 September 2011|accessdate=6 May 2016|url=http://www.iaaf.org/news/news/makau-stuns-with-20338-marathon-world-record|title=Makau stuns with 2:03:38 Marathon World record in Berlin! - UPDATED|publisher=IAAF}}</ref> She had two marathon outings in 2012. Her fastest was a run of 2:24:53 for seventh at the [[2012 London Marathon]], making her the fastest European in the race.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.european-athletics.org/news/latest-news/496-general/10972-germany-s-mikitenko-the-top-european-in-the-london-marathon.html |title=Germany's Mikitenko the top European in the London Marathon |publisher=European Athletics |date=22 April 2012 |accessdate=9 March 2013 |archivedate=28 June 2012 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120628033634/http://www.european-athletics.org/news/latest-news/496-general/10972-germany-s-mikitenko-the-top-european-in-the-london-marathon.html |deadurl=yes |df= }}</ref> She returned to the city later that August to compete in the [[Athletics at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Women's marathon|2012 Olympic marathon]], where she placed 14th overall.<ref>[http://www.london2012.com/athletics/event/women-marathon/phase=atw099100/index.html Women's Marathon]. London2012. Retrieved 9 March 2013.</ref> Mikitenko turned forty later that month, marking her transition into the [[masters athletics|veteran]]s age category.

In spite of her age she remained one of the best international runners and took third place at the [[2013 Tokyo Marathon]] (a new addition to the World Marathon Majors circuit).<ref>{{cite news|last=Nakamura|first= Ken|date=24 February 2013|url=http://www.iaaf.org/news/report/kimetto-clocks-course-record-20650-at-tokyo-m|title=Kimetto clocks course record 2:06:50 at Tokyo Marathon|publisher=IAAF|accessdate=9 March 2013}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Her father-in-law Leonid Mikitenko participated in the [[1968 Summer Olympics]] in [[Mexico City]], with a personal-best time of 13:36 minutes over [[5000 metres]].

Irina Mikitenko is 1.58 metres tall, weighs 49 kg, and is married to her trainer Alexander Mikitenko, with whom she has had two children. In 1999, she switched from ''TV Gelnhausen'' to [[LG Eintracht Frankfurt]]. Since 1 January 2006, she has competed for TV Wattenscheid 01.

==Major honors==
[[World Marathon Majors]] title: 2007-08, 2009-09, 2009-10 seasons.<ref>https://www.theguardian.com/sport/feedarticle/7976842 {{Dead link|date=May 2016}}</ref>

==Personal bests==
*[[800 metres]] – 2:09.97 min (1998)
*[[1500 metres]] – 4:06.08 min (2001)
*[[3000 metres]] – 8:30.39 min (2000)
*[[5000 metres]] – 14:42.03 min (1999)
*[[10,000 metres]] – 31:29.55 min (2001)
*[[10K run]] (road) – 30:57 min (2008)
*[[Half marathon]] – 68:51 min (2008)
*[[Marathon]] – 2:19:19 hrs (2008)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IAAF name|115374}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070714132040/http://www.leichtathletik.de/dokumente/athleten_portrait.asp?ID=705 Profile at leichtathletik.de]{{de icon}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110725224713/http://www.tv-wattenscheid-01.de/index.php?menuid=15&reporeid=454 Profile at TV Wattenscheid 01] {{de icon}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080429045936/http://www.ndr.de/paris2003/sportler/portrait.phtml?id=4397 Profile at] the [[Norddeutscher Rundfunk|NDR]] {{de icon}}

{{Footer WBYP Marathon Women}}
{{Footer Berlin Marathon Champions Women}}
{{Footer Chicago Marathon Champions Women}}
{{Footer London Marathon Champions Women}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mikitenko, Irina}}
[[Category:1972 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Almaty Region]]
[[Category:German female long-distance runners]]
[[Category:German female marathon runners]]
[[Category:Kazakhstani female marathon runners]]
[[Category:Kazakhstani female long-distance runners]]
[[Category:Olympic athletes of Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 1996 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Olympic athletes of Germany]]
[[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2000 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2004 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2012 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:World Championships in Athletics athletes for Germany]]
[[Category:London Marathon female winners]]
[[Category:Kazakhstani emigrants to Germany]]
[[Category:Berlin Marathon female winners]]
[[Category:Chicago Marathon female winners]]

Irina Karpova

2017-04-14T19:07:00Z

InternetArchiveBot: Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v1.3beta6)

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2012}}
{{Infobox sportsperson
| image = Irina Karpova 2012.JPG
| image_size = 140px
| caption = Irina Karpova at the 2012 Summer Olympics
| full_name = Irina Vladimirovna Karpova
| birth_name = Irina Vladimirovna Naumenko
| nationality = [[Kazakhstan]]i
| residence =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1980|2|13}}
| birth_place =
| height ={{height|m=1.77}}
| weight ={{convert|60|kg|lb|abbr=on}}
| spouse =[[Dmitriy Karpov]]
| children =Miloslava (born 2010) and Svyatoslav (born 2009)
| country = {{KAZ}}
| sport =Athletics
| event =[[Heptathlon]]
| turnedpro =
| coach =
| worlds =
| regionals =
| nationals =
| olympics =
| highestranking =
| pb =
| medaltemplates =
| updated = 4 August 2012
}}
'''Irina Vladimirovna Karpova''' (née Naumenko, {{lang-kz|Ирина Владимировна Науменко}}; born 13 February 1980 in [[Kamenogorsk]], [[East Kazakhstan Province|Shyrgys Qazaqstan]]) is a [[Kazakhstan]]i [[heptathlete]].

Naumenko was 2nd at the Hexham International Combined Events Meeting in 2005 (5438pts)<ref>http://www.hexham-meeting.org</ref>

She married [[Dmitriy Karpov]], a [[decathlete]]. The pair has two children (born 2009 and 2010).<ref>[http://www.london2012.com/athlete/karpov-dmitriy-1129844/ Dmitriy Karpov]. London2012. Retrieved on 29 July 2012.</ref>

==Achievements==
{| {{AchievementTable|Event=yes}}
|-
!colspan="6"|Representing {{KAZ}}
|-
|1997
|[[Asian Junior Athletics Championships|Asian Junior Championships]]
|[[Bangkok, Thailand]]
|bgcolor="gold" | 1st
|Heptathlon
|5099 pts
|-
|1998
|[[1998 World Junior Championships in Athletics|World Junior Championships]]
|[[Annecy]], [[France]]
|10th
|Heptathlon
|[[1998 World Junior Championships in Athletics – Women's heptathlon|5470 pts]]
|-
|1999
|[[Asian Junior Athletics Championships|Asian Junior Championships]]
|[[Singapore]]
|bgcolor="gold" | 1st
|Heptathlon
|5557 pts
|-
|rowspan=2|2000
|[[2000 Asian Athletics Championships|Asian Championships]]
|[[Jakarta, Indonesia]]
|bgcolor="cc9966" | 3rd
|Heptathlon
|[[2000 Asian Athletics Championships – Women's heptathlon|5937 pts]]
|-
|[[Athletics at the 2000 Summer Olympics|Olympic Games]]
|[[Sydney, Australia]]
|21st
|Heptathlon
|[[Athletics at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Women's heptathlon|5634 pts]]
|-
|2002
|[[2002 Asian Athletics Championships|Asian Championships]]
|[[Colombo]], [[Sri Lanka]]
|5th
|Heptathlon
|[[2002 Asian Athletics Championships – Women's heptathlon|5520 pts]]
|-
|rowspan=2|2003
|[[2003 World Championships in Athletics|World Championships]]
|[[Paris, France]]
|15th
|Heptathlon
|[[2003 World Championships in Athletics – Women's heptathlon|5971 pts]]
|-
|[[2003 Asian Athletics Championships|Asian Championships]]
|[[Manila, Philippines]]
|bgcolor="gold" | 1st
|Heptathlon
|[[2003 Asian Athletics Championships – Women's heptathlon|5845 pts]]
|-
|rowspan=2|2004
|[[Hypo-Meeting]]
|[[Götzis, Austria]]
|11th
|Heptathlon
|[[2004 Hypo-Meeting|6112 pts]]
|-
|[[Athletics at the 2004 Summer Olympics|Olympic Games]]
|[[Athens, Greece]]
|22nd
|Heptathlon
|[[Athletics at the 2004 Summer Olympics – Women's heptathlon|6000 pts]]
|-
|2005
|[[2005 World Championships in Athletics|World Championships]]
|[[Helsinki, Finland]]
|14th
|Heptathlon
|[[2005 World Championships in Athletics – Women's heptathlon|5991 pts]]
|-
|rowspan=2|2006
|[[Hypo-Meeting]]
|[[Götzis, Austria]]
|15th
|Heptathlon
|[[2006 Hypo-Meeting|5911 pts]]
|-
|[[2006 Asian Games|Asian Games]]
|[[Doha, Qatar]]
|7th
|Heptathlon
|[[Athletics at the 2006 Asian Games – Results#Women's heptathlon|4696 pts]]
|-
|rowspan=4|2007
|[[Hypo-Meeting]]
|[[Götzis, Austria]]
|25th
|Heptathlon
|[[2007 Hypo-Meeting|5666 pts]]
|-
|[[2007 Asian Athletics Championships|Asian Championships]]
|[[Amman, Jordan]]
|bgcolor="gold" | 1st
|Heptathlon
|[[2007 Asian Athletics Championships – Women's heptathlon|5617 pts]]
|-
|[[2007 World Championships in Athletics|World Championships]]
|[[Osaka, Japan]]
|24th
|Heptathlon
|[[2007 World Championships in Athletics – Women's heptathlon|5848 pts]]
|-
|[[Indoor athletics at the 2007 Asian Indoor Games|Asian Indoor Games]]
|[[Macau]]
|bgcolor="gold" | 1st
|Pentathlon
|[[Indoor athletics at the 2007 Asian Indoor Games#Pentathlon|4179 pts]]
|-
|rowspan=2|2008
|[[2008 Asian Indoor Athletics Championships|Asian Indoor Championships]]
|[[Doha, Qatar]]
|bgcolor="gold" | 1st
|Pentathlon
|[[2008 Asian Indoor Athletics Championships – Results#Pentathlon|4235 pts]]
|-
|[[Athletics at the 2008 Summer Olympics|Olympic Games]]
|[[Beijing, China]]
| –
|Heptathlon
|[[Athletics at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Women's heptathlon|DNF]]
|-
|2011
|[[2011 Asian Athletics Championships|Asian Championships]]
|[[Kobe, Japan]]
|8th
|Heptathlon
|[[2011 Asian Athletics Championships – Women's heptathlon|5033 pts]]
|-
|rowspan=2|2012
|[[2012 Asian Indoor Athletics Championships|Asian Indoor Championships]]
|[[Hangzhou, China]]
|bgcolor=gold|1st
|Pentathlon
|[[2012 Asian Indoor Athletics Championships – Results#Pentathlon|4050 pts]]
|-
|[[Athletics at the 2012 Summer Olympics|Olympic Games]]
|[[London, United Kingdom]]
|32nd
|Heptathlon
|[[Athletics at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Women's heptathlon|5319 pts]]
|-
|rowspan=2|2013
|[[2013 Asian Athletics Championships|Asian Championships]]
|[[Pune, India]]
| –
|Heptathlon
|[[2013 Asian Athletics Championships – Women's heptathlon|DNF]]
|-
|[[2013 World Championships in Athletics|World Championships]]
|[[Moscow, Russia]]
| –
|Heptathlon
|[[2013 World Championships in Athletics – Women's heptathlon|DNF]]
|-
|2014
|[[2014 Asian Indoor Athletics Championships|Asian Indoor Championships]]
|[[Hangzhou, China]]
|bgcolor=cc9966|3rd
|Pentathlon
|[[2014 Asian Indoor Athletics Championships – Results#Pentathlon|3951 pts]]
|}

===Personal bests===
*[[200 metres]] – 24.64 (Almaty 2000)
*[[800 metres]] – 2:12.37 (Jakarta 2000)
*[[100 metres hurdles]] – 13.96 (+0.3 m/s) (Götzis 2004)
*[[High jump]] – 1.88 (Almaty 2000)
*[[Long jump]] – 6.35 (+1.5 m/s) (Bishkek 2000)
*[[Shot put]] – 13.90 (Almaty 2012)
*[[Javelin throw]] – 43.19 (Almaty 2012)
*[[Heptathlon]] – 6140 (Almaty 2003)
*[[Decathlon]] – 7798 (Talence 2004)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{iaaf name|id=134812}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20121026035758/http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/na/irina-naumenko-1.html sports-reference]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Karpovo, Irina}}
[[Category:1980 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Kazakhstani heptathletes]]
[[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2000 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2004 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2008 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2012 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Olympic athletes of Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Kazakhstani people of Russian descent]]
[[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2006 Asian Games]]

{{Kazakhstan-athletics-bio-stub}}

Irina Gerlits

2017-04-14T19:05:02Z

InternetArchiveBot: Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v1.3beta6)

{{MedalTop}}
{{MedalSport | Women's [[Basketball at the Summer Olympics|basketball]]}}
{{MedalCountry | the {{URS}} }}
{{MedalBronze| [[1988 Summer Olympics|1988 Seoul]] | [[Basketball at the 1988 Summer Olympics|Team competition]]}}
{{MedalCountry | the {{EUN}} }}
{{MedalGold| [[1992 Summer Olympics|1992 Barcelona]] | [[Basketball at the 1992 Summer Olympics|Team competition]]}}
{{MedalBottom}}

'''Irina Gerlits''' (born 29 April 1966) is a [[Kazakhstan]]i former [[basketball]] player who competed in the [[1988 Summer Olympics]] and in the [[1992 Summer Olympics]].<ref name=sref>{{cite web|title=Olympics |url=http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ge/irina-gerlits-1.html |publisher=sports-reference |accessdate=12 July 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120815101240/http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ge/irina-gerlits-1.html |archivedate=15 August 2012 |df= }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Soviet Union Women Basketball Squad 1988 Summer Olympics}}
{{Unified Team Women Basketball Squad 1992 Summer Olympics}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Gerlits, Irina}}
[[Category:1966 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Krasnokutsk Raion]]
[[Category:Kazakhstani people of Ukrainian descent]]
[[Category:Kazakhstani women's basketball players]]
[[Category:Olympic basketball players of the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:Olympic basketball players of the Unified Team]]
[[Category:Basketball players at the 1988 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Basketball players at the 1992 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Olympic bronze medalists for the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:Olympic gold medalists for the Unified Team]]
[[Category:Olympic medalists in basketball]]
[[Category:Soviet women's basketball players]]

{{Kazakhstan-basketball-bio-stub}}
[[Category:Medalists at the 1992 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 1988 Summer Olympics]]

Irina Ektova

2017-04-14T19:03:53Z

InternetArchiveBot: Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v1.3beta6)

{{Infobox sportsperson
| image= Irina Litvinenko-Ektova by Augustas Didzgalvis.jpg
| image_size=250px
| caption= Irina Litvinenko-Ektova at [[2013 World Championships in Athletics]]
| birth_date= {{birth date and age|1987|1|8}}
| birth_place=
| height={{height|m=1.73}}
| weight={{convert|60|kg|lb|abbr=on}}
| country= {{KAZ}}
| sport =Athletics
| event=[[Triple jump]]
| coach =
| highestranking =
| pb=
| medaltemplates =
|updated= 15 August 2012
}}
'''Irina Ektova''' (née '''Litvinenko'''; born 8 January 1987 in [[Petropavl]]ovsk) is a [[Kazakhstan]]i [[triple jump]]er. She is married to [[Yevgeniy Ektov]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/li/irina-litvinenko-ektova-1.html |title=Irina Litvinenko-Ektova Bio, Stats, and Results |website=Olympics at Sports-Reference.com |access-date=2016-07-03 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161203131506/http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/li/irina-litvinenko-ektova-1.html |archivedate=2016-12-03 |df= }}</ref>

She competed at the [[2008 Summer Olympics|2008]], [[2012 Summer Olympics|2012]], and [[2016 Summer Olympics]] without reaching the final.<ref name=":0" />

Her personal best jump is 14.48 metres, achieved in June 2011 in [[Almaty]].

==Competition record==
{| {{AchievementTable|Event=yes}}
|-
!colspan="6"|Representing {{KAZ}}
|-
|2006
|[[2006 World Junior Championships in Athletics|World Junior Championships]]
|[[Beijing, China]]
|14th (q)
|Triple jump
|[[2006 World Junior Championships in Athletics – Women's triple jump|12.94 m]] (-0.2 m/s)
|-
|rowspan=3|2007
|[[2007 Asian Athletics Championships|Asian Championships]]
|[[Amman, Jordan]]
|bgcolor=cc9966|3rd
|Triple jump
|[[2007 Asian Athletics Championships – Women's triple jump|13.80 m]] (w)
|-
|[[Athletics at the 2007 Summer Universiade|Universiade]]
|[[Bangkok, Thailand]]
|13th
|Triple jump
|[[Athletics at the 2007 Summer Universiade – Women's triple jump|13.22 m]]
|-
|[[Indoor athletics at the 2007 Asian Indoor Games|Asian Indoor Games]]
|[[Macau]]
|bgcolor=gold|1st
|Triple jump
|[[Indoor athletics at the 2007 Asian Indoor Games#triple jump 2|13.56 m]]
|-
|2008
|[[Athletics at the 2008 Summer Olympics|Olympic Games]]
|[[Beijing, China]]
|32nd (q)
|Triple jump
|[[Athletics at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Women's triple jump|12.92 m]]
|-
|rowspan=4|2009
|[[Athletics at the 2009 Summer Universiade|Universiade]]
|[[Belgrade, Serbia]]
|4th
|Triple jump
|[[Athletics at the 2009 Summer Universiade – Women's triple jump|13.85 m]]
|-
|[[2009 World Championships in Athletics|World Championships]]
|[[Berlin, Germany]]
|23rd (q)
|Triple jump
|[[2009 World Championships in Athletics – Women's triple jump|13.82 m]]
|-
|[[Indoor athletics at the 2009 Asian Indoor Games|Asian Indoor Games]]
|[[Hanoi, Vietnam]]
|bgcolor=silver|2nd
|Triple jump
|[[Indoor athletics at the 2009 Asian Indoor Games#triple jump 2|13.87 m]]
|-
|[[2009 Asian Athletics Championships|Asian Championships]]
|[[Guangzhou, China]]
|bgcolor=cc9966|3rd
|Triple jump
|[[2009 Asian Athletics Championships – Women's triple jump|13.99 m]]
|-
|rowspan=3|2011
|[[2011 Asian Athletics Championships|Asian Championships]]
|[[Kobe, Japan]]
|6th
|Triple jump
|[[2011 Asian Athletics Championships – Women's triple jump|13.88 m]]
|-
|[[Athletics at the 2011 Summer Universiade|Universiade]]
|[[Shenzhen, China]]
|13th (q)
|Triple jump
|[[Athletics at the 2011 Summer Universiade – Women's triple jump|13.22 m]]
|-
|[[2011 World Championships in Athletics|World Championships]]
|[[Daegu, South Korea]]
|17th (q)
|Triple jump
|[[2011 World Championships in Athletics – Women's triple jump|14.01 m]]
|-
|rowspan=2|2012
|[[2012 IAAF World Indoor Championships|World Indoor Championships]]
|[[Istanbul, Turkey]]
|16th (q)
|Triple jump
|[[2012 IAAF World Indoor Championships – Women's triple jump|13.70 m]]
|-
|[[Athletics at the 2012 Summer Olympics|Olympic Games]]
|[[London, United Kingdom]]
|31st (q)
|Triple jump
|[[Athletics at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Women's triple jump|13.39 m]]
|-
|rowspan=3|2013
|[[Athletics at the 2013 Summer Universiade|Universiade]]
|[[Kazan, Russia]]
|4th
|Triple jump
|[[Athletics at the 2013 Summer Universiade – Women's triple jump|14.13 m]]
|-
|[[2013 Asian Athletics Championships|Asian Championships]]
|[[Pune, India]]
|bgcolor=cc9966|3rd
|Triple jump
|[[2013 Asian Athletics Championships – Women's triple jump|13.75 m]]
|-
|[[2013 World Championships in Athletics|World Championships]]
|[[Moscow, Russia]]
|18th (q)
|Triple jump
|[[2013 World Championships in Athletics – Women's triple jump|13.37 m]]
|-
|rowspan=2|2014
|[[2014 Asian Indoor Athletics Championships|Asian Indoor Championships]]
|[[Hangzhou, China]]
|6th
|Triple jump
|[[2014 Asian Indoor Athletics Championships – Results#Triple jump 2|13.09 m]]
|-
|[[Athletics at the 2014 Asian Games|Asian Games]]
|[[Incheon, South Korea]]
|bgcolor=cc9966|3rd
|Triple jump
|[[Athletics at the 2014 Asian Games – Women's triple jump|13.77 m]]
|-
|rowspan=3|2015
|[[2015 Asian Athletics Championships|Asian Championships]]
|[[Wuhan, China]]
|5th
|Triple jump
|[[2015 Asian Athletics Championships – Women's triple jump|13.27 m]]
|-
|[[Athletics at the 2015 Summer Universiade|Universiade]]
|[[Gwangju, South Korea]]
|6th
|Triple jump
|[[Athletics at the 2015 Summer Universiade – Women's triple jump|13.45 m]]
|-
|[[2015 World Championships in Athletics|World Championships]]
|[[Beijing, China]]
|17th (q)
|Triple jump
|[[2015 World Championships in Athletics – Women's triple jump|13.61 m]]
|-
|rowspan=2|2016
|[[2016 Asian Indoor Athletics Championships|Asian Indoor Championships]]
|[[Doha, Qatar]]
|bgcolor=cc9966|3rd
|Triple jump
|[[2016 Asian Indoor Athletics Championships – Results#Triple jump 2|13.48 m]]
|-
|[[Athletics at the 2016 Summer Olympics|Olympic Games]]
|[[Rio de Janeiro, Brazil]]
|33rd (q)
|Triple jump
|[[Athletics at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Women's triple jump|13.33 m]]
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}
*{{iaaf name|id=201616}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ektova, Irina}}
[[Category:1987 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Kazakhstani female triple jumpers]]
[[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2008 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2012 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2016 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Olympic athletes of Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2014 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Kazakhstani people of Russian descent]]
[[Category:World Championships in Athletics athletes for Kazakhstan]]

{{Kazakhstan-athletics-bio-stub}}

Irina Borechko

2017-04-14T19:02:09Z

InternetArchiveBot: Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v1.3beta6)

'''Irina Borechko''' (born 1972) is a Kazakhstani [[team handball|handball]] player. She was born in [[Almaty]]. She competed at the [[2008 Summer Olympics]] in [[Beijing]], where the [[Kazakhstan women's national handball team|Kazakhstani team]] placed 10th.<ref name=sports-ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/bo/irina-borechko-1.html |title=Irina Borechko Biography and Olympic Results |work=sports-reference.com |publisher=[[Sports Reference LLC]] |accessdate=30 January 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121217115526/http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/bo/irina-borechko-1.html |archivedate=17 December 2012 |df= }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Borechko, Irina}}
[[Category:1972 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Almaty]]
[[Category:Kazakhstani female handball players]]
[[Category:Olympic handball players of Kazakhstan]]

[[Category:Handball players at the 2008 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Asian Games medalists in handball]]
[[Category:Handball players at the 2002 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Handball players at the 2006 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Asian Games silver medalists for Kazakhstan]]

{{Kazakhstan-handball-bio-stub}}

Iran–Kazakhstan relations

2017-04-14T16:03:20Z

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{{Infobox Bilateral relations|Iran–Kazakhstan|Iran|Kazakhstan}}

'''Iran–Kazakhstan relations''' are the foreign relations and diplomatic ties between [[Kazakhstan]] and [[Iran]].

== Trade ==
Trade turnover between the two countries increased fivefold in the last six years from $400 million to more than $2 billion in 2009.<ref name="irandaily">{{cite web|url=http://www.iran-daily.com/1388/3475/html/economy.htm |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2016-02-06 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090920234100/http://www.iran-daily.com/1388/3475/html/economy.htm |archivedate=2009-09-20 |df= }}</ref>

Iran imports grain, oil products and metals from Kazakhstan.<ref name="irandaily"/> Iran is a partner in joint oil and gas projects including construction of a pipeline connecting [[Kazakhstan]], [[Turkmenistan]], and [[Iran]] ([[Persian Gulf]]) which will give [[Astana]] access to the Asian markets. Kazakhstan has special interests in Iranian investments in mechanical engineering, infrastructure, transport, telecommunications.<ref name="irandaily"/>

== See also ==

{{Empty section|date=July 2010}}

== External links ==

{{Empty section|date=July 2010}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Foreign relations of Iran}}
{{Foreign relations of Kazakhstan}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Iran-Kazakhstan relations}}
[[Category:Bilateral relations of Iran|Kazakhstan]] 
[[Category:Bilateral relations of Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Iran–Kazakhstan relations| ]]

{{iran-gov-stub}}
{{kazakhstan-gov-stub}}
{{foreignrelations-stub}}

Iran at the 2011 Asian Winter Games

2017-04-14T14:59:37Z

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{{Infobox country at games
| NOC = IRI
| NOCname = [[National Olympic Committee of the Islamic Republic of Iran]]
| oldcode =
| year = 2011
| date =
| games = Asian Winter Games
| location = [[Astana]] and [[Almaty]]
| competitors = 10
| sports = 2
| flagbearer = [[Alidad Saveh-Shemshaki]]
| officials =
| gold = 0
| silver = 1
| bronze = 2
| rank = 6
| appearances = auto
| seealso =
| website = {{URL|www.olympic.ir}} {{fa icon}} {{en icon}}
}}

'''[[Iran]]''' participated in the '''[[2011 Asian Winter Games]]''' in [[Almaty]] and [[Astana]], [[Kazakhstan]] from January 30, 2011 to February 6, 2011.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://isna.ir/ISNA/NewsView.aspx?ID=News-1698174&Lang=P|script-title=fa:تركيب كاروان اعزامي ايران مشخص شد|date=18 January 2011|publisher=[[Iranian Students News Agency|ISNA]]|language=persian|accessdate=28 May 2011}}</ref>

==Competitors==

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
! width=180|Sport
! width=55|Men
! width=55|Women
! width=55|Total
|-
| align=left|[[Ski orienteering at the 2011 Asian Winter Games|Ski orienteering]]
| 4 || || 4
|-
| align=left|[[Alpine skiing at the 2011 Asian Winter Games|Skiing, Alpine]]
| 3 || 3 || 6
|-
| align=left|[[Cross-country skiing at the 2011 Asian Winter Games|Skiing, Cross-country]]
| 3 || || 3
|-class="sortbottom"
! Total || 7 || 3 || 10
|}

==Medal summary==

===Medal table===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"
! width=180|Sport
!scope="col" style="background:gold; width:55px;"|Gold
!scope="col" style="background:silver; width:55px;"|Silver
!scope="col" style="background:#cc9966; width:55px;"|Bronze
! width=55|Total
|-
|align=left| [[Ski orienteering at the 2011 Asian Winter Games|Ski orienteering]] || || 1 || 1 || 2
|-
|align=left| [[Alpine skiing at the 2011 Asian Winter Games|Skiing, Alpine]] || || || 1 || 1
|-class="sortbottom"
! Total || 0 || 1 || 2 || 3
|}

===Medalists===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left;"
|-
! width="70"|Medal
! width="240"|Name
! width="190"|Sport
! width="240"|Event
|-
| {{silver medal}} || [[Bijan Kangarloo]] [[Yasin Shemshaki]] [[Sattar Seid]] || [[Ski orienteering at the 2011 Asian Winter Games|Ski orienteering]] || [[Ski orienteering at the 2011 Asian Winter Games – Men's relay|Men's relay]]
|-
| {{bronze medal}} || [[Bijan Kangarloo]] || [[Ski orienteering at the 2011 Asian Winter Games|Ski orienteering]] || [[Ski orienteering at the 2011 Asian Winter Games – Men's middle distance|Men's middle distance]]
|-
| {{bronze medal}} || [[Mohammad Kiadarbandsari]] || [[Alpine skiing at the 2011 Asian Winter Games|Skiing, Alpine]] || [[Alpine skiing at the 2011 Asian Winter Games – Men's super-G|Men's super-G]]
|}

==Results by event ==

===Ski orienteering===
{{main article|Ski orienteering at the 2011 Asian Winter Games}}

;Men<ref>{{cite web|url=http://orienteering.org/events/?event_id=229|title=Asian Winter Games 2011|publisher=[[International Orienteering Federation]]|date=6 February 2011|accessdate=27 May 2011}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" width="50%" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%"
!width="35%"|Athlete
!width="25%"|Event
!width="15%"|Time
!width="10%"|Rank
|-
|align="left"|[[Mostafa Mirhashemi]]
|align="left"|[[Ski orienteering at the 2011 Asian Winter Games – Men's sprint|Sprint]]
|26:47.5
|'''7
|-
|align="left" rowspan=2|[[Sattar Seid]]
|align="left"|[[Ski orienteering at the 2011 Asian Winter Games – Men's sprint|Sprint]]
|colspan=2|Disqualified
|-
|align="left"|[[Ski orienteering at the 2011 Asian Winter Games – Men's long distance|Long distance]]
|1:47:05
|'''5
|-
|align="left"|'''[[Bijan Kangarloo]]
|align="left"|[[Ski orienteering at the 2011 Asian Winter Games – Men's middle distance|Middle distance]]
|44:59
|{{Bronze3}}
|-
|align="left" rowspan=2|[[Yasin Shemshaki]]
|align="left"|[[Ski orienteering at the 2011 Asian Winter Games – Men's middle distance|Middle distance]]
|46:11
|'''4
|-
|align="left"|[[Ski orienteering at the 2011 Asian Winter Games – Men's long distance|Long distance]]
|1:49:32
|'''7
|-
|align="left"|'''[[Bijan Kangarloo]] [[Yasin Shemshaki]] [[Sattar Seid]]
|align="left"|[[Ski orienteering at the 2011 Asian Winter Games – Men's relay|Relay]]
|1:02:35
|{{Silver2}}
|}

===Skiing===

====Alpine====
{{main article|Alpine skiing at the 2011 Asian Winter Games}}

;Men<ref name="Alpine">{{cite web|url=http://www.fis-ski.com/uk/604/podiums.html?&category=FIS&sector=AL&place=Chimbulak,%20Almaty&gender=ALL|title=Results at FIS-Ski – Alpine skiing|publisher=[[International Ski Federation]]|accessdate=27 May 2011}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" width="50%" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%"
!width="35%"|Athlete
!width="25%"|Event
!width="15%"|Time
!width="10%"|Rank
|-
|align="left" rowspan=2|'''[[Mohammad Kiadarbandsari]]
|align="left"|[[Alpine skiing at the 2011 Asian Winter Games – Men's super-G|Super-G]]
|1:07.52
|{{Bronze3}}
|-
|align="left"|[[Alpine skiing at the 2011 Asian Winter Games – Men's downhill|Downhill]]
|1:30.94
|'''5
|-
|align="left" rowspan=2|[[Hossein Saveh-Shemshaki]]
|align="left"|[[Alpine skiing at the 2011 Asian Winter Games – Men's super-G|Super-G]]
|1:07.80
|'''4
|-
|align="left"|[[Alpine skiing at the 2011 Asian Winter Games – Men's downhill|Downhill]]
|1:30.40
|'''4
|}

{| class="wikitable" width="60%" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%"
!width="25%"|Athlete
!width="18%"|Event
!width="11%"|Super-G
!width="11%"|Slalom
!width="13%"|Total
!width="6%"|Rank
|-
|align="left"|[[Hossein Saveh-Shemshaki]]
|align="left"|[[Alpine skiing at the 2011 Asian Winter Games – Men's super combined|Super combined]]
|1:05.77
|42.77
|1:48.54
|'''4
|-
|align="left"|[[Pouria Saveh-Shemshaki]]
|align="left"|[[Alpine skiing at the 2011 Asian Winter Games – Men's super combined|Super combined]]
|1:05.97
|42.96
|1:48.93
|'''5
|}

;Women<ref name="Alpine" />
{| class="wikitable" width="50%" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%"
!width="35%"|Athlete
!width="25%"|Event
!width="15%"|Time
!width="10%"|Rank
|-
|align="left" rowspan=2|[[Marjan Kalhor]]
|align="left"|[[Alpine skiing at the 2011 Asian Winter Games – Women's super-G|Super-G]]
|1:16.41
|'''5
|-
|align="left"|[[Alpine skiing at the 2011 Asian Winter Games – Women's downhill|Downhill]]
|1:46.64
|'''6
|-
|align="left"|[[Mitra Kalhor]]
|align="left"|[[Alpine skiing at the 2011 Asian Winter Games – Women's super-G|Super-G]]
|1:20.94
|'''7
|-
|align="left"|[[Ziba Kalhor]]
|align="left"|[[Alpine skiing at the 2011 Asian Winter Games – Women's downhill|Downhill]]
|1:48.17
|'''7
|}

{| class="wikitable" width="60%" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%"
!width="25%"|Athlete
!width="18%"|Event
!width="11%"|Super-G
!width="11%"|Slalom
!width="13%"|Total
!width="6%"|Rank
|-
|align="left"|[[Marjan Kalhor]]
|align="left"|[[Alpine skiing at the 2011 Asian Winter Games – Women's super combined|Super combined]]
|1:13.52
|51.86
|2:05.38
|'''4
|-
|align="left"|[[Ziba Kalhor]]
|align="left"|[[Alpine skiing at the 2011 Asian Winter Games – Women's super combined|Super combined]]
|1:13.81
|52.40
|2:06.21
|'''5
|}

====Cross-country====
{{main article|Cross-country skiing at the 2011 Asian Winter Games}}

;Men<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fis-ski.com/uk/604/podiums.html?&category=FIS&sector=CC&place=Ski-Biathlon%20Stadium&gender=ALL|title=Results at FIS-Ski – Cross-country skiing|publisher=[[International Ski Federation]]|accessdate=27 May 2011}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" width="80%" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%"
!rowspan="2" width="16%"|Athlete
!rowspan="2" width="10%"|Event
!colspan="2" width="12%"|Qualification
!colspan="3" width="17%"|Semifinal
!colspan="2" width="12%"|Final
!rowspan="2" width="5%"|Rank
|-
!width="7%"|Time
!Rank
!width="5%"|Heat
!width="7%"|Time
!Rank
!width="7%"|Time
!Rank
|-
|align="left"|[[Bijan Kangarloo]]
|align="left"|[[Cross-country skiing at the 2011 Asian Winter Games – Men's sprint classical|Sprint classical]]
|4:35.32
|7 '''{{abbr|Q|Qualified}}
|2
|4:33.2
|3
|colspan=2 align=center|Did not advance
|align=center|'''6
|-
|align="left"|[[Yasin Shemshaki]]
|align="left"|[[Cross-country skiing at the 2011 Asian Winter Games – Men's sprint classical|Sprint classical]]
|5:00.54
|8 '''{{abbr|Q|Qualified}}
|1
|5:06.6
|4
|colspan=2 align=center|Did not advance
|align=center|'''8
|}

{| class="wikitable" width="50%" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%"
!width="35%"|Athlete
!width="25%"|Event
!width="15%"|Time
!width="10%"|Rank
|-
|align="left"|[[Sattar Seid]] [[Bijan Kangarloo]]
|align="left"|[[Cross-country skiing at the 2011 Asian Winter Games – Men's team sprint freestyle|Team sprint freestyle]]
|25:30.2
|'''4
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110129210451/http://info.astana-almaty2011.kz/en/Root.mvc Official website]

{{Nations at the 2011 Asian Winter Games}}

[[Category:Nations at the 2011 Asian Winter Games]]
[[Category:2011 in Iranian sport|Asian Winter Games]]
[[Category:Iran at the Asian Winter Games|2011]]

Iolanta Ulyeva

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'''Iolanta Yevgenyevna Ulyeva''' ({{lang-ru|Иоланта Евгеньевна Ульева}}; born 27 July 1976 in [[Karaganda]]) is a female [[shot put]]ter from [[Kazakhstan]]. Her personal best throw is 17.82 metres, achieved in August 2000 in [[Almaty]].

She finished eighth at the [[Athletics at the 2001 Summer Universiade|2001 Summer Universiade]] and seventh at both the [[2003 Asian Championships in Athletics|2003 Asian Championships]] and the [[2005 Asian Championships in Athletics|2005 Asian Championships]]. In addition she competed at the World Championships in [[2001 World Championships in Athletics|2001]] and [[2003 World Championships in Athletics|2003]] and the Olympic Games in [[Athletics at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Women's shot put|2000]]m [[Athletics at the 2004 Summer Olympics – Women's shot put|2004]] and [[Athletics at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Women's shot put|2008]] without reaching the final. without reaching the final round.

==Achievements==
{| {{AchievementTable}}
|-
!colspan="5"|Representing {{KAZ}}
|-
|2000
|[[Athletics at the 2000 Summer Olympics|Olympic Games]]
|[[Sydney, Australia]]
|21st (q)
|[[Athletics at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Women's shot put|16.38 m]]
|-
|rowspan=3|2001
|[[Athletics at the 2001 East Asian Games|East Asian Games]]
|[[Osaka, Japan]]
|bgcolor="cc9966" | 3rd
|16.92 m
|-
|[[2001 World Championships in Athletics|World Championships]]
|[[Edmonton, Canada]]
|19th (q)
|[[2001 World Championships in Athletics – Women's shot put|16.22 m]]
|-
|[[Athletics at the 2001 Summer Universiade|Universiade]]
|[[Beijing, China]]
|8th
|[[Athletics at the 2001 Summer Universiade – Women's shot put|16.42 m]]
|-
|2002
|[[2002 Asian Athletics Championships|Asian Championships]]
|[[Colombo, Sri Lanka]]
|5th
|[[2002 Asian Athletics Championships – Women's shot put|15.85 m]]
|-
|2003
|[[2003 Asian Athletics Championships|Asian Championships]]
|[[Manila, Philippines]]
|7th
|[[2003 Asian Athletics Championships – Women's shot put|16.54 m]]
|-
|rowspan=2|2004
|[[2004 Asian Indoor Athletics Championships|Asian Indoor Championships]]
|[[Tehran, Iran]]
|bgcolor="silver" | 2nd
|[[2004 Asian Indoor Athletics Championships – Results#Shot put 2|16.78 m]]
|-
|[[Athletics at the 2004 Summer Olympics|Olympic Games]]
|[[Athens, Greece]]
|35th (q)
|[[Athletics at the 2004 Summer Olympics – Women's shot put|14.88 m]]
|-
|2005
|[[2005 Asian Athletics Championships|Asian Championships]]
|[[Incheon, South Korea]]
|7th
|[[2005 Asian Athletics Championships – Women's shot put|16.01 m]]
|-
|2006
|[[Athletics at the 2006 Asian Games|Asian Games]]
|[[Doha, Qatar]]
|5th
|[[Athletics at the 2006 Asian Games – Results#Shot put|16.39 m]]
|-
|2007
|[[2007 World Championships in Athletics|World Championships]]
|[[Osaka, Japan]]
|27th (q)
|[[2007 World Championships in Athletics – Women's shot put|15.52 m]]
|-
|rowspan=2|2008
|[[2008 Asian Indoor Athletics Championships|Asian Indoor Championships]]
|[[Doha, Qatar]]
|bgcolor="silver" | 2nd
|[[2008 Asian Indoor Athletics Championships – Results#Shot put 2|15.99 m]]
|-
|[[Athletics at the 2008 Summer Olympics|Olympic Games]]
|[[Beijing, China]]
|32nd (q)
|[[Athletics at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Women's shot put|15.49 m]]
|}

==References==
*{{iaaf name|id=176205}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20121026143233/http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ul/iolanta-ulyeva-1.html sports-reference]
<references/>

 

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ulyeva, Iolanta}}
[[Category:1976 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Kazakhstani female shot putters]]
[[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2000 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2004 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2008 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Olympic athletes of Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2006 Asian Games]]

{{Kazakhstan-athletics-bio-stub}}

International rankings of Kazakhstan

2017-04-12T02:07:33Z

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These are the [[List of international rankings|international rankings]] of [[Kazakhstan]].

== International rankings ==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Organization
! Survey
! Ranking
|-
| Institute for Economics and Peace
| [[Global Peace Index]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.visionofhumanity.org/gpi/home.php |title=Vision of Humanity |publisher=Vision of Humanity |date= |accessdate=2010-02-04 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080620075703/http://www.visionofhumanity.org/gpi/home.php |archivedate=2008-06-20 |df= }}</ref>
| 84 out of 144
|-
| [[United Nations Development Programme]]
| [[Human Development Index]]
| 82 out of 182
|-
| [[Transparency International]]
| [[Corruption Perceptions Index]]
| 120 out of 180
|-
| [[World Economic Forum]]
| [[Global Competitiveness Report]]
| 67 out of 133
|}

== International rankings 2015 ==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Organization
! Survey
! Ranking
|-
| Institute for Economics and Peace
| Global Peace Index
| 87 out of 162<ref>{{cite web|title=Global Peace Index 2015|url=http://economicsandpeace.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/Global-Peace-Index-Report-2015_0.pdf|website=economicsandpeace.org}}</ref>
|-
| [[Transparency International]]
| [[Corruption Perceptions Index]]
| 123 out of 168<ref>{{cite web|title=Corruption Perception Index 2015|url=http://www.transparency.org/cpi2015|website=www.transparency.org}}</ref>
|-
| [[World Economic Forum]]
| [[Global Competitiveness Report]]
| 50 out of 144<ref>{{cite web|title=Interactive GCI Map|url=http://reports.weforum.org/global-competitiveness-report-2014-2015/interactive-gci-map/|website=reports.weforum.org}}</ref>
|-
| [[Heritage Foundation]]
| [[Index of Economic Freedom]]
| 69 out of 178<ref>{{cite web|title=2015 Index of Economic Freedom|url=http://www.heritage.org/index/pdf/2015/book/Highlights.pdf|website=www.heritage.org}}</ref>
|-
| ATKearney
| Global Retail Development Index
| 13 out of 30<ref>{{cite web|title=Global Retail Expansion: An Unstoppable Force|url=https://www.atkearney.com/consumer-products-retail/global-retail-development-index/2015|website=www.atkearney.com}}</ref>
|-
| Fund for Peace and Foreign Policy
| [[Fragile States Index]]
| 110 out of 178<ref>{{cite web|title=Fragile States Index 2015|url=http://fsi.fundforpeace.org/rankings-2015|website=fsi.fundforpeace.org}}</ref>
|-
| [[Social Progress Imperative]]
| Social Progress Index
| 83 out of 134<ref>{{cite web|title=Kazakhstan Jumps Seven Positions on Social Progress Index|url=http://astanatimes.com/2016/07/kazakhstan-jumps-seven-positions-on-social-progress-index/|website=astanatimes.com}}</ref>
|}

== International rankings 2016 ==

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Organization
! Survey
! Ranking
|-
| [[World Economic Forum]]
| [[Global Competitiveness Report]]
| 42 out of 140<ref>{{cite web|title=Competitiveness Rankings|url=http://reports.weforum.org/global-competitiveness-report-2015-2016/competitiveness-rankings/|website=reports.weforum.org}}</ref>
|-
| [[Heritage Foundation]]
| [[Index of Economic Freedom]]
| 68 out of 178<ref>{{cite web|title=2016 Index of Economic Freedom|url=http://www.heritage.org/index/country/kazakhstan|website=www.heritage.org}}</ref>
|-
| ATKearney
| Global Retail Development Index
| 4 out of 30<ref>{{cite web|title=The 2016 Global Retail Development Index|url=https://www.atkearney.com/documents/10192/8226719/Global+Retail+Expansion+at+a+Crossroads%E2%80%932016+GRDI.pdf/dc845ffc-fe28-4623-bdd4-b36f3a443787|website=www.atkearney.com}}</ref>
|-
| Fund for Peace and Foreign Policy
| [[Fragile States Index]]
| 113 out of 178<ref>{{cite web|title=Fragile States Index 2016|url=http://fsi.fundforpeace.org/rankings-2016|website=fsi.fundforpeace.org}}</ref>
|-
| [[Social Progress Imperative]]
| Social Progress Index
| 76 out of 133<ref>{{cite web|title=Kazakhstan Jumps Seven Positions on Social Progress Index|url=http://astanatimes.com/2016/07/kazakhstan-jumps-seven-positions-on-social-progress-index/|website=astanatimes.com}}</ref>
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Kazakhstan topics}}

[[Category:Kazakhstan-related lists|*]]
[[Category:International rankings by country|Kazakhstan]]

International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea

2017-04-11T22:55:50Z

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{{Expert needed|Transport|talk=Edits of this date|reason=the article fails to clearly set forth what is being presented in the bulk rules presentation of the article, and how this rules content was sourced (see TALK), confusing matters all the more by providing sporadic inline citations to one or another document without page or rule numbers|date=February 2017}}
{{EngvarB|date=October 2013
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2013}}
{{Admiralty law}}
The '''International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea 1972''' ('''Colregs''') are published by the [[International Maritime Organization]] (IMO) and set out, among other things, the "rules of the road" or navigation rules to be followed by ships and other vessels at sea to prevent collisions between two or more vessels.<ref name="imo">[http://www.imo.org/Conventions/mainframe.asp?topic_id=257&doc_id=649 ''Convention on the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea, 1972 (COLREGs)''], from the IMO (The International Maritime Organisation). Retrieved 13 February 2006.</ref><ref>[http://www.slp.wa.gov.au/pco/prod/FileStore.nsf/Documents/MRDocument:4113P/$FILE/PreventionOfCollisionsAtSeaRegs1983_01-a0-03.pdf?OpenElement ''Prevention of Collisions at Sea Regulations 1983''], from [http://www.slp.wa.gov.au/legislation/statutes.nsf/default.html Western Australian Legislation]. Retrieved 6 June 2009.</ref> COLREGs can also refer to the specific political line that divides [[Inland waterways of the United States|inland waterways]], which are subject to their own navigation rules, and coastal waterways which are subject to international navigation rules. The COLREGs are derived from a [[multilateral treaty]] called the '''Convention on the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea'''.

Although rules for navigating vessels inland may differ, the international rules specify that they should be as closely in line with the international rules as possible. In most of [[continental Europe]], the [[Code Européen des Voies de la Navigation Intérieure]] (CEVNI, or the European Code for Navigation on Inland Waters) apply. In the United States, the rules for vessels navigating inland are published alongside the international rules.<ref>[http://www.navcen.uscg.gov/?pageName=navRulesContent ''Navigation Rules''], from the U.S. Coast Guard. Retrieved 16 December 2006.</ref>

The [[Racing Rules of Sailing]], which govern the conduct of [[yacht racing|yacht]] and [[dinghy racing]] under the sanction of national sailing authorities which are members of the [[International Sailing Federation]] (ISAF), are based on the COLREGs, but differ in some important matters such as overtaking and right of way close to turning marks in competitive sailing.

==History==
Prior to the development of a single set of international rules and practices, there existed separate practices and various conventions and informal procedures in different parts of the world, as advanced by various maritime nations. As a result, there were inconsistencies and even contradictions that gave rise to unintended collisions. Vessel navigation lights for operating in darkness as well as navigation marks also were not standardised, giving rise to dangerous confusion and ambiguity between vessels at risk of colliding.

With the advent of steam-powered ships in the mid-19th century, conventions for sailing vessel navigation had to be supplemented with conventions for power-driven vessel navigation. Sailing vessels are limited as to their manoeuvrability in that they cannot sail directly to windward or into the eye of the wind and cannot be readily navigated in the absence of wind. On the other hand, steamships can manoeuvre in all 360 degrees of direction and can be manoeuvred irrespective of the presence or absence of wind.

In 1840 in London, the [[Trinity House]] drew up a set of regulations which were enacted by Parliament in 1846. The Trinity House rules were included in the [[Steam Navigation Act 1846]], and the Admiralty regulations regarding lights for steam ships were included in this statute in 1848. In 1849 Congress extended the light requirements to sailing vessels on US waters. In the UK in 1858 coloured sidelights were recommended for sailing vessels and fog signals were required to be given, by steam vessels on the ships whistle and by sailing vessels on the [[fog horn]] or bell, while a separate but similar action was also taken in the United States.

In 1850, English maritime Law was being adopted in the United States.<ref name="US Maritime Law 1850">{{cite journal |url=https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/51/557/case.html |title=St. John v. Paine, 51 U.S. 557 |journal=[[United States Reports]] |volume=51 |page=557 |publisher=[[Supreme Court of the United States]] |date=December 1850 |quote=Among the nautical rules applicable to the navigation of sailing vessels are the following, viz.: A vessel that has the wind free or sailing before or with the wind must get out of the way of the vessel that is close-hauled, or sailing by or against it and the vessel on the starboard tack has a right to keep her course, and the one on the larboard tack must give way or be answerable for the consequences. So when two vessels are approaching each other, both having the wind free and consequently the power of readily controlling their movements, the vessel on the larboard tack must give way and each pass to the right. The same rule governs vessels sailing on the wind and approaching each other when it is doubtful which is to windward. But if the vessel on the larboard tack is so far to windward that if both persist in their course, the other will strike her on the lee side abaft the beam or near the stern, in that case the vessel on the starboard tack should give way, as she can do so with greater facility and less loss of time and distance than the other. Again, when vessels are crossing each other in opposite directions and there is the least doubt of their going clear, the vessel on the starboard tack should persevere in her course, while that on the larboard tack should bear up, or keep away before the wind. ... ''no one can look through the reports in admiralty in England without being struck with the steadiness and rigor with which these general nautical rules have been enforced in cases of collision, under the advice of the Trinity Masters of that court, or fail to be impressed with the justice and propriety of such application and the salutary results flowing from it.'' [emphasis added]}}</ref>

Also in 1850, courts in the England and the United States adopted [[common law]] pertaining to reasonable speed within the [[Assured Clear Distance Ahead]].<ref name="common law">{{cite journal |url=http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=osu.32437121385120;view=1up;seq=575 |title=The Europa |journal=English Reports in Law and Equity |volume=2 |pages=557–564 |date=June 11, 1850 |author1=Great Britain. Courts. |author2=Great Britain. Parliament. House of Lords. |author3=Great Britain. Privy Council. Judicial Committee |publisher=Boston, C.C. Little and J. Brown |oclc=4370213 |quote=Pg. 564: Whether any given rate is dangerous or not must depend upon the circumstances of each individual case, as the state of the weather, locality, and other similar facts.[http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/100187260 See more English Reports in Law and Equity]}}</ref><ref name="common law2">{{cite journal |url=http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=osu.32437121385286;view=1up;seq=35 |title=The Batavier |journal=English Reports in Law and Equity |volume=40 |pages=19–27 |date=July 14, 1854 |author1=Great Britain. Courts. |author2=Great Britain. Parliament. House of Lords. |author3=Great Britain. Privy Council. Judicial Committee |publisher=Boston, C.C. Little and J. Brown |oclc=4370213 |quote=Pg. 25: At whatever rate she (the steamer) was going, if going at such a rate as made it dangerous to any craft which she ought to have seen, and might have seen, she had no right to go at that rate. ... at all events, she was bound to stop if it was necessary to do so, in order to prevent damage being done ... [http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/100187260 See more English Reports in Law and Equity]}}</ref><ref name="Newton">{{cite journal |url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/51/586 |title=Newton v. Stebbins, 51 U.S. 586 |journal=[[United States Reports]] |volume=51 |page=586 |publisher=[[Supreme Court of the United States]] |date=December 1850 |quote=...it may be a matter of convenience that steam vessels should proceed with great rapidity, but the law will not justify them in proceeding with such rapidity if the property and lives of other persons are thereby endangered. ... It is a mistake to suppose that a rigorous enforcement of the necessity of adopting precautionary measures by the persons in charge of steamboats to avoid damage to sailing vessels on our rivers and internal waters will have the effect to produce carelessness and neglect on the part of the persons in charge of the latter. The vast speed and power of the former, and consequent serious damage to the latter in case of a collision, will always be found a sufficient admonition to care and vigilance on their part. A collision usually results in the destruction of the sailing vessel, and not unfrequently in the loss of the lives of persons on board.}}</ref>

In 1863 a new set of rules drawn up by the British [[Board of Trade]], in consultation with the French government, came into force. By 1864 the regulations (or Articles) had been adopted by more than thirty maritime countries, including Germany and the United States (passed by the United States Congress as ''Rules to prevent Collisions at Sea.'' An act fixing certain rules and regulations for preventing collisions on the water. 29 April 1864, ch. 69.<ref>Library of Congress. ''Statutes at Large, 1789–1875''. http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/amlaw/lwsllink.html</ref> and signed into law by President [[Abraham Lincoln]]).

In 1867, [[Thomas Gray (Surveyor)|Thomas Gray]], assistant secretary to the Maritime Department of the Board of Trade, wrote ''The Rule of the Road'', a pamphlet that became famous for its well-known [[mnemonic]] verses.

In 1878, the United States codified its common law rules for preventing collisions.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://uscode.house.gov/statviewer.htm?volume=rs&page=815 |title=Revised Statutes (1878), Title XLVIII (48), Chapter 5: Navigation, Section 4233, rules for preventing collisions |publisher=[[Congress of the United States]] |date=1878 |quote=Rule twenty-one. Every steam-vessel, when approaching another vessel, so as to involve risk of collision, shall slacken her speed, or, if necessary, stop and reverse: and every steam-vessel shall, when in a fog, go at a moderate speed... }}</ref>

In 1880, the 1863 Articles were supplemented with whistle signals and in 1884 a new set of international regulations was implemented.

In 1889 the United States convened the first international maritime conference in Washington, D.C. The resulting rules were adopted in 1890 and effected in 1897. Some minor changes were made during the 1910 [[Brussels]] Maritime Conference and some rule changes were proposed, but never ratified, at the 1929 International Conference on Safety of Life at Sea (S.O.L.A.S.) With the recommendation that the direction of a turn be referenced by the rudder instead of the helm or tiller being informally agreed by all maritime nations in 1935.

The 1948 S.O.L.A.S. International Conference made several recommendations, including the recognition of [[radar]] these were eventually ratified in 1952 and became effective in 1954. Further recommendations were made by a S.O.L.A.S. Conference in London in 1960 which became effective in 1965

The ''International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea'' were adopted as a [[treaty|convention]] of the International Maritime Organization on 20 October 1972 and entered into force on 15 July 1977. They were designed to update and replace the Collision Regulations of 1960, particularly with regard to [[Traffic Separation Scheme]]s (TSS) following the first of these, introduced in the [[Strait of Dover]] in 1967.<ref name="imo"/> As of June 2013, the convention has been ratified by 155 states representing 98.7% of the tonnage of the world's merchant fleets.<ref>[http://www.imo.org/About/Conventions/StatusOfConventions/Documents/Status%20-%202013.pdf Ratification status of IMO Conventions].</ref>

They have been amended several times since their first adoption. In 1981 Rule 10 was amended with regard to dredging or surveying in traffic separation schemes. In 1987 amendments were made to several rules, including rule 1(e) for vessels of special construction; rule 3(h), vessels constrained by her draught and Rule 10(c), crossing traffic lanes. In 1989 Rule 10 was altered to stop unnecessary use of the inshore traffic zones associated with TSS. In 1993 amendments were made concerning the positioning of lights on vessels. In 2001 new rules were added relating to [[ground effect vehicle|wing-in-ground-effect]] (WIG) craft and in 2007 the text of Annex IV (Distress signals) was rewritten.<ref name="imo"/>

==Jurisdictions==
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The [[International Maritime Organization]] (IMO) convention, including the almost four dozen "rules" contained in the international regulations, must be adopted by each member country that is signatory to the convention—COLREG laws must exist within each jurisdiction.{{citation needed|date=February 2017}} Thereafter, each IMO member country must designate an "administration"—national authority or agency—for implementing the provisions of the COLREG convention, as it applies to vessels over which the national authority has jurisdiction.{{citation needed|date=February 2017}} Individual governing bodies must pass legislation to establish or assign such authority, as well as to create national navigation laws (and subsequent specific regulations) which conform to the international convention; each national administration is thereafter responsible for the implementation and enforcement of the regulations as it applies to ships and vessels under its legal authority.{{citation needed|date=February 2017}} As well, each administrations are typically empowered to enact modifications that apply to vessels in waters under the national jurisdiction concerned, provided that any such modifications are not inconsistent with the COLREGs.{{citation needed|date=February 2017}}

Typically, the COLREG rules are incorporated within each nation's regulatory instruments "by reference".{{clarify|date=February 2017}}{{citation needed|date=February 2017}} The rules are then specified in great detail in the regulations.{{clarify|date=February 2017}}

The full texts of current rules, as they apply in various national jurisdictions, are available in book form, and likewise from various national administration websites.{{citation needed|date=February 2017}} The multiple books are thus in many languages, and not only provide the rules, but also provide discussion and examples related to interpreting the raw rules, including diagrams and hypothetical cases.{{citation needed|date=February 2017}}

Certain individuals are legally required to carry or possess a copy of the rules, such as the owners and/or operators of certain vessels, and individuals subject to the rules are expected be aware of them.{{citation needed|date=February 2017}} Copies of the complete sets of regulations, each with their official wordings, are available from government and other maritime sources.{{citation needed|date=February 2017}}

In addition to the actual rules, a body of legal precedents and case law exists; judgements on the application of the various rules with respect to specific legal and admiralty court cases have been published.{{citation needed|date=February 2017}}{{undue weight inline|date=February 2017}} Such precedents of judicial interpretation provide guidance as to how the rules were deemed to have applied given specific facts, often with a view to apportioning contributory liability or blame.{{citation needed|date=February 2017}}

===In the UK===
The UK version of the COLREGs is provided by the [[Maritime and Coastguard Agency|MCA]], in the ''Merchant Shipping (Distress Signals and Prevention of Collisions) Regulations of 1996.''<ref name="full_text_COLREGS">{{cite book|author = MCA Staff | year = 2004 | orig-year = 1996 | title=The Merchant Shipping (Distress Signals and Prevention of Collisions) Regulations 1996 | url=https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/281965/msn1781.pdf | location = Southampton, ENG | publisher=Crown Department of Transport, Maritime and Coastguard Agency (MCA)|access-date=2 February 2017}}</ref> They are distributed and accessed in the form of a "Merchant Shipping Notice" (MSN), which is used to{{quote|convey mandatory information that must be complied with under UK legislation. These MSNs relate to [[Statutory Instrument (UK)|Statutory Instrument]]s and contain the technical detail of such regulations.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mcga.gov.uk/c4mca/mcga07-home/shipsandcargoes/mcga-shipsregsandguidance/marinenotices.htm |title=M-Notices |publisher=Maritime and Coastguard Agency |author= |date= |accessdate=March 26, 2017 |archiveurl=https://archive.is/20120804141837/http://www.dft.gov.uk/mca/mcga07-home/shipsandcargoes/mcga-shipsregsandguidance/marinenotices.htm |archivedate=4 August 2012 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Material published by the MCA is subject to [[Crown copyright]] protection, but the MCA allows it to be reproduced free of charge in any format or medium for research or private study, provided it is reproduced accurately and not used in a misleading context.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mcga.gov.uk/c4mca/mcga07-home/mcga-footerpages/copyright.htm |title=Copyright Guidance |publisher=Maritime and Coastguard Agency |author= |date= |accessdate=March 26, 2017 |archiveurl=https://archive.is/20120804091021/http://www.dft.gov.uk/mca/mcga07-home/mcga-footerpages/copyright.htm |archivedate=4 August 2012 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

===In the US===
The US version of the COLREGs is provided by the [[US Coast Guard]] of the US [[Department of Homeland Security]].{{clarify|date=February 2017}}{{citation needed|date=February 2017}}

===In Canada===
The Canadian version of the COLREGs is provided by [[Transport Canada]], which regulates Canadian vessels.{{clarify|date=February 2017}}{{citation needed|date=February 2017}}

==Misconceptions==
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A commonly held misconception{{according to whom|date=February 2017}} concerning the rules of marine navigation is that by following specific rules, a vessel can gain certain [[Right-of-way (traffic)|rights of way]] over other vessels. No vessel ever has absolute "right of way" over other vessels. Rather, there can be a "give way" (burdened) vessel and a "stand on" (privileged) vessel, or there may be two give way vessels with no stand on vessel.{{clarify|date=February 2017}}{{citation needed|date=February 2017}} A stand on vessel does not have an absolute right of way over any give way vessel, for if there is a risk of collision, a stand on vessel may still be obliged under Rule 2 and Rule 17 to give way so as to avoid it, if doing so will be effective and is practicable.{<ref>http://www.nepia.com/media/73226/Colregs-Rule-02-Responsibility.PDF</ref>} {<ref>http://www.nepia.com/media/73256/Colregs-Rule-17-Action-by-Stand-On-Vessel.PDF</ref>} Two power-driven vessels approaching each other head to head, are ''both'' deemed to be "give way" and both are required to alter course so as to avoid colliding with the other. Neither vessel has "right of way".{<ref>http://www.nepia.com/media/73247/Colregs-Rule-14-Head-On-Situation.PDF</ref>}

==Example regulatory content==
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The summary below is based upon{{clarify|date=February 2017}} but is not identical to the published text.{{citation needed|date=February 2017}}


===Part A – General===
; 1. Application
:(a) These rules shall apply to all vessels upon the high seas and in all waters connected therewith navigable by seagoing vessels.
:(b) Nothing in these Rules shall interfere with the operation of special rules made by an appropriate authority for [[roadstead]]s, [[harbour]]s, rivers, lakes, or inland waterways connected with the [[International waters|high seas]] and navigable by seagoing vessels. Such special rules shall conform as closely as possible to these Rules.
:(c) Nothing in these Rules shall interfere with the operation of any special rule made by the government of any State with respect to additional station or signal lights, shapes or whistle signals for ships of war and vessels proceeding under convoy, or with respect to additional station or signal lights or shapes for fishing vessels engaged in fishing as a fleet. These additional station or signal lights, shapes or whistle signals shall, so far as possible, be such that they cannot be mistaken for any light, shape, or signal authorised elsewhere under these Rules
:(d) Traffic separation schemes may be adopted by the Organization for the purpose of these Rules.
:(e) Whenever the Government concerned shall have determined that a vessel of any special construction or purpose cannot comply with the provisions of any of these Rules with respect to the number, position, range, or arc of visibility of lights or shapes, as well as to the disposition and characteristics of sound-signalling appliances, such vessel shall comply with such other provisions in regard to the number, position, range or arc of visibility of lights or shapes, as well as to the disposition and characteristics of sound-signalling appliances, as her Government shall have determined to be the closest possible compliance with these Rules in respect of that vessel.
; 2. Responsibility
:(a) Nothing in these Rules shall exonerate any vessel, or the owner, master or crew thereof, from the consequences of any neglect to comply with these Rules or of the neglect of any precaution which may be required by the ordinary practice of seamen, or by the special circumstances of the case
:(b) In construing and complying with these rules due regard shall be had to all dangers of navigation and collision and to any special circumstances, including the limitations of the vessels involved, which may make a departure from these rules necessary to avoid immediate danger
[Rule 2 is sometimes referred to as the "General Prudential" rule and provides for non-conformance with stated rules to prevent a collision, because what is paramount is to avoid or minimise the damaging effects of a collision, as opposed to blindly following the rules to the letter. The overall intent is to minimise actual collision taking place rather than rule compliance in and of itself, per se.]
; 3. General Definitions
For the purpose of these Rules, except where the context otherwise requires:
:(a) The word “vessel” includes every description of water craft, including non-displacement craft, [[Ground effect vehicle|wing-in-ground-effect (WIG) vehicle]], and [[seaplane]]s, used or capable of being used as a means of transportation on water.
:(b) The term "power-driven vessel" means any vessel propelled by machinery.
:(c) The term "sailing vessel" means any vessel under sail provided that propelling machinery, if fitted, is not being used.
:(d) The term "vessel engaged in fishing" means any vessel fishing with nets, lines, trawls or other fishing apparatus which restrict manoeuvrability, but does not include a vessel fishing with [[Trolling (fishing)|trolling]] lines or other fishing apparatus which do not restrict manoeuvrability.
:(e) The word "seaplane" includes any aircraft designed to manoeuvre on the water.
:(f) The term "vessel not under command" means a vessel which through some exceptional circumstance is unable to manoeuvre as required by these Rules and is therefore unable to keep out of the way of another vessel.
:(g) The term "vessel restricted in her ability to manoeuvre" means a vessel which from the nature of her work is restricted in her ability to manoeuvre as required by these Rules and is therefore unable to keep out of the way of another vessel. The term "vessels restricted in their ability to manoeuvre" shall include but not be limited to:
:*(i) a vessel engaged in laying, servicing, or picking up a navigation mark, [[submarine cable (disambiguation)|submarine cable]] or pipeline;
:*(ii) a vessel engaged in dredging, surveying or underwater operations;
:*(iii) a vessel engaged in replenishment or transferring persons, provisions or cargo while underway;
:*(iv) a vessel engaged in the launching or recovery of aircraft;
:*(v) a vessel engaged in mine clearance operations;
:*(vi) a vessel engaged in a towing operation such as severely restricts the towing vessel and her tow in their ability to deviate from their course.
:(h) The term "vessel constrained by her draught" means a power-driven vessel which, because of her draught in relation to the available depth and width of navigable water, is severely restricted in her ability to deviate from the course she is following.
:(i) The word "underway" means that a vessel is not at anchor, or made fast to the shore, or aground.
:(j) The words "length" and "breadth" of a vessel mean her [[length overall]] and greatest breadth.
:(k) Vessels shall be deemed to be in sight of one another only when one can be observed visually from the other.
:(l) The term "restricted visibility" means any condition in which visibility is restricted by fog, mist, falling snow, heavy rainstorms, sandstorms, or other similar causes.
:(m) The term "Wing-In-Ground (WIG) craft" means a multimodal craft which, in its main operational mode, flies in close proximity to the surface by utilising surface-effect action.

===Part B – Steering and sailing===

====Section I (Conduct of vessel in any condition of visibility)====
; 4. Application
: The rules apply in any condition of visibility (e.g., in sight or in restricted visibility).
; 5. Look-out
: Every vessel shall at all times maintain a proper look-out by sight and hearing as well as by all available means appropriate in the prevailing circumstances and conditions so as to make a full appraisal of the situation and of the risk of collision.
; 6. Safe speed
: Every vessel shall at all times proceed at a safe speed so that she can take proper and effective action to avoid collision and be stopped within a distance appropriate to the prevailing circumstances and conditions.
In determining a safe speed the following factors shall be among those taken into account:

(a) By all vessels:
:* (i) the state of visibility;
:* (ii) the traffic density including concentrations of fishing vessels or any other vessels;
:* (iii) the maneuvrability of the vessel with special reference to stopping distance and turning ability in the prevailing conditions;
:* (iv) at night the presence of background light such as from shore lights or from back scatter of her own lights;
:* (v) the state of wind, sea and current, and the proximity of navigational hazards;
:* (vi) the draught in relation to the available depth of water.
(b) Additionally, by vessels with operational radar:
:* (i) the characteristics, efficiency and limitations of the radar equipment;
:* (ii) any constraints imposed by the radar range scale in use;
:* (iii) the effect on radar detection of the sea state, weather and other sources of interference;
:* (iv) the possibility that small vessels, ice and other floating objects may not be detected by radar at an adequate range;
:* (v) the number, location and movement of vessels detected by radar;
:* (vi) the more exact assessment of the visibility that may be possible when radar is used to determine the range of vessels or other objects in the vicinity.
; 7. Risk of collision
: Vessels must use all available means to determine the risk of a [[Ship collision|collision]], including the use of radar (if available) to get early warning of the risk of collision by radar plotting or equivalent systematic observation of detected objects. (e.g. ARPA, AIS).
: If the distance of any vessel is reducing and [[proportional navigation|her compass bearing is not changing much]] or it is a large vessel or towing vessel at close distance, or if there is any doubt, then a risk of collision shall be deemed to exist.<ref name="full_text_COLREGS"/>{{page needed|date=February 2017}}
; 8. Action to avoid collision
: Actions taken to avoid collision should be:
:* positive
:* obvious
:* made in good time
; 9. Narrow channels
:* A vessel proceeding along a narrow channel must keep to [[starboard]].
:* Small vessels or sailing vessels must not impede (larger) vessels which can navigate only within a narrow channel.
:* Ships must not cross a channel if to do so would impede another vessel which can navigate only within that channel.
; 10. [[Traffic Separation Scheme]]s
: Ships must cross traffic lanes steering a course "as nearly as practicable" at right angles to the direction of traffic. This reduces confusion and enables that vessel to cross the lane as quickly as possible.
:Vessel entering a traffic separation scheme should do it at an angle as small as practicable.
: A traffic separation scheme does not relieve any vessel from complying with other rules.

==== Section II (Conduct of vessels in sight of one another) ====
; 11. Application
: The following rules 11–18 applies to vessels in sight of one another. (Section III has specific requirements for restricted visibility)
; 12. Sailing vessels
: Two sailing vessels approaching one another must give-way as follows:
:* '''[[Port (nautical)|Port]] gives way to [[starboard]].''' When each has the wind on a different side, the vessel which has the wind to port must give way;
:* '''[[Windward]] gives way to [[leeward]].''' When both have the wind on the same side, the vessel which is windward must give way to the vessel which is leeward;
:* '''Unsure port gives way.''' If a vessel, with the wind on the port side, sees a vessel to windward and cannot determine whether the other vessel has the wind on the port or the starboard side, they must give way.
; 13. Overtaking
: Notwithstanding anything contained in the Rules ... ... an overtaking vessel must keep out of the way of the vessel being overtaken. "Overtaking" means approaching another vessel at more than 22.5 degrees abaft<ref>''Abaft the beam'' is a [[Glossary of nautical terms|nautical term]] denoting a relative bearing greater than 90 degrees from the [[Bow (ship)|bow]].</ref> her beam, i.e., so that at night, the overtaking vessel would see only the stern light and neither of the sidelights of the vessel being overtaken.<ref name="full_text_COLREGS"/>{{page needed|date=February 2017}} Note that the opening words of this rule make clear that this rule overrides all other rules.
; 14. Head-on situations
: When two power-driven vessels are meeting head-on both must alter course to starboard so that they pass on the port side of the other. "Head-on" means seeing the other vessel ahead or nearly ahead so that by night her masthead lights are actually or nearly lined up and/or seeing both her sidelights, or by day seeing a similar aspect of her.<ref name="full_text_COLREGS"/>{{page needed|date=February 2017}} "If you see three lights ahead, starboard wheel and show your red."
[[File:Regla 15.png|right|thumb]]
; 15. Crossing situations
: When two power-driven vessels are crossing, the vessel which has the other on the starboard side must give way and avoid crossing ahead of her.<ref name="full_text_COLREGS"/>{{page needed|date=February 2017}} The saying is "If to starboard red appear, 'tis your duty to keep clear".<ref>{{cite web|title=Handling a Motor Boat|url=http://www.paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&d=P19080101.2.10.2|work=Papers Past|publisher=National Library of New Zealand|accessdate=30 October 2010|year=1908}}</ref> "...Act as judgement says is proper: port or starboard, back or stop her."
; 16. The give-way vessel
: The give-way vessel must take early and substantial action to keep well clear.<ref name="full_text_COLREGS"/>{{page needed|date=February 2017}}
; 17. The stand-on vessel
: The stand-on vessel shall maintain her course and speed, but she may take action to avoid collision if it becomes clear that the give-way vessel is not taking appropriate action, or when so close that collision can no longer be avoided by the actions of the give-way vessel alone. In a crossing situation, the stand-on vessel should avoid turning to port even if the give-way vessel is not taking appropriate action. These options for the stand-on vessel do not relieve the give-way vessel of her obligations under the rules.<ref name="full_text_COLREGS"/>{{page needed|date=February 2017}}
; 18. Responsibilities between vessels
: Except in narrow channels, traffic separation schemes, and when overtaking (i.e., rules 9, 10, and 13)
:* A '''power-driven vessel''' must give way to:
:** a vessel not under command;
:** a vessel restricted in her ability to manoeuvre (this may include vessels towing one another<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.colregs.info/the-collisions-regulations/part-a-general/rule-3-general-definitions/ |title=Rule 3 : General Definitions |work=Colregs for the Yachties |author= |date= |accessdate=March 26, 2017 |archiveurl=https://archive.is/20110721192843/http://www.colregs.info/the-collisions-regulations/part-a-general/rule-3-general-definitions/ |archivedate=21 July 2011 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy-all }}</ref>;
:** a vessel engaged in fishing;
:** a sailing vessel.
:* A '''sailing vessel''' must give way to:
:** a vessel not under command;
:** a vessel restricted in her ability to manoeuvre;
:** a vessel engaged in fishing.
:* A '''vessel engaged in fishing''' when underway shall, so far as possible, keep out of the way of:
:** a vessel not under command;
:** a vessel restricted in her ability to manoeuvre.
:* Any vessel other than a vessel not under command or a vessel restricted in her ability to manoeuvre shall, if possible, not impede the safe passage of a vessel constrained by her [[Draft (hull)|draft]], exhibiting the signals in Rule 28.
:* A vessel constrained by her draft shall navigate with particular caution having full regard to her special condition.<ref name="full_text_COLREGS"/>{{page needed|date=February 2017}}

====Section III (Conduct of vessels in restricted visibility)====
; 19. Conduct of vessel in restricted visibility
:(a) Rule 19 applies to vessels (not in sight of one another) in or near restricted visibility.
:(b) All ships shall proceed at a safe speed for the condition of visibility (see Rule 6). A power-driven vessel shall have her engine(s) on stand-by for immediate maneuver.
:(c) All ships shall comply with Section I of this Part e.g., Rules 5 (lookout), 6 (safe speed), 7 (risk of collision), 8 (action to avoid collisions), 9 (narrow channels), and 10 (TSS) with due regard for the visibility conditions.
:(d) If another vessel is detected by radar alone, and a close-quarters or collision risk is suspected, a vessel should take early and substantial action to avoid the other, but:
: (i) avoid any turn to port for a vessel detected forward of the beam, except for a vessel being overtaken,
: (ii) avoid any change of course toward a vessel abeam or abaft the [[Beam (nautical)|beam]].
: When the [[fog]] signal of another vessel is heard, apparently forward of the beam, a vessel should reduce speed to the minimum at which she can maintain her course, or if necessary stop, and navigate with extreme caution until there is no risk of collision.<ref name="full_text_COLREGS"/>{{page needed|date=February 2017}}

===Part C – Lights and shapes===
; 20. Application
: Rules concerning lights apply from sunset to sunrise, in conditions of restricted visibility, and in all other circumstances when it is deemed necessary. Rules concerning shapes apply during the day.<ref name="full_text_COLREGS"/>{{page needed|date=February 2017}}
; 21. Definitions
: "Masthead light" means a white light on the centreline of the vessel showing from right ahead to 22.5 degrees abaft the beam on either side of the vessel.
: "Sidelights" means a green light on the [[starboard]] side and a red light on the port side each showing from right ahead to 22.5 degrees abaft the beam on its respective side. If the vessel is less than {{convert|20|m|ft|0}} long, the sidelights may be combined in one fixture carried on the centreline of the vessel.
: "Sternlight" means a white light placed as nearly as practicable at the stern showing 67.5 degrees from right aft on each side of the vessel.
: "Towing light" means a yellow light having the same characteristics as a "sternlight" defined above.
: "All-round light" means a light visible from 360 degrees of the horizon.
: "Flashing light" means a light flashing faster than 120 flashes per minute.<ref name="full_text_COLREGS"/>{{page needed|date=February 2017}}
: "Long tow" means that the distance between the stern of the towing vessel and the after end of the towed vessel is more that 200 meters (often described as 600 feet in US publications).<ref name="full_text_COLREGS"/>{{page needed|date=February 2017}}
; 22. Visibility of lights
: Lights must be bright enough to be visible as follows<ref name="full_text_COLREGS"/>{{page needed|date=February 2017}}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Light type
! Vessels {{convert|50|m|ft|0}} or more in length
! Vessels between {{convert|12|-|50|m|ft|0}} in length
! Vessels less than {{convert|12|m|ft|0}} in length
|- style="text-align:center" |
! style="text-align:left" | Masthead light
| 6 nautical miles
| 5 miles; except for vessels less than {{convert|20|m|ft|0}}, 3 miles
| 2 miles
|- style="text-align:center" |
! style="text-align:left" | Sidelight
| 3 miles
| 2 miles
| 1 mile
|- style="text-align:center" |
! style="text-align:left" | Towing light
| 3 miles
| 2 miles
| 2 miles
|- style="text-align:center" |
! style="text-align:left" | White, red, green or yellow all-around light
| 3 miles
| 2 miles
| 2 miles
|}
; 23. Lights displayed by power-driven vessels underway
:* A power-driven vessel underway must display:
:** a masthead light forward;
:** If over {{convert|50|m|ft|0}} length, then also a second masthead light aft and higher than the forward one; except that a vessel of less than 50 metres in length shall not be obliged to exhibit such light but may do so;
:** sidelights;
:** a sternlight.
:* A hovercraft must also display an all-round flashing yellow light.
:* A [[Wing In Ground|wing-in-ground]] craft must also display a bright all-round flashing red light when taking off, landing, or flying near the surface.
:* A power-driven vessel of less than {{convert|12|m|ft|1}} may display only an all-round white light and sidelights. However, in the case of a skiff a wooden clinker rowing boat which falls into this category only needs to be capable of showing a white light.
:* A power-driven vessel of less than {{convert|7|m|ft|1}} whose maximum speed does not exceed {{convert|7|kn|km/h mph|0}} must be capable of showing a white light
; 24. Lights for vessels towing and pushing
:* A power driven vessel when towing must show
:** two masthead lights on top of each other, instead of the masthead(s) prescribed in Rule 23;
:*** for a "long tow", three masthead lights on top of each other, instead of two, and a diamond shape.
:** sidelights;
:** a sternlight;
:** a towing light vertically above the sternlight;
:* if a pushing vessel and the vessel it is pushing are rigidly connected, they count together as a power driven vessel and must show the light prescribed by Rule 23.
:* If the pushing vessel and vessel being pushed are ''not'' rigidly connected, they must instead show:
:** two masthead lights on top of each other, instead of the masthead(s) prescribed in Rule 23;
:** sidelights;
:** a sternlight on the pushing vessel only.
:* Power driven vessels larger than {{convert|50|m|ft|0}} which are towing or pushing and are not part of a composite unit must also show:
:** a second masthead abaft of and higher than the forward one (vessels smaller than 50 metres may also show this light).
:* Vessels being towed that are not inconspicuous or partly submerged must show:
:** sidelights;
:** a sternlight;
:** a diamond shape if the tow is longer than {{convert|200|m|ft|0}}.
:* Any number of vessels being towed or pushed together shall be lit as one vessel, and
:** a vessel being pushed ahead must show sidelights at its forward end if it is not part of a composite unit;
:** a vessel being towed alongside must show a sternlight and sidelights at its forward end.
:* A vessel being towed that is inconspicuous or partly submerged must show:
:** if it is narrower than {{convert|25|m|ft|0}}, one all-round white light near the forward end (except if it is a dracone) and one near the after end;
:** if it is wider than {{convert|25|m|ft|0}}, then also two all round white lights at the extremities of its breadth;
:** if it is longer than {{convert|100|m|ft|0}}, then in a series of such all round white lights spaced no further than {{convert|100|m|ft|0}} apart;
:** a diamond shape near the end of the last vessel, and, if the tow is longer than {{convert|200|m|ft|0}}, another diamond shape as far forward as possible.
:** If for any reason it is not possible to light the vessel according to these rules, all possible measures must be taken to light the vessel and indicate its presence.
:** If the towing vessel is not normally engaged in towing operations and it is impractical to light it correctly, it is not obliged to show these lights if it is towing a vessel in distress or in need of assistance. All possible measures must be taken to show that it is towing; in particular the towline should be illuminated.
; 25. Lights for sailing and [[Watercraft rowing|rowing]] vessels
Sailing vessels underway and vessels under oars
:(a) A sailing vessel underway shall exhibit:
:: 1. sidelights;
:: 2. a sternlight.
:(b) In a sailing vessel of less than {{convert|20|m|ft|0}} in length the lights prescribed in paragraph (a) of this Rule may be combined in one lantern carried at or near the top of the mast where it can best be seen.
:(c) A sailing vessel underway may, in addition to the lights prescribed in paragraph (a) of this Rule, exhibit at or near the top of the mast, where they can best be seen, two all-round lights in a vertical line, the upper being red and the lower green, but these lights shall not be exhibited in conjunction with the combined lantern permitted by paragraph (b) of this Rule.
:(d) 1. A sailing vessel of less than {{convert|7|m|ft|1}} in length shall, if practicable, exhibit the lights prescribed in paragraph (a) or (b) of this Rule, but if she does not, she shall have ready at hand an electric torch or lighted lantern showing a white light which shall be exhibited in sufficient time to prevent collision.
:: 2. A vessel under oars may exhibit the lights prescribed in this Rule for sailing vessels, but if she does not, she shall have ready at hand an electric torch or lighted lantern showing a white light which shall be exhibited in sufficient time to prevent collision.
:(e) A vessel proceeding under sail when also being propelled by machinery shall exhibit forward where it can best be seen a conical shape, apex downwards.
; 26. Lights for fishing vessels
Fishing Vessels
:(a) A vessel engaged in fishing, whether underway or at anchor, shall exhibit only the lights and shapes prescribed in this Rule.
:(b) A vessel when engaged in trawling, by which is meant the dragging through the water of a dredge net or other apparatus used as a fishing appliance, shall exhibit:
:# two all-round lights in a vertical line, the upper being green and the lower white, or a shape consisting of two cones with their apexes together in a vertical line one above the other;
:# a masthead light abaft of and higher than the all-round green light; a vessel of less than {{convert|50|m|ft|0}} in length shall not be obliged to exhibit such a light but may do so;
:# when making way through the water, in addition to the lights prescribed in this paragraph, sidelights and a sternlight.
:(c) A vessel engaged in fishing, other than trawling, shall exhibit:
:# two all-round lights in a vertical line, the upper being red and the lower white, or a shape consisting of two cones with apexes together in a vertical line one above the other;
:# when there is outlying gear extending more than 150 metres horizontally from the vessel, an all-round white light or a cone apex upwards in the direction of the gear;
:# when making way through the water, in addition to the lights prescribed in this paragraph, sidelights and a sternlight.
:(d) The additional signals described in Annex II to these Regulations apply to a vessel engaged in fishing in close proximity to other vessels engaged in fishing.
:(e) A vessel when not engaged in fishing shall not exhibit the lights or shapes prescribed in this Rule, but only those prescribed for a vessel of her length.
; 27. Lights for vessels not under command or restricted in their ability to manoeuvre
Vessels not under command or restricted in their ability to manoeuvre
:(a) A vessel not under command shall exhibit:
:: 1. two all-round red lights in a vertical line where they can best be seen;
:: 2. two balls or similar shapes in a vertical line where they can best be seen;
:: 3. when making way through the water, in addition to the lights prescribed in this paragraph, sidelights and a sternlight.
:(b) A vessel restricted in her ability to manoeuvre, except a vessel engaged in mine-clearance operations, shall exhibit:
:# three all-round lights in a vertical line where they can best be seen. The highest and lowest of these lights shall be red and the middle light shall be white;
:# three shapes in a vertical line where they can best be seen. The highest and lowest of these shapes shall be balls and the middle one a diamond;
:# when making way through the water, a masthead light or lights, sidelights and a sternlight, in addition to the lights prescribed in sub-paragraph (i);
:# when at anchor, in addition to the lights or shapes prescribed in sub-paragraphs (i) and (ii), the light, lights or shape prescribed in Rule 30.
:(c) A power-driven vessel engaged in a towing operation such as severely restricts the towing vessel and her tow in their ability to deviate from their course shall, in addition to the lights or shapes prescribed in Rule 24(a), exhibit the lights or shapes prescribed in sub-paragraphs (b)(i) and (ii) of this Rule.
:(d) A vessel engaged in dredging or underwater operations, when restricted in her ability to manoeuvre, shall exhibit the lights and shapes prescribed in sub-paragraphs (b)(i), (ii) and (iii) of this Rule and shall in addition, when an obstruction exists, exhibit:
:# two all-round red lights or two balls in a vertical line to indicate the side on which the obstruction exists;
:# two all-round green lights or two diamonds in a vertical line to indicate the side on which another vessel may pass;
:# when at anchor, the lights or shapes prescribed in this paragraph instead of the lights or shape prescribed in Rule 30.
:(e) Whenever the size of a vessel engaged in diving operations makes it impracticable to exhibit all lights and shapes prescribed in paragraph (d) of this Rule, the following shall be exhibited:
:# three all-round lights in a vertical line where they can best be seen. The highest and lowest of these lights shall be red and the middle light shall be white;
:# a rigid replica of the International Code flag "A" not less than {{convert|1|m|ft|1}} in height. Measures shall be taken to ensure its all-round visibility.
:(f) A vessel engaged in mine clearance operations shall in addition to the lights prescribed for a power-driven vessel in Rule 23 or to the lights or shape prescribed for a vessel at anchor in Rule 30 as appropriate, exhibit three all-round green lights or three balls. One of these lights or shapes shall be exhibited near the foremast head and one at each end of the fore yard. These lights or shapes indicate that it is dangerous for another vessel to approach ''within {{convert|1000|m|mi|2}}'' of the mine clearance vessel.
:(g) Vessels of less than {{convert|12|m|ft|1}} in length, except those engaged in diving operations, shall not be required to exhibit the lights and shapes prescribed in this Rule.
:(h) The signals prescribed in this Rule are not signals of vessels in distress and requiring assistance. Such signals are contained in Annex IV to these Regulations.
; 28. Lights for vessels constrained by their draught
:A vessel constrained by her draft may, in addition to the lights prescribed for power-driven vessels in Rule 23, exhibit where they can best be seen three all-round red lights in a vertical line, or a cylinder.
; 29. Lights for [[pilot (harbour)|pilot]] vessels
:(a) A vessel engaged on pilotage duty shall exhibit:
:# at or near the masthead, two all-round lights in a vertical line, the upper being white and the lower red;
:# when underway, in addition, sidelights and a sternlight;
:# when at anchor, in addition to the lights prescribed in subparagraph (1), the light, lights, or shape prescribed in Rule 30 for vessels at anchor.
:(b) A pilot vessel when not engaged on pilotage duty shall exhibit the lights or shapes prescribed for a similar vessel of her length.
; 30. Lights for vessels anchored and aground
:* A vessel at [[anchor]] must display an all-round white light or one black ball in the fore part and another all-round white light at or near the stern at a lower level than the light in the fore part. BUT if the vessel is less than 50 meters in length it may exhibit an all-round white light where it can best be seen instead of the lights foresaid.
; 31. Lights for [[seaplane]]s
:Where it is impracticable for a seaplane or a WIG craft to exhibit lights and shapes of the characteristics or in the positions prescribed in the Rules of the Part she shall exhibit lights and shapes as closely similar in characteristics and position as is possible.

===Part D – Sound and light signals===
; 32. Definitions of whistle
: short blast (1 second), and prolonged blast (4–6 seconds).
; 33. Equipment
: Vessels {{convert|12|m|ft|1}} or more in length should carry a [[whistle]] and a [[bell (instrument)|bell]] and vessels {{convert|100|m|ft|0}} or more in length should carry in addition a gong. On many vessels, a horn serves the purpose of a whistle.
; 34. Maneuvering and warning signals, using whistle or lights
:The signals are used when vessels are in sight of one another
; 35. Sound signals to be used in restricted visibility
:The signals are used when vessels are in restricted visibility.
; 36. Signals to be used to attract attention.
; 37. Distress signals.
:When a vessel is in distress and requires assistance she shall use or exhibit the signals described in Annex IV to these Regulations.

===Part E – Exemption===
; 38. Exemption
Any vessel (or class of vessel) provided that she complies with the requirements of the International Regulations for the Preventing of Collisions at Sea, 1960, the keel of which is laid or is at a corresponding stage of construction before the entry into force of these Regulations may be exempted from compliance therewith as follows:
:(a) The installation of lights with ranges prescribed in Rule 22, until 4 years after the date of entry into force of these regulations.
:(b) The installation of lights with color specifications as prescribed in Section 7 of Annex I to these Regulations, until 4 years after the entry into force of these Regulations.
:(c) The repositioning of lights as a result of conversion from Imperial to metric units and rounding off measurement figures, permanent exemption.
:(d)   (i) The repositioning of masthead lights on vessels of less than 150 meters in length, resulting from the prescriptions of Section 3 (a) of Annex I to these regulations, permanent exemption.
::(ii). The repositioning of masthead lights on vessels of 150 meters or more in length, resulting from the prescriptions of Section 3 (a) of Annex I to these regulations, until 9 years after the date of entry into force of these Regulations.
:(e) The repositioning of masthead lights resulting from the prescriptions of Section 2(b) of Annex I to these Regulations, until 9 years after the date of entry into force of these Regulations.
:(f) The repositioning of sidelights resulting from the prescriptions of Section 2(g) and 3(b) of Annex I to these Regulations, until 9 years after the date of entry into force of these Regulations.
:(g) The requirements for sound signal appliances prescribed in Annex II to these Regulations, until 9 years after the date of entry into force of these Regulations.
:(h) The repositioning of all-round lights resulting from the prescription of Section 9(b) of Annex I to these Regulations, permanent exemption.

===Annexes===
; ANNEX I – Positioning and technical details of lights and shapes:
; ANNEX II – Additional signals for fishing vessels fishing in close proximity
; ANNEX III – Technical details of sound signal appliances
; ANNEX IV – Distress signals

1. The following signals, used or exhibited either together or separately, indicate distress and need of assistance:
:(a) a gun or other [[explosive]] signal fired at intervals of about a minute;
:(b) a continuous sounding with any fog-signalling apparatus;
:(c) [[rocket]]s or [[projectile|shells]], throwing red stars fired one at a time at short intervals;
:(d) a signal made by radiotelegraphy or by any other signalling method consisting of the [[Prosigns for Morse code|group]]   '''. . . — — — . . .'''   ([[SOS|SOS]]) in Morse Code;
:(e) a signal sent by radiotelephony consisting of the spoken word "Mayday";
:(f) the [[International Code of Signals|International Code Signal]] of distress indicated by NC;
:(g) a signal consisting of a square flag having above or below it a ball or anything resembling a ball;
:(h) flames on the vessel (as from a burning tar barrel, oil barrel, etc.);
:(i) a rocket [[parachute flare]] or a hand flare showing a red light;
:(j) a smoke signal giving off orange-coloured smoke;
:(k) slowly and repeatedly raising and lowering arms outstretched to each side;
:(l) a distress alert by means of digital selective calling (DSC) transmitted on
::(i) VHF channel 70, or
::(ii) MF/HF on the frequencies 2187.5 kHz, 8414.5 kHz, 4207.5 kHz, 6312 kHz, 12577 kHz or 16804.5 kHz;
:(m) a ship-to-shore distress alert transmitted by the ship's Inmarsat or other mobile satellite service provider ship earth station; (see [[GMDSS]])
:(n) approved signals transmitted by radiocommunication systems, including survival craft radar transponders. (see [[GMDSS]])
2. The use or exhibition of any of the foregoing signals except for the purpose of indicating distress and need of assistance and the use of other signals which may be confused with any of the above signals is prohibited.

3. Attention is drawn to the relevant sections of the International Code of Signals, the Merchant Ship Search and Rescue Manual, Annex III and the following signals;
:(a) a piece of orange-coloured canvas with either a black square and circle or other appropriate symbol (for identification from the air);
:(b) a dye marker.

==See also==
{{Wikisource}}
{{Portal|Nautical}}
{{colbegin|3}}
* [[Assured Clear Distance Ahead]]
* [[Brussels Collision Convention]]
* [[Navigation]]
* [[Navigational aid]]
* [[Pilotage]]
* [[Sea mark]]
{{colend}}
{{Clear}}

==References==
{{format citations | section|date=February 2017}}
{{Reflist|2}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book|author=Caufield, T.G.|year=2001|title=A Beginner's Guide to the Rules of the Road | page = | location = | publisher=Great Lakes Marine Transportation | isbn = | url = | access-date = | quote = }}{{full citation needed|date=February 2017}}


==External links==
* [[s:International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea|International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea]]. [[Wikisource]]. Retrieved 18 July 2010
* [https://books.google.com/books?ei=9PrOSZfFGoHMlQT0rdyjAQ&q=close+quarters+situation+in+restricted+visibility&btnG=Search+Books reference from Google books]
* [http://allships.com.au/selftest.html Allships - Marine Self-testing for Rules of the Road.]

{{DEFAULTSORT:International Regulations For Preventing Collisions At Sea}}
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International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights

2017-04-11T18:56:29Z

InternetArchiveBot: Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v1.3beta5)

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2013}}
{{Infobox Treaty
| name = International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
| image = File:ICCPR-members2.PNG
| image_width = 400px
| caption = Parties and signatories of the ICCPR
<div style="text-align:left">{{legend|#008000|State party}}
{{legend|#00ff00|Signatory that has not ratified}}
{{legend|#FF7F27|State party that attempted to withdraw
{{legend|#b9b9b9|Non-state party, non-signatory}}</div>}}
| type = [[United Nations General Assembly]] [[United Nations General Assembly resolution|Resolution]]
| date_drafted = 1954
| date_signed = 16 December 1966<ref name=reservations/>
| location_signed = [[United Nations Headquarters]], New York
| date_sealed =
| date_effective = 23 March 1976<ref name=reservations/>
| condition_effective =
| date_expiration =
| signatories = 74<ref name=reservations/>
| parties = 169<ref name=reservations/>
| depositor = [[Secretary-General of the United Nations|Secretary General]] of the United Nations
| languages = French, English, Russian, Chinese, Spanish{{citation needed lead|date=April 2017}}
| website =
| wikisource1 = International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights
| citations =
}}

The '''International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights''' ('''ICCPR''') is a multilateral [[treaty]] adopted by the [[United Nations General Assembly]] on 16 December 1966, and in force from 23 March 1976. It commits its parties to respect the [[civil and political rights]] of individuals, including the [[right to life]], [[freedom of religion]], [[freedom of speech]], [[freedom of assembly]], electoral rights and rights to due process and a fair trial. {{as of|2017|02}}, the Covenant has 169 parties and six more signatories without ratification.<ref name=reservations>{{cite web |url=http://indicators.ohchr.org/ |title=OHCHR Dashboard |quote=Status of ratification}}</ref>

The ICCPR is part of the [[International Bill of Human Rights]], along with the [[International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights]] (ICESCR) and the [[Universal Declaration of Human Rights]] (UDHR).<ref name=ohchr-fs2>{{cite web |url=http://www.unhchr.ch/html/menu6/2/fs2.htm |title=Fact Sheet No.2 (Rev.1), The International Bill of Human Rights |accessdate=2008-06-02 |publisher=UN OHCHR |date=June 1996 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080313093428/http://www.unhchr.ch/html/menu6/2/fs2.htm |archivedate = 13 March 2008}}</ref>

The ICCPR is monitored by the [[United Nations Human Rights Committee]] (a separate body to the [[United Nations Human Rights Council]]), which reviews regular reports of States parties on how the rights are being implemented. States must report initially one year after acceding to the Covenant and then whenever the Committee requests (usually every four years). The Committee normally meets in Geneva and normally holds three sessions per year.

==Genesis==
[[File:International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.pdf|thumb|International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights]]

The ICCPR has its roots in the same process that led to the [[Universal Declaration of Human Rights]]. A "Declaration on the Essential Rights of Man" had been proposed at the [[United Nations Conference on International Organization|1945 San Francisco Conference]] which led to the founding of the United Nations, and the [[United Nations Economic and Social Council|Economic and Social Council]] was given the task of drafting it.<ref name=ohchr-fs2/> Early on in the process, the document was split into a declaration setting forth general principles of human rights, and a convention or covenant containing binding commitments. The former evolved into the UDHR and was adopted on 10 December 1948.<ref name=ohchr-fs2/>

The States Parties to the present Covenant, including those having responsibility for the administration of [[United Nations list of Non-Self-Governing Territories|Non-Self-Governing and Trust Territories]], shall promote the realization of the right of [[self-determination]], and shall respect that right, in conformity with the provisions of the Charter of the United Nations.<ref>'''International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights''', Part I, Article 1, paragraph 3.</ref>

Drafting continued on the convention, but there remained significant differences between UN members on the relative importance of [[negative right|negative]] Civil and Political versus [[positive right|positive]] Economic, Social and Cultural rights.<ref>{{cite book |title= The International Law of Human Rights|last=Sieghart |first=Paul |year=1983 |publisher=Oxford University Press |page=25 }}</ref> These eventually caused the convention to be split into two separate covenants, "one to contain civil and political rights and the other to contain economic, social and cultural rights."<ref name=unga-r543>United Nations General Assembly Resolution 543, 5 February 1952.</ref> The two covenants were to contain as many similar provisions as possible, and be opened for signature simultaneously.<ref name=unga-r543/> Each would also contain an article on the right of all peoples to self-determination.<ref>United Nations General Assembly Resolution 545, 5 February 1952.</ref>

The first document became the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and the second the [[International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights]]. The drafts were presented to the UN General Assembly for discussion in 1954, and adopted in 1966.<ref>United Nations General Assembly Resolution 2200, 16 December 1966.</ref> As a result of diplomatic negotiations the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights was adopted shortly before the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.

==Summary==
The Covenant follows the structure of the UDHR and ICESCR, with a preamble and fifty-three articles, divided into six parts.<ref>The following section summarises the text of the Covenant.</ref>

'''Part 1''' (Article 1) recognizes the right of all peoples to [[self-determination]], including the right to "freely determine their political status",<ref>ICCPR, Article 1.1.</ref> pursue their economic, social and cultural goals, and manage and dispose of their own resources. It recognises a [[negative right]] of a people not to be deprived of its means of subsistence,<ref>ICCPR, Article 1.2.</ref> and imposes an obligation on those parties still responsible for non-self governing and trust territories (colonies) to encourage and respect their self-determination.<ref>ICCPR, Article 1.3.</ref>

'''Part 2''' (Articles 2 – 5) obliges parties to legislate where necessary to give effect to the rights recognised in the Covenant, and to provide an effective [[legal remedy]] for any violation of those rights.<ref>ICCPR, Article 2.2, 2.3.</ref> It also requires the rights be recognised "without distinction of any kind, such as race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status,"<ref>ICCPR, Article 2.1.</ref> and to ensure that they are enjoyed equally by women.<ref name=Art3>ICCPR, Article 3.</ref> The rights can only be limited "in time of [[state of emergency|public emergency]] which threatens the life of the nation,"<ref name=Art4.1>ICCPR, Article 4.1.</ref> and even then no derogation is permitted from the rights to life, freedom from [[torture]] and [[slavery]], the freedom from [[Ex post facto law|retrospective law]], the right to [[personhood]], and [[freedom of thought]], [[freedom of conscience|conscience]] and [[freedom of religion|religion]].<ref name=Art4.2>ICCPR, Article 4.2.</ref>

'''Part 3''' (Articles 6 – 27) lists the rights themselves. These include rights to:

* physical integrity, in the form of the right to life and freedom from torture and slavery (Articles 6, 7, and 8);
* liberty and security of the person, in the form of freedom from [[arbitrary arrest and detention]] and the right to ''[[habeas corpus]]'' (Articles 9 – 11);
* procedural fairness in law, in the form of rights to due process, a [[Right to a fair trial|fair and impartial trial]], the [[presumption of innocence]], and recognition as a person before the law (Articles 14, 15, and 16);
* individual liberty, in the form of the freedoms of movement, thought, conscience and religion, speech, association and assembly, family rights, the right to a nationality, and the [[right to privacy]] (Articles 12, 13, 17 – 24);
* prohibition of any [[propaganda]] for war as well as any advocacy of national or religious hatred that constitutes [[incitement]] to discrimination, hostility or violence by law (Article 20);
* political participation, including the right to the [[right to vote]] (Article 25);
* Non-discrimination, [[minority rights]] and [[equality before the law]] (Articles 26 and 27).

Many of these rights include specific actions which must be undertaken to realise them.

'''Part 4''' (Articles 28 – 45) governs the establishment and operation of the [[Human Rights Committee]] and the reporting and monitoring of the Covenant. It also allows parties to recognise the competence of the Committee to resolve disputes between parties on the implementation of the Covenant (Articles 41 and 42).

'''Part 5''' (Articles 46 – 47) clarifies that the Covenant shall not be interpreted as interfering with the operation of the United Nations or "the inherent right of all peoples to enjoy and utilize fully and freely their natural wealth and resources".<ref>ICCPR, Article 47.</ref>

'''Part 6''' (Articles 48 – 53) governs ratification, entry into force, and amendment of the Covenant.

==Core provisions==

===Rights to physical integrity===
{{Main article|Right to life|Torture|Slavery}}
'''Article 6''' of the Covenant recognises the individual's "inherent right to life" and requires it to be protected by law.<ref>ICCPR, Article 6.1.</ref> It is a "supreme right" from which no derogation can be permitted, and must be interpreted widely.<ref name=gc6>{{cite web |url=http://www.unhchr.ch/tbs/doc.nsf/%28Symbol%29/84ab9690ccd81fc7c12563ed0046fae3?Opendocument |title=CCPR General Comment No. 6: The right to life |publisher=UN OHCHR |date=30 April 1982 |accessdate=2010-10-10}}</ref> It therefore requires parties to take positive measures to reduce [[infant mortality]] and increase [[life expectancy]], as well as forbidding arbitrary killings by security forces.<ref name=gc6/>

While Article 6 does not prohibit the death penalty, it restricts its application to the "most serious crimes"<ref>ICCPR, Article 6.2.</ref> and forbids it to be used on children and pregnant women<ref>ICCPR, Article 6.5.</ref> or in a manner contrary to the [[Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide]].<ref>ICCPR, Article 6.3.</ref> The UN Human Rights Committee interprets the Article as "strongly suggest[ing] that abolition is desirable",<ref name=gc6/> and regards any progress towards abolition of the death penalty as advancing this right.<ref name=gc6/> The [[Second Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights|Second Optional Protocol]] commits its signatories to the abolition of the death penalty within their borders.

'''Article 7''' prohibits [[torture]] and [[cruel and unusual punishment|cruel, inhuman or degrading punishment]].<ref name=Art7>ICCPR, Article 7.</ref> As with Article 6, it cannot be derogated from under any circumstances.<ref name=Art4.2/> The article is now interpreted to impose similar obligations to those required by the [[United Nations Convention Against Torture]], including not just prohibition of torture, but active measures to prevent its use and a prohibition on [[refoulement]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.unhchr.ch/tbs/doc.nsf/%28Symbol%29/6924291970754969c12563ed004c8ae5?Opendocument |title=CCPR General Comment No. 20: Replaces general comment 7 concerning prohibition of torture and cruel treatment or punishment |publisher=UN OHCHR |date=10 March 1992 |accessdate=2010-10-10}}</ref> In response to [[Nazi human experimentation]] during WW2 this article explicitly includes a prohibition on medical and scientific experimentation without consent.<ref name=Art7/>

'''Article 8''' prohibits [[slavery]] and enforced servitude in all situations.<ref>ICCPR, Articles 8.1, 8.2.</ref> The article also prohibits [[forced labour]], with exceptions for criminal punishment, military service and civil obligations.<ref>ICCPR, Article 8.3.</ref>

===Liberty and security of person===
{{Main article|Habeas corpus}}
'''Article 9''' recognises the rights to liberty and security of the person. It prohibits arbitrary arrest and detention, requires any deprivation of liberty to be according to law,<ref name=Art9.1>ICCPR, Article 9.1.</ref> and obliges parties to allow those deprived of their liberty to challenge their imprisonment through the courts.<ref name=Art9.4>ICCPR, Article 9.4.</ref> These provisions apply not just to those imprisoned as part of the criminal process, but also to those detained due to mental illness, drug addiction, or for educational or immigration purposes.<ref name=gc8>{{cite web |url=http://www.unhchr.ch/tbs/doc.nsf/%28Symbol%29/f4253f9572cd4700c12563ed00483bec?Opendocument |title=CCPR General Comment No. 08: Right to liberty and security of persons |publisher=UN OHCHR |date=30 June 1982 |accessdate=2010-10-10}}</ref>

'''Articles 9.3 and 9.4''' impose procedural safeguards around arrest, requiring anyone arrested to be promptly informed of the charges against them, and to be brought promptly before a judge.<ref>ICCPR, Articles 9.2, 9.3.</ref> It also restricts the use of pre-trial detention,<ref name=Art9.3>ICCPR, Article 9.3.</ref> requiring it to be imposed only in exceptional circumstances and for as short a period of time as possible.<ref name=gc8/>

'''Article 10''' requires anyone deprived of liberty to be treated with dignity and humanity.<ref name=Art10.1>ICCPR, Article 10.1.</ref> This applies not just to prisoners, but also to those detained for immigration purposes or psychiatric care.<ref name=gc21>{{cite web |url=http://www.unhchr.ch/tbs/doc.nsf/%28Symbol%29/3327552b9511fb98c12563ed004cbe59?Opendocument |title=General Comment No. 21: Replaces general comment 9 concerning humane treatment of persons deprived of liberty |publisher=UN OHCHR |date=10 April 1992 |accessdate=2010-10-10}}</ref> The right complements the Article 7 prohibition on torture and cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment.<ref name=gc21/> The article also imposes specific obligations around criminal justice, requiring prisoners in pretrial detention to be separated from convicted prisoners, and children to be separated from adults.<ref name=Art10.2>ICCPR, Article 10.2.</ref> It requires prisons to be focused on reform and rehabilitation rather than punishment.<ref name=Art10.3>ICCPR, Article 10.3.</ref>

'''Article 11''' prohibits the use of imprisonment as a punishment for breach of contract.<ref name=Art11>ICCPR, Article 11.</ref>

===Procedural fairness and rights of the accused===
{{Main article|Rights of the accused|Right to a fair trial}}
'''Article 14''' recognizes and protects a right to justice and a fair trial. '''Article 14.1''' establishes the ground rules: everyone must be equal before the courts, and any hearing must take place in [[Public trial|open court]] before a competent, independent and impartial tribunal, with any judgment or ruling made public.<ref name=Art14.1>ICCPR, Article 14.1.</ref> Closed hearings are only permitted for reasons of privacy, justice, or national security, and judgments may only be suppressed in divorce cases or to protect the interests of children.<ref name=Art14.1/> These obligations apply to both criminal and civil hearings, and to all courts and tribunals.<ref name=gc13>{{cite web |url=http://www.unhchr.ch/tbs/doc.nsf/%28Symbol%29/bb722416a295f264c12563ed0049dfbd?Opendocument |title=General Comment No. 13: Equality before the courts and the right to a fair and public hearing by an independent court established by law |publisher=UN OHCHR |date=13 April 1984 |accessdate=2010-10-10}}</ref>

The rest of the article imposes specific and detailed obligations around the process of criminal trials in order to protect the [[rights of the accused]] and the [[right to a fair trial]]. It establishes the [[Presumption of innocence]]<ref name=Art14.2>ICCPR, Article 14.2.</ref> and forbids [[double jeopardy]].<ref name=Art14.7>ICCPR, Article 14.7.</ref> It requires that those convicted of a crime be allowed to appeal to a higher tribunal,<ref name=Art14.5>ICCPR, Article 14.5.</ref> and requires victims of a [[Miscarriage of justice]] to be compensated.<ref name=Art14.6>ICCPR, Article 14.6.</ref> It establishes rights to a [[speedy trial]], to [[Right to counsel|counsel]], against [[self-incrimination]], and for the accused to be present and [[Confrontation Clause|call and examine witnesses]].<ref name=Art14.3>ICCPR, Article 14.3.</ref>

'''Article 15''' prohibits prosecutions under [[Ex post facto law]] and the imposition of [[Nullum crimen, nulla poena sine praevia lege poenali|retrospective criminal penalties]], and requires the imposition of the lesser penalty where criminal sentences have changed between the offence and conviction.<ref name=Art15>ICCPR, Article 15.</ref> But except the criminal according to [[international customary law|general principles of law]] recognized by international community.<ref name=Art15.2>ICCPR, Article 15.2.</ref> ([[jus cogens]])

'''Article 16''' requires states to recognize everyone as a person before the law.<ref name=Art16>ICCPR, Article 16.</ref>

===Individual liberties===
{{Main article|Freedom of movement|Freedom of religion|Freedom of thought|Freedom of speech|Freedom of assembly|Freedom of association}}
'''Article 12''' guarantees [[freedom of movement]], including the right of persons to choose their residence and to leave a country.<ref name=Art12>ICCPR, Article 12.</ref> These rights apply to legal aliens as well as citizens of a state,<ref name=gc27>{{cite web |url=http://www.unhchr.ch/tbs/doc.nsf/%28Symbol%29/6c76e1b8ee1710e380256824005a10a9?Opendocument |title=CCPR: General Comment No. 27: Freedom of movement |publisher=UN OHCHR |date=2 November 1999 |accessdate=2010-10-10}}</ref> and can be restricted only where necessary to protect national security, public order or health, and the rights and freedoms of others.<ref>ICCPR, Article 12.3.</ref> The article also recognises a right of people to enter their own country.<ref>ICCPR, Article 12.4.</ref> The Human Rights Committee interprets this right broadly as applying not just to citizens, but also to those stripped of or denied their nationality.<ref name=gc27/> They also regard it as near-absolute; "there are few, if any, circumstances in which deprivation of the right to enter one's own country could be reasonable".<ref name=gc27/>

'''Article 13''' forbids the arbitrary expulsion of resident aliens and requires such decisions to be able to be appealed and reviewed.<ref name=Art13>ICCPR, Article 13.</ref>

'''Article 17''' mandates the [[right to privacy|right of privacy]].<ref name=Art17>ICCPR, Article 17.</ref> This provision, specifically article 17(1), protects private adult consensual sexual activity, thereby nullifying prohibitions on homosexual behaviour,<ref name=Toonen1>{{cite web |url=http://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/undocs/html/vws488.htm |title=Toonen v Australia Communication No. 488/1992 (1994) U.N. Doc CCPR/C/50/D/488/1992 at [8.1–8.6]}}</ref> however, the wording of this covenant's marriage right (Article 23) excludes the extrapolation of a same-sex marriage right from this provision.<ref name=Joslin1>{{cite web |url=http://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/undocs/902-1999.html |title=Joslin v New Zealand (2002) Comm. No. 902/1999 U.N. Doc. A/57/40 at 214 (2002) at [Appendix (My Lallah & Mr Scheinen)]}}</ref>
Article 17 also protects people against unlawful attacks to their honor and reputation. Article 17 (2) grants the protection of the Law against such attacks<ref name=Art17/>

'''Article 18''' mandates freedom of religion or belief.<ref name=Art18>ICCPR, Article 18.</ref>

'''Article 19''' mandates freedom of expression.<ref name=Art19>ICCPR, Article 19.</ref>

'''Article 20''' mandates sanctions against inciting hatred.<ref>ICCPR, Article 20.</ref>

'''Articles 21''' and '''22''' mandate freedom of association. These provisions guarantee the right to freedom of association, the right to trade unions and also defines the [[International Labour Organisation]].<ref>ICCPR, Article 21.</ref><ref name=Art22>ICCPR, Article 22.</ref>

'''Article 23''' mandates the right of marriage.<ref name=Art23>ICCPR, Article 23.</ref> The wording of this provision neither requires nor prohibits [[same-sex marriage]].<ref name=Joslin2>Joslin v New Zealand (2002) Comm. No. 902/1999 U.N. Doc. A/57/40 at 214 (2002) at [8.2–9.0(majority)] & [1(Lallah & Scheinen JJ] {{cite web |url=http://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/undocs/902-1999.html |title=Joslin v New Zealand (2002) Comm. No. 902/1999 U.N. Doc. A/57/40 at 214 (2002)}}</ref>

'''Article 24''' mandates special protection, the right to a name, and the right to a nationality for every child.<ref name=Art24>ICCPR, Article 24.</ref>

'''Article 27''' mandates the rights of [[ethnic group|ethnic]], [[religious minorities|religious]] and [[minority language|linguistic minority]] to enjoy their own culture, to profess their own religion, and [[linguistic rights|to use their own language]].<ref name=Art27>ICCPR, Ariticle 27.</ref>

===Political rights===
'''Article 3''' provides an accessory non-discrimination principle. Accessory in the way that it cannot be used independently and can only be relied upon in relation to another right protected by the ICCPR.

In contrast, '''Article 26''' contains a revolutionary norm by providing an autonomous equality principle which is not dependent upon another right under the convention being infringed. This has the effect of widening the scope of the non-discrimination principle beyond the scope of ICCPR.

==Optional protocols==
There are two Optional Protocols to the Covenant. The [[First Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights|First Optional Protocol]] establishes an individual complaints mechanism, allowing individuals to complain to the Human Rights Committee about violations of the Covenant.<ref>OP1-ICCPR, Article 1.</ref> This has led to the creation of a complex jurisprudence on the interpretation and implementation of the Covenant. {{as of|2013|07}}, the First Optional Protocol has 114 parties.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-5&chapter=4&lang=en |title=UN Treaty Collection: Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights |accessdate=2011-10-14 |publisher= United Nations}}</ref>

The [[Second Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights|Second Optional Protocol]] abolishes the death penalty; however, countries were permitted to make a reservation allowing for use of death penalty for the most serious crimes of a military nature, committed during wartime.<ref>OP2-ICCPR, Article 2.1</ref> {{as of|2013|07}}, the Second Optional Protocol had 77 parties.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-12&chapter=4&lang=en |title=UN Treaty Collection: Second Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, aiming at the abolition of the death penalty |accessdate=2009-10-12 |publisher=United Nations |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020234014/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-12&chapter=4&lang=en |archivedate=20 October 2012 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

==Reservations==
{{Expand section|date=June 2010}}

A number of parties have made reservations and interpretative declarations to their application of the Covenant.

'''Argentina''' will apply the fair trial rights guaranteed in its [[Constitution of Argentina|constitution]] to the prosecution of those accused of violating the general law of nations.<ref name=reservations/>

'''Australia''' reserves the right to progressively implement the prison standards of Article 10, to compensate for miscarriages of justice by administrative means rather than through the courts, and interprets the prohibition on racial incitement as being subject to the freedoms of expression, association and assembly. It also declares that its implementation will be effected at each level of its federal system.<ref name=reservations/>

'''Austria''' reserves the right to continue to exile members of the [[House of Habsburg]], and limits the rights of the accused and the right to a fair trial to those already existing in its legal system.<ref name=reservations/>

'''Bahamas''', due to problems with implementation, reserves the right not to compensate for miscarriages of justice.<ref name=reservations/>

'''Bahrain''' interprets Articles 3 (no sexual discrimination), 18 (freedom of religion) and 23 (family rights) within the context of Islamic Sharia law.<ref name=reservations/>

'''Bangladesh''' reserves the right to try people ''in absentia'' where they are fugitives from justice and declares that resource constraints mean that it cannot necessarily segregate prisons or provide counsel for accused persons.<ref name=reservations/>

'''Barbados''' reserves the right not to provide free counsel for accused persons due to resource constraints.<ref name=reservations/>

'''Belgium''' interprets the freedoms of speech, assembly and association in a manner consistent with the [[European Convention on Human Rights]]. It does not consider itself obliged to ban war propaganda as required by Article 20, and interprets that article in light of the freedom of expression in the UDHR.<ref name=reservations/>

'''Belize''' reserves the right not to compensate for miscarriages of justice, due to problems with implementation, and does not plan to provide free legal counsel for the same reasons as above. It also refuses to ensure the right to free travel at any time, due to a law requiring those travelling abroad to provide tax clearance certificates.<ref name=reservations/>

'''Congo''', as per the Congolese [[Code of Civil, Commercial, Administrative and Financial Procedure]], in matters of private law, decisions or orders emanating from conciliation proceedings may be enforced through imprisonment for debt.<ref name=reservations/>

'''Denmark''' reserves the right to exclude the press and the public from trials as per its own laws. Reservation is further made to Article 20, paragraph 1. This reservation is in accordance with the vote cast by Denmark in the XVI General Assembly of the United Nations in 1961 when the Danish Delegation, referring to the preceding article concerning freedom of expression, voted against the prohibition against propaganda for war.<ref name=reservations/>

'''Gambia''', as per its constitution, will provide free legal assistance for accused persons charged with capital offences only.<ref name=reservations/>

The '''United States''' has made reservations that none of the articles should restrict the right of [[free speech]] and [[Freedom of association|association]]; that the US government may impose capital punishment on any person other than a pregnant woman, including persons below the age of 18; that "cruel, inhuman and degrading treatment or punishment" refers to those treatments or punishments prohibited by the Fifth, Eighth and/or Fourteenth Amendments to the US Constitution; that Paragraph 1, Article 15 will not apply; and that, notwithstanding paragraphs 2(b) and 3 of Article 10 and paragraph 4 of Article 14, the US government may treat juveniles as adults, and accept volunteers to the military prior to the age of 18. The United States also submitted five "understandings", and four "declarations".<ref name="www1.umn.edu">{{cite web|url=http://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/usdocs/civilres.html|title=University of Minnesota Human Rights Library|publisher=}}</ref>

==National implementation and effects==
The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights has 167 states parties, 67 by signature and ratification, and the remainder by accession or succession. Another five states have signed but have yet to ratify the treaty.<ref name=reservations/>

===Australia===
The Covenant is not directly enforceable in Australia, but its provisions support a number of domestic laws, which confer enforceable rights on individuals. For example, Article 17 of the Convention has been implemented by the Australian [http://www.comlaw.gov.au/Details/C2013C00482 Privacy Act 1988]. Likewise, the Covenant’s equality and anti-discrimination provisions support the federal [http://www.comlaw.gov.au/Details/C2014C00013 Disability Discrimination Act 1992]. Finally, the Covenant is one of the major sources of 'human rights' listed in the Human Rights (Parliamentary Scrutiny) Act 2011.<ref>{{wikicite|ref="Act No. 186 of 2011"|reference=[http://www.comlaw.gov.au/Details/C2012C00726 Act No. 186 of 2011 : Human Rights (Parliamentary Scrutiny) Act 2011], ComLaw}}</ref> This law requires most new legislation and administrative instruments (such as delegated/subordinate legislation) to be tabled in parliament with a statement outlining the proposed law's compatibility with the listed human rights<ref>[[#Act No. 186 of 2011|Act No. 186 of 2011]], Part 3.</ref> A Joint Committee on Human Rights scrutinises all new legislation and statements of compatibility.<ref>[[#Act No. 186 of 2011|Act No. 186 of 2011]], Part 2</ref> The findings of the Joint Committee are not legally binding.

Legislation also establishes the Australian Human Rights Commission<ref name=AHRC1>{{cite web |url=http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/ahrca1986373/ |title=Australian Human Rights Commission 1986 (Cth)}}</ref> which allows the [[Australian Human Rights Commission]] (AHRC) to examine enacted legislation<ref name=AHRC2>{{cite web |url=http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/ahrca1986373/s11.html |title=Australian Human Rights Commission 1986 (Cth), s11(e)}}</ref> (to suggest remedial enactments<ref name=AHRC3>{{cite web |url=http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/ahrca1986373/s11.html |title=Australian Human Rights Commission 1986 (Cth), s11(j)}}</ref>), its administration<ref name=AHRC4>{{cite web |url=http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/ahrca1986373/s11.html |title=Australian Human Rights Commission 1986 (Cth), s11(f) i.e. (f)(i) – Conciliation (f)(iI) – Reporting }}</ref> (to suggest avoidance of practices<ref name=AHRC5>{{cite web |url=http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/ahrca1986373/s11.html |title=Australian Human Rights Commission 1986 (Cth), s11(n)}}</ref>) and general compliance<ref name=AHRC6>{{cite web |url=http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/ahrca1986373/s11.html |title='''a)''' Australian Human Rights Commission 1986 (Cth), s11(k) '''b)''' Australian Human Rights Commission 1986 (Cth), s11(m)}}</ref> with the covenant which is schedule to the AHRC legislation.<ref name=ACRH7>{{cite web |url=http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/ahrca1986373/sch2.html |title=Australian Human Rights Commission 1986 (Cth), schedule 2}}</ref>

In Victoria and the Australian Capital Territory, the Convention can be used by a plaintiff or defendant who invokes those jurisdiction's human rights charters.<ref>Charter of Human Rights and Responsibilities Act 2006 (Vic); Human Rights Act 2004 (ACT).</ref> While the Convention cannot be used to overturn a Victorian or ACT law, a Court can issue a 'declaration of incompatibility' that requires the relevant Attorney-General to respond in Parliament within a set time period.{{refn|For example, Part 4, Human Rights Act 2004 (ACT).<ref name=HR2004 />}} Courts in Victoria and the ACT are also directed by the legislation to interpret the law in a way to give effect to a human right,<ref name=HR2004>[http://www.legislation.act.gov.au/a/2004-5/current/pdf/2004-5.pdf Human Rights Act 2004 (ACT)]</ref> and new legislation and subordinate legislation must be accompanied by a statement of compatibility.{{refn|For example, Part 4, Human Rights Act 2004 (ACT).<ref name=HR2004 />}} Efforts to implement a similar Charter at the national level have been frustrated and Australia's Constitution may prevent conferring the 'declaration' power on federal judges.<ref>Vines, Timothy and Faunce, Thomas Alured, A Bad Trip for Health-Related Human Rights: Implications of Momcilovic v the Queen (2011) 85 ALJR 957 (2012). (2012) 19 Journal of Law and Medicine 685 <http://ssrn.com/abstract=2257114></ref>

===Ireland===
Ireland's use of [[Special Criminal Court]]s where juries are replaced by judges and other special procedures apply has been found to not violate the treaty: "In the Committee's view, trial before courts other than the ordinary courts is not necessarily, per se, a violation of the entitlement to a fair hearing and the facts of the present case do not show that there has been such a violation."<ref name="Kavanagh">Joseph Kavanagh v. Ireland, [[United Nations Human Rights Committee]] Communication No. 819/1998, [http://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/undocs/819-1998.html U.N. Doc. CCPR/C/71/D/819/1998 (2001)].</ref>

===New Zealand===
New Zealand took measures to give effect to many of the rights contained within it by passing the [[New Zealand Bill of Rights Act]] in 1990, and formally incorporated the status of protected person into law through the passing of the Immigration Act 2009.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/2009/0051/latest/DLM1440774.html?search=ta_act_I_ac@ainf@anif_an@bn@rn_25_a&p=1|title=Immigration Act 2009 No 51 (as at 06 May 2016), Public Act Part 5 Refugee and protection status determinations – New Zealand Legislation|publisher=}}</ref>

===United States===

====Reservations, understandings, and declarations====
The [[United States Senate]] ratified the ICCPR in 1992, with five [[reservation (law)|reservations]], five understandings, and four declarations.<ref name="www1.umn.edu"/> Some have noted that with so many reservations, its implementation has little domestic effect.<ref>{{cite web |title=Covenant on Civil and Political Rights |work=The Eleanor Roosevelt Papers |publisher=Eleanor Roosevelt National Historic Site |location=Hyde Park, New York |editor1-first=Allinda |editor1-last=Black |editor2-first=June |editor2-last=Hopkins |year=2003 |url=http://www.gwu.edu/~erpapers/teachinger/glossary/cov-civilpol-rights.cfm |accessdate=21 February 2009}}</ref> Included in the Senate's ratification was the declaration that "the provisions of Article 1 through 27 of the Covenant are not self-executing",<ref>138 Cong. Rec. S4781-84 (1992)</ref> and in a [[Senate Executive Report]] stated that the declaration was meant to "clarify that the Covenant will not create a private cause of action in U.S. Courts."<ref>S. Exec. Rep. No. 102-23 (1992)</ref> However, "expressed declarations" do not affect treaties [Igartua-De Le Rosa v. US, 417 F.3d 145, 190-191 (1st Cir. 2005)] Fleming v US (15-8425) establishes the ICCPR treaty IS SELF-Executing by legal definition of a self-executing treaty, US reports to UN, DOJ and US Ambassador Hamamoto.

Where a treaty or covenant is not self-executing, and where Congress has not acted to implement the agreement with legislation, no private right of action within the US judicial system is created by ratification.<ref>''Sei Fujii v. State'' 38 Cal.2d 718, 242 P.2d 617 (1952); also see ''Buell v. Mitchell'' [http://bulk.resource.org/courts.gov/c/F3/274/274.F3d.337.99-4271.html 274 F.3d 337] (6th Cir., 2001) (discussing ICCPR's relationship to death penalty cases, citing to other ICCPR cases)</ref> However, the US Federal Government has held that the ICCPR treaty was only ratified "after" it was determined that all the necessary legislation was in place to provide for domestic effect of law, thereby making the ICCPR treaty self-executing by definition. See all four reports by US to UN regarding the ICCPR treaty. It is also important to emphasize that the "self-executing" statement was a declaration and the Courts have held that declarations have no effect upon treaty law and the rights of citizens.{{citation needed|date=February 2016}}

As a reservation that is "incompatible with the object and purpose" of a treaty is void as a matter of the [[Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties]] and international law,<ref>Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, art. 19, 1155 U.N.T.S. 331 (entered into force 27 January 1980) (specifying conditions under which signatory States can offer "reservations")</ref> there is some issue as to whether the non-self-execution declaration is even legal under domestic law.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Globalism and the Constitution: Treaties, Non-Self-Execution, and the Original Understanding|first=John C.|last=Yoo|authorlink=John Yoo|journal=[[Columbia Law Review|Colum. L. Rev]]|volume=99|issue=8|year=1999|pages=1955–2094|url=http://scholarship.law.berkeley.edu/facpubs/1762/|ref=harv}} At p. 1959.</ref>

Prominent critics in the human rights community, such as Prof. [[Louis Henkin]]<ref>Louis Henkin, U.S. Ratification of Human Rights Treaties: The Ghost of Senator Bricker, 89 Am. J. Int’l L. 341, 346 (1995)</ref> (non-self-execution declaration incompatible with the Supremacy Clause) and Prof. Jordan Paust<ref>Jordan J. Paust, International Law As Law of the United States 375 (2d ed. 2003)</ref> ("Rarely has a treaty been so abused") have denounced the United States' ratification subject to the non-self-execution declaration as a blatant fraud upon the international community, especially in light of its subsequent failure to conform domestic law to the minimum human rights standards as established in the Covenant and in the [[Universal Declaration of Human Rights]] over the last thirty years.

====Constitutionality====
It has been argued that Article 20(2) of the ICCPR, as well as Article 4 of the ICERD, may be unconstitutional according to Supreme Court precedent, which is the reason behind the Senate reservations.<ref>{{cite book | title= The Content and Context of Hate Speech: Rethinking Regulation and Responses | editor1-first= Michael | editor1-last= Herz | editor2-first= Péter | editor2-last= Molnár | chapter= Hate Speech and the Demos | first= Jamal | last= Greene | page= 95 | publisher= [[Cambridge University Press]] | isbn= 978-0-521-19109-8 | chapterurl= https://books.google.com/books?id=TYEuPBAL8EoC&pg=PA95}}</ref>

====Non-compliance====
In 1994, the United Nations' [[Human Rights Committee]] expressed concerns with compliance:<ref>[http://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/gencomm/hrcom24.htm Hum. Rts. Comm. General Comment No. 24] (52), para. 11, 18–19, U.N. Doc. CCPR/C/21/Rev.1/Add.6 (1994)</ref>

<blockquote>Of particular concern are widely formulated reservations which essentially render ineffective all Covenant rights which would require any change in national law to ensure compliance with Covenant obligations. No real international rights or obligations have thus been accepted. And when there is an absence of provisions to ensure that Covenant rights may be sued on in domestic courts, and, further, a failure to allow individual complaints to be brought to the Committee under the first Optional Protocol, all the essential elements of the Covenant guarantees have been removed.</blockquote>

Indeed, the United States has not accepted a single international obligation required under the Covenant. It has not changed its domestic law to conform with the strictures of the Covenant.<ref name="hain">''Hain v. Gibson,'' [http://bulk.resource.org/courts.gov/c/F3/287/287.F3d.1224.01-5014.html 287 F.3d 1224] (10th Cir. 2002) (noting that Congress has not done so)</ref> Its citizens are not permitted to sue to enforce their basic human rights under the Covenant.<ref name="hain"/> It has not ratified the [[Optional Protocol to the Convention against Torture]] (OPCAT). As such, the Covenant has been rendered ineffective, with the bone of contention being United States officials' insistence upon preserving a vast web of [[Sovereign immunity|sovereign]], [[Judicial immunity|judicial]], prosecutorial, and executive branch [[Sovereign immunity|immunities]] that often deprives its citizens of the "effective remedy" under law the Covenant is intended to guarantee.

In 2006, the Human Rights Committee expressed concern over what it interprets as material non-compliance, exhorting the United States to take immediate corrective action:<ref>[http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.state.gov%2Fdocuments%2Forganization%2F133837.pdf&date=2010-10-23 Concluding Observations of the Human Rights Comm.: United States of America, U.N. Doc. No. CCPR/C/USA/CO/3/Rev.1, para. 10 (2006)]</ref>

<blockquote>The Committee notes with concern the restrictive interpretation made by the State party of its obligations under the Covenant, as a result in particular of (a) its position that the Covenant does not apply with respect to individuals under its jurisdiction but outside its territory, nor in time of war, despite the contrary opinions and established jurisprudence of the Committee and the International Court of Justice; (b) its failure to take fully into consideration its obligation under the Covenant not only to respect, but also to ensure the rights prescribed by the Covenant; and (c) its restrictive approach to some substantive provisions of the Covenant, which is not in conformity with the interpretation made by the Committee before and after the State party’s ratification of the Covenant.</blockquote>

<blockquote>The State party should review its approach and interpret the Covenant in good faith, in accordance with the ordinary meaning to be given to its terms in their context, including subsequent practice, and in the light of its object and purpose. The State party should in particular (a) acknowledge the applicability of the Covenant with respect to individuals under its jurisdiction but outside its territory, as well as its applicability in time of war; (b) take positive steps, when necessary, to ensure the full implementation of all rights prescribed by the Covenant; and (c) consider in good faith the interpretation of the Covenant provided by the Committee pursuant to its mandate.</blockquote>

{{As of|2013|2}}, the United States is among States scheduled for examination in the 107th (11–28 March 2013) and 109th (14 October{{snd}}1 November 2013) sessions of the Committee.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/hrc/sessions.htm|title=Human Rights Committee : Sessions | publisher=ohchr.org |accessdate=25 February 2013}}</ref>

==Parties to the Covenant==
There are a total of 169 parties to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.<ref name="UNTS">{{Cite web |url=https://treaties.un.org/pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-4&chapter=4&lang=en |title=International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights |publisher=[[United Nations Treaty Series|United Nations Treaty Collection]] |date=2017-01-18 |accessdate=2017-01-18}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable"
! State party
! Signed
! Ratified or acceded
! Entry into force
|-
| {{Flag|Afghanistan}}
| —
| {{Dts|24 January 1983}}
| {{Dts|24 April 1983}}
|-
| {{Flag|Albania}}
| —
| {{Dts|4 October 1991}}
| {{Dts|4 January 1992}}
|-
| {{Flag|Algeria}}
| {{Dts|10 December 1968}}
| {{Dts|12 September 1989}}
| {{Dts|12 December 1989}}
|-
| {{Flag|Andorra}}
| {{Dts|5 August 2002}}
| {{Dts|22 September 2006}}
| {{Dts|22 December 2006}}
|-
| {{Flag|Angola}}
| —
| {{Dts|10 January 1992}}
| {{Dts|10 April 1992}}
|-
| {{Flag|Argentina}}
| {{Dts|18 February 1968}}
| {{Dts|8 August 1986}}
| {{Dts|8 November 1986}}
|-
| {{Flag|Armenia}}
| —
| {{Dts|23 June 1993}}
| {{Dts|23 September 1993}}
|-
| {{Flag|Australia}}
| {{Dts|18 December 1972}}
| {{Dts|13 August 1980}}
| {{Dts|13 November 1980}}
|-
| {{Flag|Austria}}
| {{Dts|10 December 1973}}
| {{Dts|10 September 1978}}
| {{Dts|10 December 1978}}
|-
| {{Flag|Azerbaijan}}
| —
| {{Dts|13 August 1992}}
| {{Dts|13 November 1992}}
|-
| {{Flag|Bahamas, The}}
| {{Dts|4 December 2008}}
| {{Dts|23 December 2008}}
| {{Dts|23 March 2009}}
|-
| {{Flag|Bahrain}}
| —
| {{Dts|20 September 2006}}
| {{Dts|20 December 2006}}
|-
| {{Flag|Bangladesh}}
| —
| {{Dts|6 September 2000}}
| {{Dts|6 December 2000}}
|-
| {{Flag|Barbados}}
| —
| {{Dts|5 January 1973}}
| {{Dts|23 March 1976}}
|-
| {{Flag|Belarus}}
| {{Dts|19 March 1968}}
| {{Dts|12 November 1973}}
| {{Dts|23 March 1976}}
|-
| {{Flag|Belgium}}
| {{Dts|10 December 1968}}
| {{Dts|12 April 1983}}
| {{Dts|12 July 1983}}
|-
| {{Flag|Belize}}
| —
| {{Dts|10 June 1996}}
| {{Dts|10 September 1996}}
|-
| {{Flag|Benin}}
| —
| {{Dts|12 March 1992}}
| {{Dts|12 June 1992}}
|-
| {{Flag|Bolivia}}
| —
| {{Dts|12 August 1982}}
| {{Dts|12 November 1982}}
|-
| {{Flag|Bosnia and Herzegovina}}{{Efn|group=upper-alpha|name=former Yugoslavia|{{Flag|Yugoslavia}} signed the Covenant on 8 August 1967 and ratified it on 2 June 1971; it entered into force for Yugoslavia on 23 March 1976. Following the [[breakup of Yugoslavia]], the following states located in the former Yugoslavia made declarations regarding that status of the Covenant with regard to themselves:
* {{Flag|Bosnia and Herzegovina}} – On 1 September 1993, it declared that the Covenant was in force for it since 6 March 1992.
* {{Flag|Federal Republic of Yugoslavia}} – On 12 March 2001, it declared that the Covenant was in force for it since 27 April 1992. On 4 February 2003, the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia changed its name to Serbia and Montenegro, and on 3 June 2006 {{Flag|Serbia}} succeeded Serbia and Montenegro. Therefore, for Serbia, the Covenant has been in force since 27 April 1992.
* {{Flag|Republic of Macedonia}} – On 18 January 1994, it declared that the Covenant was in force for it since 17 September 1991.
* {{Flag|Montenegro}} – On 23 October 2006, it declared that the Covenant was in force for it since 3 June 2006.}}
| —
| {{Dts|1 September 1993}}
| {{Dts|6 March 1992}}
|-
| {{Flag|Botswana}}
| {{Dts|8 September 2000}}
| {{Dts|8 September 2000}}
| {{Dts|8 December 2000}}
|-
| {{Flag|Brazil}}
| —
| {{Dts|24 January 1992}}
| {{Dts|24 April 1992}}
|-
| {{Flag|Bulgaria}}
| {{Dts|8 October 1968}}
| {{Dts|21 September 1970}}
| {{Dts|23 March 1976}}
|-
| {{Flag|Burkina Faso}}
| —
| {{Dts|4 January 1999}}
| {{Dts|4 April 1999}}
|-
| {{Flag|Burundi}}
| —
| {{Dts|8 May 1990}}
| {{Dts|8 August 1990}}
|-
| {{Flag|Cambodia}}{{Efn|group=upper-alpha|Although Cambodia signed the Covenant when it was known as Democratic Kampuchea, it filed an instrument of accession, not ratification, on 26 May 1992.}}
| {{Dts|17 October 1980}}
| {{Dts|26 May 1992}}
| {{Dts|26 August 1992}}
|-
| {{Flag|Cameroon}}
| —
| {{Dts|27 January 1984}}
| {{Dts|27 April 1984}}
|-
| {{Flag|Canada}}
| —
| {{Dts|19 May 1976}}
| {{Dts|19 August 1976}}
|-
| {{Flag|Cape Verde}}
| —
| {{Dts|6 August 1993}}
| {{Dts|6 November 1993}}
|-
| {{Flag|Central African Republic}}
| —
| {{Dts|8 May 1981}}
| {{Dts|8 August 1981}}
|-
| {{Flag|Chad}}
| —
| {{Dts|9 June 1995}}
| {{Dts|9 September 1995}}
|-
| {{Flag|Chile}}
| {{Dts|16 September 1969}}
| {{Dts|10 February 1972}}
| {{Dts|23 March 1976}}
|-
| {{Flag|Colombia}}
| {{Dts|21 December 1966}}
| {{Dts|29 October 1969}}
| {{Dts|23 March 1976}}
|-
| {{Flag|Congo, Democratic Republic of the}}
| —
| {{Dts|1 November 1976}}
| {{Dts|1 February 1977}}
|-
| {{Flag|Congo, Republic of the}}
| —
| {{Dts|5 October 1983}}
| {{Dts|5 January 1984}}
|-
| {{Flag|Costa Rica}}
| {{Dts|19 December 1966}}
| {{Dts|29 November 1968}}
| {{Dts|23 March 1976}}
|-
| {{Sort|Cote d'Ivoire|{{Flag|Côte d'Ivoire}}}}
| —
| {{Dts|26 March 1992}}
| {{Dts|26 June 1992}}
|-
| {{Flag|Croatia}}{{Efn|group=upper-alpha|name=former Yugoslavia}}
| —
| {{Dts|12 October 1992}}
| {{Dts|12 January 1993}}
|-
| {{Flag|Cyprus}}
| {{Dts|19 December 1966}}
| {{Dts|2 April 1969}}
| {{Dts|23 March 1976}}
|-
| {{Flag|Czech Republic}}{{Efn|group=upper-alpha|name=Czechoslovakia|{{Flag|Czechoslovakia}} signed the Covenant on 7 October 1968 and ratified it on 23 December 1975; it entered into force for Czechoslovakia on 23 March 1976. Following the [[dissolution of Czechoslovakia]], the {{Flag|Czech Republic}} declared on 22 February 1993 that the Covenant was in force for it since 1 January 1993 and {{Flag|Slovakia}} declared on 28 May 1993 that the Covenant was also in force for it since 1 January 1993.}}
| —
| {{Dts|22 February 1993}}
| {{Dts|1 January 1993}}
|-
| {{Flag|Denmark}}
| {{Dts|20 March 1968}}
| {{Dts|6 January 1972}}
| {{Dts|23 March 1976}}
|-
| {{Flag|Djibouti}}
| —
| {{Dts|5 November 2002}}
| {{Dts|5 February 2003}}
|-
| {{Flag|Dominica}}
| —
| {{Dts|17 June 1993}}
| {{Dts|17 September 1993}}
|-
| {{Flag|Dominican Republic}}
| —
| {{Dts|4 January 1978}}
| {{Dts|4 April 1978}}
|-
| {{Flag|East Timor}}
| —
| {{Dts|18 September 2003}}
| {{Dts|18 December 2003}}
|-
| {{Flag|Ecuador}}
| {{Dts|4 April 1968}}
| {{Dts|6 March 1969}}
| {{Dts|23 March 1976}}
|-
| {{Flag|Egypt}}
| {{Dts|4 August 1967}}
| {{Dts|14 January 1982}}
| {{Dts|14 April 1982}}
|-
| {{Flag|El Salvador}}
| {{Dts|21 September 1967}}
| {{Dts|30 November 1979}}
| {{Dts|29 February 1980}}
|-
| {{Flag|Equatorial Guinea}}
| —
| {{Dts|25 September 1987}}
| {{Dts|25 December 1987}}
|-
| {{Flag|Eritrea}}
| —
| {{Dts|22 January 2002}}
| {{Dts|22 April 2002}}
|-
| {{Flag|Estonia}}
| —
| {{Dts|21 October 1991}}
| {{Dts|21 January 1992}}
|-
| {{Flag|Ethiopia}}
| —
| {{Dts|11 June 1993}}
| {{Dts|11 September 1993}}
|-
| {{Flag|Finland}}
| {{Dts|11 October 1967}}
| {{Dts|19 August 1975}}
| {{Dts|23 March 1976}}
|-
| {{Flag|France}}
| —
| {{Dts|4 November 1980}}
| {{Dts|4 February 1981}}
|-
| {{Flag|Gabon}}
| —
| {{Dts|21 January 1983}}
| {{Dts|21 April 1983}}
|-
| {{Flag|Gambia, The}}
| —
| {{Dts|22 March 1979}}
| {{Dts|22 June 1979}}
|-
| {{Flag|Georgia}}
| —
| {{Dts|3 May 1994}}
| {{Dts|3 August 1994}}
|-
| {{Flag|Germany}}{{Efn|group=upper-alpha|{{Flag|East Germany}} signed the Covenant on 23 March 1973 and ratified it on 8 November 1973; it entered into force for East Germany on 23 March 1976. Following the [[German reunification|reunification of Germany]] on 3 October 1990, East Germany ceased to exist.}}
| {{Dts|9 October 1968}}
| {{Dts|17 December 1973}}
| {{Dts|23 March 1976}}
|-
| {{Flag|Ghana}}
| {{Dts|7 September 2000}}
| {{Dts|7 September 2000}}
| {{Dts|7 December 2000}}
|-
| {{Flag|Greece}}
| —
| {{Dts|5 May 1997}}
| {{Dts|5 August 1997}}
|-
| {{Flag|Grenada}}
| —
| {{Dts|6 September 1991}}
| {{Dts|6 December 1991}}
|-
| {{Flag|Guatemala}}
| —
| {{Dts|5 May 1992}}
| {{Dts|5 August 1992}}
|-
| {{Flag|Guinea}}
| {{Dts|28 February 1967}}
| {{Dts|24 January 1978}}
| {{Dts|24 April 1978}}
|-
| {{Flag|Guinea-Bissau}}
| {{Dts|12 September 2000}}
| {{Dts|1 November 2010}}
| {{Dts|1 February 2011}}
|-
| {{Flag|Guyana}}
| {{Dts|22 August 1968}}
| {{Dts|15 February 1977}}
| {{Dts|15 May 1977}}
|-
| {{Flag|Haiti}}
| —
| {{Dts|6 February 1991}}
| {{Dts|6 May 1991}}
|-
| {{Flag|Honduras}}
| {{Dts|19 December 1966}}
| {{Dts|25 August 1997}}
| {{Dts|25 November 1997}}
|-
| {{Flag|Hungary}}
| {{Dts|25 March 1969}}
| {{Dts|17 January 1974}}
| {{Dts|23 March 1976}}
|-
| {{Flag|Iceland}}
| {{Dts|30 December 1968}}
| {{Dts|22 August 1979}}
| {{Dts|22 November 1979}}
|-
| {{Flag|India}}
| —
| {{Dts|10 April 1979}}
| {{Dts|10 July 1979}}
|-
| {{Flag|Indonesia}}
| —
| {{Dts|23 February 2006}}
| {{Dts|23 May 2006}}
|-
| {{Flag|Iran}}
| {{Dts|4 April 1968}}
| {{Dts|24 June 1975}}
| {{Dts|23 March 1976}}
|-
| {{Flag|Iraq}}
| {{Dts|18 February 1969}}
| {{Dts|25 January 1971}}
| {{Dts|23 March 1976}}
|-
| {{Flag|Ireland}}
| {{Dts|1 October 1973}}
| {{Dts|8 December 1989}}
| {{Dts|8 March 1990}}
|-
| {{Flag|Israel}}
| {{Dts|19 December 1966}}
| {{Dts|3 October 1991}}
| {{Dts|3 January 1992}}
|-
| {{Flag|Italy}}
| {{Dts|18 January 1967}}
| {{Dts|15 September 1978}}
| {{Dts|15 December 1978}}
|-
| {{Flag|Jamaica}}
| {{Dts|19 December 1966}}
| {{Dts|3 October 1975}}
| {{Dts|23 March 1976}}
|-
| {{Flag|Japan}}
| {{Dts|30 May 1978}}
| {{Dts|21 June 1979}}
| {{Dts|21 September 1979}}
|-
| {{Flag|Jordan}}
| {{Dts|30 June 1972}}
| {{Dts|28 May 1975}}
| {{Dts|23 March 1976}}
|-
| {{Flag|Kazakhstan}}
| {{Dts|2 December 2003}}
| {{Dts|24 January 2006}}
| {{Dts|24 April 2006}}
|-
| {{Flag|Kenya}}
| —
| {{Dts|1 May 1972}}
| {{Dts|23 March 1976}}
|-
| {{Flag|Korea, North}}{{Efn|group=upper-alpha|On 25 August 1997, North Korea notified the Secretary-General of the United Nations that it was withdrawing from the Covenant. However, the Secretary-General still considers North Korea a state party to the Covenant because the Covenant does not allow for withdrawal and therefore withdrawal would only be possible if all other states parties allowed it, which has not occurred.}}
| —
| {{Dts|14 September 1981}}
| {{Dts|14 December 1981}}
|-
| {{Flag|Korea, South}}
| —
| {{Dts|10 April 1990}}
| {{Dts|10 July 1990}}
|-
| {{Flag|Kuwait}}
| —
| {{Dts|21 May 1996}}
| {{Dts|21 August 1996}}
|-
| {{Flag|Kyrgyzstan}}
| —
| {{Dts|7 October 1994}}
| {{Dts|7 January 1995}}
|-
| {{Flag|Laos}}
| {{Dts|7 December 2000}}
| {{Dts|25 September 2009}}
| {{Dts|25 December 2009}}
|-
| {{Flag|Latvia}}
| —
| {{Dts|14 April 1992}}
| {{Dts|14 July 1992}}
|-
| {{Flag|Lebanon}}
| —
| {{Dts|3 November 1972}}
| {{Dts|23 March 1976}}
|-
| {{Flag|Lesotho}}
| —
| {{Dts|9 September 1992}}
| {{Dts|9 December 1992}}
|-
| {{Flag|Liberia}}
| {{Dts|18 April 1967}}
| {{Dts|22 September 2004}}
| {{Dts|22 December 2004}}
|-
| {{Flag|Libya}}
| —
| {{Dts|15 May 1970}}
| {{Dts|23 March 1976}}
|-
| {{Flag|Liechtenstein}}
| —
| {{Dts|10 December 1998}}
| {{Dts|10 March 1999}}
|-
| {{Flag|Lithuania}}
| —
| {{Dts|20 November 1991}}
| {{Dts|10 February 1992}}
|-
| {{Flag|Luxembourg}}
| {{Dts|26 November 1974}}
| {{Dts|18 August 1983}}
| {{Dts|18 November 1983}}
|-
| {{Flag|Macedonia|name=Macedonia, Republic of}}{{Efn|group=upper-alpha|name=former Yugoslavia}}
| —
| {{Dts|18 January 1994}}
| {{Dts|17 September 1991}}
|-
| {{Flag|Madagascar}}
| {{Dts|17 September 1969}}
| {{Dts|21 June 1971}}
| {{Dts|23 March 1976}}
|-
| {{Flag|Malawi}}
| —
| {{Dts|22 December 1993}}
| {{Dts|22 March 1994}}
|-
| {{Flag|Maldives}}
| —
| {{Dts|19 September 2006}}
| {{Dts|19 December 2006}}
|-
| {{Flag|Mali}}
| —
| {{Dts|16 July 1974}}
| {{Dts|23 March 1976}}
|-
| {{Flag|Malta}}
| —
| {{Dts|13 September 1990}}
| {{Dts|13 December 1990}}
|-
| {{Flag|Mauritania}}
| —
| {{Dts|17 November 2004}}
| {{Dts|17 February 2005}}
|-
| {{Flag|Mauritius}}
| —
| {{Dts|12 December 1973}}
| {{Dts|23 March 1976}}
|-
| {{Flag|Mexico}}
| —
| {{Dts|23 March 1981}}
| {{Dts|23 June 1981}}
|-
| {{Flag|Moldova}}
| —
| {{Dts|26 January 1993}}
| {{Dts|26 April 1993}}
|-
| {{Flag|Monaco}}
| {{Dts|26 June 1997}}
| {{Dts|28 August 1997}}
| {{Dts|28 November 1997}}
|-
| {{Flag|Mongolia}}
| {{Dts|5 June 1968}}
| {{Dts|18 November 1974}}
| {{Dts|23 March 1976}}
|-
| {{Flag|Montenegro}}{{Efn|group=upper-alpha|name=former Yugoslavia}}
| —
| {{Dts|23 October 2006}}
| {{Dts|3 June 2006}}
|-
| {{Flag|Morocco}}
| {{Dts|19 January 1977}}
| {{Dts|3 May 1979}}
| {{Dts|3 August 1979}}
|-
| {{Flag|Mozambique}}
| —
| {{Dts|21 July 1993}}
| {{Dts|21 October 1993}}
|-
| {{Flag|Namibia}}
| —
| {{Dts|28 November 1994}}
| {{Dts|28 February 1995}}
|-
| {{Flag|Nepal}}
| —
| {{Dts|14 May 1991}}
| {{Dts|14 August 1991}}
|-
| {{Flag|Kingdom of the Netherlands|name=Netherlands}}
| {{Dts|25 June 1969}}
| {{Dts|11 December 1978}}
| {{Dts|11 March 1979}}
|-
| {{Flag|New Zealand}}
| {{Dts|12 November 1968}}
| {{Dts|28 December 1978}}
| {{Dts|28 March 1979}}
|-
| {{Flag|Nicaragua}}
| —
| {{Dts|12 March 1980}}
| {{Dts|12 June 1980}}
|-
| {{Flag|Niger}}
| —
| {{Dts|7 March 1986}}
| {{Dts|7 June 1986}}
|-
| {{Flag|Nigeria}}
| —
| {{Dts|29 July 1993}}
| {{Dts|29 October 1993}}
|-
| {{Flag|Norway}}
| {{Dts|20 March 1968}}
| {{Dts|13 September 1972}}
| {{Dts|23 March 1976}}
|-
| {{Flag|Pakistan}}
| {{Dts|17 April 2008}}
| {{Dts|23 June 2010}}
| {{Dts|23 September 2010}}
|-
| {{Flag|Palestine}}
| —
| {{Dts|2 April 2014}}
| {{Dts|2 July 2014}}
|-
| {{Flag|Panama}}
| {{Dts|27 July 1976}}
| {{Dts|8 March 1977}}
| {{Dts|8 June 1977}}
|-
| {{Flag|Papua New Guinea}}
| —
| {{Dts|21 July 2008}}
| {{Dts|21 October 2008}}
|-
| {{Flag|Paraguay}}
| —
| {{Dts|10 June 1992}}
| {{Dts|10 September 1992}}
|-
| {{Flag|Peru}}
| {{Dts|11 August 1977}}
| {{Dts|28 April 1978}}
| {{Dts|28 July 1978}}
|-
| {{Flag|Philippines}}
| {{Dts|19 December 1966}}
| {{Dts|23 October 1986}}
| {{Dts|23 January 1987}}
|-
| {{Flag|Poland}}
| {{Dts|2 March 1967}}
| {{Dts|18 March 1977}}
| {{Dts|18 June 1977}}
|-
| {{Flag|Portugal}}{{Efn|group=upper-alpha|name=Macau|Portugal extended the territorial application of the Covenant to Macau on 27 April 1993. On 3 December 1999, China notified the Secretary-General of the United Nations that the Covenant would still be in force for [[Macau]] following the [[Transfer of sovereignty over Macau|transfer of sovereignty]] on 20 December 1999.}}
| {{Dts|7 October 1976}}
| {{Dts|15 June 1978}}
| {{Dts|15 September 1978}}
|-
| {{Flag|Romania}}
| {{Dts|27 June 1968}}
| {{Dts|9 December 1974}}
| {{Dts|23 March 1976}}
|-
| {{Flag|Russia}}
| {{Dts|18 March 1968}}
| {{Dts|16 October 1973}}
| {{Dts|23 March 1976}}
|-
| {{Flag|Rwanda}}
| —
| {{Dts|16 April 1975}}
| {{Dts|23 March 1976}}
|-
| {{Flag|Saint Vincent and the Grenadines}}
| —
| {{Dts|09 November 1981}}
| {{Dts|09 February 1981}}
|-
| {{Flag|Samoa}}
| —
| {{Dts|15 February 2008}}
| {{Dts|15 May 2008}}
|-
| {{Flag|San Marino}}
| —
| {{Dts|18 October 1985}}
| {{Dts|18 January 1986}}
|-
| {{Sort|Sao Tome and Principe|{{Flag|São Tomé and Príncipe}}}}
| {{Dts|31 October 1995}}
| {{Dts|10 January 2017}}
| ''{{Dts|10 April 2017}}''
|-
| {{Flag|Senegal}}
| {{Dts|06 July 1970}}
| {{Dts|13 February 1978}}
| {{Dts|13 May 1978}}
|-
| {{Flag|Serbia}}{{Efn|group=upper-alpha|name=former Yugoslavia}}
| —
| {{Dts|12 March 2001}}
| {{Dts|27 April 1992}}
|-
| {{Flag|Seychelles}}
| —
| {{Dts|5 May 1992}}
| {{Dts|5 August 1992}}
|-
| {{Flag|Sierra Leone}}
| —
| {{Dts|23 August 1996}}
| {{Dts|23 November 1996}}
|-
| {{Flag|Slovakia}}{{Efn|group=upper-alpha|name=Czechoslovakia}}
| —
| {{Dts|28 May 1993}}
| {{Dts|1 January 1993}}
|-
| {{Flag|Slovenia}}{{Efn|group=upper-alpha|name=former Yugoslavia}}
| —
| {{Dts|6 July 1992}}
| {{Dts|6 October 1992}}
|-
| {{Flag|Somalia}}
| —
| {{Dts|24 January 1990}}
| {{Dts|24 April 1990}}
|-
| {{Flag|South Africa}}
| {{Dts|3 October 1994}}
| {{Dts|10 December 1998}}
| {{Dts|10 March 1999}}
|-
| {{Flag|Spain}}
| {{Dts|28 September 1976}}
| {{Dts|27 April 1977}}
| {{Dts|27 July 1977}}
|-
| {{Flag|Sri Lanka}}
| —
| {{Dts|11 June 1980}}
| {{Dts|11 September 1980}}
|-
| {{Flag|Sudan}}
| —
| {{Dts|18 March 1986}}
| {{Dts|18 June 1986}}
|-
| {{Flag|Suriname}}
| —
| {{Dts|28 December 1976}}
| {{Dts|28 March 1977}}
|-
| {{Flag|Swaziland}}
| —
| {{Dts|26 March 2004}}
| {{Dts|26 June 2004}}
|-
| {{Flag|Sweden}}
| {{Dts|29 September 1967}}
| {{Dts|6 December 1971}}
| {{Dts|23 March 1976}}
|-
| {{Flag|Switzerland}}
| —
| {{Dts|18 June 1992}}
| {{Dts|18 September 1992}}
|-
| {{Flag|Syria}}
| —
| {{Dts|21 April 1969}}
| {{Dts|23 March 1976}}
|-
| {{Flag|Tajikistan}}
| —
| {{Dts|4 January 1999}}
| {{Dts|4 April 1999}}
|-
| {{Flag|Tanzania}}
| —
| {{Dts|11 June 1976}}
| {{Dts|11 September 1976}}
|-
| {{Flag|Thailand}}
| —
| {{Dts|29 October 1996}}
| {{Dts|29 January 1997}}
|-
| {{Flag|Togo}}
| —
| {{Dts|24 May 1984}}
| {{Dts|24 August 1984}}
|-
| {{Flag|Trinidad and Tobago}}
| —
| {{Dts|21 December 1978}}
| {{Dts|21 March 1979}}
|-
| {{Flag|Tunisia}}
| {{Dts|30 April 1968}}
| {{Dts|18 March 1969}}
| {{Dts|23 March 1976}}
|-
| {{Flag|Turkey}}
| {{Dts|15 August 2000}}
| {{Dts|23 September 2003}}
| {{Dts|23 December 2003}}
|-
| {{Flag|Turkmenistan}}
| —
| {{Dts|1 May 1997}}
| {{Dts|1 August 1997}}
|-
| {{Flag|Uganda}}
| —
| {{Dts|21 June 1995}}
| {{Dts|21 September 1995}}
|-
| {{Flag|Ukraine}}
| {{Dts|20 March 1968}}
| {{Dts|12 November 1973}}
| {{Dts|23 March 1976}}
|-
| {{Flag|United Kingdom}}{{Efn|group=upper-alpha|name=Hong Kong|Both China and the United Kingdom notified the Secretary-General that the Covenant would continue to remain in force for [[Hong Kong]] upon [[Transfer of sovereignty over Hong Kong|transfer of sovereignty]] on 1 July 1997.}}
| {{Dts|16 September 1968}}
| {{Dts|20 May 1976}}
| {{Dts|20 August 1976}}
|-
| {{Flag|United States}}
| {{Dts|5 October 1977}}
| {{Dts|8 June 1992}}
| {{Dts|8 September 1992}}
|-
| {{Flag|Uruguay}}
| {{Dts|21 February 1967}}
| {{Dts|21 May 1967}}
| {{Dts|23 March 1976}}
|-
| {{Flag|Uzbekistan}}
| —
| {{Dts|28 September 1995}}
| {{Dts|28 December 1995}}
|-
| {{Flag|Vanuatu}}
| {{Dts|29 November 2007}}
| {{Dts|21 November 2008}}
| {{Dts|21 February 2009}}
|-
| {{Flag|Venezuela}}
| {{Dts|24 June 1969}}
| {{Dts|10 May 1978}}
| {{Dts|10 August 1978}}
|-
| {{Flag|Vietnam}}
| —
| {{Dts|24 September 1982}}
| {{Dts|24 December 1982}}
|-
| {{Flag|Yemen}}
| —
| {{Dts|9 February 1987}}
| {{Dts|9 May 1987}}
|-
| {{Flag|Zambia}}
| —
| {{Dts|10 April 1984}}
| {{Dts|10 July 1984}}
|-
| {{Flag|Zimbabwe}}
| —
| {{Dts|13 May 1991}}
| {{Dts|13 August 1991}}
|}

==States not party to the Covenant==
Most states in the world are parties to the ICCPR. The following 28 states have not become party to it, but six states have signed the Covenant but not ratified it.<ref name="UNTS"/>

===Signatories that have not ratified===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! State
! Signed
|-
| {{Flag|China}}{{Efn|group=upper-alpha|name=Macau}}{{Efn|group=upper-alpha|name=Hong Kong}}{{Efn|group=upper-alpha|{{Flag|Taiwan}} (the Republic of China) lost its United Nations membership on 25 October 1971; the Republic of China signed the Covenant on 5 October 1967 but did not ratify it.}}
| {{Dts|1998|October|5|format=dmy}}
|-
| {{Flag|Comoros}}
| {{Dts|2008|September|25|format=dmy}}
|-
| {{Flag|Cuba}}
| {{Dts|2008|February|28|format=dmy}}
|-
| {{Flag|Nauru}}
| {{Dts|2001|November|12|format=dmy}}
|-
| {{Flag|Palau}}
| {{Dts|2011|September|20|format=dmy}}
|-
| {{Flag|Saint Lucia}}
| {{Dts|2011|September|22|format=dmy}}
|}

===States which are neither signatories nor parties===
{{Col-begin}}{{Col-2}}
* {{Flag|Antigua and Barbuda}}
* {{Flag|Bhutan}}
* {{Flag|Brunei}}
* {{Flag|Cook Islands}}
* {{Flag|Fiji}}
* {{Flag|Kiribati}}
* {{Flag|Malaysia}}
* {{Flag|Marshall Islands}}
* {{Flag|Federated States of Micronesia|name=Micronesia}}
* {{Flag|Niue}}
* {{Flag|Myanmar}}
{{Col-2}}
* {{Flag|Oman}}
* {{Flag|Qatar}}
* {{Flag|Saint Kitts and Nevis}}
* {{Flag|Saudi Arabia}}
* {{Flag|Singapore}}
* {{Flag|Solomon Islands}}
* {{Flag|South Sudan}}
* {{Flag|Tonga}}
* {{Flag|Tuvalu}}
* {{Flag|United Arab Emirates}}
* {{Flag|Vatican City}}
{{Col-end}}

==Notes==
{{Notelist|group=upper-alpha|close}}

==See also==
* [[United Nations Human Rights Committee]]
* [[United Nations Human Rights Council]]
* [[United Nations list of Non-Self-Governing Territories]]
* [[s:United Nations General Assembly Resolution 66|United Nations General Assembly Resolution 66 (I)]]
* [[United Nations General Assembly Resolution 1514 (XV)]]
* [[United Nations General Assembly Resolution 1541 (XV)]]
* [[United Nations General Assembly Resolution 1654 (XVI)]]

==References==
{{Reflist |2}}

==External links==
* [http://www.ohchr.org/EN/ProfessionalInterest/Pages/CCPR.aspx Text of the Covenant]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100901184638/http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-4&chapter=4&lang=en List of parties]
* [http://www.article2.org article 2] Bimonthly publication highlighting article 2 of the ICCPR
* [http://legal.un.org/avl/ha/iccpr/iccpr.html Introductory note] by [[Christian Tomuschat]], [http://legal.un.org/avl/ha/iccpr/iccpr.html procedural history note and audiovisual material] on the ''International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights'' in the [http://legal.un.org/avl/historicarchives.html Historic Archives of the United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law]
* [http://legal.un.org/avl/ls/Wedgwood_HR.html Lecture] by [[Ruth Wedgwood]] entitled ''The Work of the United Nations Human Rights Committee: Enforcing the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights'' in the [http://legal.un.org/avl/lectureseries.html Lecture Series of the United Nations Audiovisual Library of International Law]

{{International human rights legal instruments}}
{{Articles of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Civil And Political Rights Covenant}}
[[Category:Human rights instruments]]
[[Category:United Nations treaties]]
[[Category:Treaties concluded in 1966]]
[[Category:Treaties entered into force in 1976]]
[[Category:Treaties of the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan]]
[[Category:Treaties of Albania]]
[[Category:Treaties of Algeria]]
[[Category:Treaties of Andorra]]
[[Category:Treaties of the People's Republic of Angola]]
[[Category:Treaties of Argentina]]
[[Category:Treaties of Armenia]]
[[Category:Treaties of Australia]]
[[Category:Treaties of Austria]]
[[Category:Treaties of Azerbaijan]]
[[Category:Treaties of the Bahamas]]
[[Category:Treaties of Bahrain]]
[[Category:Treaties of Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Treaties of Barbados]]
[[Category:Treaties of the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic]]
[[Category:Treaties of Belgium]]
[[Category:Treaties of Belize]]
[[Category:Treaties of Benin]]
[[Category:Treaties of Bolivia]]
[[Category:Treaties of Bosnia and Herzegovina]]
[[Category:Treaties of Botswana]]
[[Category:Treaties of Brazil]]
[[Category:Treaties of the People's Republic of Bulgaria]]
[[Category:Treaties of Burkina Faso]]
[[Category:Treaties of Burundi]]
[[Category:Treaties of the State of Cambodia]]
[[Category:Treaties of Cameroon]]
[[Category:Treaties of Canada]]
[[Category:Treaties of Cape Verde]]
[[Category:Treaties of the Central African Republic]]
[[Category:Treaties of Chad]]
[[Category:Treaties of Chile]]
[[Category:Treaties extended to British Hong Kong]]
[[Category:Treaties extended to Portuguese Macau]]
[[Category:Treaties of Colombia]]
[[Category:Treaties of the Comoros]]
[[Category:Treaties of the Republic of the Congo]]
[[Category:Treaties of Costa Rica]]
[[Category:Treaties of Ivory Coast]]
[[Category:Treaties of Croatia]]
[[Category:Treaties of Cyprus]]
[[Category:Treaties of the Czech Republic]]
[[Category:Treaties of Czechoslovakia]]
[[Category:Treaties of North Korea]]
[[Category:Treaties of Zaire]]
[[Category:Treaties of Denmark]]
[[Category:Treaties of Djibouti]]
[[Category:Treaties of Dominica]]
[[Category:Treaties of the Dominican Republic]]
[[Category:Treaties of Ecuador]]
[[Category:Treaties of Egypt]]
[[Category:Treaties of El Salvador]]
[[Category:Treaties of Equatorial Guinea]]
[[Category:Treaties of Eritrea]]
[[Category:Treaties of Estonia]]
[[Category:Treaties of the Transitional Government of Ethiopia]]
[[Category:Treaties of Finland]]
[[Category:Treaties of France]]
[[Category:Treaties of Gabon]]
[[Category:Treaties of the Gambia]]
[[Category:Treaties of Georgia (country)]]
[[Category:Treaties of West Germany]]
[[Category:Treaties of East Germany]]
[[Category:Treaties of Ghana]]
[[Category:Treaties of Greece]]
[[Category:Treaties of Grenada]]
[[Category:Treaties of Guatemala]]
[[Category:Treaties of Guinea]]
[[Category:Treaties of Guinea-Bissau]]
[[Category:Treaties of Guyana]]
[[Category:Treaties of Haiti]]
[[Category:Treaties of Honduras]]
[[Category:Treaties of the Hungarian People's Republic]]
[[Category:Treaties of Iceland]]
[[Category:Treaties of India]]
[[Category:Treaties of Indonesia]]
[[Category:Treaties of the Pahlavi dynasty]]
[[Category:Treaties of Ba'athist Iraq]]
[[Category:Treaties of Ireland]]
[[Category:Treaties of Israel]]
[[Category:Treaties of Italy]]
[[Category:Treaties of Jamaica]]
[[Category:Treaties of Japan]]
[[Category:Treaties of Jordan]]
[[Category:Treaties of Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Treaties of Kenya]]
[[Category:Treaties of Kuwait]]
[[Category:Treaties of Kyrgyzstan]]
[[Category:Treaties of Laos]]
[[Category:Treaties of Latvia]]
[[Category:Treaties of Lebanon]]
[[Category:Treaties of Lesotho]]
[[Category:Treaties of Liberia]]
[[Category:Treaties of the Libyan Arab Republic]]
[[Category:Treaties of Liechtenstein]]
[[Category:Treaties of Lithuania]]
[[Category:Treaties of Luxembourg]]
[[Category:Treaties of Madagascar]]
[[Category:Treaties of Malawi]]
[[Category:Treaties of the Maldives]]
[[Category:Treaties of Mali]]
[[Category:Treaties of Malta]]
[[Category:Treaties of Mauritania]]
[[Category:Treaties of Mauritius]]
[[Category:Treaties of Mexico]]
[[Category:Treaties of Monaco]]
[[Category:Treaties of the Mongolian People's Republic]]
[[Category:Treaties of Montenegro]]
[[Category:Treaties of Morocco]]
[[Category:Treaties of Mozambique]]
[[Category:Treaties of Namibia]]
[[Category:Treaties of Nauru]]
[[Category:Treaties of Nepal]]
[[Category:Treaties of the Netherlands]]
[[Category:Treaties of New Zealand]]
[[Category:Treaties of Nicaragua]]
[[Category:Treaties of Niger]]
[[Category:Treaties of Nigeria]]
[[Category:Treaties of Norway]]
[[Category:Treaties of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Treaties of Palestine]]
[[Category:Treaties of Palau]]
[[Category:Treaties of Panama]]
[[Category:Treaties of Papua New Guinea]]
[[Category:Treaties of Paraguay]]
[[Category:Treaties of Peru]]
[[Category:Treaties of the Philippines]]
[[Category:Treaties of the Polish People's Republic]]
[[Category:Treaties of Portugal]]
[[Category:Treaties of South Korea]]
[[Category:Treaties of Moldova]]
[[Category:Treaties of the Socialist Republic of Romania]]
[[Category:Treaties of the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:Treaties of Rwanda]]
[[Category:Treaties of Saint Lucia]]
[[Category:Treaties of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines]]
[[Category:Treaties of Samoa]]
[[Category:Treaties of San Marino]]
[[Category:Treaties of São Tomé and Príncipe]]
[[Category:Treaties of Senegal]]
[[Category:Treaties of Serbia and Montenegro]]
[[Category:Treaties of Seychelles]]
[[Category:Treaties of Sierra Leone]]
[[Category:Treaties of Slovakia]]
[[Category:Treaties of Slovenia]]
[[Category:Treaties of the Somali Democratic Republic]]
[[Category:Treaties of South Africa]]
[[Category:Treaties of Spain]]
[[Category:Treaties of Sri Lanka]]
[[Category:Treaties of the Democratic Republic of the Sudan]]
[[Category:Treaties of Suriname]]
[[Category:Treaties of Swaziland]]
[[Category:Treaties of Sweden]]
[[Category:Treaties of Switzerland]]
[[Category:Treaties of Syria]]
[[Category:Treaties of Tajikistan]]
[[Category:Treaties of Thailand]]
[[Category:Treaties of the Republic of Macedonia]]
[[Category:Treaties of East Timor]]
[[Category:Treaties of Togo]]
[[Category:Treaties of Trinidad and Tobago]]
[[Category:Treaties of Tunisia]]
[[Category:Treaties of Turkey]]
[[Category:Treaties of Turkmenistan]]
[[Category:Treaties of Uganda]]
[[Category:Treaties of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic]]
[[Category:Treaties of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Treaties of Tanzania]]
[[Category:Treaties of the United States]]
[[Category:Treaties of Uruguay]]
[[Category:Treaties of Uzbekistan]]
[[Category:Treaties of Vanuatu]]
[[Category:Treaties of Venezuela]]
[[Category:Treaties of Vietnam]]
[[Category:Treaties of the Yemen Arab Republic]]
[[Category:Treaties of Yugoslavia]]
[[Category:Treaties of Zambia]]
[[Category:Treaties of Zimbabwe]]
[[Category:1966 in New York]]
[[Category:Treaties adopted by United Nations General Assembly resolutions]]
[[Category:Treaties extended to Bermuda]]
[[Category:Treaties extended to the British Virgin Islands]]
[[Category:Treaties extended to the Cayman Islands]]
[[Category:Treaties extended to the Falkland Islands]]
[[Category:Treaties extended to Gibraltar]]
[[Category:Treaties extended to Guernsey]]
[[Category:Treaties extended to the Isle of Man]]
[[Category:Treaties extended to Jersey]]
[[Category:Treaties extended to Montserrat]]
[[Category:Treaties extended to the Pitcairn Islands]]
[[Category:Treaties extended to Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha]]
[[Category:Treaties extended to the Turks and Caicos Islands]]
[[Category:Treaties extended to the Netherlands Antilles]]
[[Category:Treaties extended to Aruba]]
[[Category:Treaties extended to the Faroe Islands]]
[[Category:Treaties extended to Greenland]]
[[Category:Treaties extended to the British Solomon Islands]]
[[Category:Treaties extended to British Honduras]]
[[Category:Treaties extended to the Gilbert and Ellice Islands]]
[[Category:Treaties extended to West Berlin]]

Inna Simonova

2017-04-11T02:48:03Z

InternetArchiveBot: Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v1.3beta4)

{{Infobox short track speed skater
| name = Inna Simonova
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| country = {{KAZ}}
| club =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1990|9|30|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Oral, Kazakhstan|Oral]], [[Kazakh SSR]], {{URS}}
| height = 5 ft 0 in
| weight = 106 lb
| turnedpro =
| website =
| titles = no
| olympics =
| worlds =
| highestranking = 35 (1500m)
| worldcup =
| worldchamp =
| medaltemplates =
}}

'''Inna Simonova''' (born {{birth date|1990|9|30|df=y}} in [[Oral, Kazakhstan|Oral]]) is a Kazakhstani short-track speed-skater.

Simonova competed at the [[2014 Winter Olympics]] for Kazakhstan. In the [[Short track speed skating at the 2014 Winter Olympics – Women's 500 metres|500 metres]] she was fourth in her heat, in the [[Short track speed skating at the 2014 Winter Olympics – Women's 1000 metres|1000 metres]] she was third in her heat, and in the [[Short track speed skating at the 2014 Winter Olympics – Women's 1500 metres|1500 metres]], she finishing fourth in her heat. Her best individual finish was in the 1000m, where she was 21st.<ref name="sportsrefprofile">{{cite Sports-Reference|url=http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/si/inna-simonova-1.html |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006091914/http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/si/inna-simonova-1.html |archivedate=2014-10-06 |df= }}</ref><ref name="sochi2014profile">{{cite web |title=Inna Simonova |website=Sochi2014.com profile |date=March 19, 2014 |url=http://www.sochi2014.com/en/athlete-inna-simonova |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140320075044/http://www.sochi2014.com/en/athlete-inna-simonova |archivedate=March 20, 2014 }}</ref>

As of September 2014, Simonova's best performance at the [[World Short Track Speed Skating Championships|World Championships]] came in [[2014 World Short Track Speed Skating Championships|2014]], when she finished 17th in the 1000m.<ref name="isuprofile">{{cite web |title=Inna Simonova - ISU Biography |url=http://shorttrack.sportresult.com/Bio.aspx?ath=7241}}</ref>

As of September 2014, Simonova's top World Cup ranking is 35th, in the 1500 metres in [[2013–14 ISU Short Track Speed Skating World Cup|2013–14]].<ref name=isuprofile/>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Simonova, Inna}}
[[Category:1990 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Kazakhstani short track speed skaters]]
[[Category:Female short track speed skaters]]
[[Category:Olympic short track speed skaters of Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Short track speed skaters at the 2014 Winter Olympics]]
[[Category:Asian Games medalists in short track speed skating]]
[[Category:Short track speed skaters at the 2007 Asian Winter Games]]
[[Category:Short track speed skaters at the 2011 Asian Winter Games]]
[[Category:People from West Kazakhstan Region]]

{{Kazakhstan-wintersport-bio-stub}}

Inna Sheshkil

2017-04-11T02:47:53Z

InternetArchiveBot: Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v1.3beta4)

{{MedalTableTop | medals =
{{MedalSport | Women's [[biathlon]] }}
{{MedalCountry | {{KAZ}} }}
{{MedalCompetition | [[Asian Winter Games]] }}
{{MedalGold | [[1996 Asian Winter Games|1996 Harbin]] | [[Biathlon at the 1996 Asian Winter Games|7.5 km sprint]] }}
{{MedalGold | [[1996 Asian Winter Games|1996 Harbin]] | [[Biathlon at the 1996 Asian Winter Games|15 km individual]] }}
}}

'''Inna Sheshkil''' (born June 20, 1971) is a Kazakhstani [[biathlon|biathlete]]. She was born in [[Makinsk]]. She represented Kazakhstan at the [[1994 Winter Olympics]] in [[Lillehammer]], where she placed fourth in the 7.5 km sprint, 5 seconds from gold. In this race she fell 3 metres before the finishline, and probably lost something that could have been a gold medal. She also competed at the [[1998 Winter Olympics]] in [[Nagano, Nagano|Nagano]].<ref name=sports-ref>{{cite Sports-Reference|url=http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/sh/inna-sheshkil-1.html |title=Inna Sheshkil |accessdate=1 October 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121215221758/http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/sh/inna-sheshkil-1.html |archivedate=15 December 2012 |df= }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sheshkil, Inna}}
[[Category:1971 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Kazakhstani female biathletes]]
[[Category:Olympic biathletes of Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Biathletes at the 1994 Winter Olympics]]
[[Category:Biathletes at the 1998 Winter Olympics]]
[[Category:Asian Games medalists in biathlon]]
[[Category:Biathletes at the 1996 Asian Winter Games]]
[[Category:People from Akmola Region]]

{{Kazakhstan-sport-bio-stub}}
{{biathlon-bio-stub}}
[[Category:Medalists at the 1996 Asian Winter Games]]
[[Category:Asian Games gold medalists for Kazakhstan]]

Ingush people

2017-04-11T00:46:18Z

InternetArchiveBot: Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v1.3beta4)

{{infobox ethnic group|
|group=Ingush ГIалгIай (''Ğalğay'')
|image =
|poptime = ~700,000
|region1 = {{flag|Russia}}
|pop1 = 444,833
|ref1 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.perepis-2010.ru/results_of_the_census/tab5.xls |title=Russian Census 2010: Population by ethnicity |date= |accessdate=2013-04-16 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120424000000/http://www.perepis-2010.ru/results_of_the_census/tab5.xls |archivedate=2012-04-24 |df= }}</ref>
|region2 =    {{flag|Ingushetia}}
|pop2 = 385,537
|ref2 =
|region3 =    {{flag|Chechnya}}
|pop3 = 1,296
|ref3 =
|region4 =    {{flag|North Ossetia-Alania}}
|pop4 = 28,336
|ref4 =
|region5 = {{flag|Kazakhstan}}
|pop5 = 16,893
|ref5 =
|region6 = {{flag|Ukraine}}
|pop6 = 455
|ref6 =
|rels = Predominantly [[Sunni Islam]] ([[Shafii|Shafii Madhhab]])
|langs = [[Ingush language|Ingush]]
|related =[[Chechen people|Chechens]], [[Bats people|Bats]], [[Kist people|Kists]]
}}

The '''Ingush''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɪ|n|g|ʊ|ʃ}}, {{lang-inh|ГIалгIай}}, {{transl|inh|''Ġalġay''}}, pronounced {{IPA-cau|ˈʁəlʁɑj|}}) are a [[People of the Caucasus|Caucasian]] native [[ethnic group]] of the [[North Caucasus]], mostly inhabiting the [[Russia]]n republic of [[Ingushetia]]. The Ingush are predominantly [[Sunni]] [[Muslim]]s and speak the [[Ingush language]], a [[Northeast Caucasian language]] that is closely related to [[Chechen language|Chechen]]; the two form a [[dialect continuum]].<ref>Nichols, J. and Vagapov, A. D. (2004). ''Chechen-English and English-Chechen Dictionary'', p. 4. RoutledgeCurzon. ISBN 0-415-31594-8.</ref> The Ingush and Chechen peoples are collectively known as the [[Nakh peoples]].<ref>Arutiunov, Sergei. (1996). [http://src-h.slav.hokudai.ac.jp/sympo/Proceed97/Arutiunov5.html "Ethnicity and Conflict in the Caucasus"]. Slavic Research Center</ref>

== History ==
{{Main|Ingushetia}}
[[Caucas]] is the legendary ancestor of all modern [[Nakh peoples]] (although the origin of the [[Batsbi]] is still disputed), including the Ingush and [[Chechen people|Chechens]], who are closely related linguistically and genetically. The [[Georgian language|Georgian]] name is ''Ghlivi / Ghlighvi.''. Ancient author ([[Strabo]]) spoke about the Gargars, American cartographer J.H.Colton labeled the people as Gelians.

The Ingush came under Russian rule in 1810, but during [[World War II]] they were falsely accused of collaborating with the [[Nazi Germany|Nazis]] and the entire population was deported to [[Kazakhstan]] and [[Kyrgyzstan]]. They were [[rehabilitate (Soviet)|rehabilitate]]d in the 1950s, after the death of [[Joseph Stalin]], and allowed to return home in 1957, though by that time western Ingush lands had been ceded to [[North Ossetia]].

==Culture==
The Ingush possess a varied culture of traditions, legends, epics, tales, songs, proverbs, and sayings. Music, songs and dance are particularly highly regarded. Popular musical instruments include the ''dachick-panderr'' (a kind of [[balalaika]]), ''kekhat ponder'' ([[accordion]], generally played by girls), mirz ponder (a three-stringed violin), [[zurna]] (a type of [[oboe]]), [[tambourine]], and drums.

==Religion==
The Ingush are predominantly [[Sunni]] [[Muslim]]s of the [[Shāfi‘ī]] [[Madh'hab]], although a [[Sufi]] minority exists.<ref name="Allievi">{{cite book |author1=Stefano Allievi |author2=Jørgen S. Nielsen |title=Muslim networks and transnational communities in and across Europe |volume=1 |year=2003}}</ref>

==Ingush genetics==
"The Caucasus populations exhibit, on average, less variability than other populations for the eight Alu insertion poly-morphisms analysed here. The average heterozygosity is less than that for any other region of the world, with the exception of Sahul. Within the Caucasus, Ingushians have much lower levels of variability than any of the other populations. The Ingushians also showed unusual patterns of [[mtDNA]] variation when compared with other Caucasus populations (Nasidze and Stoneking, submitted), which indicates that some feature of the Ingushian population history, or of this particular sample of Ingushians, must be responsible for their different patterns of [[genetic variation]] at both mtDNA and the [[Alu sequence|Alu]] insertion loci."<ref name="European Journal of Human Genetics">{{cite journal |author=Ivane Nasidze|year=2001 |title=Alu insertion polymorphisms and the genetic structure of human populations from the Caucasus |journal=[[European Journal of Human Genetics]] |volume=9 |pages=267–272 |doi=10.1038/sj.ejhg.5200615 |pmid=11313770 |issue=4|display-authors=etal}}</ref><ref name="Nature">{{cite journal|url=http://www.nature.com/ejhg/journal/v9/n4/pdf/5200615a.pdf|title=Alu insertion polymorphisms and the genetic structure of human populations from the Caucasus|format=PDF | volume=9|doi=10.1038/sj.ejhg.5200615|pmid=11313770|date=April 2001|journal=Eur. J. Hum. Genet.|pages=267–72 | last1 = Nasidze | first1 = I | last2 = Risch | first2 = GM | last3 = Robichaux | first3 = M | last4 = Sherry | first4 = ST | last5 = Batzer | first5 = MA | last6 = Stoneking | first6 = M}}</ref>

According to one test by Nasidze in 2003 (analyzed further in 2004), the Y-chromosome structure of the Ingush greatly resembled that of neighboring Caucasian populations (especially Chechens, their linguistic and cultural brethren).<ref name="Nasidze2003">{{cite journal |vauthors=Nasidze I, Sarkisian T, Kerimov A, Stoneking M |title=Testing hypotheses of language replacement in the Caucasus: evidence from the Y-chromosome |journal=Human Genetics |volume=112 |issue=3 |pages=255–61 |date=March 2003 |pmid=12596050 |doi=10.1007/s00439-002-0874-4 |url=http://www.familytreedna.com/pdf/Nasidze_2003.pdf}}</ref><ref name="Nasidze2004">{{cite journal|last1=Nasidze |first1=I. |last2=Ling |first2=E. Y. S. |last3=Quinque |first3=D. |display-authors=3 |last4=et al |year=2004 |title=Mitochondrial DNA and Y-Chromosome Variation in the Caucasus |url=http://www.eva.mpg.de/genetics/pdf/Caucasus_big_paper.pdf |format=PDF |journal=Annals of Human Genetics |volume=68 |issue= |pages=205–221 |doi=10.1046/j.1529-8817.2004.00092.x |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608081424/http://www.eva.mpg.de/genetics/pdf/Caucasus_big_paper.pdf |archivedate=2011-06-08 |df= }}</ref>

There has been only one notable study on the Ingush Y chromosome. These following statistics should not be regarded as final, as Nasidze's test had a notably low sample data for the Ingush. However, they do give an idea of the main haplogroups of the Ingush.

* [[Haplogroup J2 (Y-DNA)|J2]] – '''89%''' of Ingush have the highest reported frequency of J2 which is associated with the [[Fertile Crescent]].<ref>Oleg Balanovsky, Khadizhat Dibirova, Anna Dybo, Oleg Mudrak, Svetlana Frolova, Elvira Pocheshkhova, Marc Haber, Daniel Platt, Theodore Schurr, Wolfgang Haak, Marina Kuznetsova, Magomed Radzhabov, Olga Balaganskaya, Alexey Romanov, Tatiana Zakharova, David F. Soria Hernanz, Pierre Zalloua, Sergey Koshel, Merritt Ruhlen, Colin Renfrew, R. Spencer Wells, Chris Tyler-Smith, Elena Balanovska, and The Genographic Consortium Parallel [http://mbe.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2011/05/13/molbev.msr126.abstract Evolution of Genes and Languages in the Caucasus Region] Mol. Biol. Evol. 2011 : msr126v1-msr126.</ref>
* [[Haplogroup F*(Y-DNA)|F*]] – ('''11%''' of Ingush)<ref name="Nasidze2004"/> This haplogroup was called "F*" by Nasidze. It may have actually been any haplogroup under F that was not under G, I, J2, or K; however, it is probably consists of haplotypes that are either under J1 (typical of the region, with very high frequencies in parts of Dagestan, as well as Arabia, albeit in a different subclade) or F3.
* [[Haplogroup G (Y-DNA)|G]] – ('''27%''' of Ingush)<ref name="Nasidze2004"/> Typical of the Middle East, the Mediterranean and the Caucasus. The highest values were found among Georgians, Circassians and Ossetes. There was a noticeable difference in G between Ingush and Chechens (in J2 and F*, Ingush and Chechens have similar levels), possibly attributable to low samples that were all from the same town.

In the mtDNA, the Ingush formed a more clearly distinct population, with distance from other populations. The closest in an analysis by Nasidze were Chechens, [[Kabarday|Kabardins]] and [[Adyghe people|Adyghe]] (Circassians), but these were all much closer to other populations than they were to the Ingush.<ref name="Nasidze2004"/>

==See also==
* [[Vainakhia]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
*[http://ingush.us News and History of Ingushetia]
*[http://linguistics.berkeley.edu/~ingush/ingush_people.html The Ingush people]

{{European Muslims}}
{{Peoples of the Caucasus}}
{{Ethnic groups of Russia}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ingush People}}
[[Category:Peoples of the Caucasus]]
[[Category:Ingushetia|People]]
[[Category:Nakh peoples]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Russia]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Turkey]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Iraq]]
[[Category:Muslim communities of Russia]]

Indiana Jones and the Infernal Machine

2017-04-10T11:30:19Z

InternetArchiveBot: Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v1.3beta4)

{{Infobox video game
|image = Indiana Jones and the Infernal Machine.jpg
|caption = Package illustration by [[Drew Struzan]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lucasarts.com/products/indy/indy_drew_struzan.htm |title=The Art of Drew Struzan |publisher=[[LucasArts Entertainment Company LLC]] |accessdate=13 April 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060320102911/http://www.lucasarts.com/products/indy/indy_drew_struzan.htm |archivedate=20 March 2006}}</ref>
|developer = [[LucasArts]]
|publisher = {{collapsible list|title=LucasArts|titlestyle=font-weight:normal;font-size:12px;background:transparent;text-align:left|'''Windows 9x / Nintendo 64''' LucasArts '''Game Boy Color''' [[THQ]]}}
|director = [[Hal Barwood]]
|producer = Wayne Cline
|designer = [[Hal Barwood]]
|artist = William Tiller
|writer = Hal Barwood
|composer = [[Clint Bajakian]]
|engine = [[Jones engine]]
|platforms = [[Windows 9x]] [[Nintendo 64]] [[Game Boy Color]]
|released = '''Windows 9x''' {{Vgrelease|NA|November 23, 1999<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lucasarts.com/20th/history_4.htm |title=20th Anniversary |publisher=[[LucasArts Entertainment Company LLC]] |accessdate=4 April 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060626090102/http://www.lucasarts.com/20th/history_4.htm |archivedate=26 June 2006}}</ref><ref name="ignpc" />|EU|1999}}'''Nintendo 64''' {{Vgrelease|NA|December 15, 2000<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lucasarts.com/companystore/cs-indyn64.htm |title=The LucasArts Company Store |publisher=[[LucasArts Entertainment Company LLC]] |accessdate=4 April 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20001205135400/http://www.lucasarts.com/companystore/cs-indyn64.htm |archivedate=5 December 2000}}</ref><ref name="ign64" />}}'''Game Boy Color''' {{Vgrelease|NA|March 30, 2001<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nintendo.com/consumer/gameslist/manuals/cgb_games.pdf |title=Game Boy Color Games |publisher=[[Nintendo of America, Inc.]] |accessdate=4 April 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://gameboy.ign.com/articles/135/135639p1.html |title=Indiana Jones and the Infernal Machine - Game Boy Color Preview |author=Harris, Craig |date=16 February 2001 |work=[[IGN]] |publisher=IGN Entertainment, Inc. |accessdate=4 April 2010}}</ref>|EU|May 5, 2001<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thq.de/html/news/news-2001-may.html |title=News |date=7 May 2001 |publisher=[[THQ|THQ Entertainment GmbH]] |accessdate=4 April 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20030120160919/http://www.thq.de/html/news/news-2001-may.html |archivedate=20 January 2003}}</ref>}}
|genre = [[Action-adventure game|Action-adventure]]
|modes = [[Single-player]]
}}
'''''Indiana Jones and the Infernal Machine''''' is a multi-platform [[Action-adventure game|action-adventure]] [[video game]] by [[LucasArts]] released in late 1999. The first [[3D computer graphics|3D]] installment in the [[Indiana Jones (franchise)#Video games|series]], its gameplay focuses on solving puzzles, [[Action game#Obstacles and enemies|fighting enemies]], and various [[Platform game|platforming sections]]. The story told is set between the events of ''[[Indiana Jones and the Iron Phoenix]]'' and ''[[Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull]]'', and puts the eponymous protagonist, the adventurer [[Indiana Jones]], against the [[Soviet Union]]. In a race for a mythological [[Babylon]]ian power source, he joins forces with the [[Central Intelligence Agency]] and collects four pieces of the Infernal Machine, an ancient device that allegedly opens a portal to another dimension.

The title was designed, written, and directed by [[Hal Barwood]] who considered the ''Indiana Jones'' franchise a perfect fit for the action-adventure genre. Initially developed for the [[Windows 9x|Windows 95 and 98]] operating systems, the game later received an enhanced [[Nintendo 64]] port jointly developed with [[Factor 5]], as well as a [[2D computer graphics|2D]] version for the [[Game Boy Color]] created by [[HotGen]]. ''Infernal Machine'' received generally favorable reviews, having been praised for its detailed storyline and sophisticated level designs, though widely criticized for its unwieldy control scheme.

==Gameplay==
[[File:Infernal Machine Meroe.png|thumb|left|A third-person action-adventure, the camera of ''Infernal Machine'' is constantly placed behind the playable character. The [[HUD (video gaming)|heads-up display]] in the bottom left corner is limited to a [[Health (gaming)|health indicator]].]]

''Infernal Machine'' is an action-adventure and, as such, features a hybrid of various gameplay mechanics. The player sees Indiana Jones from a [[Camera system#Third-person view|third-person perspective]] and controls him through 17 levels<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ashburn | first1=Jo | last2=Boero |first2=Mollie |title=Indiana Jones and the Infernal Machine Adventure Guide |section=I.Q. (Indy Quotient) |publisher=[[LucasArts Entertainment Company LLC]] |page=10}}</ref> of a fully polygonal 3D world.<ref name="indyexp" /> A recurring element of ''Infernal Machine'' are platforming sections, for which a combination of running, jumping, climbing, and the use of the protagonist's trademark [[bullwhip]] is required.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ashburn | first1=Jo | last2=Boero |first2=Mollie |title=Indiana Jones and the Infernal Machine Adventure Guide |section=Movement |publisher=[[LucasArts Entertainment Company LLC]] |pages=8–10}}</ref> Furthermore, several human, animal and supernatural enemies are encountered during the course of the game, which the player can fight off with numerous [[firearms]], the aforementioned whip, and a [[machete]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ashburn | first1=Jo | last2=Boero |first2=Mollie |title=Indiana Jones and the Infernal Machine Adventure Guide |section=Weapons |publisher=[[LucasArts Entertainment Company LLC]] |pages=22–23}}</ref> In addition to these obstacles, the game largely focuses on solving [[puzzles]] and discovering treasures.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ashburn | first1=Jo | last2=Boero |first2=Mollie |title=Indiana Jones and the Infernal Machine Adventure Guide |section=Treasures |publisher=[[LucasArts Entertainment Company LLC]] |page=10}}</ref> Some levels include vehicle-themed portions such as [[rafting]], [[Off-road vehicle|jeep]] treks, and [[mine cart]] chases. The main objective of the game is to collect four machine parts in order to complete the titular Infernal Machine.<ref name="parts" />

==Plot==
The story of the game is set in 1947 and depicts [[archaeologist]] and [[adventurer]] [[Indiana Jones]] returning to his digging career after his involvement in [[World War II]].<ref name="introduction">{{cite book |last1=Ashburn | first1=Jo | last2=Boero |first2=Mollie |title=Indiana Jones and the Infernal Machine Adventure Guide |section=Introduction |publisher=[[LucasArts Entertainment Company LLC]] |page=2}}</ref> Sophia Hapgood, an old friend of Indiana and now a member of the [[Central Intelligence Agency]],<ref>{{cite video game |title=Indiana Jones and the Infernal Machine |developer=[[LucasArts Entertainment Company LLC]] |publisher=LucasArts Entertainment Company LLC |date=29 October 1999 |quote='''Sophia Hapgood:''' We need your help. '''Indiana Jones:''' Unh-hunh. Who's "we"? '''Sophia Hapgood:''' When I joined, during the war, it was the OSS. Now President Truman calls us the Central Intelligence Agency.}}</ref> visits him at his dig site in the [[Canyonlands National Park|Canyonlands]], and informs him that the [[Soviet Union|Russians]] are excavating the ruins of [[Babylon]].<ref>{{cite video game |title=Indiana Jones and the Infernal Machine |developer=[[LucasArts Entertainment Company LLC]] |publisher=LucasArts Entertainment Company LLC |date=29 October 1999 |quote='''Sophia Hapgood:''' It's my job to worry about more... uhh... unusual activity... ...such as this dig site on the Euphrates River, south of Baghdad. '''Indiana Jones:''' Babylon! '''Sophia Hapgood:''' Remember your bible? That's where mortals raised the Tower of Babel to invade heaven.}}</ref> Led by Dr. Gennadi Volodnikov, a physicist interested in alternate dimensions,<ref>{{cite video game |title=Indiana Jones and the Infernal Machine |developer=[[LucasArts Entertainment Company LLC]] |publisher=LucasArts Entertainment Company LLC |date=29 October 1999 |quote='''Sophia Hapgood:''' You're looking at the brainchild of one Gennadi Volodnikov of the Leningrad Physics Institute... ...he thinks there's some truth to the biblical legend. '''Indiana Jones:''' Isn't he a godless Communist? '''Sophia Hapgood:''' He's a physicist who studies manifolds and hyperspace. Quirky theoretical stuff.}}</ref> the Soviets' supposed objective is to find a weapon more powerful than the atom bomb, giving them a decided advantage in the [[Cold War]].<ref name="introduction" />

Sophia hires Indiana to investigate what exactly the Russians are searching for, and he travels to their dig site in the [[Kingdom of Iraq]]. There, he joins up with Sophia's boss Simon Turner<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ashburn | first1=Jo | last2=Boero |first2=Mollie |title=Indiana Jones and the Infernal Machine Adventure Guide |section=Characters |publisher=[[LucasArts Entertainment Company LLC]] |pages=4–5}}</ref> and finds out that Volodnikov is looking for the Babylonian god [[Marduk]] who lives on another plane called the Aetherium.<ref>{{cite video game |title=Indiana Jones and the Infernal Machine |developer=[[LucasArts Entertainment Company LLC]] |publisher=LucasArts Entertainment Company LLC |date=29 October 1999 |quote='''Gennadi Volodnikov:''' I'm searching for Marduk, a creature the Babylonians worshipped as a god. But he doesn't live in Heaven, just on another plane. [...] it's another dimension of reality--the Aetherium!}}</ref> Deep in the ruins of the [[Etemenanki]], Indiana translates some ancient tablets with cuneiform writing explaining the true story behind the [[Tower of Babel]]: 2600 years ago, [[Nebuchadnezzar II|King Nebuchadnezzar II]] was inspired by Marduk to build a great engine, but the frightened Babylonians tore the tower housing it down, leading four of the god's disciples to escape with some parts of this "Infernal Machine".<ref name="introduction" /><ref>{{cite video game |title=Indiana Jones and the Infernal Machine |developer=[[LucasArts Entertainment Company LLC]] |publisher=LucasArts Entertainment Company LLC |date=29 October 1999 |quote='''Indiana Jones:''' There's some cuneiform writing here... [...] Know that it was Nebuchadnezzar, in heed of the writing that Marduk made appear unto him, who builded the great engine. Having no understanding, the rabble hath thrown down his work, but four trusted disciples are...are scattered upon the face of the earth, and the relics go with them. [...] According to the inscription, the Tower once housed a "great engine." When the Babylonians smashed the thing, four priests escaped with the parts.}}</ref>

Indiana embarks on a journey to find these machine parts before the Soviets do, and eventually retrieves all four of them from a monastery in the [[Tian Shan|mountains]] of the [[Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic]], an active volcano on [[Palawan]] in the [[Philippines|Republic of the Philippines]], an [[Olmec]] valley in [[Mexico|United Mexican States]], and a tomb near [[Meroë]] in the deserts of the [[Anglo-Egyptian Sudan]].<ref name="parts">{{cite book |last1=Ashburn | first1=Jo | last2=Boero |first2=Mollie |title=Indiana Jones and the Infernal Machine Adventure Guide |section=Machine Parts |publisher=[[LucasArts Entertainment Company LLC]] |page=24}}</ref> He is then confronted by Volodnikov and Turner who both demand him to hand over the parts as they think they would not be safe with the other side.<ref>{{cite video game |title=Indiana Jones and the Infernal Machine |developer=[[LucasArts Entertainment Company LLC]] |publisher=LucasArts Entertainment Company LLC |date=29 October 1999 |quote='''Simon Turner:''' Give me the parts, Jones! He's a Commie! '''Gennadi Volodnikov:''' The parts will be safer with me, doctor. Your friend is a gangster.}}</ref> Untrusting of his fellow Americans, but opting for the lesser evil, he gives the parts to Sophia and Turner.<ref>{{cite video game |title=Indiana Jones and the Infernal Machine |developer=[[LucasArts Entertainment Company LLC]] |publisher=LucasArts Entertainment Company LLC |date=29 October 1999 |quote='''Indiana Jones:''' What a choice!}}</ref> Volodnikov says that it was probably better this way, as Marduk would have his revenge on those who desecrated the machine.<ref>{{cite video game |title=Indiana Jones and the Infernal Machine |developer=[[LucasArts Entertainment Company LLC]] |publisher=LucasArts Entertainment Company LLC |date=29 October 1999 |quote='''Gennadi Volodnikov:''' <Sigh> Perhaps it's best, Jones. Your droogye have the machinery, but you have the satisfaction of knowing their betrayal will cost them their lives! [...] Those ignorant fools know nothing of Babel, but I have studied, and I know that beneath the foundations of the Tower the cause of all the biblical turmoil waits to complete his designs on mankind. [...] The Lord Marduk himself crossed over from the Aetherium to inspire the Babylonian priests. And Marduk, potent and malevolent to this day, will have his mest on those who desecrated the Great Machine. Luckily, you and I are professors at heart. Too wise to become so easily ensnared. <Sigh> And too timid. Back home to our tea and books now, eh? Ha ha ha.}}</ref>

Alarmed, Indiana travels back to the Room of the Tablets in Babylon, and finds a now-opened gate leading even further into the ruins, to the core of the Infernal Machine. He catches up with Sophia and Turner, the latter of which intends to convince the other dimension to cooperate with the [[United States|United States of America]], and uses the machine parts to activate the engine.<ref>{{cite video game |title=Indiana Jones and the Infernal Machine |developer=[[LucasArts Entertainment Company LLC]] |publisher=LucasArts Entertainment Company LLC |date=29 October 1999 |quote='''Simon Turner:''' Finally! The new world beckons! It's up to us, as Americans, to meet the other side and secure their cooperation with the West.}}</ref> He then pushes the unwilling Sophia into a mystical cage as a means of sending her to the Aetherium as an ambassador.<ref>{{cite video game |title=Indiana Jones and the Infernal Machine |developer=[[LucasArts Entertainment Company LLC]] |publisher=LucasArts Entertainment Company LLC |date=29 October 1999 |quote='''Simon Turner:''' We need an ambassador! '''Sophia Hapgood:''' Don't be a fool! You can't go in there! I sense danger... an evil force waiting to destroy us. [...] '''Simon Turner:''' Don't worry, Sophia, I know my limitations. You're the one with contacts in the spirit world. '''Sophia Hapgood:''' Oh sure. Do I look that crazy to you? '''Simon Turner:''' You look like a real diplomat!}}</ref> Indiana sees no other way but to kill him to reclaim all parts and rescue her.<ref>{{cite video game |title=Indiana Jones and the Infernal Machine |developer=[[LucasArts Entertainment Company LLC]] |publisher=LucasArts Entertainment Company LLC |date=29 October 1999 |quote='''Indiana Jones:''' Turner! You've got the Part I need. Hand it over! [...] Come on, it's our only chance to save Sophia! '''Simon Turner:''' You don't fool me, Jones: once you stop the Commies, you'll use the Machine to take over! That's your plan! '''Indiana Jones:''' The world's seen enough dictators, don't you think?}}</ref> However, the activated machine goes awry, and Indiana and Sophia are sucked into a portal that leads to the other dimension. There, he defeats the malevolent Marduk<ref>{{cite video game |title=Indiana Jones and the Infernal Machine |developer=[[LucasArts Entertainment Company LLC]] |publisher=LucasArts Entertainment Company LLC |date=29 October 1999 |quote='''Indiana Jones:''' Marduk! You're one of those angry gods, I'll bet. Ugly too!}}</ref> and frees Sophia from her cage. Having escaped back to Babylon, the team is greeted by Volodnikov, who is curious to find out if they encountered [[God]] on the other side, which Indiana denies.<ref name="ending">{{cite video game |title=Indiana Jones and the Infernal Machine |developer=[[LucasArts Entertainment Company LLC]] |publisher=LucasArts Entertainment Company LLC |date=29 October 1999 |quote='''Gennadi Volodnikov:''' Did you find God, Dr. Jones? '''Indiana Jones:''' I hope not. Whoever we ran into wasn't very forgiving. '''Gennadi Volodnikov:''' That's a relief. As you know, Socialist Theory disavows the existence of supernatural powers. '''Sophia Hapgood:''' And you expect to win the Cold War? '''Gennadi Volodnikov:''' I expect a long struggle. '''Indiana Jones:''' Listen, uh, Gennadi, you don't happen to have any socialist vodka on hand? I'm thirsty.}}</ref> In the ensuing conversation, the Soviet doctor turns out to be a lot less extremist than assumed, and the three wander off into the sunrise in search of a good bottle of [[vodka]].<ref name="ending" /> A bonus level sees Indiana return to the [[Peruvian]] temple from the opening of the film ''[[Raiders of the Lost Ark]]'', and has him find another golden idol in a secret room.<ref>{{cite video game |title=Indiana Jones and the Infernal Machine |developer=[[LucasArts Entertainment Company LLC]] |publisher=LucasArts Entertainment Company LLC |date=29 October 1999 |quote='''Indiana Jones:''' Ahh...Peru! It's been a long time since I stood here... [...] Another idol! Well, Belloq won't get this one!}}</ref>

==Development==
[[File:Indiana Jones and The Infernal Machine,Screenshots,PC, N64, GBC.png|600px|thumb|right|Each version of the game was developed around the same ideas. Indy begins his adventure in all three versions; PC, Nintendo 64, and Game Boy Color, by sliding down a slope and proceeding to the character's right across the edge of a cliff. His weapons in all three versions also function in the same way.]]

''Infernal Machine'' project leader, designer and writer [[Hal Barwood]] always thought of Indiana Jones as an action hero. Based on this notion, he decided for the game to be an [[action-adventure game|action-adventure]], as he was particularly fond of the genre and its use of [[3D computer graphics|3D worlds]].<ref name="indyexp">{{cite web |url=http://www.theindyexperience.com/interviews/hal_barwood_interview.php |title=Interview with Hal Barwood |author=Mishan, Eddie |date=10 October 2004 |publisher=The Indy Experience |accessdate=7 April 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20051108003229/http://www.theindyexperience.com/interviews/hal_barwood_interview.php |archivedate=8 November 2005}}</ref> Barwood also considered the [[Nazis]] to be overused as villains in the series and so instead set the title in the Cold War era with Russians as the antagonists.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.theraider.net/features/interviews/hal_barwood.php |title=Hal Barwood Interview |author=Frenc, Mike |date=15 December 2008 |publisher=TheRaider.net |accessdate=7 April 2010}}</ref> Originally, [[UFOs]] were planned to be used as a [[plot device]], though [[George Lucas]] vetoed the idea, still reserving it for a then undeveloped [[Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull#Development|fourth movie]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.adventureclassicgaming.com/index.php/site/interviews/428 |title=Hal Barwood - Finite Arts - Interview |author=Hardy, Igor |date=4 January 2009 |publisher=Adventure Classic Gaming |accessdate=7 April 2010}}</ref> In lieu thereof, Barwood became interested in ancient technology like the [[Antikythera mechanism]], conceived the Infernal Machine as the [[MacGuffin]], and placed it in the biblical [[Tower of Babel]], which is believed to be identical with the [[Etemenanki]], a temple dedicated to the god [[Marduk]].<ref name="ja">{{cite web |url=http://starwarsinterviews1.blogspot.com/2010/08/hal-barwood-interview-lucasarts-star.html |title=Interview with Hal Barwood |author=Sluganski, Randy |date=December 1999 | accessdate = 2015-02-07}}</ref>

[[File:Hal Barwood 2005 cropped and retouched.png|thumb|165px|[[Hal Barwood]], who had previously worked on the LucasArts adventure game ''[[Indiana Jones and the Fate of Atlantis]]'', returned as project leader, designer and writer for ''Infernal Machine''.]]
Developed for [[Windows 9x|Windows 95 and 98]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mobygames.com/game/windows/indiana-jones-and-the-infernal-machine/cover-art/gameCoverId,28543/ |title=Indiana Jones and the Infernal Machine (Disc 1) |date=23 November 1999 |publisher=[[LucasArts Entertainment Company LLC]] |accessdate=21 May 2010}}</ref> the game uses a modified version of the [[Sith (engine)|Sith engine]] adapted for a [[third-person view]] by lead programmer Paul LeFevre.<ref name="co">{{cite web|url=http://www.checkout.com/games/nn/article/0,6712,1746754,00.html |title=Indiana Jones Interview |author=Jensen, Chris |year=1999 |publisher=CheckOut Games |accessdate=7 April 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20000127011936/http://www.checkout.com/games/nn/article/0%2C6712%2C1746754%2C00.html |archivedate=27 January 2000 |deadurl=yes |df= }}</ref> Eventually, lighting, collision, rendering and tools underwent drastic rewrites to the point that the code was renamed the Jones engine.<ref name="co" /> The levels were principally designed by Steven Chen, and later conceptualized with illustrations by lead artist William Tiller.<ref>{{cite video game |title=Indiana Jones and the Infernal Machine |developer=[[LucasArts Entertainment Company LLC]] |publisher=LucasArts Entertainment Company LLC |date=29 October 1999 |platform=Windows 95/98 |scene=staff credits}}</ref> Multiplayer support was planned at the beginning of the development, but ultimately dropped because it turned out to be too complex to adequately test.<ref name="co" /> Instead, more emphasis was put on the design of the single-player campaign with its puzzles and exploring aspect.<ref name="co" /> The team implemented a hint system to lead players in the right direction.<ref name="ja" /> Additionally, the score system from previous ''Indiana Jones'' games, the Indy Quotient, makes a return.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://gamepen.ugo.com/preview/PC/08_30_1999_807_3.asp |title=Indiana Jones and the Infernal Machine Preview |author=Keighley, Geoff |date=30 August 1999 |publisher=GamePen |accessdate=7 April 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20010305203053/http://gamepen.ugo.com/preview/PC/08_30_1999_807_3.asp |archivedate=5 March 2001}}</ref> Apart from [[John Williams]]' "Raiders March", the soundtrack was newly composed by [[Clint Bajakian]] and consists of about 130 original pieces.<ref name="co" /> [[Dubbing (filmmaking)|Dubbed]] European language versions of the fully voice-acted game were released by [[THQ]] in Germany, [[Ubisoft]] in France, [[Electronic Arts]] in Spain and CTO in Italy.<ref name="German">{{cite web |url=http://www.thq.de/html/pccd/72/ |title=Indiana Jones und der Turm von Babel |publisher=[[THQ|THQ Entertainment GmbH]] |accessdate=4 April 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20021108155033/http://www.thq.de/html/pccd/72/ |archivedate=8 November 2002}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.electronicarts.es/indianajones.htm |title=Indiana Jones y la Máquina Infernal |publisher=[[Electronic Arts|Electronic Arts España]] |accessdate=4 April 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20010302011519/http://www.electronicarts.es/indianajones.htm |archivedate=2 March 2001}}</ref><ref name="French">{{cite web |url=http://www.jeuxvideo.com/jeux/pc/00003146-indiana-jones-et-la-machine-infernale.htm |title=Indiana Jones et la Machine Infernale |work=jeuxvideo.com |publisher=L'Odyssée Interactive |accessdate=4 April 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cto.it/Games/lucas-arts/indianajonesmacchina/IndianaJones.htm |title=Indiana Jones e la Macchina Infernale |publisher=CTO S.p.A. |accessdate=4 April 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20010222013921/http://www.cto.it/Games/lucas-arts/indianajonesmacchina/IndianaJones.htm |archivedate=22 February 2001}}</ref>

An intended [[PlayStation]] version was canceled early after the game's announcement.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lucasarts.com/products/indy/indy_release.htm |title=Indiana Jones and the Infernal Machine |date=13 May 1999 |publisher=[[LucasArts Entertainment Company LLC]] |accessdate=4 April 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20000229233108/http://www.lucasarts.com/products/indy/indy_release.htm |archivedate=29 February 2000}}</ref> However, a team of eight [[Factor 5]] employees teamed up with artists, level designers and a programmer from LucasArts to port ''Infernal Machine'' to the [[Nintendo 64]].<ref name="ign64">{{cite web |url=http://ign64.ign.com/articles/087/087602p1.html |title=Bringing Indy to N64 |last1=Casamassina |first1= Matt; | last2= Mirabella III | first2=Fran |date=9 November 2000 |work=[[IGN]] |publisher=IGN Entertainment, Inc. |accessdate=13 April 2010}}</ref> Development of this version commenced in early March 1999 and was finished in October 2000.<ref name="ign64" /> Over the course of these 19 months, several improvements were made to the game, such as enhanced real-time lighting, controls, camera and particle systems, as well as added lock-on targeting and assigning items to three of the C buttons of the [[Nintendo 64 controller]].<ref name="ign64" /> Furthermore, the N64 version has some new musical pieces composed by [[Chris Hülsbeck]], and employs [[Music sequencer|sequenced music]] as opposed to the [[Streaming audio in video games|prerecorded audio]] from the PC original.<ref name="ign64" /> The port was only released in North America and was exclusive to the [[Blockbuster Inc.|Blockbuster]] chain of stores and the LucasArts Company Store.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lucasarts.com/static/pr/indyblockbuster_pr.htm |title=LucasArts and Blockbuster Join in Exclusive Agreement |date=30 October 2000 |publisher=[[LucasArts Entertainment Company LLC]] |accessdate=4 April 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20001109210800/http://www.lucasarts.com/static/pr/indyblockbuster_pr.htm |archivedate=9 November 2000}}</ref> Electronic Arts planned to release it in Europe, but the title then saw a change of publisher to THQ.<ref>{{cite journal |date=2 October 2000 |title=Spiele-Lexikon |journal=N-Zone |publisher=Computec Media |issue=11/2000 |page=32}}</ref> Originally scheduled for March 2001, the PAL version became subject to continuous monthly delays and was eventually canceled in September.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Jung, Jean-Reiner |title=Indiana Jones and the Infernal Machine Import-Test |journal=N-Zone |publisher=Computec Media |issue=02/2001 |pages=48–49}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Spiele-Lexikon |journal=N-Zone |publisher=Computec Media |issue=09/2001 |page=30}}</ref> A [[2D computer graphics|2D]] version of ''Infernal Machine'' with [[top-down perspective]] gameplay was developed for the [[Game Boy Color]] by [[HotGen]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hotgen.com/Games/Consoles/Indy/default.aspx |title=Game Boy Color Indiana Jones and the Infernal Machine |year=2007 |publisher=[[HotGen|HotGen Ltd]] |accessdate=29 August 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100915020620/http://www.hotgen.com/Games/Consoles/Indy/default.aspx  |archivedate=15 September 2010}}</ref>

==Reception==
{{Video game reviews
| GR = PC: 73.60%<ref name="grpc">{{cite web |url=http://www.gamerankings.com/pc/89714-indiana-jones-and-the-infernal-machine/index.html |title=Indiana Jones and the Infernal Machine for PC |work=[[GameRankings]] |publisher=[[CBS Interactive Inc.]] |accessdate=23 May 2010}}</ref> N64: 70.99%<ref name="grn64">{{cite web |url=http://www.gamerankings.com/n64/914232-indiana-jones-and-the-infernal-machine/index.html |title=Indiana Jones and the Infernal Machine for Nintendo 64 |work=[[GameRankings]] |publisher=[[CBS Interactive Inc.]] |accessdate=23 May 2010}}</ref> GBC: 73.80%<ref name="gbcranking">{{cite web |url=http://www.gamerankings.com/gbc/454819-indiana-jones-and-the-infernal-machine/index.html |title=Indiana Jones and the Infernal Machine for Game Boy Color |work=[[GameRankings]] |publisher=[[CBS Interactive Inc.]] |accessdate=23 May 2010}}</ref>
| MC = N64: 75<ref name="metacritic">{{cite web |url=http://www.metacritic.org/games/platforms/n64/indianajonesinfernalmachine |title=Indiana Jones and the Infernal Machine (N64) |work=[[Metacritic]] |publisher=[[CBS Interactive Inc.]] |accessdate=23 May 2010}}</ref>
| Allgame = PC: {{rating|3|5}}<ref name="allgamepcrev">{{cite web |url=http://www.allgame.com/game.php?id=19083&tab=review |title=Indiana Jones and the Infernal Machine - Review |author=Sutyak, Jonathan |work=[[Allgame]] |publisher=[[Rovi Corporation]] |accessdate=2 September 2010}}</ref> {{nowrap|GBC: {{rating|2.5|5}}<ref name="allgamegbcrev">{{cite web |url=http://www.allgame.com/game.php?id=31435&tab=review |title=Indiana Jones and the Infernal Machine - Review |author=Woods, Nick |work=[[Allgame]] |publisher=[[Rovi Corporation]] |accessdate=2 September 2010}}</ref>}}
| CVG = PC: 8.8<ref name="cvgrevpc">{{cite web|url=http://www.computerandvideogames.com/article.php?id=3087 |title=Indiana Jones And The Infernal Machine Review |author=Hill, Mark |date=13 August 2001 |work=[[ComputerAndVideoGames.com]] |publisher=[[Future Publishing Limited]] |accessdate=23 May 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090418112912/http://www.computerandvideogames.com/article.php?id=3087 |archivedate=April 18, 2009 }}</ref>
| EGM = N64: 6.83<ref name="grn64" />
| EuroG = PC: 9<ref name="eurogamer">{{cite web |url=http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/indy |title=Indiana Jones & The Infernal Machine PC Review |author=Purchese, Robert |date=11 January 2000 |work=[[Eurogamer]] |publisher=Eurogamer Network Ltd. |accessdate=23 May 2010}}</ref>
| GI = N64: 6.75<ref name="grn64" />
| GSpot = PC: 6.3<ref name="gspotpc">{{cite web |url=http://www.gamespot.com/pc/action/indianajonesandtheim/review.html |title=Indiana Jones and the Infernal Machine Review for PC |author=Ryan, Michael E. |date=8 December 1999 |work=[[GameSpot]] |publisher=[[CBS Interactive Inc.]] |accessdate=23 May 2010}}</ref> N64: 6.0<ref name="gspot64">{{cite web |url=http://www.gamespot.com/n64/adventure/indianajonesandtheim/review.html |title=Indiana Jones and the Infernal Machine Review for Nintendo 64 |author=Fielder, Joe |date=22 December 2000 |work=[[GameSpot]] |publisher=[[CBS Interactive Inc.]] |accessdate=23 May 2010}}</ref> GBC: 6.9<ref name="gspotgbc">{{cite web |url=http://www.gamespot.com/gbc/adventure/indianajonesandtheim/review.html |title=Indiana Jones and the Infernal Machine Review for Game Boy Color |author=Provo, Frank |date=17 April 2001 |work=[[GameSpot]] |publisher=[[CBS Interactive Inc.]] |accessdate=29 August 2010}}</ref>
| IGN = PC: 7.8<ref name="ignpc">{{cite web |url=http://pc.ign.com/articles/161/161694p1.html |title=Indiana Jones and the Infernal Machine - PC Review |author=Blevins, Tal |date=6 December 1999 |work=[[IGN]] |publisher=IGN Entertainment, Inc. |accessdate=23 May 2010}}</ref> N64: 8.0<ref name="ign64rev">{{cite web |url=http://ign64.ign.com/articles/162/162182p1.html |title=Indiana Jones and the Infernal Machine - Nintendo 64 Review |author=Casamassina, Matt |date=15 December 2000 |work=[[IGN]] |publisher=IGN Entertainment, Inc. |accessdate=23 May 2010}}</ref>
| NP = N64: 7.8<ref>{{cite journal |date=December 2000 |title=Nintendo Power |volume=139 |page=146 |publisher=Nintendo of America}}</ref> GBC: {{rating|3|5}}<ref>{{cite journal |date=May 2001 |title=Nintendo Power |volume=144 |page=117 |publisher=Nintendo of America}}</ref>
}}
The PC version of ''Infernal Machine'' received generally favorable reviews with an average score of 73.60 percent at [[GameRankings]].<ref name="grpc" /> Although some critics found it to be too similar to ''[[Tomb Raider]]'',<ref name="allgamepcrev" /> the game was noted for setting itself apart from the aforementioned series due to being based on the ''Indiana Jones'' franchise, and relying more heavily on puzzle-solving.<ref name="ignpc" /><ref name="cvgrevpc" /> [[IGN]] commended the game for its intricate and intriguing storyline.<ref name="ignpc" /> [[Eurogamer]] shared the opinion and stated the plot to be "excellently woven", enhancing the feel of "being part of a big blockbuster movie".<ref name="eurogamer" /> ''[[Computer and Video Games]]'', Eurogamer, and IGN also praised ''Infernal Machine'' for its levels, calling them "excellently designed" and including "some of the most brilliant layouts [...] seen in a game of this type".<ref name="ignpc" /><ref name="cvgrevpc" /><ref name="eurogamer" /> While IGN thought the variety of puzzles provided was sufficient and applauded the inclusion of a hint system,<ref name="ignpc" /> [[GameSpot]] found many of the puzzles in the game to focus too heavily on platforming and went on to state that they become "quite repetitive - even predictable" after the first few levels.<ref name="gspotpc" /> The most criticized aspect of the PC game across the majority of reviews, however, are the controls. Eurogamer described them as "infuriating at times", mostly due to their faulty collision detection when performing certain actions.<ref name="eurogamer" /> GameSpot thought the control system was too jerky, unresponsive, and unnecessarily slow because of delays between the moves.<ref name="gspotpc" />

The graphics, while low on polygons, were received well for its detailed textures and the diverse locations presented.<ref name="ignpc" /><ref name="gspotpc" /> Eurogamer called ''Infernal Machine'' "one of the best looking third person adventures", and applauded the in-engine cutscenes, claiming them to be "bordering on film quality at times".<ref name="eurogamer" /> GameSpot said the graphics were "not exactly cutting edge", but "generally quite good" due to the "fairly smooth and convincing" animations.<ref name="gspotpc" /> IGN praised the environments for having "a lot more personality than the ''Tomb Raider'' series".<ref name="ignpc" /> Eurogamer called some of the locations "simply stunning",<ref name="eurogamer" /> and GameSpot found the levels to be "aesthetically well designed because of convincing architecture and wall decorations".<ref name="gspotpc" /> Furthermore, the soundtrack was stated by IGN to be "one of the best features of the game", based on its adding to the dramatic impact along the way.<ref name="ignpc" /> They applauded the voice recording for being "crisp and clean", though were disappointed with the sparsity of musical tracks and environmental sound effects.<ref name="ignpc" /> [[Allgame]] was impressed with the weapon effects and the foreign-language voice overs for the Soviet soldiers,<ref name="allgamepcrev" /> while ''Computer and Video Games'' considered the lack of [[Harrison Ford]] as Indiana Jones' voice disappointing, though understandable given his high salary.<ref name="cvgrevpc" /> Eurogamer found the comments of the playable character to become annoying after a while, but were impressed with the ambient sounds and music, claiming the latter to be "ace stuff", "further enhancing the motion picture feeling of the game".<ref name="eurogamer" />

Despite its enhancements, the Nintendo 64 version fared about as well with critics as the PC original, yielding 70.99 percent at GameRankings and a [[Metacritic]] score of 75 out of 100 points.<ref name="grn64" /><ref name="metacritic" /> The control scheme of the port was well received by IGN for the addition of C button item management and Z-targeting, both inspired by ''[[Ocarina of Time]]''.<ref name="ign64rev" /> Though they still considered the controls "slow" and "a little clunky", they commended them for being "more intuitive, tighter, speedier, and all around more balanced" than those of the PC version.<ref name="ign64rev" /> GameSpot did not share these sentiments and stated the adaption of the [[Keyboard (computing)|keyboard]] controls to the [[Nintendo 64 controller|console controller]] to be "rather clunky and unintuitive".<ref name="gspot64" /> IGN was impressed with the texture work and lighting, and found the title to be "one of the prettiest" on the Nintendo 64, even more so by employing the [[Expansion Pak]] to achieve high-resolution graphics.<ref name="ign64rev" /> However, the graphics received criticism for its "wooden" character animations, occasional [[Frame rate#Frame rates in video games|frame rate]] drops, and bugs such as [[Draw distance|pop-ups]] and faulty texture placement.<ref name="gspot64" /><ref name="ign64rev" /> IGN remarked that the sound was superior to the PC version's,<ref name="ign64rev" /> while GameSpot thought it was about on par with the port's above-average graphics.<ref name="gspot64" /> Additionally, GameSpot criticized the Nintendo 64 version for the many bugs and lockups, a problem uncommon for console releases.<ref name="gspot64" />

HotGen's Game Boy Color version received an average score of 73.80 percent at GameRankings.<ref name="gbcranking" /> It was panned by GameSpot for its backtracking, missing puzzle hints, and lack of plot development, but lauded for its clean animations and sound effects.<ref name="gspotgbc" /> Allgame was disappointed with the instruction manual being mandatory to understand the game's mostly non-existent plot, and criticized the decision to make the player restart a level upon dying, as well as the password system, calling it "annoying".<ref name="allgamegbcrev" /> [[Nintendo Power]] compared it to the N64 version saying it, "has almost as much depth as the recent N64 game and far fewer control problems." But describing it more as a puzzle game. "You'll find all the areas that were in the N64 game, but each location has been recreated with its own challenge on GBC."<ref>{{cite journal |date=April 2001 |title=Nintendo Power |volume=143 |pages=102–103 |publisher=Nintendo of America }}</ref>

==Further reading==
*{{cite book |last1=Ashburn |first1=Jo |last2=Barba |first2=Rick |title=Indiana Jones and the Infernal Machine: Prima's Official Strategy Guide. |edition=Platform: PC |publisher=[[Prima Games]] |isbn=0-7615-2195-X}}
*{{cite book |last1=Rick |first1=Barba |title=Indiana Jones and the Infernal Machine: Prima's Official Strategy Guide. |edition=Platform: Nintendo 64 |publisher=[[Prima Games]] |isbn=0-7615-3421-0}}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
*{{Official website|http://web.archive.org/web/20060118134143/www.lucasarts.com/products/indy}} (via [[Internet Archive]])
* {{moby game|id=/indiana-jones-and-the-infernal-machine}}

{{Indiana Jones}}

{{Good article}}

{{Authority control}}

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Ilya Ilyin

2017-04-09T13:41:25Z

InternetArchiveBot: Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v1.3beta4)

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2016}}
{{Infobox sportsperson
| name = Ilya Ilyin
| image = Ilya Ilyin 2015.jpg
| image_size = 200px
| caption = Ilyin in December 2015
| birth_name =
| fullname =
| nickname =
| residence =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1988|05|24}}
| nationality = [[Kazakhs]]tani
| birth_place = [[Kyzylorda]], [[Kyzylorda Region]], [[Kazakhstan]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| height = {{convert|1.74|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
| weight = {{convert|104.35|kg|lb|abbr=on}}
| website = {{URL|http://www.ilya-ilyin.kz/}}
| country =
| sport = [[Olympic weightlifting|Weightlifting]]
| event = -105 kg
| collegeteam =
| club =
| team =
| turnedpro =
| coach = Toyshan Bektemirov, Erzhas Boltaev, Rufat Sembinov
| retired =
| coaching =
| worlds =
| regionals =
| nationals =
| paralympics =
| highestranking =
| pb = {{unbulleted list|Snatch: 191 kg (2015)|Clean and jerk: 246 kg (2015, '''[[List of world records in Olympic weightlifting|WR]]''')|Total: 437 kg (2015, '''[[List of world records in Olympic weightlifting|WR]]''')}}
| medaltemplates =
{{MedalCountry | {{KAZ}} }}
{{MedalCompetition | [[Weightlifting at the Summer Olympics|Olympic Games]] }}
{{Medal|Disqualified | [[2008 Summer Olympics|2008 Beijing]] | [[Weightlifting at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Men's 94 kg|–94 kg]] }}
{{Medal|Disqualified | [[2012 Summer Olympics|2012 London]] | [[Weightlifting at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Men's 94 kg|–94 kg]] }}
{{MedalCompetition | [[World Weightlifting Championships|World Championships]] }}
{{MedalGold | [[2005 World Weightlifting Championships|2005 Doha]] | – 85 kg }}
{{MedalGold | [[2006 World Weightlifting Championships|2006 Santo Domingo]] | –94 kg }}
{{MedalGold | [[2011 World Weightlifting Championships|2011 Paris]] | [[2011 World Weightlifting Championships – Men's 94 kg|–94 kg]] }}
{{MedalGold | [[2014 World Weightlifting Championships|2014 Almaty]] | [[2014 World Weightlifting Championships – Men's 105 kg|105 kg]] }}
{{MedalCompetition | Asian Games }}
{{MedalGold | [[2006 Asian Games|2006 Doha]] | [[Weightlifting at the 2006 Asian Games#94 kg|–94 kg]] }}
{{MedalGold | [[2010 Asian Games|2010 Guangzhou]] | [[Weightlifting at the 2010 Asian Games#94 kg|–94 kg]] }}
| show-medals =
}}

'''Ilya Aleksandrovich Ilyin''' ({{lang-ru|Илья Александрович Ильин}}; born 24 May 1988) is a [[Demographics of Kazakhstan|Kazakhstan]]i [[Olympic weightlifting|weightlifter]] who won four world championships. On 12 December 2015 at the President's Cup in [[Grozny]], [[Russia]], Ilyin set two world records in the −105 kg class: in the clean and jerk (246 kg) and in the total of (437 kg). Ilyin was named [[IWF World Weightlifter of the Year]] four times: in 2005, 2006, 2014 and 2015.

Originally a double Olympic champion from 2008 and 2012, Ilyin was officially stripped of, and ordered to return, both gold medals on 25 November 2016, as a result of his anti-doping samples from both competitions being retested and being found to contain banned anabolic steroids, namely [[stanozolol]].<ref>[https://www.olympic.org/news/ioc-sanctions-seven-athletes-for-failing-anti-doping-tests-at-beijing-2008-and-london-2012#ilyin IOC sanctions seven athletes for failing anti-doping tests.]</ref>

==Athletic career==
[[File:Stamps of Kazakhstan, 2013-01.jpg|thumb|225px|Ilyin on a 2013 stamp of Kazakhstan]]
Ilyin became Kazakhstan's first junior and senior weightlifting world champion when he placed first overall in the −85 kg class at the [[2005 World Weightlifting Championships]]. He snatched 170 kg and clean and jerked 216 kg (for which he also won the clean and jerk phase) for a total of 386 kg. His total of 386 is the current youth world record in the −85 kg class.

The next year Ilyin competed in the 94 kg class at the 2006 Junior World Weightlifting Championships, [[2006 World Weightlifting Championships]] and [[2006 Asian Games]] in Doha, winning all these competitions. At the 2006 Junior World Weightlifting Championships he snatched 176 kg and clean and jerked 225 kg for a total of 401 kg; [[Andrei Aramnau]] from [[Belarus]] captured the silver medal with 393 kg total with 177 kg snatch and 216 kg clean and jerk.<ref>[http://www.iwrp.net/component/cwyniki/?view=contest&id_zawody=187 32 nd Junior World Championships 2006-05-29 Hangzhou (CHN)]. IWRP (29 May 2006). Retrieved on 2016-05-18.</ref>

In September 2006 Ilyin snatched 175 kg and clean and jerked 217 kg for a total of 392 kg, securing the gold medal in the −94 kg category at [[2006 World Weightlifting Championships]]. With his final two lifts in the clean and jerk phase he attempted to set a world record with 233 kg but was unsuccessful. In December 2006 Ilyin won the −94 kg class at [[2006 Asian Games]], snatching 175 kg and clean and jerking 226 kg for a total of 401 kg. After a very successful year Ilyin was named 2006 [[IWF World Weightlifter of the Year]] for the second time.<ref>[http://www.iwf.net/weightlifting/issues/064/Best_Lifters_of_2006.pdf Ilin again, Chen Yanqing for the first time: Best of the Year]. ''Best Lifters of 2006''. iwf.net</ref>

Ilyin competed in the −94 kg class at the [[2008 Summer Olympics]] in [[Beijing]] and originally won the gold medal, snatching 180 kg and clean and jerking 226 kg for a total of 406 kg.<ref name=sr>{{cite Sports-Reference|url=http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/il/ilya-ilyin-1.html |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130917202905/http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/il/ilya-ilyin-1.html |archivedate=17 September 2013 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

In 2011, Ilyin competed in the −94 kg class at the [[2011 World Weightlifting Championships|world championships]] and once again won the gold medal in both the clean and jerk and the overall. He snatched 181 kg and clean and jerked 226 kg for a total of 407 kg.

Ilyin originally won the gold medal at the [[2012 Summer Olympics]] in the [[Weightlifting at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Men's 94 kg|94 kg]] category with a world and Olympic record total of 418 kg. He was successful in all three snatch attempts with lifts of 177 kg, 182 kg, and 185 kg. He was also successful in all three clean and jerk attempts with lifts of 224 kg, 228 kg, and 233 kg. His final lift of 233 kg was initially recognized as the world and Olympic record in the clean and jerk.<ref name=sr /> On 14 September 2016 all of these results were annulled and his medal stripped for doping violations.<ref name="BBC"/>

In 8 November 2012 Ilyin was awarded the Olympic Council of Asia award as the best Asian athlete, along with [[Zulfiya Chinshanlo]] and [[Olga Rypakova]].

Ilyin competed in the [[2014 World Weightlifting Championships – Men's 105 kg|-105 kg]] category at the [[2014 World Weightlifting Championships]] held in Almaty. He snatched 183 kg, 187 kg and 190 kg, placing third. Ilyin made two out of three lifts in the clean and jerk, lifting 233 kg on his opener and on his final lift of 242 kg, breaking the clean and jerk world record and winning the competition by virtue of lighter body weight.

On 12 December 2015 Ilyin competed in the Iwf Grand Prix 5th Russian Federation Presidents Cup held in [[Grozny]]. Ilyin completed two out of three lifts in the snatch, going 184 kg on his opener and 191 kg on his final attempt to secure the gold medal. In the clean and jerk Ilyin made two lifts with a third lift in hand, going 231 kg on his opener before making a 15 kg jump to break his own clean and jerk world record and successfully hitting 246 kg to win the gold medal. This total of 191/246 gave him the new total world record of 437 kg.

In March 2016 Ilyin was named the [[IWF World Weightlifter of the Year]] for the fourth time in his career.<ref>[http://www.iwf.net/2016/02/24/best-of-2015-hsu-shu-ching-and-ilya-ilyin/ Best of 2015: HSU SHU-CHING and ILYA ILYIN | International Weightlifting Federation]. Iwf.net. Retrieved on 18 May 2016.</ref>

In June 2016 it was announced by the IWF that retests of the samples taken from the [[2012 Summer Olympics]] indicated that Ilyin had tested positive for prohibited substances, namely [[dehydrochloromethyltestosterone]] and [[stanozolol]].<ref>[http://www.iwf.net/2016/06/15/public-disclosures/ IWF public disclosures]</ref> On 14 September 2016, Ilyin was stripped of his second Olympic medal.<ref name="BBC">{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/olympics/37371735|title=Weightlifter set for 2012 Olympic bronze despite finishing ninth|date=15 September 2016|publisher=[[BBC Sport]]|accessdate=15 September 2016}}</ref>

Also in June 2016 it was announced by IWF that retests of the samples taken from [[2008 Summer Olympics]] indicated that Ilyin had tested positive for [[stanozolol]]. If confirmed, Ilyin faced losing his first Olympic medal.<ref>[http://www.iwf.net/2016/06/18/public-disclosures-2/ IWF public disclosures]</ref>

Ilyin is a member of the [[Astana Presidential Sports Club]].<ref>{{cite web |work=The Astana Times |title=Astana Presidential Sports Club Launched |author=Ilyas Omarov |url=http://www.astanatimes.kz/index.php?uin=1290951500&pg=1373470400 |date=4 July 2013 |accessdate=31 October 2013}}</ref>

==Personal records==
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! '''Discipline''' || '''Result (kg)''' || '''Location''' || '''Competition''' || '''Record''' || '''Date'''
|-
! colspan=7 | '''85 kg'''
|-
| Snatch
| '''170'''
| align=left | {{flagicon|QAT}} [[Doha]]
| [[2005 World Weightlifting Championships]]
| [[Kazakhstani records in Olympic weightlifting|National Record]]
| 14 November 2005
|-
| Clean & Jerk
| '''216'''
| align=left | {{flagicon|QAT}} [[Doha]]
| [[2005 World Weightlifting Championships]]
| [[Kazakhstani records in Olympic weightlifting|National Record]]
| 14 November 2005
|-
| Total
| '''386'''
| align=left | {{flagicon|QAT}} [[Doha]]
| [[2005 World Weightlifting Championships]]
| [[List of junior world records in Olympic weightlifting|Junior World Record]]
| Nowember 2005
|-
! colspan=7 | '''94 kg'''
|-
| Snatch
| '''185'''
| align=left | {{flagicon|UK}} [[London]]
| [[Weightlifting at the 2012 Summer Olympics|2012 Summer Olympics]]
| [[Kazakhstani records in Olympic weightlifting|National Record]]
| 4 August 2012
|-
| Clean & Jerk
| <s>'''233'''</s>
| align=left | {{flagicon|UK}} [[London]]
| [[Weightlifting at the 2012 Summer Olympics|2012 Summer Olympics]]
| [[List of world records in Olympic weightlifting|World Record]] ''(annulled)''
| 4 August 2012
|-
| Total
| <s>'''418'''</s>
| align=left | {{flagicon|UK}} [[London]]
| [[Weightlifting at the 2012 Summer Olympics|2012 Summer Olympics]]
| [[List of world records in Olympic weightlifting|World Record]] ''(annulled)''
| 4 August 2012
|-
! colspan=7 | '''105 kg'''
|-
| Snatch
| '''191'''
| align=left | {{flagicon|RUS}} [[Grozny]]
| [[President's Cup]]
| Competition Best
| 12 December 2015
|-
| Clean & Jerk
| '''246'''
| align=left | {{flagicon|RUS}} [[Grozny]]
| [[President's Cup]]
| [[List of world records in Olympic weightlifting|World Record]]
| 12 December 2015
|-
| Total
| '''437'''
| align=left | {{flagicon|RUS}} [[Grozny]]
| [[President's Cup]]
| [[List of world records in Olympic weightlifting|World Record]]
| 12 December 2015
|}

=== Achievements ===

:[[File:Med 1.png]] [[2014 World Weightlifting Championships]], −105 kg;
:[[File:Med 1.png]] [[2011 World Weightlifting Championships]], −94 kg;
:[[File:Med 1.png]] [[2010 Asian Games]], −94 kg;
:[[File:Med 1.png]] [[2006 World Weightlifting Championships]], −94 kg;
:[[File:Med 1.png]] [[2006 Asian Games]], −94 kg;
:[[File:Med 1.png]] [[2005 World Weightlifting Championships]], −85 kg;

==Major results==

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! rowspan="2" style="width:40px;" | Year
! rowspan="2" style="width:250px;" | Venue
! rowspan="2" style="width:60px;" | Weight
! colspan=4 | Snatch (kg)
! colspan=4 | Clean & Jerk (kg)
! rowspan="2" style="width:40px;" | Total
! rowspan="2" style="width:40px;" | Rank
|-
! width=40 | 1
! width=40 | 2
! width=40 | 3
! width=40 | Rank
! width=40 | 1
! width=40 | 2
! width=40 | 3
! width=40 | Rank
|-
! colspan=13|[[Weightlifting at the Summer Olympics|Olympic Games]]
|-
| [[Weightlifting at the 2008 Summer Olympics|2008]] || align=left | {{flag icon|CHN}} [[Beijing]], [[China]] || [[Weightlifting at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Men's 94 kg|94 kg]] || 175 || '''180''' || -- || 4 || <s>223 || 223 || '''226''' || 1 ||--|| '''DSQ'''
|-
| [[Weightlifting at the 2012 Summer Olympics|2012]] || align=left | {{flag icon|UK}} [[London]], [[United Kingdom]] || [[Weightlifting at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Men's 94 kg|94 kg]] || 177 || 182 || '''185''' || 2 || 224 || 228 || '''233''' || 1 ||--|| '''DSQ'''
|-
! colspan=13|[[World Weightlifting Championships|World Championships]]
|-
| [[2005 World Weightlifting Championships|2005]] || align=left | {{flag icon|QAT}} [[Doha]], [[Qatar]] || [[2005 World Weightlifting Championships – Men's 85 kg|85 kg]] || 165 || '''170''' || <s>173 || 7 || 205 || 211 || '''216''' || '''{{Gold1}} || '''386''' || '''{{Gold1}}
|-
| [[2006 World Weightlifting Championships|2006]] || align=left | {{flag icon|DOM}} [[Santo Domingo]], [[Dominican Rep]] || [[2006 World Weightlifting Championships – Men's 94 kg|94 kg]] || 170 || '''175''' || <s>177 || '''{{Bronze3}} || '''217''' || <s>233 || <s>233 || '''{{Silver2}} || '''392''' || '''{{Gold1}}
|-
| [[2011 World Weightlifting Championships|2011]] || align=left | {{flag icon|FRA}} [[Paris]], [[France]] || [[2011 World Weightlifting Championships – Men's 94 kg|94 kg]] || 175 || '''181''' || <s>184 || 5 || 221 || '''226''' || -- || '''{{Gold1}} || '''407''' || '''{{Gold1}}
|-
| [[2014 World Weightlifting Championships|2014]] || align=left | {{flag icon|KAZ}} [[Almaty]], [[Kazakhstan]] || [[2014 World Weightlifting Championships – Men's 105 kg|105 kg]] || 183 || 187 || '''190''' || '''{{Bronze3}} || 233 || <s>239 || '''242''' || '''{{Gold1}} || '''432''' || '''{{Gold1}}
|-
! colspan=13|[[Weightlifting at the Asian Games|Asian Games]]
|-
| [[Weightlifting at the 2006 Asian Games|2006]] || align=left | {{flag icon|QAT}} [[Doha]], [[Qatar]] || [[Weightlifting at the 2006 Asian Games – Men's 94 kg|94 kg]] || 162 || 166 || '''171''' || 1 || 205 || 215 || '''226''' || 1 || '''397''' || '''{{Gold1}}
|-
| [[Weightlifting at the 2010 Asian Games|2010]] || align=left | {{flag icon|CHN}} [[Guangzhou]], [[China]] || [[Weightlifting at the 2010 Asian Games – Men's 94 kg|94 kg]] || 170 || '''175''' || <s>178 || 3 || 215 || '''219''' || <s>227 || 1 || '''394''' || '''{{Gold1}}
|-
! colspan=13|[[IWF GRAND PRIX]]
|-
| 2015 || align=left | {{flagicon|RUS}} [[Grozny]], [[Russia]] || 105 kg || 184 || <s>188 || '''191''' || 1 || 231 || '''246''' || -- || 1 || '''437''' || '''{{Gold1}}
|-
! colspan=13|World Junior Championships
|-
| 2005 || align=left | {{flagicon|KOR}} [[Busan]], [[South Korea]] || 85 kg || 155 || 161 || '''168''' || '''{{Silver2}} || 197 || 202 || '''206''' || '''{{Gold1}} || '''374''' || '''{{Gold1}}
|-
| 2006 || align=left | {{flagicon|CHN}} [[Hangzhou]], [[China]] || 94 kg || 165 || 171 || '''176''' || '''{{Silver2}} || 215 || 217 || '''225''' || '''{{Gold1}} || '''401''' || '''{{Gold1}}
|}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Ilya Ilin}}
* [http://www.iwf.net/results/athletes/?athlete=ilyin-ilya-1988-05-24&id=7895 IWF Profile]
* [http://www.iwrp.net/?view=contestant&id_zawodnik=11974 IWRP Profile]

{{Astana Presidential Sports Club}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ilyin, Ilya}}
[[Category:1988 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Kazakhstani male weightlifters]]
[[Category:World record holders in Olympic weightlifting]]
[[Category:Weightlifters at the 2008 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Weightlifters at the 2012 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Olympic weightlifters of Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:World Weightlifting Championships medalists]]
[[Category:Asian Games gold medalists for Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Asian Games medalists in weightlifting]]
[[Category:Weightlifters at the 2006 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Weightlifters at the 2010 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Kazakhstani sportspeople in doping cases]]
[[Category:Doping cases in weightlifting]]
[[Category:Competitors stripped of Olympic medals]]
[[Category:Astana Presidential Sports Club]]
[[Category:Kazakhstani people of Greek descent]]
[[Category:Kazakhstani people of Russian descent]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 2006 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 2010 Asian Games]]

Ilfat Gatyatullin

2017-04-09T09:38:31Z

InternetArchiveBot: Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v1.3beta4)

'''Ilfat Gatyatullin''' (born August 23, 1977) is a [[Kazakhstan]]i [[Canoe racing|sprint canoer]] who competed in the mid-1990s. At the [[1996 Summer Olympics]] in [[Atlanta]], he was eliminated in the repechages of the [[Canoeing at the 1996 Summer Olympics – Men's K-2 500 metres|K-2 500 m]] event and the semifinals of the [[Canoeing at the 1996 Summer Olympics – Men's K-4 1000 metres|K-4 1000 m]] events.

==References==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20121023112949/http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ga/ilfat-gatyatullin-1.html Sports-Reference.com profile]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gaytyaullin, Ilfat}}
[[Category:1977 births]]
[[Category:Canoeists at the 1996 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Kazakhstani male canoeists]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Olympic canoeists of Kazakhstan]]

{{Kazakhstan-canoe-bio-stub}}

Igor Zubrilin

2017-04-09T05:45:08Z

InternetArchiveBot: Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v1.3beta4)

{{MedalTableTop | medals =
{{MedalSport | Men's [[cross-country skiing]] }}
{{MedalCountry | {{KAZ}} }}
{{MedalCompetition | [[Asian Winter Games]] }}
{{MedalGold | [[1999 Asian Winter Games|1999 Gangwon]] | [[Cross-country skiing at the 1999 Asian Winter Games|4×10 km relay]] }}
}}

'''Igor Zubrilin''' (born March 20, 1976 in [[Astana]]) is a Kazakhstani [[cross-country skiing|cross-country skier]]. He competed at the [[Winter Olympics]] in 2002 in [[Salt Lake City]], in the [[Cross-country skiing at the 2002 Winter Olympics – Men's 15 kilometre classical|15 km]] and in the [[Cross-country skiing at the 2002 Winter Olympics – Men's 50 kilometre classical|50 km]].<ref name=sref>{{cite Sports-Reference|url=http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/zu/igor-zubrilin-1.html |title=Igor Zubrilin |accessdate=9 April 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120127193510/http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/zu/igor-zubrilin-1.html |archivedate=27 January 2012 |df= }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Zubrilin, Igor}}
[[Category:1976 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Kazakhstani male cross-country skiers]]
[[Category:Olympic cross-country skiers of Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Cross-country skiers at the 2002 Winter Olympics]]
[[Category:Asian Games medalists in cross-country skiing]]
[[Category:Cross-country skiers at the 1999 Asian Winter Games]]
[[Category:Cross-country skiers at the 2003 Asian Winter Games]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Astana]]
[[Category:People from Astana]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 1999 Asian Winter Games]]
[[Category:Asian Games gold medalists for Kazakhstan]]

{{Kazakhstan-wintersport-bio-stub}}

Igor Zakurdayev

2017-04-09T05:43:47Z

InternetArchiveBot: Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v1.3beta4)

{{BLP sources|date=June 2013}}
{{MedalTableTop}}
{{MedalSport | Men's [[alpine skiing]]}}
{{MedalCountry | {{KAZ}} }}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Asian Games]]}}
{{MedalGold | [[2011 Asian Winter Games|2011 Astana-Almaty]]|[[Alpine skiing at the 2011 Asian Winter Games – Men's combined|Combined]]}}
{{MedalGold | [[2011 Asian Winter Games|2011 Astana-Almaty]]|[[Alpine skiing at the 2011 Asian Winter Games – Men's Super-G|Super-G]]}}
{{MedalSilver | [[2011 Asian Winter Games|2011 Astana-Almaty]]|[[Alpine skiing at the 2011 Asian Winter Games – Men's downhill|Downhill]]}}
{{MedalBottom}}

'''Igor Valeryevich Zakurdayev''' (born January 26, 1987) is a skier who competed in [[Alpine Skiing]] in [[Vancouver 2010]] and [[Sochi 2014]]. He was born in [[Ridder, Kazakhstan]].

==References==
* [http://www.vancouver2010.com/olympic-alpine-skiing/athletes/igor-zakurdaev_ath1000414yG.html Igor Zakurdaev at www.vancouver2010.com]
* {{cite Sports-Reference|url=http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/za/igor-zakurdayev-1.html |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130923130508/http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/za/igor-zakurdayev-1.html |archivedate=2013-09-23 |df= }}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Zakurdayev, Igor}}
[[Category:1987 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Alpine skiers at the 2010 Winter Olympics]]
[[Category:Kazakhstani male alpine skiers]]
[[Category:Olympic alpine skiers of Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Alpine skiers at the 2014 Winter Olympics]]
[[Category:Asian Games medalists in alpine skiing]]
[[Category:Alpine skiers at the 2007 Asian Winter Games]]
[[Category:Alpine skiers at the 2011 Asian Winter Games]]

{{Kazakhstan-sport-bio-stub}}
[[Category:Asian Games gold medalists for Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Asian Games silver medalists for Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 2011 Asian Winter Games]]
[[Category:Alpine skiers at the 2017 Asian Winter Games]]

Igor Sitnikov

2017-04-09T05:31:14Z

InternetArchiveBot: Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 3 as dead. #IABot (v1.3beta4)

{{Infobox swimmer
| name = Igor Sitnikov
| image = 
| image_size = 
| caption =
| fullname = Igor Sitnikov
| nicknames =
| nationality = {{KAZ}}
| strokes = [[Freestyle swimming|Freestyle]]
| club =
| coach =
| collegeteam =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1979|7|13|df=yes}}
| birth_place =[[Temirtau]], [[Karaganda Region]], [[Kazakh SSR]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| height = {{convert|1.83|m|ftin|0|abbr=on}}
| weight = {{convert|76|kg|lb|0|abbr=on}}
| medaltemplates =
{{MedalSport | Men's [[swimming (sport)|swimming]]}}
{{MedalCountry | Kazakhstan }}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Asian Games]]}}
{{MedalBronze| [[1998 Asian Games|1998 Bangkok]] | [[Swimming at the 1998 Asian Games|100 m freestyle]]}}
{{MedalBronze| [[1998 Asian Games|1998 Bangkok]] | [[Swimming at the 1998 Asian Games|4×100 m freestyle]]}}
{{MedalBronze| [[1998 Asian Games|1998 Bangkok]] | [[Swimming at the 1998 Asian Games|4×100 m medley]]}}
| show-medals = yes
| updated =
}}

'''Igor Sitnikov''' ({{lang-kk|Игорь Ситников}}; born July 13, 1977) is a Kazakh former swimmer, who specialized in sprint freestyle events.<ref>{{cite sports-reference|Igor Sitnikov|http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/si/igor-sitnikov-1.html|10 June 2013}}</ref> He won a bronze medal at the [[1998 Asian Games]], and later represented [[Kazakhstan]] at the [[2000 Summer Olympics]].

Sitnikov made his official debut at the [[1998 Asian Games]] in [[Bangkok, Thailand]], where he shared bronze medals with China's [[Zhao Lifeng]] and Chinese Taipei's [[Huang Chih-yung]] in the 100 m freestyle (52.21).

At the [[2000 Summer Olympics]] in [[Sydney]], Sitnikov competed only in two swimming events. He eclipsed a [[FINA]] B-cut of 51.69 (100 m freestyle) from the Kazakhstan Open Championships in [[Almaty]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Swimming – Men's 100m Freestyle Startlist (Heat 5)|url=http://www.omegatiming.com/File/Download?id=000100060003000000FFFFFFFFFFFF00|format=[[PDF]]|work=[[Sydney 2000]]|publisher=Omega Timing|accessdate=23 April 2013}}</ref> On the first day of the Games, Sitnikov placed twenty-first for the Kazakhstan team in the [[Swimming at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Men's 4 × 100 metre freestyle relay|4 × 100 m freestyle relay]]. Teaming with [[Sergey Borisenko]], [[Pavel Sidorov]], and [[Andrey Kvassov]] in heat three, Sitnikov swam a lead-off leg and recorded a split of 52.56, but the Kazakhs settled only for last place in a final time of 3:28.90.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sydney 2000: Swimming – Men's 4×100m Freestyle Relay Heat 3 |url=http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/2000/Masters/sw/SWresults.pdf |format=[[PDF]] |work=[[Sydney 2000]] |publisher=[[LA84 Foundation]] |page=336 |accessdate=23 April 2013 }}{{dead link|date=April 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Newberry|first=Paul|title=Thompson anchors U.S. relay win; Thorpe wins 400 free|url=http://www.canoe.ca/2000GamesSwimming/sep16_tho.html|publisher=[[Canoe.ca]]|date=16 September 2000|accessdate=28 May 2013}}</ref> Three days later, in the [[Swimming at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Men's 100 metre freestyle|100 m freestyle]], Sitnikov placed fifty-third on the morning prelims. Swimming in heat five, he raced to a fifth seed by 0.15 seconds ahead of Chinese Taipei's [[Wu Nien-pin]] in 52.57.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sydney 2000: Swimming – Men's 100m Freestyle Heat 5 |url=http://www.la84foundation.org/6oic/OfficialReports/2000/Masters/sw/SWresults.pdf |format=[[PDF]] |work=[[Sydney 2000]] |publisher=[[LA84 Foundation]] |page=115 |accessdate=19 April 2013 }}{{dead link|date=April 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Wide-open race in the men's 100 free|url=http://www.canoe.ca/2000GamesSwimming/sep19_wid.html|publisher=[[Canoe.ca]]|date=18 September 2000|accessdate=3 June 2013}}</ref>

Two years later, at the [[2002 Asian Games]] in [[Busan, South Korea]], Sitnikov failed to medal in any of his individual events, finishing eighth in the [[Swimming at the 2002 Asian Games – Men's 50 metre freestyle|50 m freestyle]] (23.68), and eleventh, through a consolation final round, in the [[Swimming at the 2002 Asian Games – Men's 100 metre freestyle|100 m freestyle]] (52.42).<ref>{{cite news|title=Wu and Qi Win Third Gold Apiece, as China Winds Up a Dominant Performance at Asian Games |url=http://www.swimmingworldmagazine.com/lane9/news/4193.asp |publisher=[[Swimming World Magazine]] |date=5 October 2002 |accessdate=15 May 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131228210352/http://www.swimmingworldmagazine.com/lane9/news/4193.asp |archivedate=28 December 2013 |df= }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Asian Games: Japan, China Win Three Apiece on Day Four |url=http://www.swimmingworldmagazine.com/lane9/news/4186.asp |publisher=[[Swimming World Magazine]] |date=3 October 2002 |accessdate=26 April 2013 }}{{dead link|date=April 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sitnikov, Igor}}
[[Category:1977 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Kazakhstani male swimmers]]
[[Category:Olympic swimmers of Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Swimmers at the 2000 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Swimmers at the 1998 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Swimmers at the 2002 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Asian Games medalists in swimming]]
[[Category:Male freestyle swimmers]]
[[Category:People from Temirtau]]
[[Category:Asian Games bronze medalists for Kazakhstan]]

{{Kazakhstan-swimming-bio-stub}}
[[Category:Medalists at the 1998 Asian Games]]

Igor Potapovich

2017-04-09T05:24:31Z

InternetArchiveBot: Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v1.3beta4)

{{MedalTableTop|JO Atlanta 1996 - Saut à la perche.jpg|250px|Igor Potapovich in [[Atlanta]] 1996}}
{{MedalSport | Men's [[Athletics (sport)|Athletics]]}}
{{MedalCountry | {{KAZ}} }}
{{MedalCompetition|World Indoor Championships}}
{{MedalGold |[[1997 IAAF World Indoor Championships|1997 Paris]]|Pole vault}}
{{MedalSilver |[[1995 IAAF World Indoor Championships|1995 Barcelona]]|Pole vault}}
{{MedalBottom}}
'''Igor Potapovich''' (Игорь Потапович; born September 6, 1967 in [[Almaty]]) is a former [[pole vault]] athlete from [[Kazakhstan]]. Potapovich won his first World Junior Championship in 1986. He won the World Cup in 1992. He also finished second at the [[1995 IAAF World Indoor Championships]] and became the indoor World Champion two years later in 1997.

Potapovich also won the [[Asian Games]] in [[1994 Asian Games|1994]] and the [[1998 Asian Games|1998]]. Potapovich finished 4th at the 1996 Olympic Games and did not make the finals of the 2000 Olympic Games. His personal best was 5.92 metres.

==International competitions==
{| {{AchievementTable}}
|-
!colspan="5"|Representing the {{URS}}
|-
|1986
|[[1986 World Junior Championships in Athletics|World Indoor Championships]]
|[[Athens, Greece]]
|bgcolor=gold|1st
|[[1986 World Junior Championships in Athletics – Men's pole vault|5.50 m]]
|-
|1989
|[[1989 European Athletics Indoor Championships|European Indoor Championships]]
|[[Hague, Netherlands]]
|bgcolor=silver|2nd
|[[1989 European Athletics Indoor Championships – Men's pole vault|5.75 m]]
|-
|1992
|[[Athletics at the 1990 Goodwill Games|Goodwill Games]]
|[[Seattle, United States]]
|7th
|[[Athletics at the 1990 Goodwill Games – Results#Pole vault|5.57 m]]
|-
!colspan="5"|Representing the {{EUN}}
|-
|1992
|[[1992 IAAF World Cup|World Cup]]
|[[Havana, Cuba]]
|bgcolor=gold|1st
|[[1992 IAAF World Cup results#Pole vault|5.60 m]]
|-
!colspan="5"|Representing {{KAZ}}
|-
|rowspan=3|1993
|[[1993 IAAF World Indoor Championships|World Indoor Championships]]
|[[Toronto, Canada]]
|9th
|[[1993 IAAF World Indoor Championships – Men's pole vault|5.50 m]]
|-
|[[1993 World Championships in Athletics|World Championships]]
|[[Stuttgart, Germany]]
|14th (q)
|[[1993 World Championships in Athletics – Men's pole vault|5.65 m]]
|-
|[[1993 Asian Championships in Athletics|Asian Championships]]
|[[Manila, Philippines]]
|bgcolor=silver|2nd
|5.50 m
|-
|1994
|[[Athletics at the 1994 Asian Games|Asian Games]]
|[[Hiroshima, Japan]]
|bgcolor=gold|1st
|5.65 m
|-
|rowspan=2|1995
|[[1995 IAAF World Indoor Championships|World Indoor Championships]]
|[[Barcelona, Spain]]
|bgcolor=silver|2nd
|[[1995 IAAF World Indoor Championships – Men's pole vault|5.80 m]]
|-
|[[1995 World Championships in Athletics|World Championships]]
|[[Gothenburg, Sweden]]
|9th
|[[1995 World Championships in Athletics – Men's pole vault|5.60 m]]
|-
|1996
|[[Athletics at the 1996 Summer Olympics|Summer Olympics]]
|[[Atlanta, United States]]
|4th
|[[Athletics at the 1996 Summer Olympics – Men's pole vault|5.86 m]]
|-
|rowspan=2|1997
|[[1997 IAAF World Indoor Championships|World Indoor Championships]]
|[[Paris, France]]
|bgcolor=gold|1st
|[[1997 IAAF World Indoor Championships – Men's pole vault|5.90 m]]
|-
|[[1997 World Championships in Athletics|World Championships]]
|[[Athens, Greece]]
|14th (q)
|[[1997 World Championships in Athletics – Men's pole vault|5.60 m]]
|-
|rowspan=3|1998
|[[1998 Asian Championships in Athletics|Asian Championships]]
|[[Fukuoka, Japan]]
|bgcolor=gold|1st
|5.55 m
|-
|[[1998 IAAF World Cup|World Cup]]
|[[Johannesburg, South Africa]]
|4th
|[[1998 IAAF World Cup results#Pole vault|5.60 m]]1
|-
|[[Athletics at the 1998 Asian Games|Asian Games]]
|[[Bangkok, Thailand]]
|bgcolor=gold|1st
|[[Athletics at the 1998 Asian Games – Men's pole vault|5.55 m]]
|-
|rowspan=2|1999
|[[1999 IAAF World Indoor Championships|World Indoor Championships]]
|[[Maebashi, Japan]]
|4th
|[[1999 IAAF World Indoor Championships – Men's pole vault|5.70 m]]
|-
|[[1999 World Championships in Athletics|World Championships]]
|[[Seville, Spain]]
|7th
|[[1999 World Championships in Athletics – Men's pole vault|5.70 m]]
|-
|2000
|[[Athletics at the 2000 Summer Olympics|Summer Olympics]]
|[[Sydney, Australia]]
| –
|[[Athletics at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Men's pole vault|NM]]
|}
1Representing Asia

==External links==
*{{iaaf name|id=2313|name=Igor Potapovich}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110519162332/http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/po/igor-potapovich-1.html sports-reference]
 
{{Footer World Indoor Champions Pole Vault Men}}
{{Footer Asian Games Champions Pole Vault Men}}
{{Footer IAAF World Cup Champions Pole Vault Men}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Potapovich, Igor}}
[[Category:1967 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Almaty]]
[[Category:Kazakhstani male pole vaulters]]
[[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 1996 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 2000 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Olympic athletes of Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 1994 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Athletes (track and field) at the 1998 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Asian Games medalists in athletics (track and field)]]

{{Kazakhstan-athletics-bio-stub}}

Igor Pirekeyev

2017-04-09T05:22:44Z

InternetArchiveBot: Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v1.3beta4)

{{MedalTableTop}}
{{MedalSport | Men's [[shooting sports|shooting]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Asian Games]]}}
{{MedalCountry | {{TKM}} }}
{{MedalGold| [[1998 Asian Games|1998 Bangkok]] | [[Shooting at the 1998 Asian Games|50 m rifle prone]]}}
{{MedalGold| [[2002 Asian Games|2002 Busan]] | [[Shooting at the 2002 Asian Games|50 m rifle 3 positions]]}}
{{MedalSilver| [[2002 Asian Games|2002 Busan]] | [[Shooting at the 2002 Asian Games|50 m rifle prone]]}}
{{MedalSilver| [[2006 Asian Games|2006 Doha]] | [[Shooting at the 2006 Asian Games|50 m rifle prone]]}}
{{MedalCountry | {{KAZ}} }}
{{MedalSilver| [[2010 Asian Games|2010 Guangzhou]] | [[Shooting at the 2010 Asian Games|50 m rifle 3 positions team]]}}
{{MedalBronze| [[2010 Asian Games|2010 Guangzhou]] | [[Shooting at the 2010 Asian Games|50 m rifle prone team]]}}
{{MedalBottom}}
'''Igor Pirekeyev''' (Игорь Пирекеев; born May 16, 1971 in [[Ashgabat]], [[Turkmen SSR]]) is a former [[Turkmenistan]]i and current [[Kazakhstan|Kazakh]] [[sport shooting|shooter]] and two-time gold medalist at the [[Asian Games]]. He also competed for Turkmenistan at the [[Summer Olympics]] in [[1996 Summer Olympics|1996]], [[2000 Summer Olympics|2000]] and [[2004 Summer Olympics|2004]]. At the 2000 Olympics, Pirekeyev qualified for the final round of the [[Shooting at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Men's 50 metre rifle prone|men's 50 metre rifle prone]] event and finished in seventh place.<ref>{{cite web|title=Igor Pirekeyev |url=http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/pi/igor-pirekeyev-1.html |website=Olympics at Sports-Reference.com |publisher=[[Sports Reference]] |accessdate=August 8, 2016 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161203194257/http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/pi/igor-pirekeyev-1.html |archivedate=December 3, 2016 |df= }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pirekeyev, Igor}}
[[Category:1971 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Ashgabat]]
[[Category:Turkmenistan male sport shooters]]
[[Category:Kazakhstani male sport shooters]]
[[Category:Shooters at the 1996 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Shooters at the 2000 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Shooters at the 2004 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Olympic shooters of Turkmenistan]]
[[Category:Asian Games medalists in shooting]]
[[Category:Shooters at the 1994 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Shooters at the 1998 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Shooters at the 2002 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Shooters at the 2006 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Shooters at the 2010 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Shooters at the 2014 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Asian Games gold medalists for Turkmenistan]]
[[Category:Asian Games silver medalists for Turkmenistan]]
[[Category:Asian Games silver medalists for Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Asian Games bronze medalists for Kazakhstan]]

{{Kazakhstan-sportshooting-bio-stub}}
[[Category:Medalists at the 1998 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 2002 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 2006 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 2010 Asian Games]]

Igor Klimov (wrestler)

2017-04-09T05:01:18Z

InternetArchiveBot: Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v1.3beta4)

'''Igor Klimov''' (born 1 June 1962) is a [[Kazakhstan]]i former [[Amateur wrestling|wrestler]] who competed in the [[1996 Summer Olympics]].<ref name=sref>{{cite web|title=Olympics |url=http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/kl/igor-klimov-1.html |publisher=sports-reference |accessdate=11 July 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121106185334/http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/kl/igor-klimov-1.html |archivedate=6 November 2012 |df= }}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Klimov, Igor}}
[[Category:1962 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Olympic wrestlers of Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Wrestlers at the 1996 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Kazakhstani male sport wrestlers]]
[[Category:Asian Games medalists in wrestling]]
[[Category:Wrestlers at the 1994 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Wrestlers at the 1998 Asian Games]]

{{Kazakhstan-wrestling-bio-stub}}

Karagandy Zoo

2017-04-05T22:43:25Z

InternetArchiveBot: Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v1.3beta4) (DragonflySixtyseven)

{{Infobox zoo
|zoo_name='''Қарағанды хайуанаттар бағы''' Karagandy Zoo
|logo=
|logo_width=150px
|logo_caption=Karaganda Zoo Logo
|image=Argali.jpg
|image_width=150px
|image_caption=1st logo of the Karaganda zoo.
|date_opened=1936/1938
|date_closed=
|location=[[Karaganda]], [[Kazakhstan]]
|area={{Convert|107.5|acre|ha}}
|coordinates={{Coord|49|47|12.21|N|73|3|36.86|E|region:KZ_type:landmark_scale:800|display=inline,title}}
|num_animals=1000+ (1990)
|num_species=250 (1990)
|members=
|exhibits=
|website=
}}

The '''Karagandy Zoo''' ({{lang-kk|Қарағанды хайуантар бағы}}; {{lang-ru|Карагандинский зоопарк}}) is the state [[zoo]] of the city [[Karaganda]] in [[Kazakhstan]]. The Karagandy Zoo covers {{convert|107.5|acre|ha}}, and is one of the largest and oldest zoological parks in the Republic of Kazakhstan.

The zoo is best known as the home of the "talking" elephant [[Batyr]] until his death in 1993.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.elephant.se/database2.php?elephant_id=306
|title=Batyr at Karaganda Zoo
|work=elephant.se
|publisher=Elephant Encyclopedia
|accessdate=2 December 2012
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-16871325
|title=Kazakhstan zoo monkeys given wine 'to ward off flu'
|work=bbc.co.uk
|publisher=[[BBC]]
|accessdate=2 December 2012
}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of zoos]]
* [[Batyr]], the zoo's talking elephant
* [[Almaty Zoo]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{commonscat-inline|Karaganda zoo}}

* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120311155747/http://karaganda-zoo.livejournal.com/ Karaganda Zoo]

{{Zoos of Kazakhstan}}

[[Category:Zoos in Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Karaganda|Zoo]]

{{zoo-stub}}

Nagima Eskalieva

2017-04-05T21:45:17Z

InternetArchiveBot: Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v1.3beta4) (DragonflySixtyseven)

{{Infobox musical artist
| image = Nagima Eskaliyeva.jpg
| image_size =
| name = Nagima Eskalieva
| background = solo_singer
| birth_name = Nagima Kabdulovna Eskalieva
| alias =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1954|02|03}}
| birth_place = [[Fabrichnyy]], [[Almaty Region]], [[Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic|Kazakhstan]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| origin =
| instrument =
| genre = Kazakh pop, Kazakh folk
| occupation = [[Singer]], [[actress]]
| years_active = 1979 – present
| label =
| associated_acts = Almas Kishkenbayev Asel Karsybaeva
| website =
| notable_instruments =
}}

'''Nagima Eskalieva''' ({{lang-kk|Нағима Есқалиева}}) (born February 3, 1954 in [[Fabrichnyy]], [[Zhambyl District, Almaty Region|Zhambyl District]], [[Almaty Region]]) is a [[Kazakhs]]tani [[singer]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kino-teatr.ru/kino/acter/w/star/254991/bio/|script-title=ru:Нагима Ескалиева|publisher=Кино-Театр|language=Russian|accessdate=31 December 2010}}</ref> and awarded national artist of the [[Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic]].

==Early life==
Eskalieva was born in an industrial area to Habdul Eskaliev and his wife Visilia, who were both workers in the region. She was the oldest of five children and grew up under basic conditions.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kstnews.kz/index.php?a=1054&page=2|title=Костанайские новости|publisher=}}</ref> She has three sisters and one brother.

==Career==

After graduating in the Republican School of Variety and Circus Arts (the vocal class of L.Kesoglu) and Alma-Ata Musical School (Department of Choral Conducting, Eskalieva became an ensemble member of the famous ''Gulder'' (Гүлдер) formation. She first rose to popularity when she participated on the [[Soviet Union|soviet]] Singing Competition ''With Song through Life'' (С песней по жизни) in 1979, which she won.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kstnews.kz/index.php?a=1054|title=Костанайские новости|publisher=}}</ref><ref>http://www.kazpravda.kz/rus/kuljtura/s_ljubovjju_k_pesne.html</ref> After that she went on to become one of the most well-known singers of Kazakhstan and was touring through the entire Soviet Union. She eventually moved to [[Moscow]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://40millionshow.livejournal.com/5254.html |title=Мурат Оспанов и Нагима Ескалиева |first=2011-03-19 15:09:00 40millionshow 40millionshow 2011-03-19 15:09:00 |last=40millionshowwrote |publisher= |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110810201645/http://40millionshow.livejournal.com/5254.html |archivedate=2011-08-10 |df= }}</ref> and from then on also went on tour in [[Algeria]], [[Cuba]], [[Czechoslovakia]], [[Denmark]] and the [[German Democratic Republic]]. In 1984, she went on winning the [[Golden Orpheus]] Festival in [[Sofia]]. Eskalievas range goes from Kazakh Folk Songs to modern compositions. In 2008, she recorded a charity Single with the boygroup ''Percy'' to support children suffering of [[Cardiac disease]]. First planning on becoming an actress, she occasionally appeared in front of the film camera.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.nur.kz/135104.html|title=Нагима Ескалиева: У меня есть молодые мальчики-поклонники|first=|last=NUR.KZ|publisher=}}</ref> Throughout the years, Eskalieva has been supportive of aspiring singers in her home country. In 1996, she founded a Music Atelier aiming to find and support young singing talent in Kazakhstan. She was a jury member in ''[[SuperStar KZ|SuperStar KZ 3 & 4]]'', the Kazakh version of ''[[Pop Idol]]'' as well as on ''[[X Factor (Kazakhstan)|X Factor]]'', where she was the winning mentor in the second season held in 2012 with her contestant Andrey Tikhonov. Currently she is teaching at the ''Academy of Vocal Arts Zhurgenev''.

==Personal life==

Eskalieva was married two times and has a son called Aleksander (born 1983), who auditioned when she was leading the jury of [[SuperStar KZ]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.np.kz/index.php?newsid=867|title=Нагима Ескалиева: В душе я хрупкая|publisher=}}</ref>

==Discography==
*2004: ''Nashi 3'' singing ''Молва''
*2006: ''Мой HiT #3'' (My HiT #3) singing ''Прости'' (Simple)
*2008: ''Мама'' (Mother) feat. Percy (Перцы)

==Filmography==
*1982: Родные степи
*1983: Искупи вину
*2009: Kairat Champion. Virgin #1 (Кайрат-чемпион. Девственник №1)

==Awards==
*1979: Grand prix of USSR National TV Song Contest "С песней по жизни"
*1984: [[Lenin Komsomol Prize]]
*1984: [[Golden Orpheus]] Festival
*National artist of the [[Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
*[http://biografia.kz/famous/1242 Biography at Biografia.kz]
*[http://www.xfactor.kz/ru/jury/ Profile on X-Factor Homepage]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Eskalieva, Nagima}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1954 births]]
[[Category:Kazakhstani female singers]]
[[Category:Soviet female singers]]
[[Category:SuperStar KZ]]
[[Category:People from Almaty Region]]

Sergei Lukyanenko

2017-04-05T19:56:56Z

InternetArchiveBot: Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 4 as dead. #IABot (v1.3beta4) (DragonflySixtyseven)

{{Infobox writer 
| name = Sergei Vasilievich Lukyanenko
| image = Sergey Lukyanenko MOW 03-2011.jpg
| image_size = 250px
| caption = Sergei Lukyanenko in 2011
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1968|4|11|mf=y}}
| birth_place = [[Karatau]], [[Kazakhstan]], [[Soviet Union|USSR]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| occupation = Physician, Writer, Journalist, Blogger
| nationality = [[Russia]]n
| genre = [[Science Fiction]], [[Fantasy Fiction|Fantasy]]
| movement =
| notableworks = [[Labyrinth of Reflections]], [[Night Watch (Russian novel)|Night Watch series]]
| influences = [[Robert A. Heinlein]], [[Strugatsky brothers]], [[Vladislav Krapivin]]
| influenced =
| website = {{URL|http://www.lukianenko.ru/}}
}}

'''Sergei Vasilievich Lukyanenko''' ({{lang-ru|Серге́й Васи́льевич Лукья́ненко}}, {{IPA-ru|sʲɪrˈɡʲej vɐˈsʲilʲjəvʲɪtɕ luˈkjænʲɪnkə}}) (born 11 April 1968) is a [[science fiction]] and [[fantasy]] author, writing in [[Russian language|Russian]], and is one of the most popular contemporary [[Russian science fiction and fantasy|Russian science fiction writers]]. His works often feature intense [[Action genre|action]]-packed plots, interwoven with the [[moral dilemma]] of keeping one's [[Human nature|humanity]] while being strong.

Recently his works have been adapted into [[film]] productions, for which he wrote the screenplays. He was also a blogger, keeping a blog at [[LiveJournal]],<ref>{{cite web | url = http://doctor_livsy.livejournal.com/ | script-title=ru:Судовой журнал Доктора Ливси | first = Sergei | last = Lukyanenko | work = [[LiveJournal]] | language = Russian}}</ref> and posting both personal and public information or snippets of a book in progress. His first blog was discontinued on 11 July 2008 after a conflict with readers over the issue of foreign (American) adoptions of Russian children.<ref>{{cite news | url = http://lenta.ru/news/2008/07/12/livsy/ | work = [[Lenta.Ru]] | script-title=ru:Сергей Лукьяненко ушел из ЖЖ | date = 12 July 2008 | language = Russian}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://doctor-livsy.livejournal.com/366225.html |first=Sergei |last=Lukyanenko |work=[[LiveJournal]] |script-title=ru:Хорошо. Вы меня убедили. |trans_title=Ok. You have convinced me. |date=11 July 2007 |language=Russian }}{{dead link|date=April 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
He started another blog a few days later, promising firmer moderation policies.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dr-piliulkin.livejournal.com/ |script-title=ru:Приемный Покой Доктора Пилюлькина |first=Sergei |last=Lukyanenko |work=[[LiveJournal]] |language=Russian |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130215051232/http://dr-piliulkin.livejournal.com/ |archivedate=2013-02-15 |df= }}</ref>
[[File:Lukianenko, Sergey.jpg|thumb|250px]]
==Biography==
Lukyanenko was born in [[Karatau]], [[Kazakhstan]], then a part of the [[Soviet Union]], to a [[Russians|Russian]]-[[Ukrainians|Ukrainian]] father and a [[Tatars|Tatar]] mother. After graduating from school, he moved to [[Alma-Ata]], and enrolled at the Alma-Ata State Medical Institute in 1986 majoring in [[psychotherapy]]. After graduation in 1992, he worked at a hospital in Alma-Ata, specializing in [[Child and adolescent psychiatry|child psychiatry]], but soon abandoned his practice, as already poor Soviet physician wages plummeted with the fall of the Soviet Union, making it virtually impossible to support a family. He had started writing as a student, and had just started making money from it. During this time he became an active member in Russian [[fandom]], visiting conventions and attending seminars all around the Soviet Union.

In 1993, he was appointed deputy [[editing|editor]] at a local Science Fiction magazine, where he worked until 1996. This was one of the hardest periods of Sergei's life, as his family struggled to make ends meet. He often attributes the rather grim tones of his works to those financial and personal hardships. However, by the mid-90's the situation improved drastically, but soon his growing popularity as a writer made frequent trips to [[Russia]] increasingly burdensome. Thus, in 1996 Lukyanenko moved to Moscow, where he currently resides.

===Family life===

{{BLP unsourced section|date=June 2011}}

Sergei Lukyanenko met his future wife, Sonya, early in 1990, while still at university. He married her later the same year. She is a fellow [[psychologist]], and she graduated from [[Al-Farabi University|Kazakh state university]]. She now holds a [[Ph.D. degree]] in child psychology, and she taught psychology at the [[Russian State University for the Humanities]] until 2003. Their first son, Artemy Lukyanenko, was born in February 2004. Their second son, Daniil, was born 23 November 2007.

They also kept pet mice (the first one was called Stremitelny - Quick, and the next pair was Mulder and Scully) for some time, and their offspring were "awarded" to friends and fans. This became a running joke in Russian fandom. He still collects toy and souvenir mouse figures. They also own two [[Yorkshire Terrier]]s named Busya and Varya.

===Name transliteration===
Lukyanenko's name is [[Romanization of Russian|romanized]] as ''Sergey Lukianenko'' on the English version of his official website<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.lukianenko.ru/biography_eng/ | title = Sergey Lukianenko. Official site}}</ref> and as ''Sergei Lukyanenko'' by his publisher on works translated into English.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.amazon.com/dp/1401360211/ | work = [[Amazon.com]] | title = The Twilight Watch}}</ref> Other spellings such as ''Sergey Lukyanenko'' are also found.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.rusf.ru/lukian/english/ | title = Sergey Lukyanenko. Science Fiction Writer. Official Web Page | work = Russian Science Fiction & Fantasy}}</ref>

==Writing career==

===Early years===
Lukyanenko started writing in the mid-80s, and his first publication, a short story ''Misconduct'' (not ''[[Where The Mean Enemy Lurks]]'', as it was published later, although written earlier), followed soon in 1988. Science fiction was a risky business in Soviet Union, exposed to the whim of its political masters and often facing their wrath, as it was viewed chiefly as a political tool rather than an art, but at that time it was viewed somewhat benevolently, and he was able to jump the bandwagon of the state support, attending a number of [[literary seminars]] and publishing a bunch of [[novellas]] and short stories.

First works of this period shows clear influence of famous Russian children's author and teacher [[Vladislav Krapivin]], a fan of whose Lukyanenko remains up to this day. These works, such as novella ''[[Eighth Color of Rainbow]]'' featured the same themes of [[coming of age]], loyalty and friendship, as well as teenage [[protagonists]] and [[target audience]]. However, he soon moved from imitation to the polemic position towards Krapivin's somewhat idealistic views of children and their interaction. In the 1994 novel ''[[Knights of Forty Islands|Knights of 40 islands]]'' Lukyanenko firmly established himself as an author of the [[William Golding|Golding]]ian tradition.

===Rise through ranks===
However, the [[History of the Soviet Union (1985–1991)|dissolution of Soviet Union]] and the switch to the [[market economy]] delivered a terrible blow to its literary community, as Russian authors now had to struggle with unfamiliar realities of a free publishing system. The hopes of a creative boom never materialized, as publishers were eager to exploit the lucrative [[mass market paperback|pulp literature]] market (virtually nonexistent before) largely ignoring the existing literature establishment. This led to rather low confidence in domestic authors, and it was extremely hard to find a publisher ready to invest in a local writer.

Lukyanenko, though, fared somewhat better than the others, already having made something of a name in Russian science-fiction circles. (For a discussion of the evolution of the Soviet science fiction field during these decades, see Patrick L. McGuire's review of Lukyanenko's ''[[Genome (novel)|Genome]]'' in ''[[The New York Review of Science Fiction]]''.<ref>{{cite journal |author= McGuire, Patrick L. |date=January 2012 |title= Lukyanenko's ''Genom'': Breezes through the Reopened Window on the West |journal= The New York Review of Science Fiction |volume= 24 |issue= 5 |publisher= Dragon Press |location= Pleasantville, NY |pages= 12–17}}</ref>) Nascent [[Wide area network|computer networks]] (mainly [[FidoNet]]), distributing electronic copies of his works, also helped to create demand for printed versions. Another contribution was his writing style, combining intricate but captivating plots with deep intrigue and concentrated action. Thus, when tides started to shift in mid-90s, Lukyanenko already was a well-known figure in Russian SF.

His books at the time included the aforementioned ''Knights of the 40 Islands'', plus ''[[Nuclear Dream]]'', a collection of short stories and novellas, published in 1992, and two [[space opera]] trilogies: the unusual ''[[Line of Delirium]]'', the setting of which was loosely based on that of the ''[[Master of Orion]]'' series of [[videogames]], and the earlier ''[[Lord from Planet Earth]]'', based on the rather dark setting brought forth in his early short stories (ironically called ''[[A Splendid Faraway Universe]]''). His most striking and dark book, ''[[Autumn Visits]]'', was also written during that time, when the author was struggling with [[depression (mood)|depression]].

The cult classic ''[[Labyrinth of Reflections]]'', a book heavily based on various internet subcultures and [[cyberpunk]] mythos, is another product of this period. It is worth noting that although ''Labyrinth'' is often labeled as cyberpunk, it is a rather straight romance story, hardly meeting [[Dozois criterion]], and, more to the fact, was written when the author didn't even have an Internet connection -- all his internet knowledge was limited to FIDONet membership.

===A road to success===
Exploiting the new fancy for domestic writers, Sergey moved from Kazakhstan to Moscow, marking the end of his early period. He continued to write there, now often venturing into literary experiments – like the religiously themed [[Alternate history|alternative history]] dilogy ''[[Seekers of Heaven]]'', where he experimented with language stylization. He also continued several series started in his earlier period, and started several new ones (often in his favorite genre of space opera) – like the ''[[Genome (novel)|Genome]]'' series, now featuring two novels (''[[Genome (novel)|Genome]]'' and ''[[Dances on the Snow]]'') and the ''[[Cripples]]'' novella, or ''[[The Stars Are Cold Toys]]'' dilogy, sharing the same themes with [[David Brin]]'s ''[[Uplift Universe|Uplift]]'' series.

===Breakthrough===
One of the novels completed in the previous period finally brought a breakthrough to his career, taking it out of the "SF ghetto" and into the mainstream conscience. The novel ''[[Night Watch (Russian novel)|Night Watch]]'' marked Lukyanenko's return to the fantasy genre, which he repeatedly visited during his career, but never ventured into seriously. Even in this novel he stayed in the less radical realm of [[urban fantasy]]; however, his gloomy but picturesque settings and vivid characters brought him a considerable success. He struck gold when improvements in the Russian economy permitted financing which revitalized a dormant domestic movie industry.

The 2004 film ''[[Night Watch (2004 movie)|Night Watch]]'' (Nochnoy dozor), based on the book, was regarded as "the first Russian blockbuster." The film grossed over $16 million in Russia, a box office record at that time. In the [[United States]], an adaptation of the film was released by [[Fox Searchlight]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://content.foxsearchlight.com/films/node/439 | title = Night Watch | work = [[Fox Searchlight]]}}</ref> The film ''[[Day Watch (film)|Day Watch]]'' (Dnevnoy dozor) was released in Russia on January 1, 2006, and it was released in the US on June 1, 2007.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0409904/releaseinfo | work = [[IMDb]] | title = Release dates for Dnevnoy dozor (2006)}}</ref>

The immense popularity of the movie transformed Lukyanenko from an author "widely known in narrow circles" of science fiction fans into an instant celebrity. He became the official "flagship" of Russian SF and since then has made a number of a public appearances in various TV shows and other venues. He also released a number of sequels to the ''Watch'' series. In addition to the sequels, he published a short story ''[[Kid Watch]]'' (Melkiy dozor) featuring a teenage agent of the Day Watch who is also the son of a member of the Russian counter-intelligence service which monitors the Others.

Since then, a number of other movie adaptations of his books have been considered. To date, only one of these projects, a 2005 children's film ''[[Asiris Nuna]]'', based on ''[[Today, Mother!]]'', a humor novella coauthored with [[Yuly Burkin]], has been completed; several other movies, however, seem to remain in production. In many of these projects Lukyanenko acts as both scriptwriter and consultant.

In the meantime, several other books have been released by him, such as the deeply philosophical, non-series novel ''[[Spectrum (Russian novel)|Spectrum]]'' which deals with the themes of existentialism and omnipotence, among others. He also published a closely connected series, the novels ''[[Rough Draft (novel)|Rough Draft]]'' and ''[[Final Draft (novel)|Final Draft]]''.

==Foreign releases==
Until recently relatively few of Lukyanenko's works have been released outside of Russia, mostly in Baltic states, Bulgaria and Poland, countries with traditionally strong ties with Russian literature. Even fewer were commercially published in English, partly because Western publishers were apprehensive about the state of modern Russian [[copyright]] laws. However, success of the movies finally changed the situation. ''[[Night Watch (Russian novel)|Night Watch]]'', translated by [[Andrew Bromfield]], was published in English in July 2006,<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.amazon.com/dp/1401359795 | title = Night Watch, US | work = [[Amazon.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/0434014125 | title = Night Watch, UK, paperback | work = [[Amazon.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/0434016098 | title = Night Watch, UK, hardcover | work = [[Amazon.com]]}}</ref> ''[[Day Watch (Russian novel)|Day Watch]]'' followed in January 2007,<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.amazon.com/dp/1401360203 | title = Day Watch, US, paperback | work = [[Amazon.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/0434014435 | title = Day Watch, UK, paperback | work = [[Amazon.com]]}}</ref> ''[[Twilight Watch (Russian novel)|Twilight Watch]]'' was published in July 2007. 2009 saw the international publication of ''[[Last Watch]]'' by Hyperion Press.

Other foreign publication in major European and Asian languages appeared in the last two years, mostly brought to life by the success of the movies. These publications mostly centered around the ''Watch'' series, although other works are also being considered. Reviews of the books are generally positive.

==Literary analysis==
Lukyanenko himself said that his work has been heavily influenced by that of [[Robert A. Heinlein]],{{Citation needed|date=February 2008}} the [[Strugatsky brothers]],<ref name="ozon-interview">{{cite web | url = http://www.ozon.ru/context/detail/id/196098/ | title = Сергей Лукьяненко: `Жить нормально могу только в России` | trans_title = Sergei Lukyanenko: `I can live a normal life only in Russia` |date=May 1998 | work = OZON.ru | first = Aleksandr | last = Royfe}}</ref> and [[Vladislav Krapivin]],<ref name="ozon-interview" /> and that he hopes to be remembered as a literary follower of the Strugatsky brothers. Although his books are often set in harsh worlds, Lukyanenko is a [[Humanism|humanist]] writer, and in this sense believes he follows in the footsteps of the Strugatsky brothers. In May 2000, Boris Strugatsky referred to the spirit of the brothers' books as "that goodness with fists, those tortured attempts by the heroes to remain kind while being strong", and added "this is the underlying theme for Lukyanenko: how to preserve your goodness in the world of evil when you are strong and well-armed."<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.rusf.ru/abs/int0020.htm | title = OFF-LINE интервью с Борисом СТРУГАЦКИМ | trans_title = OFF-LINE interview with Boris Strugatsky |date=May 2000 | work = Russian Science Fiction & Fantasy :Arkady and Boris Strugatsky}}</ref>

==Position on copyright and politics==
Lukyanenko has been known as an avid supporter of copyright, as seen from many statements on his blog.{{Citation needed|date=November 2010}}

In November 2010 he carried out a study of sorts, asking his readers to donate a [[Russian ruble]] in exchange for a piece of his work that he would release freely. Only about 5% of the blog visitors responded casting some strong doubts on the feasibility of this sales model in Russia.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://valio98.blog.bg/technology/2010/11/29/.642243 | title = THE E-BOOK SALES IN RUSSIA – AN EXPERIMENT BY SERGEY LUKYANENKO |date=Nov 2010 | work = Valentin D. Ivanov's blog}}</ref>

On his website and in his blog Lukyanenko has repeatedly spoken out against the adoption of Russian orphans by foreigners, especially by Americans.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://lukianenko.ru/news_rus/208.html | title = Sergei Lukyanenko about the adoption of Russian children by U.S. citizens }}</ref> He welcomed [[Dima Yakovlev Law|the bill banning US adoption of Russian children]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dr-piliulkin.livejournal.com/394577.html?thread=50475089#t50475089|title=Приемный Покой Доктора Пилюлькина - Занимательная дискуссия|publisher=|accessdate=9 July 2015}}</ref> This bill was adopted in response of [[Magnitsky Act]].

Consistently promoting sharply anti-Ukrainian views in his books, Lukyanenko was critical of the [[Euromaidan]] movement, saying that what will follow it will be a forced Ukrainization, which is "as much of a crime as a forced sex change". Interestingly, Lukyanenko, having Ukrainian ancestry himself, threatens authors who support the Euromaidan that he will make every effort to prevent their books being published in Russia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dr-piliulkin.livejournal.com/501944.html |title=Приемный Покой Доктора Пилюлькина - Я все сказал уже давно |publisher= |accessdate=9 July 2015 }}{{dead link|date=April 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> He also forbade the translation of his books into Ukrainian.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kp.ru/daily/26198.5/3085524/|title=Сергей Лукьяненко о событиях на Украине: "Насильная дерусификация - это такое же преступление, как насильственная смена пола"|author=ЗАО ИД «Комсомольская правда»|work=ЗАО ИД «Комсомольская правда»|accessdate=9 July 2015}}</ref>

He welcomed [[2014 Russian military intervention in Ukraine|the accession of the Crimea to the Russian Federation]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dr-piliulkin.livejournal.com/512634.html |title=Приемный Покой Доктора Пилюлькина - Кратко и не кратко |publisher= |accessdate=9 July 2015 }}{{dead link|date=April 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

Earlier Lukyanenko boycotted Denmark because of the culling of a [[Marius (giraffe)|giraffe at the Copenhagen Zoo]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dr-piliulkin.livejournal.com/499307.html |title=Приемный Покой Доктора Пилюлькина - Два мира - два жирафа |publisher= |accessdate=9 July 2015 }}{{dead link|date=April 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

==List of works==
{{See also|Sergey Lukyanenko bibliography}}

{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-break}}

===Short stories===
*''Misconduct''
*''H is for Human''
*''Nuclear Dream''
*''Gadget''

===Novels===
*''[[The Boy and the Darkness]]''
*''[[Autumn Visits]]''
*''[[Not the Time for Dragons]]''
*''[[Dances on the Snow]]''
*''[[Spectrum (Russian novel)|Spectrum]]''
*''Competitors''
*"[[QuaZi]]"

{{Col-break}}

====Series====
*''[[A Lord from Planet Earth]]''
*''Island Russia''
*''[[Line of Delirium]]''
*''[[Labyrinth of Reflections]]''
*''[[Genome (novel)|Genome]]''

====Tetralogy====
*''Knights of Forty islands''
*''[[The Stars Are Cold Toys]]''
*''[[Cold Coasts]]''
*''[[Rough Draft (novel)|Rough Draft]]''

{{Col-break}}

==== Hexalogy ====
*''[[Night Watch (Russian novel)|Night Watch]]''
*''[[Day Watch (novel)|Day Watch]]''
*''[[Twilight Watch]]''
*''[[Last Watch]]''
*''[[New Watch (novel)|New Watch]]''
*''[[Sixth Watch (novel)|Sixth Watch]]''
{{col-end}}

==Awards==
{| class="wikitable"
! Year !! Awarder !! Award
|-
! 1993
| "Aelita"
| "Start Award" for his tale ''Atomny son'' (''Атомный сон'' – Nuclear Dream)
|-
! rowspan="2" | 1995
| "Interpresscon"
| short form "Interpresscon Award" for his short story ''Fugu v mundire'' – ''Poached fugu''
|-
| "Sibcon"
| "Sword of Rumatha" Award for "Knights of forty islands" novel
|-
! 1996
| "Interpresscon"
| "Interpresscon Award" for "Servant" tale
|-
! 1997
| "Stranger"
| "Sword of Rumatha" Award for "Imperiors of Illusions" dilogy
|-
! rowspan="2" | 1998
| "SF Forum"
| "Sigma-F" Award for "Autumn Visits" novel
|-
| "Zilantkon"
| Award "Big [[Zilant]]" for "Labyrinth of Reflections" novel
|-
! rowspan="4" | 1999
| "Aelita"
| "Aelita" award for general progress in the Science Fiction genre
|-
| "Stranger"
| "Stranger" award in the nomination "Major form" for "Night Watch" novel
|-
| "Star Bridge"
| "Silver Kladutsey" award in the nomination "Serials and sequels" for "False Mirrors" novel
|-
| "Star Bridge"
| "Silver Kladutsey" award in the nomination "Major form" for "Night Watch" novel
|-
! rowspan="4" | 2000
| "Interpresscon"
| "Interpresscon" award in the nomination "Major form" for "False Mirrors" novel
|-
| Special Award
| "Best literature murder of Yury Semetsky" for "Genome" novel
|-
| "Star Bridge"
| "Gold Kladutsey" award in the nomination "Serials and sequels" for "Day Watch" novel
|-
| Special Award
| from the "Kharkov's institute crankes" award for outstanding merits in the Science Fiction
|-
! rowspan="5" | 2001
| "Russcon"
| "Gold Russcon" award for "Day Watch" novel
|-
| "Interpresscon"
| "Russian S.F." award for "Seekers of the Sky" dilogy
|-
| "Lituanikon"
| 1st place in the nomination "best novel of foreign author"
|-
| "Star Bridge"
| "Silver Kladutsey" award in the nomination "Serials and sequels" for "Morning Nears" novel
|-
| "Stranger"
| "Stranger" award in the nomination "Minor form" for "Evening conference with Mr Separate Deputy" short story
|-
! rowspan="2" | 2002
| "Ruscon"
| "Alisa" award for "Dances in the Snow" novel
|-
| "Interpresscon"
| "Interpresscon" award in the nomination "Minor form" for "From fate" short story
|-
! rowspan="8" | 2003
| "Ruscon"
| "Gold russcon" award for "Spectrum" novel
|-
| "Ruscon"
| "Silver russcon" award for "Frontier time" short story
|-
| "Kiyvcon
| "Big Urania" award for "Spectrum" novel
|-
| "SF Forum"
| "Sigma-F" Award for "Spectrum" novel
|-
| "Interpresscon"
| "Bronze snail" award in the nomination "Major form" for "Spectrum" novel
|-
| "Interpresscon"
| "Interpresscon" award in the nomination "Major form" for "Spectrum" novel
|-
| "EuroCon-2003"
| Sergey Lukyanenko admitted as the best Europe author
|-
| "Star Bridge"
| "Gold Kladutsey" award in the nomination "Major form" for "Spectrum" novel
|-
! 2004
| "Star Bridge"
| "Gold Kladutsey" award in the nomination "Serials and sequels" for "Twilight Watch" novel
|-
! 2005
| "Ruscon"
| "SF writer of the year"
|}

==Footnotes==
{{Reflist|2}}
==References==
* [http://unsworks.unsw.edu.au/fapi/datastream/unsworks:10059/SOURCE02 Townsend, Dorian Aleksandra, ''From Upyr' to Vampire: The Slavic Vampire Myth in Russian Literature'', Ph.D. Dissertation, School of German and Russian Studies, Faculty of Arts & Social Sciences, University of New South Wales, May 2011.]

==External links==
{{Commons category|Sergey Lukyanenko}}
* [http://www.rusf.ru/lukian/english/ Sergey Lukyanenko at Russian SF] (English)
* [http://www.russia-ic.com/culture_art/literature/234/ Sergey Lukyanenko, Night-and-Day-Watching Writer]
* {{isfdb name|id=Sergei_Lukyanenko|name=Sergei Lukyanenko}}

{{S-start}}
{{Succession box|title=[[European Science Fiction Society|ESFS]] award for Best Author |before=[[Valerio Evangelisti]]|after= [[Nick Perumov]]|years=2003}}
{{S-end}}
{{World of Watches}}
{{Sergey Lukyanenko}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lukyanenko, Sergey}}
[[Category:Sergey Lukyanenko| ]]
[[Category:1968 births]]
[[Category:Anti-Ukrainian sentiment]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Russian novelists]]
[[Category:Russian male novelists]]
[[Category:Russian fantasy writers]]
[[Category:Russian psychiatrists]]
[[Category:Russian speculative fiction critics]]
[[Category:Russian science fiction writers]]
[[Category:Kazakhstani speculative fiction writers]]
[[Category:Tatar people of Russia]]
[[Category:Russian people of Ukrainian descent]]
[[Category:Russian people of Kazakhstani descent]]
[[Category:Soviet physicians]]
[[Category:20th-century physicians]]
[[Category:Cyberpunk writers]]

Dmitri Sychev

2017-04-05T19:39:15Z

InternetArchiveBot: Rescuing 7 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v1.3beta4) (DragonflySixtyseven)

{{Redirect|Sychev||Sychyov}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=June 2011}}
{{Infobox football biography
| name = Dmitri Sychev
| image = Dmitri Sychev 2013.jpg
| image_size = 180px
| caption = Playing for [[FC Volga Nizhny Novgorod|Volga]] in 2013
| fullname = Dmitri Yevgenyevich Sychev
| height = {{height|m=1.77}}
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1983|10|26}}
| birth_place = [[Omsk]], [[Soviet Union]]
| currentclub =
| clubnumber =
| position = [[forward (association football)|Striker]]
| years1 = 2000–2001 | clubs1 = [[FC Spartak Tambov|Spartak Tambov]] | caps1 = 42 | goals1 = 9
| years2 = 2002 | clubs2 = [[FC Spartak Moscow|Spartak Moscow]] | caps2 = 18 | goals2 = 9
| years3 = 2002–2003 | clubs3 = [[Olympique de Marseille|Marseille]] | caps3 = 33 | goals3 = 5
| years4 = 2004–2015 | clubs4 = [[FC Lokomotiv Moscow|Lokomotiv Moscow]] | caps4 = 224 | goals4 = 73
| years5 = 2013 | clubs5 = → [[FC Dinamo Minsk|Dinamo Minsk]] (loan) | caps5 = 11 | goals5 = 0
| years6 = 2013–2014 | clubs6 = → [[FC Volga Nizhny Novgorod|Volga Nizhny Novgorod]] (loan) | caps6 = 16 | goals6 = 0
| years7 = 2015 | clubs7 = → [[FC Okzhetpes|Okzhetpes]] (loan) | caps7 = 19 | goals7 = 3
| nationalyears1 = 2002–2010 | nationalteam1 = [[Russia national football team|Russia]] | nationalcaps1 = 47 | nationalgoals1 = 15
| pcupdate = 10 November 2015
| ntupdate = 19:42, August 11, 2010 (UTC)
}}

'''Dmitri Yevgenyevich Sychev'''<ref>His last name is also transcribed as '''''Sytchev''''', and his first name as '''''Dmitry''''' or '''''Dmitriy'''''.</ref> ({{lang-rus|Дми́трий Евге́ньевич Сычёв|Dmitriy Yevgen’yevich Sychyov|ˈdmʲitrʲɪj jɪvˈgʲenʲɪvʲɪtɕ sɨˈtɕɵf|Ru-Dmitri Yevgenyevich Sychev.ogg}}; born October 26, 1983) is an association footballer who currently is a free agent. He has been hailed by the international press as "The Russian [[Michael Owen]]" because of his pace and as "The most sensational young Russian forward since [[Vladimir Beschastnykh]]".<ref>[http://www.uefa.com/competitions/euro/players/player=51954/index.html UEFA profile page] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070205154418/http://www.uefa.com/competitions/euro/players/player%3D51954/index.html |date=February 5, 2007 }}</ref> He is well known for his blinding pace and agility.

==Early life==
Sychev was born in [[Omsk]], a city in south-central Russia. He spent his formative years at [[Saint Petersburg|St. Petersburg]]'s famous [[DYuSSh Smena-Zenit|Smena]] football academy before joining [[FC Spartak Tambov]], a second division club. At that time he played as a [[midfielder]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dsychev.ru/pressa/st59.php |title=Портрет звезды. Дмитрий Сычев забивал голы еще директору школы | Сайт Дмитрия Сычёва |publisher=Dsychev.ru |accessdate=May 15, 2010}}</ref>

==Career==

===Club career===

====Spartak Moscow and Marseille====
After having trials at clubs in [[FC Nantes Atlantique|FC Nantes]] and [[FC Metz]], Sychev was picked up by [[FC Spartak Moscow]] in January 2002, where he scored eight goals in his first 12 matches, and it was during that time when he was transformed into a [[Forward (association football)|striker]]. With Spartak he reached the final of the 2002 [[Commonwealth of Independent States Cup]]. He scored 6 goals and finished second on the top scorer list, after coming in as a substitute in every match he played.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rsssf.com/tablesc/cis02.html |title=Commonwealth of Independent States Cup 2002 |publisher=Rsssf.com |date=February 20, 2003 |accessdate=May 15, 2010}}</ref> He entered the symbolic top players list of the tournament.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sport-express.ru/art.shtml?45747 |title=Газета СПОРТ-ЭКСПРЕСС. КУБОК ЧЕМПИОНОВ СОДРУЖЕСТВА-2002• РЕКОРДЫ ДЕСЯТИЛЕТИЯ• СИМВОЛИЧЕСКАЯ СБОРНАЯ ТУРНИРА. Версия "СЭ"• БЕСЧАСТНЫХ ОБОГНАЛ ТИТОВА. СПОРТ-ЭКСПРЕСС: Ежедневная спортивная газета / SPORT-EXPRESS: Daily sport newspaper. Чемпионаты мира и Европы по футболу, хоккею, баскетболу. Биатлон, теннис, зимние виды спор |publisher=Sport-express.ru |date=January 28, 2002 |accessdate=May 15, 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050921041542/http://www.sport-express.ru/art.shtml?45747 |archivedate=September 21, 2005 |df=mdy-all }}</ref>

[[Image:Sychev.JPG|thumb|250px|left|Sychev in action for [[FC Lokomotiv Moscow|Lokomotiv]] (May 2, 2007)]]

In August 2002 Sychev announced he was quitting Spartak, by giving his employers three months' notice. Having already signed a five-year contract with the Russian club he was banned from football for four months by the [[Russian Professional Football League]] (RPFL).

After finishing this suspension, Sychev signed a five-year contract with [[Olympique de Marseille]], rejecting an offer from [[FC Dynamo Kyiv]]. He was mainly used as a substitute during his days in France. In [[Olympique de Marseille]] Sychev was used as a [[midfielder]], both left and right.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sport-express.ru/art.shtml?80737 |title=Газета СПОРТ-ЭКСПРЕСС. СЫЧЕВ В "ЛОКО"!• Вчера были улажены последние формальности, мешавшие переходу нападающего "Марселя" Дмитрия Сычева в "Локомотив", и уже сегодня игрок сборной России присоединится к своей новой команде на сборе в немецком Руйте. СПОРТ-ЭКСПРЕСС: Ежедневная спортивная газета / SPORT-EXPRESS: Daily sport newspaper. Чемпионаты мира и Европы по футболу, хоккею, баскетболу. Биатлон, теннис, зимние виды спор |publisher=Sport-express.ru |date=January 28, 2004 |accessdate=May 15, 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040823081731/http://www.sport-express.ru/art.shtml?80737 |archivedate=August 23, 2004 |df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sport-express.ru/art.shtml?78567 |title=Газета СПОРТ-ЭКСПРЕСС. EURO-2004• ОСТАЛОСЬ 187 ДНЕЙ• Дмитрий СЫЧЕВ• ЭТА СТРАННАЯ ЧЕРНАЯ ПОЛОСА. СПОРТ-ЭКСПРЕСС: Ежедневная спортивная газета / SPORT-EXPRESS: Daily sport newspaper. Чемпионаты мира и Европы по футболу, хоккею, баскетболу. Биатлон, теннис, зимние виды спор |publisher=Sport-express.ru |accessdate=May 15, 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050126163848/http://www.sport-express.ru/art.shtml?78567 |archivedate=January 26, 2005 |df=mdy-all }}</ref>

====Lokomotiv====
In January 2004 Sychev returned to Russia to join [[FC Lokomotiv Moscow]] on a four-year contract, where he scored twice on the opening day of the season. He went on to claim the [[Footballer of the Year in Russia (Sport-Express)|Russian Footballer of the Year]] award in his first season back in the [[Russian Premier League]]. With the team he won the [[Russian Premier League 2004]], the [[2005 Russian Super Cup]], the 2005 [[Commonwealth of Independent States Cup]] and 2007 [[Russian Cup (football)|Russian Cup]]. In [[FC Lokomotiv Moscow]] Sychev played mostly as a striker, except the period when Lokomotiv was coached by [[Anatoliy Byshovets]] and [[Rashid Rakhimov]] respectively. During those times Dmitry was mainly employed as a [[midfielder]]. Sychev started playing again in his natural position with the appointment of [[Yury Semin]]. In [[Russian Premier League 2009|2009]], Dmitry was voted by Lokomotiv fans as the player of the season. In [[2012–13 Russian Premier League|2012-13 season]] under manager [[Slaven Bilić]] Sychev lost his place in the line-up (only 4 games in the first half of season, including national Cup).

====Dinamo Minsk Loan====
In March 2013, Sychev moved to [[FC Dinamo Minsk]] on loan until July of the same year.<ref>{{cite web|script-title=ru:Дмитрий Сычев переходит в минское Динамо|url=http://www.football.by/news/42302.html|website=www.football.by|publisher=football.by|accessdate=9 October 2014|language=Russian|date=3 March 2013}}</ref>

====Volga Loan====
In July 2013, after returning from Dinamo Minsk, Sychev moved to fellow [[Russian Premier League]] side [[FC Volga Nizhny Novgorod]] on a year-long loan deal.<ref>{{cite web|script-title=ru:ГОРЬКАЯ ПРАВДА СЫЧЕВА|url=http://www.sport-express.ru/newspaper/2013-07-13/6_1/|website=www.sport-express.ru|publisher=sport-express|accessdate=9 October 2014|language=Russian|date=13 July 2013}}</ref> Sychev featured in 16 league games for Volga, failing to score in any of them, and returned to Lokomotiv Moscow at the end of the season following Volga's relegation to the [[Russian National Football League]].

====Loan to Okzhetpes====
On 16 March 2015, Sychev moved to [[FC Okzhetpes]] on a season-long loan deal.<ref>{{cite web|script-title=ru:Дмитрий Сычев и Евгений Горячий пополнили Окжетпес |url=http://www.okzhetpes.kz/rus/news/?cid=0&rid=737 |website=http://www.okzhetpes.kz/ |publisher=[[FC Okzhetpes]] |accessdate=18 March 2015 |language=Russian |date=16 March 2015 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402160207/http://www.okzhetpes.kz/rus/news/?cid=0&rid=737 |archivedate=April 2, 2015 |df=mdy-all }}</ref>

===National team===
Sychev was selected to play for the [[Russia national football team|Russian national team]] at the [[2002 FIFA World Cup]], where he became the youngest player to appear for the [[USSR national football team|USSR]] or Russia at 18 years and 222 days. In the event, he scored a goal and set up other three in an otherwise disappointing Russian campaign. This goal made Dmitri Sychev the fourth youngest goalscorer in the [[FIFA World Cup]].

Sychev was called up to Russia's squad for [[Euro 2008]] in Austria and [[Switzerland]]. Despite being a [[Forward (association football)|striker]] at his team [[FC Lokomotiv Moscow|Lokomotiv Moscow]], during [[Guus Hiddink]]'s term at the [[Russian national football team]] he was used as a midfielder.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dsychev.ru/pressa/st9.php |title=Дмитрий Сычёв: "Теперь придется поддерживать наш уровень" | Сайт Дмитрия Сычёва |publisher=Dsychev.ru |accessdate=May 15, 2010}}</ref> He won his last cap in 2010.<ref>{{Cite web | url = http://rsssf.com/miscellaneous/sychov-intlg.html | title = Dmitriy Yevgenyevich Sychyov - Goals in International Matches | first = Matthias | last = Arnhold | date = 12 November 2015 | accessdate = 16 November 2015 | publisher = Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Besides football, Sychev is a fan of [[ice hockey]] and his hometown team [[Avangard Omsk]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dsychev.ru/pressa/st52.php |title=Дмитрий Сычёв: "В "Спартаке" не захотели, чтобы я вернулся" | Сайт Дмитрия Сычёва |publisher=Dsychev.ru |accessdate=May 15, 2010}}</ref> He also likes tennis and [[Pool (cue sports)|billiard]].<ref name="dsychev.ru">{{cite web|url=http://dsychev.ru/pressa/st49.php |title=Дмитрий Сычёв: "Потихоньку становлюсь театралом" | Сайт Дмитрия Сычёва |publisher=Dsychev.ru |accessdate=May 15, 2010}}</ref> Outside of sports, he plays the guitar and was seen rapping at the MTV Russia Music Awards ceremony in Moscow with national teammate [[Diniyar Bilyaletdinov]].<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sIRsDZ2wiLo Youtube: Dmitri Sychev and Diniya Bilyaletdinov Live Performance at RMA]</ref>

Besides his native Russian, Sychev also speaks English, French, and plans to learn more.<ref name="dsychev.ru"/>

In 2007 Sychev received a degree from the Russian State University Of Physical culture.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sport-express.ru/art.shtml?111548 |title=Газета СПОРТ-ЭКСПРЕСС. Дмитрий СЫЧЕВ• ДЛЯ ПОЛНОГО СЧАСТЬЯ НЕ ХВАТАЕТ ТОЛЬКО ЗДОРОВЬЯ• АПАТИЯ• ТРАВМА• ЛЕЧЕНИЕ• "ЛОКО"• СБОРНАЯ• БЕЗ ФУТБОЛА. СПОРТ-ЭКСПРЕСС: Ежедневная спортивная газета / SPORT-EXPRESS: Daily sport newspaper. Чемпионаты мира и Европы по футболу, хоккею, баскетболу. Биатлон, теннис, зимние виды спор |publisher=Sport-express.ru |date=October 25, 2005 |accessdate=May 15, 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090208174433/http://www.sport-express.ru/art.shtml?111548 |archivedate=February 8, 2009 |df=mdy-all }}</ref>

==Career statistics==

===Club===
{{updated|9 November 2015}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!rowspan="2"|Club
!rowspan="2"|Season
!colspan="2"|League
!colspan="2"|Cup
!colspan="2"|League Cup
!colspan="2"|[[UEFA|Europe]]
!colspan="2"|Other<ref>Includes other competitive competitions, including the [[Russian Super Cup]]</ref>
!colspan="2"|Total
|-
!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals
|-
| rowspan="3" style="vertical-align:center;"|'''[[FC Spartak Tambov|Spartak Tambov]]'''
|2000
||16||3||colspan=2|—||colspan=2|—||colspan=2|—||colspan=2|—||16||3
|-
|2001
||26||6||1||1||colspan=2|—||colspan=2|—||colspan=2|—||27||7
|-
!Total!!42!!9!!1!!1!!0!!0!!0!!0!!0!!0!!43!!10
|-
| rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:center;"|'''[[FC Spartak Moscow|Spartak Moscow]]'''
||[[2002 Russian Premier League|2002]]
||18||9||1||1||colspan=2|—||colspan=2|—||colspan=2|—||19||10
|-
!Total!!18!!9!!1!!1!!0!!0!!0!!0!!0!!0!!19!!10
|-
| rowspan="3" style="vertical-align:center;"|'''[[Olympique de Marseille|Olympique Marseille]]'''
|[[Ligue 1 season 2002-03|2002–03]]
||17||3||1||0||2||1||colspan=2|—||colspan="2"|—||20||4
|-
|[[Ligue 1 season 2003-04|2003–04]]
||16||2||1||0||1||0||6||1||colspan="2"|—||24||3
|-
!Total!!33!!5!!2!!0!!3!!1!!6!!1!!0!!0!!44!!7
|-
| rowspan="10" style="vertical-align:center;"|'''[[FC Lokomotiv Moscow|Lokomotiv Moscow]]'''
|[[Russian Premier League 2004|2004]]
||27||15||5||2||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||32||17
|-
|[[Russian Premier League 2005|2005]]
||21||6||1||0||colspan="2"|—||2||2||1||0||25||8
|-
|[[Russian Premier League 2006|2006]]
||24||7||2||1||colspan="2"|—||2||0||colspan="2"|—||28||7
|-
|[[Russian Premier League 2007|2007]]
||29||11||5||4||colspan="2"|—||5||1||colspan="2"|—||39||16
|-
|[[Russian Premier League 2008|2008]]
||26||7||1||0||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||1||0||28||7
|-
|[[Russian Premier League 2009|2009]]
||27||13||1||0||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||28||13
|-
|[[Russian Premier League 2010|2010]]
||27||8||1||0||colspan="2"|—||2||1||colspan="2"|—||30||9
|-
|[[Russian Premier League 2011-12|2011-12]]
||40||6||3||0||colspan="2"|—||10||6||colspan="2"|—||53||12
|-
|[[Russian Premier League 2012-13|2012-13]]
||3||0||1||2||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||4||2
|-
!Total!!224!!73!!20!!9!!0!!0!!21!!10!!2!!0!!267!!92
|-
| rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:center;"|'''[[FC Dinamo Minsk|Dinamo Minsk]]'''
|[[2013 Belarusian Premier League|2013]]
||11||0||2||1||colspan="2"|—||2||2||colspan="2"|—||15||3
|-
!Total!!11!!0!!2!!1!!0!!0!!2!!2!!0!!0!!15!!3
|-
| rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:center;"|'''[[FC Volga Nizhny Novgorod|FC Volga]]'''
|[[2013–14 Russian Premier League|2013–14]]
||16||0||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||16||0
|-
!Total!!16!!0!!0!!0!!0!!0!!0!!0!!0!!0!!16!!0
|-
| rowspan="2" style="vertical-align:center;"|'''[[FC Okzhetpes|Okzhetpes]]'''
|[[2015 Kazakhstan Premier League|2015]]
||19||3||1||0||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||20||3
|-
!Total!!19!!3!!1!!0!!0!!0!!0!!0!!0!!0!!20!!3
|-
!colspan="2"|Career total
!363||99||27||8||3||1||29||13||2||0||424||121
|}

===International===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
!colspan=3|[[Russia national football team|Russia football team]]
|-
!Year!!Apps!!Goals
|-
|2002||6||2
|-
|2003||7||1
|-
|2004||8||7
|-
|2005||4||0
|-
|2006||3||1
|-
|2007||9||3
|-
|2008||8||1
|-
|2009||1||0
|-
|2010||1||0
|-
!Total||47||15
|}
''Statistics accurate as of match played 11 August 2010''<ref>{{NFT player|pid=5433|Dmitriy Sychev |accessdate=9 October 2014}}</ref>

===International goals===
{| class="wikitable"
|- style="background:#ccc; text-align:center;"
!# !!Date !!Venue !!Opponent !!Score !!Result !!Competition
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1 ||2002-05-19 ||[[Dynamo Stadium (Moscow)|Dynamo Stadium]], Moscow, Russia ||{{flagicon|FR Yugoslavia}} [[Yugoslavia national football team|Yugoslavia]] || style="text-align:center;"|'''1''' – 1 || style="text-align:center;"|1 – 1 ||[[2002 LG Cup]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|2 ||2002-06-14 ||[[Shizuoka Stadium|Ecopa Stadium]], [[Fukuroi, Shizuoka|Fukuroi]], Japan ||{{fb|Belgium}} || style="text-align:center;"|3 – '''2''' || style="text-align:center;"|3 – 2 ||[[2002 FIFA World Cup]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|3 ||2003-10-11 ||[[Lokomotiv Stadium (Moscow)|Lokomotiv Stadium]], Moscow, Russia ||{{fb|Georgia|1990}} || style="text-align:center;"|'''3''' – 1 || style="text-align:center;"|3 – 1 ||[[UEFA Euro 2004 qualification]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|4 ||2004-03-31 ||[[Vasil Levski National Stadium]], [[Sofia]], Bulgaria ||{{fb|Bulgaria}} || style="text-align:center;"|0 – '''1''' || style="text-align:center;"|2 – 2 ||[[Exhibition game|Friendly match]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|5 ||2004-03-31 ||[[Vasil Levski National Stadium]], [[Sofia]], Bulgaria ||{{fb|Bulgaria}} || style="text-align:center;"|1 – '''2''' || style="text-align:center;"|2 – 2 ||[[Exhibition game|Friendly match]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|6 ||2004-08-18 ||[[Dynamo Stadium (Moscow)|Dynamo Stadium]], Moscow, Russia ||{{fb|Lithuania}} || style="text-align:center;"|'''4''' – 2 || style="text-align:center;"|4 – 3 ||[[Exhibition game|Friendly match]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|7 ||2004-10-09 ||[[Stade Josy Barthel]], Luxembourg ||{{fb|Luxembourg}} || style="text-align:center;"|0 – '''1''' || style="text-align:center;"|0 – 4 ||[[2006 FIFA World Cup qualification (UEFA)|2006 FIFA World Cup qualification]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|8 ||2004-10-09 ||[[Stade Josy Barthel]], Luxembourg ||{{fb|Luxembourg}} || style="text-align:center;"|0 – '''3''' || style="text-align:center;"|0 – 4 ||[[2006 FIFA World Cup qualification (UEFA)|2006 FIFA World Cup qualification]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|9 ||2004-10-09 ||[[Stade Josy Barthel]], Luxembourg ||{{fb|Luxembourg}} || style="text-align:center;"|0 – '''4''' || style="text-align:center;"|0 – 4 ||[[2006 FIFA World Cup qualification (UEFA)|2006 FIFA World Cup qualification]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|10 ||2004-11-17 ||[[Kuban Stadium]], [[Krasnodar]], Russia ||{{fb|Estonia}} || style="text-align:center;"|'''3''' – 0 || style="text-align:center;"|4 – 0 ||[[2006 FIFA World Cup qualification (UEFA)|2006 FIFA World Cup qualification]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|11 ||2006-10-11 ||[[Petrovsky Stadium]], [[Saint Petersburg]], Russia ||{{fb|Estonia}} || style="text-align:center;"|'''2''' – 0 || style="text-align:center;"|2 – 0 ||[[UEFA Euro 2008 qualification]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|12 ||2007-06-02 ||[[Petrovsky Stadium]], [[Saint Petersburg]], Russia ||{{fb|Andorra}} || style="text-align:center;"|'''4''' – 0 || style="text-align:center;"|4 – 0 ||[[UEFA Euro 2008 qualification]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|13 ||2007-08-22 ||[[Lokomotiv Stadium (Moscow)|Lokomotiv Stadium]], Moscow, Russia ||{{fb|Poland}} || style="text-align:center;"|'''1''' – 0 || style="text-align:center;"|2 – 2 ||[[Exhibition game|Friendly match]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|14 ||2007-11-21 ||[[Estadi Comunal d'Aixovall|Estadi Comunal]], [[Aixovall]], Andorra ||{{fb|Andorra}} || style="text-align:center;"|0 – '''1''' || style="text-align:center;"|0 – 1 ||[[UEFA Euro 2008 qualification]]
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|15 ||2008-05-23 ||[[Lokomotiv Stadium (Moscow)|Lokomotiv Stadium]], Moscow, Russia ||{{fb|Kazakhstan}} || style="text-align:center;"|'''6''' – 0 || style="text-align:center;"|6 – 0 ||[[Exhibition game|Friendly match]]
|}

==Honours==

===Club===
;Lokomotiv Moscow
*[[Russian Premier League]]: [[Russian Premier League 2004|2004]]
*[[Russian Cup (football)|Russian Cup]]: 2006–07
*[[Russian Super Cup]] : [[2005 Russian Super Cup|2005]]
*[[Commonwealth of Independent States Cup]] : 2005

===International===
*[[UEFA European Football Championship|UEFA European Football Championship Bronze medal]] : [[2008 UEFA European Football Championship|2008]]

===Individual===
;Lokomotiv Moscow
*[[Footballer of the Year in Russia (Sport-Express)]] (1): 2004
*[[Footballer of the Year in Russia (Futbol)]] (1): 2004

==Notes==
<references group="cs1"/>
<references group="cs2"/>
<references group="cs3"/>
<references group="cs4"/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Dmitry Sychev}}
* {{FIFA player|189214|Dmitri Sychev}}
* {{Fussballdaten|sytchevdmitri}}
* [http://www.weltfussball.de/spieler_profil/dmitriy-sychev/ Dmitri Sychev] at [http://www.weltfussball.de/ weltfussball.de] {{de icon}}
* {{NFT player|pid=5433}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110814052138/http://d-sychev.livejournal.com/ Personal blog]
* [http://rusteam.permian.ru/players/sychev.html Player profile] {{ru icon}}

{{Russian Footballer of the Year}}
{{Navboxes colour
|title= Russia squads
|bg = white
|fg = #00F
|bordercolor = #F00
|list1=
{{Russia Squad 2002 World Cup}}
{{Russia Squad UEFA Euro 2004}}
{{Russia Squad UEFA Euro 2008}}
}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sychev, Dmitri}}
[[Category:1983 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Russian footballers]]
[[Category:FC Spartak Tambov players]]
[[Category:FC Spartak Moscow players]]
[[Category:Olympique de Marseille players]]
[[Category:FC Lokomotiv Moscow players]]
[[Category:FC Dinamo Minsk players]]
[[Category:FC Volga Nizhny Novgorod players]]
[[Category:FC Okzhetpes players]]
[[Category:Russia international footballers]]
[[Category:2002 FIFA World Cup players]]
[[Category:UEFA Euro 2004 players]]
[[Category:Russian expatriate footballers]]
[[Category:Expatriate footballers in France]]
[[Category:Expatriate footballers in Belarus]]
[[Category:Expatriate footballers in Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Russian Premier League players]]
[[Category:Ligue 1 players]]
[[Category:UEFA Euro 2008 players]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Omsk]]
[[Category:Association football forwards]]

Hotan

2017-04-05T08:21:16Z

InternetArchiveBot: Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v1.3beta4)

{{redirect|Ilchi|the villages in Iran|Ilkhchi (disambiguation)|other uses|Khotan (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox settlement

|name = {{raise|0.2em|Hotän}}
|official_name = 
|native_name = {{lower|0.1em|{{nobold|{{lang|zh-hans|和田市}} • {{lang|ug|خوتەن شەھىرى}}}}}}
|other_name =
|settlement_type = [[County-level city]]
|pushpin_map = Xinjiang
|pushpin_label_position =
|pushpin_map_caption = Location in Xinjiang
|pushpin_mapsize =
|
|coordinates = {{coord|37|06|N|80|01|E|region:CN-65|display=inline,title}}
|image_skyline = Khotan-mezquita-d04.jpg
|imagesize =
|image_alt =
|image_caption =
|image_flag =
|flag_size =
|flag_alt =
|image_seal =
|seal_size =
|seal_alt =
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|shield_size =
|shield_alt =
|image_blank_emblem =
|blank_emblem_type =
|blank_emblem_size =
|blank_emblem_alt =
|nickname =
|motto =
|image_map =
|mapsize =
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|dot_x = |dot_y =
|coor_pinpoint =
|coordinates_footnotes =
|subdivision_type = Country
|subdivision_name = People's Republic of China
|subdivision_type1 = [[Autonomous regions of China|Autonomous region]]
|subdivision_name1 = [[Xinjiang]]
|subdivision_type2 = [[Prefectures of China|Prefecture]]
|subdivision_name2 = [[Hotan Prefecture|Hotan]]
|subdivision_type3 = Township-level divisions
|subdivision_name3 =
|established_title =
|established_date =
|founder =
|named_for =
|seat_type =
|seat = Nurbag Subdistrict (奴尔巴格街道)
|government_footnotes =
|government_type =
|leader_party =
|leader_title =
|leader_name =
|leader_title1 =
|leader_name1 =
|total_type =
|unit_pref =
|area_magnitude =
|area_footnotes =
|area_total_km2 = 85035
|area_land_km2 =
|area_water_km2 =
|area_water_percent =
|elevation_footnotes =
|elevation_m = 1382
|population_footnotes =
|population_total = 322,330
|population_as_of = 2010 Census
|population_density_km2 = auto
|population_est =
|pop_est_as_of =
|population_note =
|timezone1 = [[China Standard Time|China Standard]]
|utc_offset1 = +8
|postal_code_type = [[Postal code of China|Postal code]]
|postal_code = 839000
|area_code_type =
|area_code = 0903
|website = [http://www.hts.gov.cn Hotan Government Website (in Chinese)]
|blank_name = [[Gross domestic product|GDP]] (2012)<ref name=hotgov>{{cite news|title=和田市概况 |url = http://www.hts.gov.cn/Article/ShowArticle.aspx?ArticleID=186432|agency=Hotan Government Statistics|date=June 17, 2013}}</ref>
|blank_info = [[Renminbi|CNY]] 4.071 billion USD $665.15 million
|blank2_name = GDP per capita
|blank2_info = [[Renminbi|CNY]] 12,630 USD $2,062
|blank3_name = GDP Growth
|blank3_info = {{increase}} 14.8
|blank4_name = Local languages
|blank4_info = [[Uyghur language|Uyghur]], [[Standard Chinese]]
|blank5_name = [[License plates of the People's Republic of China|License plate]] prefix
|blank5_info = 新R
}}

'''Hotan'''{{efn|The official Latin transliteration (and therefore, English spelling) of the city's name is "Hotan" according to ''Register of Chinese Geographic Places'' (中国地名录, published in Beijing, ''[[SinoMaps Press]]'' {{lang|zh-hans|中国地图出版社}} 1997; ISBN 7-5031-1718-4; p. 312.); The [[pinyin]] romanization '''Hetian''' has also been used on some maps and airports; the city's former name was written with a different character for "Tian" ({{zh|s=和阗 |t=和闐 |p=Hétián}}); the city is also sometimes spelled '''Khotan''', such as [http://www.centralasiatraveler.com/cn/xj/h/hotan.html in this example]. The city has also been called '''Yutian''' in Chinese ({{zh|s=于窴 |t=於窴 |p=Yútián |links=no}}) and was known to 19th-century European explorers as '''Ilchi'''.}} ({{ug|خوتەن, Хотән|Xoten|Hotǝn}}), also [[pinyin|transliterated from Chinese]] as '''Hetian''' ({{zh|c=和田|p=Hétián}}), is a major oasis town in southwestern [[Xinjiang]], an [[Autonomous regions of China|autonomous region]] in western China. The city proper of Hotan broke off from the larger [[Hotan County]] to become an administrative area in its own right in August 1984. It is the seat of [[Hotan Prefecture]].

With a population of 322,300 (2010 census), Hotan is situated in the [[Tarim Basin]] some {{convert|1500|km}} southwest of the regional capital, [[Ürümqi]]. It lies just north of the [[Kunlun Mountains]], which are crossed by the [[Sanju Pass|Sanju]], [[Hindutash]] and Ilchi passes. The town, located southeast of [[Yarkant County]] and populated almost exclusively by [[Uyghurs]], is a minor agricultural center. An important station on the southern branch of the historic [[Silk Road]], Hotan has always depended on two strong rivers - the [[Karakash River]] and the [[White Jade River]] to provide the water needed to survive on the southwestern edge of the vast [[Taklamakan Desert]]. The White Jade River still provides water and irrigation for the town and oasis.<ref>[[Marc Aurel Stein]]. (1907) ''Ancient Khotan: Detailed Report of Archaeological Explorations in Eastern Turkestan.'' Oxford. Pages 123-126.</ref><ref>Bonavia, Judy. ''The Silk Road: Xi'an to Kashgar.'' Revised by Christopher Baumer (2004), pp. 306-319. Odyssey Publications. ISBN 962-217-741-7.</ref>

==History==
{{details|Kingdom of Khotan}}
[[File:Bronze coin of Wima Kadphises found in Khotan.jpg|thumb|left|Bronze coin of [[Vima Kadphises]] found in Khotan.]]
The oasis of Hotan is strategically located at the junction of the southern (and most ancient) branch of the [[Silk Road]] joining China and the West with one of the main routes from ancient [[India]] and [[Tibet]] to [[Central Asia]] and distant China. It provided a convenient meeting place where not only goods, but technologies, philosophies, and religions were transmitted from one culture to another.

[[Tocharians]] lived in this region over 2000 years ago. Several of the [[Tarim mummies]] were found in the region. At Sampul, east of the city of Hotan, there is an extensive series of cemeteries scattered over an area about {{convert|1|km}} wide and {{convert|23|km|abbr=on}} long. The excavated sites range from about 300 BCE to 100 CE. The excavated graves have produced a number of fabrics of [[felt]], [[wool]], [[silk]] and [[cotton]] and even a fine bit of tapestry, the [[Sampul tapestry]], showing the face of [[Caucasian race|Caucasoid]] man which was made of threads of 24 shades of colour. The tapestry had been cut up and fashioned into trousers worn by one of the deceased. An Anthropological study of 56 individuals showed a primarily Caucasoid population.<ref>Mallory, J. P. and Mair, Victor H. 2000. ''The Tarim Mummies: Ancient China and the Mystery of the Earliest Peoples from the West'', pp. 132, 155-156. Thames & Hudson. London. ISBN 0-500-05101-1.</ref><ref>Bonavia, Judy. ''The Silk Road: Xi'an to Kashgar.'' Revised by Christopher Baumer (2004), p. 317. Odyssey Publications. ISBN 962-217-741-7.</ref> DNA testing on the mummies found in the Tarim basin showed that they were an admixture of Western Europeans and East Asian.<ref>{{cite journal |author1=Chunxiang Li |author2=Hongjie Li |author3=Yinqiu Cui |author4=Chengzhi Xie |author5=Dawei Cai |author6=Wenying Li |author7=Victor H Mair |author8=Zhi Xu |author9=Quanchao Zhang |author10=Idelis Abuduresule |author11=Li Jin |author12=Hong Zhu |author13=Hui Zhou |title=Evidence that a West-East admixed population lived in the Tarim Basin as early as the early Bronze Age |journal=BMC Biology |volume=8 |issue=15 |pages=|year=2010|pmid=20163704 |pmc=2838831 |doi=10.1186/1741-7007-8-15 }}</ref>
[[Image:Khotan-melikawat-ruinas-d05.jpg|thumb|Khotan [[Melikawat]] ruins]]

There is a relative abundance of information on Hotan readily available for study. The main historical sources are to be found in the Chinese histories (particularly detailed during the [[Han dynasty|Han]]<ref>Hill (2015), Vol. I, "The Kingdom of Yutian 于窴 (Khotan)", pp. 17-19 and nn.</ref> and early [[Tang dynasty|Tang]] dynasties) when China was interested in control of the [[Western Regions]], the accounts of several Chinese pilgrim [[bhikkhu|monks]],<ref>[http://www.cbeta.org/result/T50/T50n2053.htm 《大唐大慈恩寺三藏法師傳》]</ref> a few Buddhist histories of Hotan that have survived in [[Classical Tibetan]] and a large number of documents in the Iranian [[Saka language]] and other languages discovered, for the most part, early this century at various sites in the Tarim Basin and from the hidden library at the [[Mogao Caves]] near [[Dunhuang]].

===Buddhist Khotan===
{{main|Kingdom of Khotan}}
The ancient [[Kingdom of Khotan]] was one of the earliest Buddhist states in the world and a cultural bridge across which Buddhist culture and learning were transmitted from India to China.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/ebc/article-9040640 |title=Khotan - Britannica Online Encyclopedia |publisher=Britannica.com |date= |accessdate=2012-04-06}}</ref> Its capital was located to the west of the modern city of Hotan. The inhabitants of the Kingdom of Khotan, like those of early [[Shule Kingdom|Kashgar]] and [[Yarkant County|Yarkant]], spoke [[Saka language|Saka]], one of the [[Eastern Iranian languages]]. Khotan's indigenous dynasty (all of whose royal names are Indian in origin) governed a fervently Buddhist city-state boasting some 400 temples in the late 9th/early 10th century—four times the number recorded by [[Xuanzang]] around 630. The kingdom was independent but was intermittently under Chinese control during the Han and Tang Dynasty.

[[Image:Hindutagh-pass-aksai-chin-center2-1873.jpg|thumb|Map of [[Central Asia]] (1878) showing Khotan (near top right corner) and the [[Sanju Pass]], [[Hindutash]], and Ilchi passes through the [[Kunlun Mountains]] to [[Leh]], [[Ladakh]]. The previous border of the [[British Raj|British Indian Empire]] is shown in the two-toned purple and pink band.]]

After the Tang dynasty, Khotan formed an alliance with the rulers of Dunhuang. Khotan enjoyed close relations with the Buddhist centre at Dunhuang: the Khotanese royal family intermarried with Dunhuang élites, visited and patronised Dunhuang's Buddhist temple complex, and donated money to have their portraits painted on the walls of the Mogao grottos. Through the 10th century, Khotanese royal portraits were painted in association with an increasing number of deities in the caves.

In the 10th century, Khotan began a struggle with the [[Kara-Khanid Khanate]], a Turkic state.<ref>[http://www.ihp.sinica.edu.tw/~asiamajor/pdf/1964/1964-1.pdf Sri Visa Sura and the Ta-Uang]</ref> The Kara-Khanid ruler, [[Sultan Satuq Bughra Khan]], had converted to [[Islam]]:
{{quote|Satuq's son, Musa, began to put pressure on Khotan in the mid-10th century, and sometime before 1006 Yusuf Qadir Khan of [[Kashgar]] besieged and took the city. This conquest of Buddhist Khotan by the Muslim Turks—about which there are many colourful legends—marked another watershed in the Islamicisation and Turkicisation of the [[Tarim Basin]], and an end to local autonomy of this southern Tarim city state.<ref>Page55 Eurasian crossroads By James A. Millward</ref>}}
[[Image:Khotan-mezquita-d03.jpg|thumb|A [[mosque]] in Hotan]]
Some Khotanese Buddhist works were unearthed.<ref>Mark J. Dresden, The Jatakastava or 'Praise of the Buddha's Former Births' Philadelphia, 1955</ref><ref>[http://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/texte/etcs/iran/miran/khot/khotsak/khots.htm Buddhist Khotanese Texts]</ref><ref>[http://www.cbeta.org/result/T04/T04n0202.htm 賢愚經]</ref>

The rulers of Khotan were aware of the menace they faced since they arranged for the Mogao grottoes to paint a growing number of divine figures along with themselves. Halfway in the 10th century Khotan came under attack by the Qarakhanid ruler Musa, and in what proved to be a pivotal moment in the [[Islamicisation and Turkicisation of Xinjiang|Turkification and Islamification of the Tarim Basin]], the Karakhanid leader Yusuf Qadir Khan conquered Khotan around 1006.<ref name="Millward2007">{{cite book|author=James A. Millward|title=Eurasian Crossroads: A History of Xinjiang|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8FVsWq31MtMC&pg=PA55#v=onepage&q&f=false|year=2007|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-13924-3|pages=55–}}</ref>

===Islamic Khotan===
Yūsuf Qadr Khān was a brother or cousin of the Muslim ruler of Kashgar and [[Balasagun]], Khotan lost its independence and between 1006 and 1165, became part of the [[Kara-Khanid Khanate]]. Later it fell to the [[Kara-Khitan Khanate]], after which it was ruled by the [[Mongols]].

When [[Marco Polo]] visited Khotan in the 13th century, he noted that the people were all Muslim. He wrote that:
{{quote|Khotan was "a province eight days’ journey in extent, which is subject to the [[Kublai Khan|Great Khan]]. The inhabitants all worship Mahomet. It has cities and towns in plenty, of which the most splendid, and the capital of the province, bears the same name as that of the province…It is amply stocked with the means of life. Cotton grows here in plenty. It has vineyards, estates and orchards in plenty. The people live by trade and industry; they are not at all warlike".<ref>{{cite book|last=Latham|first=Ronald|title=Marco Polo: the travels|year=1958|page=80 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Wood|first=Frances|title=The Silk Road: two thousand years in the heart of Asia|year=2002|page=18 |url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=zvoCv3h2QCsC&pg=PA18&lpg=PA18&f=false#v=onepage&q&f=false}}</ref>}}

===Qing dynasty===
The town suffered severely during the [[Dungan Revolt (1862–77)]] against the [[Qing dynasty]] and again a few years later when [[Yaqub Beg]] of [[Kashgar]] made himself master of Kashgaria ([[Altishahr]]).<ref>{{cite web |last=Stein |first=Aurel M. |year=1907 |title=Ancient Khotan: Detailed report of archaeological explorations in Chinese Turkestan, 2 vols., p. 180. Clarendon Press. Oxford |url=http://dsr.nii.ac.jp/toyobunko/}}</ref><ref>Bonavia, Judy. ''The Silk Road: Xi'an to Kashgar.'' Revised by Christopher Baumer (2004), p. 309. Odyssey Publications. ISBN 962-217-741-7.</ref>

<blockquote>Almost every Chinaman in Yarkand, soldier or civilian, takes unto himself a temporary wife, dispensing entirely with the services of the clergy, as being superfluous, and most of the high officials also give way to the same amiable weakness, their mistresses being in almost all cases natives of Khotan, which city enjoys the unenviable distinction of supplying every large city in Turkestan with courtesans.

When a Chinaman is called back to his own home in China proper, or a Chinese soldier has served his time in Turkestan and has to return to his native city of Pekin or Shanghai, he either leaves his temporary wife behind to shift for herself, or he sells her to a friend. If he has a family he takes the boys with him~—if he can afford it—failing that, the sons are left alone and unprotected to fight the battle of life, While in the case of daughters, he sells them to one of his former companions for a trifling sum.

The natives, although all Mahammadans, have a strong predilection for the Chinese, and seem to like their manners and customs, and never seem to resent this behaviour to their womankind, their own manners, customs, and morals (?) being of the very loosest description.<ref name="Dunmore1894">{{cite book|author=Charles Adolphus Murray Earl of Dunmore|title=The Pamirs: Being a Narrative of a Year's Expedition on Horseback and on Foot Through Kashmir, Western Tibet, Chinese Tartary, and Russian Central Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SdxAAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA328&dq=When+a+Chinaman+is+called+back+to+his+own+home+in+China+proper,+or+a+Chinese+soldier+has+served+his+time+in+Turkestan+and+has+to+return+to+his+native+city+of+Pekin+and+Shanghai,+he+either+leaves+his+temporary+wife+behind+to+shift+for+herself,+or+he+sells+her+to+a+friend.+If+he+has+a+family+he+takes+the+boys+with+him&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CB0Q6AEwAGoVChMIxc2Q1-7IyAIVinQ-Ch2jdAOn#v=onepage&q=When%20a%20Chinaman%20is%20called%20back%20to%20his%20own%20home%20in%20China%20proper%2C%20or%20a%20Chinese%20soldier%20has%20served%20his%20time%20in%20Turkestan%20and%20has%20to%20return%20to%20his%20native%20city%20of%20Pekin%20and%20Shanghai%2C%20he%20either%20leaves%20his%20temporary%20wife%20behind%20to%20shift%20for%20herself%2C%20or%20he%20sells%20her%20to%20a%20friend.%20If%20he%20has%20a%20family%20he%20takes%20the%20boys%20with%20him&f=false|year=1894|publisher=J. Murray|pages=328–}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Ildikó Bellér-Hann|title=Community Matters in Xinjiang, 1880-1949: Towards a Historical Anthropology of the Uyghur|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cF4lMj8skvoC&pg=PA267&dq=When+a+Chinaman+is+called+back+to+his+own+home+in+China+proper,+or+a+Chinese+soldier+has+served+his+time+in+Turkestan+and+has+to+return+to+his+native+city+of+Pekin+and+Shanghai,+he+either+leaves+his+temporary+wife+behind+to+shift+for+herself,+or+he+sells+her+to+a+friend.+If+he+has+a+family+he+takes+the+boys+with+him&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CCMQ6AEwAWoVChMIxc2Q1-7IyAIVinQ-Ch2jdAOn#v=onepage&q=When%20a%20Chinaman%20is%20called%20back%20to%20his%20own%20home%20in%20China%20proper%2C%20or%20a%20Chinese%20soldier%20has%20served%20his%20time%20in%20Turkestan%20and%20has%20to%20return%20to%20his%20native%20city%20of%20Pekin%20and%20Shanghai%2C%20he%20either%20leaves%20his%20temporary%20wife%20behind%20to%20shift%20for%20herself%2C%20or%20he%20sells%20her%20to%20a%20friend.%20If%20he%20has%20a%20family%20he%20takes%20the%20boys%20with%20him&f=false|year=2008|publisher=BRILL|isbn=90-04-16675-0|pages=267–}}</ref>
</blockquote>

Uyghur prostitutes were encountered by [[Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim]] who wrote they were especially to be found in Khotan.<ref name="Tamm2011">{{cite book|author=Eric Enno Tamm|title=The Horse that Leaps Through Clouds: A Tale of Espionage, the Silk Road, and the Rise of Modern China|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XfT6QryQ47MC&pg=PA310&lpg=PA310#v=onepage&q&f=false|year=2011|publisher=Counterpoint Press|isbn=978-1-58243-734-7|pages=310–}}</ref><ref name="Tamm2013">{{cite book|author=Eric Tamm|title=The Horse that Leaps Through Clouds: A Tale of Espionage, the Silk Road, and the Rise of Modern China|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kbpG8QEguXEC&pg=PT318#v=onepage&q&f=false|date=25 November 2013|publisher=Counterpoint|isbn=978-1-58243-876-4|pages=318–}}</ref><ref>http://dsr.nii.ac.jp/toyobunko/VIII-1-A-224/V-1/page/0056.html.ja</ref> He commented on "venereal diseases".<ref>{{cite book|author=C. G. Mannerheim|title=Across Asia : vol.1|url=http://dsr.nii.ac.jp/toyobunko/VIII-1-A-224/V-1/page-hr/0067.html.en|date=|publisher=|isbn=|pages=61–}}</ref>

===Modern Hotan===
Qing imperial authority collapsed in 1912. During the Republican era (1912–49), warlords and local ethnic self-determination movements wrestled over control of Xinjiang. [[Abdullah Bughra]], [[Nur Ahmad Jan Bughra]], and [[Muhammad Amin Bughra]] declared themselves Emirs of Khotan during the [[Kumul Rebellion]]. Beginning with the [[Islamic rebellion in Xinjiang (1937)|Islamic rebellion in 1937]], Hotan and the rest of the province came under the control of warlord [[Sheng Shicai]]. Sheng was later ousted by the [[Kuomintang]]. Shortly after the Communists won the civil war in 1949, Hotan was incorporated into the People's Republic of China. In 1984 the urban area of Hotan was administratively split from the larger [[Hotan County]], and from then on governed as a county-level city.

Following the [[July 2009 Ürümqi riots]], ethnic tensions rose in Xinjiang and in Hotan in particular. As a result, the city has seen occasional bouts of violence. In June 2011, Hotan opened its first [[Rail transport in China|passenger-train service]] to [[Kashgar]], which was established as a [[Special Economic Zones of China|special economic zone]] following the riots. In July of the same year, a [[2011 Hotan attack|bomb and knife attack]] occurred on the city's central thoroughfare. In June 2012, [[Tianjin Airlines Flight 7554]] was hijacked en route from Hotan to Urumqi.

==Geography and climate==
[[File:Collecting jade in the White Jade River near Khotan.jpg|thumb|300px|Collecting jade in the White Jade River near Khotan in 2011]]
Hotan has a [[temperate]] zone, [[continentality|cold]] [[desert climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]] ''BWk''), with a mean annual total of only {{convert|36.5|mm|2}} of precipitation falling on 17.3 days of the year. Due to its southerly location in Xinjiang just north of the [[Kunlun Mountains]], during winter it is one of the warmest locations in the region, with average high temperatures remaining above freezing throughout the year. The monthly 24-hour average temperature ranges from {{convert|−4.4|°C|1}} in January to {{convert|25.6|°C|1}} in July, and the annual mean is {{convert|12.54|°C|1}}. The [[diurnal temperature variation]] is not large for a desert, averaging {{convert|12.3|C-change}} annually. Although no month averages less than half of possible sunshine, the city only receives 2,587 hours of bright sunshine annually, which is on the low end for Xinjiang; monthly percent possible sunshine ranges from 50% in March to 75% in October.

{{Infobox weather
|location = Hotan (1971−2000)
|metric first = Y
|single line = Y
|collapsed =
| Jan high C = 0.8
| Feb high C = 5.9
| Mar high C = 14.8
| Apr high C = 23.5
| May high C = 27.6
| Jun high C = 31.0
| Jul high C = 32.4
| Aug high C = 31.4
| Sep high C = 27.2
| Oct high C = 20.2
| Nov high C = 11.1
| Dec high C = 2.6

| Jan low C = −9.0
| Feb low C = −4.4
| Mar low C = 3.0
| Apr low C = 10.2
| May low C = 14.6
| Jun low C = 17.7
| Jul low C = 19.3
| Aug low C = 18.3
| Sep low C = 13.5
| Oct low C = 6.0
| Nov low C = −0.9
| Dec low C = −7.1
|year high C = 19.0 |year low C = 6.8
|year high F = 66.3 |year low F = 44.2
|precipitation colour =
| Jan precipitation mm = 1.6
| Feb precipitation mm = 2.0
| Mar precipitation mm = 1.3
| Apr precipitation mm = 1.5
| May precipitation mm = 6.6
| Jun precipitation mm = 8.2
| Jul precipitation mm = 5.7
| Aug precipitation mm = 4.9
| Sep precipitation mm = 1.8
| Oct precipitation mm = 1.3
| Nov precipitation mm = 0.1
| Dec precipitation mm = 1.5
|unit precipitation days = 0.1 mm
|Jan precipitation days = 2.0
|Feb precipitation days = 1.7
|Mar precipitation days = 0.7
|Apr precipitation days = 1.1
|May precipitation days = 1.9
|Jun precipitation days = 2.6
|Jul precipitation days = 2.9
|Aug precipitation days = 1.8
|Sep precipitation days = 0.8
|Oct precipitation days = 0.3
|Nov precipitation days = 0.3
|Dec precipitation days = 1.2

|Jan humidity= 54
|Feb humidity= 46
|Mar humidity= 35
|Apr humidity= 29
|May humidity= 35
|Jun humidity= 38
|Jul humidity= 43
|Aug humidity= 45
|Sep humidity= 44
|Oct humidity= 43
|Nov humidity= 45
|Dec humidity= 55

|Jan sun= 167.8 |Jan percentsun = 55
|Feb sun= 163.9 |Feb percentsun = 54
|Mar sun= 185.8 |Mar percentsun = 50
|Apr sun= 208.3 |Apr percentsun = 53
|May sun= 234.5 |May percentsun = 54
|Jun sun= 253.2 |Jun percentsun = 58
|Jul sun= 242.5 |Jul percentsun = 54
|Aug sun= 231.2 |Aug percentsun = 55
|Sep sun= 240.0 |Sep percentsun = 65
|Oct sun= 260.5 |Oct percentsun = 75
|Nov sun= 221.1 |Nov percentsun = 72
|Dec sun= 178.2 |Dec percentsun = 60
|year percentsun= 58
|source = China Meteorological Administration <ref name=CMA>{{cite web|url=http://old-cdc.cma.gov.cn/shuju/search1.jsp?dsid=SURF_CLI_CHN_MUL_MMON_19712000_CES&tpcat=SURF&type=table&pageid=3 |script-title=zh:中国地面国际交换站气候标准值月值数据集（1971－2000年） |accessdate=2010-05-04 |publisher=[[China Meteorological Administration]] |language=Chinese |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921055035/http://old-cdc.cma.gov.cn/shuju/search1.jsp?dsid=SURF_CLI_CHN_MUL_MMON_19712000_CES&tpcat=SURF&type=table&pageid=3 |archivedate=2013-09-21 |df= }}</ref>
}}

==Demographics==
Hotan is largely dominated by the Uyghurs. The urban population was recorded as 154,352 in 1998, 83% of which are Uyghurs, and 17% Han Chinese.<ref>{{cite book |title= Xinjiang: China's Muslim Borderland |chapter=The Demography of Xinjiang|pages=256–257 |editor=S. Frederick Starr |author=Stanley W. Toops |publisher=Routledge|date=15 March 2004|isbn=978-0765613189}}</ref>

In the 2010 census, the population was recorded as 186,123 In the 2010 census figure, the figure has risen to 322,300. The increase in population is partly due to boundary changes.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.citypopulation.de/php/china-xinjiang-admin.php?adm2id=653201 |title=HÉTIÁN SHÌ (County-level City) |work=City Population}}</ref>

==Transportation==
[[File:Khotan-mercado-d09.jpg|thumb|right|220px|Locals at a busy Khotan market]]

===Air===
[[Hotan Airport]] (IATA: '''HTN''') serves the city. It serves regional flights to [[Urumqi]]. Originally a military use airport, it was expanded significantly in 2002 to accommodate higher passenger volumes. It is located 12 km south of the city proper.

===Road===
Hotan is served by [[China National Highway 315]], which runs along the southern Tarim Basin from Ruoqiang to Kashgar, and the Trans-Taklamakan Desert Highway, which run north to Luntai. An expressway is being built between Hotan and [[Karakax County]] (Moyu) as of 2014.

===Rail===
Hotan is connected to the rest of China's rail network via the [[Kashgar–Hotan Railway]], which opened to freight traffic in December 2010, and passenger service in June 2011. The railway station was constructed by a company under the [[Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps]], and is located in the town of Lasqi (拉斯奎) northwest of the city proper. Passenger train service on this line is limited, with only one train per day, local service 5828/5825, linking the city with Kashgar (8~ hours) and Ürümqi (~34 hours).

===Buses===
Regular bus services link Hotan with Kashgar. There is also an express bus to Aksu via the {{convert|430|km|abbr=on}} 'Hotan-Aksu Cross-Desert Highway' which was opened in 2007, travels alongside the intermittent [[Hotan River]], and which takes about 5 or 6 hours. This same bus then goes on to Urumchi taking a total of about 21 hours from Hotan.<ref>Harper et al (2009), p. 840.</ref>

==Products==
[[File:'Mutton fat' jade for sale at Khotan Jade Market.jpg|thumb|240px|right|Light coloured or "Mutton fat" jade for sale at Khotan Jade Market]]
[[File:Silk weaving in Khotan.jpg|thumb|right|240px|[[Silk]] weaving in Khotan]]

===Nephrite jade===
Chinese historical sources indicate that Hotan was the main source of the [[nephrite]] jade used in [[History of China#Ancient China|ancient China]]. For several hundred years, until they were defeated by the [[Xiongnu]] in 176 BCE, the trade of Khotanese jade into China was controlled by the nomadic [[Yuezhi]]. The Chinese still refer to the Yurungkash as the [[White Jade River]], alluding to the white [[jade]] recovered from its [[alluvium|alluvial deposits]]. Most of the jade is now gone, with only a few kilos of good quality jade found yearly. Some is still mined in the [[Kunlun Mountains]] to the south in the summer,<ref name=autogenerated1>Bonavia, Judy. ''The Silk Road: Xi'an to Kashgar.'' Revised by Christopher Baumer (2004), pp. 307-308. Odyssey Publications. ISBN 962-217-741-7.</ref> but it is generally of poorer quality than that found in the rivers.<ref>[[Marc Aurel Stein]]. (1907) ''Ancient Khotan: Detailed Report of Archaeological Explorations in Eastern Turkestan.'' Oxford. Pages 132-133.</ref><ref>Laufer, Berthold. ''Jade: A Study in Chinese Archaeology & Religion''. (1912) Reprint: Dover Publications, New York, N.Y. (1974), pp. 24, 26, 291-293, 324. ISBN 0-486-23123-2.</ref>

===Fabrics and carpets===
Khotanese textiles were mentioned by [[Xuanzang]], who visited the oasis in 644 CE. In his Biography it is stated: "It produced carpets and fine felt, and the felt-makers also spun coarse and fine silk."<ref>''A Biography of the Tripiṭaka Master of the great Ci'en Monastery of the Great Tang Dynasty''. Śramaṇa Huili and Shi Yancong. Translated by Li Rongxi. Numata Center for Buddhist Translation and Research. (1995), p. 163. ISBN 1-886439-00-1.</ref>

Ancient Chinese-Khotanese relations were so close that the oasis emerged as one of the earliest centres of silk manufacture outside China. There are good reasons to believe that the silk-producing industry flourished in Hotan as early as the 5th century.<ref>Whitfield, Susan. ''The Silk Road: Trade, Travel, War and Faith''. Serindia Publications Inc., 2004. ISBN 1-932476-12-1. Page 47.</ref> According to one story, a Chinese princess given in marriage to a Khotan prince brought to the oasis the secret of silk-manufacture, "hiding [[Bombyx mori|silkworms]] in her hair as part of her dowry", probably in the first half of the 1st century CE.<ref>Hill (2015), Vol. II, pp. 1-2. "Appendix A: Introduction of Silk Cultivation to Khotan."</ref><ref>Sarah Underhill Wisseman, Wendell S. Williams. ''Ancient Technologies and Archaeological Materials ''. Routledge, 1994. ISBN 2-88124-632-X. Page 131.</ref> It was from Khotan that the eggs of silkworms were smuggled to [[Iran]], reaching [[Justinian I]]'s [[Constantinople]] in 551.<ref>"From Khotan, silk culture is believed to have passed by way of [[Kashmir]] to India and then westwards into central Asia and Persia". Quoted from Chambers's Encyclopaedia, Oxford University Press, 1950, article "Silk".</ref> Silk production is still a major industry employing more than a thousand workers and producing some 150 million metres of silk annually. Silk weaving by [[Uyghurs|Uyghur women]] is a thriving [[Putting-out system#Cottage industry|cottage industry]], some of it produced using traditional methods.<ref name=autogenerated1 /> [[Hotan Silk Factory]] is one of the notable silk producers in Hotan.

Atlas is a traditional Uyghur clothing worn by Uyghur women. It is soft, light and graceful tie-dyed silk fabric. It comes various colours, the brighter and rich colours are for small child to young ladies. The gray and dark colours are for elderly women.

The oldest piece of [[kilim]] which we have any knowledge was obtained by the archaeological explorer [[Aurel Stein]]; a fragment from an ancient settlement near Khotan, which was buried by sand drifts about the fourth century CE. The weave is almost identical with that of modern kilims.

Khotanese pile carpets are still highly prized and form an important export.<ref>Bennett, Ian. Rugs & Carpets of the World. (1978). Ferndale Edition (1981). Quarto Publishing, London, pp.182-189. ISBN 0-905746-24-4.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9045345/Khotan-rug |title=Khotan rug - Britannica Online Encyclopedia |publisher=Britannica.com |date= |accessdate=2012-04-06}}</ref>

==Gallery==
<center>
<gallery perrow="4">
File:Khotan-mercado-d49.jpg|Market in Khotan
Image:Khotan-mercado-gente-uigur-d01.jpg|Uyghur people at Sunday market
File:Khotan-fabrica-alfombras-d12.jpg|Carpet weaving in Khotan
File:Khotan-fabrica-seda-d16.jpg|Silk weaving in Khotan
File:Photo of the front of the Hotan Museum.jpg|Entrance to the [[Hotan Cultural Museum]]
File:Large mutton fat jade displayed in Hotan Cultural Museum lobby.jpg|A local [[nephrite]] jade, also called "mutton fat" jade, for its similarity in color to the mutton fat, is displayed in [[Hotan Cultural Museum]] lobby.
</gallery>
</center>

==See also==
*[[Dandan Oilik]]
*[[Hotan Cultural Museum]]
*[[Khatana]]
*[[Kingdom of Khotan]]
*[[Silk Road transmission of Buddhism]]
*[[Makan Map]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==References==
*Harper, Damian ''et al.'' (2009). ''Lonely Planet China: 11th Edition''. Lonely Planet. ISBN 978-1-74104-866-7.
*{{cite journal | last1 = Hill | first1 = John E. | year = 1988 | title = Notes on the Dating of Khotanese History | url = http://www.springerlink.com/content/gg8740360243350j/ | journal = Indo-Iranian Journal | volume = 31 | issue = | pages = 179–190 | doi=10.1163/000000088790083016}} Updated version of this article is available for free download (with registration) at: [http://independent.academia.edu/JHill/Papers/439945/Notes_on_the_Dating_of_Khotanese_History independent.academia.edu]
*Hulsewé, A. F. P. (1979). ''China in Central Asia: The Early Stage 125 BC − AD 23: an annotated translation of chapters 61 and 96 of the History of the Former Han Dynasty''. E. J. Brill, Leiden. ISBN 90-04-05884-2.
*Legge, James 1886. ''A Record of Buddhistic Kingdoms: Being an account by the Chinese Monk Fa-Hien of his travels in India and Ceylon (A.D. 399-414) in search of the Buddhist Books of Discipline''. Oxford, Clarendon Press. Reprint: New York, Paragon Book Reprint Corp. 1965.
*Mallory, J. P. and Mair, Victor H. 2000. ''The Tarim Mummies: Ancient China and the Mystery of the Earliest Peoples from the West''. Thames & Hudson. London. 2000.
*Montell, Gösta, ''Sven Hedin’s Archaeological Collections from Khotan: Terra-cottas from Yotkan and Dandan-Uiliq'', The Bulletin of the Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities 7 (1936), pp. 145–221.
*Montell, Gösta, ''Sven Hedin’s Archaeological Collections from Khotan II'' (appendix by Helmer Smith (pp. 101–102)), The Bulletin of the Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities 10 (1938), pp. 83–113.
*Puri, B. N. ''Buddhism in Central Asia'', Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Private Limited, Delhi, 1987. (2000 reprint).
*Stein, Aurel M. 1907. ''Ancient Khotan: Detailed report of archaeological explorations in Chinese Turkestan'', 2 vols. Clarendon Press. Oxford. [http://dsr.nii.ac.jp/toyobunko/ dsr.nii.ac.jp] [https://books.google.com/books?id=FaMMAQAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false 1907. ''Ancient Khotan: Detailed report of archaeological explorations in Chinese Turkestan'', 2 vols. Clarendon Press. Oxford.]<ref name="dsr.nii.ac.jp">[http://dsr.nii.ac.jp/toyobunko/creator/marc_aurel_stein.html.en M. A. Stein – Digital Archive of Toyo Bunko Rare Books] at dsr.nii.ac.jp</ref> [http://dsr.nii.ac.jp/toyobunko/VIII-5-B2-7/V-1/ Ancient Khotan : vol.1] [http://dsr.nii.ac.jp/toyobunko/VIII-5-B2-7/V-2/ Ancient Khotan : vol.2]
*Stein, Aurel M. 1921. ''Serindia: Detailed report of explorations in Central Asia and westernmost China'', 5 vols. London & Oxford. Clarendon Press. Reprint: Delhi. Motilal Banarsidass. 1980. [http://dsr.nii.ac.jp/toyobunko/ dsr.nii.ac.jp]
*[https://books.google.com/books?id=1Ra3AAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false 1904 ''Sand-Buried Ruins of Khotan'', London, Hurst and Blackett, Ltd.] Reprint Asian Educational Services, New Delhi, Madras, 2000 [http://dsr.nii.ac.jp/toyobunko/VIII-5-B2-5/V-1/ Sand-Buried Ruins of Khotan : vol.1]
*Watters, Thomas 1904–1905. ''On Yuan Chwang’s Travels in India''. London. Royal Asiatic Society. Reprint: Delhi. Mushiram Manoharlal. 1973.
*Yu, Taishan. 2004. ''A History of the Relationships between the Western and Eastern Han, Wei, Jin, Northern and Southern Dynasties and the Western Regions''. Sino-Platonic Papers No. 131 March 2004. Dept. of East Asian Languages and Civilizations, University of Pennsylvania.

==External links==

{{commons|Khotan}}
{{wikivoyage|Khotan}}
*[http://www.hts.gov.cn/ Official government site (in Chinese)]
*[http://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/ Silk Road Seattle - University of Washington] (The Silk Road Seattle website contains many useful resources including a number of full-text historical works)
*[http://idp.bl.uk/education/buddhism/khotanese/khotanese.html Site devoted to the Buddhism of Khotan with a copy of Sir Aurel Stein's map of the Tarim Basin and Khotan region]
*[http://www.raize.ch/Reisen/velo-eurasien/karten-rollover/western-tibet-highway_satellitenbild_grossplus.jpg Satellite image of region which can be enlarged]
*[http://ipsnews.net/news.asp?idnews=35406 China: Taklamakan - Desert With No Ocean Underground]

{{Xinjiang Administrative Divisions}}
{{Cities of Xinjiang}}

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Hotan}}
[[Category:Populated places along the Silk Road]]
[[Category:Populated places in Xinjiang]]
[[Category:Central Asian Buddhist kingdoms]]
[[Category:Ancient peoples of China]]
[[Category:Former countries in Chinese history]]
[[Category:Oases of China]]
[[Category:Hotan Prefecture]]
[[Category:Uyghurs]]
[[Category:Hotan| ]]

Sergey Dvortsevoy

2017-04-04T07:54:38Z

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{{Cleanup|date=March 2009}}
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'''Sergey Dvortsevoy''' (born 1962) is a filmmaker from [[Kazakhstan]]. His 2008 feature film ''[[Tulpan]]'' was Kazakhstan's [[82nd Academy Awards|2009 Academy Awards]] official submission to [[Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film|Foreign Language Film]] category.

Dvortsevoy worked as an aviation engineer before studying film in Moscow in the early 1990s. His films immediately garnered international acclaim, receiving prizes and recognition at festivals around the world, including the nomination of Bread Day (1998) for the prestigious [[Joris Ivens Award]] at the Amsterdam International Documentary Film Festival. The following year his work was presented at the [[Robert Flaherty]] Film Seminar, an institution dedicated to Flaherty’s adherence to the goal of seeing and depicting the human condition. Dvortsevoy’s documentaries are committed to observational filmmaking. His subjects—people living in and around a Russia in transition—try in their individual ways to eke out an existence.

''[[Tulpan]]'' was Dvortsevoy's first fiction film; it was nominated for the 2009 [[Asia Pacific Screen Awards]] for Best Feature Film (which it won) and Best Achievement in Directing.<Ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.couriermail.com.au/entertainment/sergei-dvortsevoys-film-of-life-on-the-steppes-wins-acclaim/story-e6freq7f-1225698950286|title=Life on the steppes|publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.abc.net.au/atthemovies/txt/s2539739.htm|title=Tulpan Interview|publisher=}}</ref><ref>http://www.couriermail.com.au/entertainment/no-borat-but-film-a-winner/story-e6freqex-1111118007711 {{deadlink|date=March 2017}} </ref>
The [[Findling Award]] was given to him for his first film ''Schastye''.

==Filmography==
*''Schastye'' (''Paradise''; 1996)
*''[[Chlebnyy den]]'' (''Bread Day''; 1998)
*''[[Highway (1999 film)|Highway]]'' (1999)
*''[[V temnote]]'' (''In the Dark''; 2004)
*''[[Tulpan]]'' (2008)

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb name|0245361}}
*[http://www.400films.com/directores/sergei-dvortsevoy about the author]{{dead link|date=April 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Dvortsevoy, Sergey}}
[[Category:1962 births]]
[[Category:Kazakhstani film directors]]
[[Category:Kazakhstani documentary film directors]]
[[Category:Living people]]

History of Barys Astana

2017-04-03T01:49:30Z

InternetArchiveBot: Rescuing 6 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v1.3beta4)

The '''history of Barys Astana''' [[Kontinental Hockey League]] team dates back to 1999.

== 1999–2008: Early years ==
Barys was founded on November 26, 1999.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sports.kz/news/sergey-gimaev-u-nurlana-ozarbaeva-est-pryamoe-poruchenie-sdelat-iz-baryisa-bazovyiy-klub-sbornoy|script-title=ru:"Барысу" 15 лет|trans_title=15 years for "Barys"|publisher=[[Kazakhstan Ice Hockey Federation]]|language=ru|date=November 26, 2014|accessdate=March 25, 2015}}</ref> The team's name, Barys, is derived from the national symbol of Kazakhstan, translated as [[snow leopard]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://wwf.hu/en/snow-leopard|title=Snow Leopard|publisher=[[World Wide Fund for Nature|WWF]]|accessdate=August 23, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eurasianet.org/node/67663|title=Central Asian Conservationists Spotlight Snow Leopards|publisher=EurasiaNet.org|date=October 23, 2013|accessdate=August 23, 2014}}</ref> The team's inaugural season was [[1999–2000 Kazakhstan Hockey Championship|1999–2000]], where they played in the [[Kazakhstan Hockey Championship]].<ref name="History">{{cite web|url=http://www.hcbarys.kz/ru/articles/view/istoriya|script-title=ru:История|trans_title=History|publisher=Barys Astana|language=ru|accessdate=March 14, 2014}}</ref> Barys would stay there until 2009.<ref name="History" /> In 2004–05, Barys was admitted into the Russian hockey system. They made their debut in the [[Russian Hockey League|Pervaya Liga]]; in parallel, Barys kept a [[Nomad Astana|second team]] in the Kazakhstan Hockey Championship.<ref name="History" /> Barys' debut in Russia was interesting, with the team doing fairly well.<ref name="History" /> They played three seasons in the Pervaya Liga, where they finished respectively 3rd, 2nd and 1st of the Ural - Western Siberia zone where they played. With this first place in 2007, Barys was allowed into the [[Vysshaya Liga (ice hockey)|Vysshaya Liga]].<ref name="History" />

{{Quote box |width=22em |align=right |bgcolor=#B0C4DE
|title=Historical leagues
|fontsize=90% |quote=
[[Kazakhstan Hockey Championship]] 1999–2009 
[[Russian Hockey League|Pervaya Liga]] 2004–2007 
[[Vysshaya Liga (ice hockey)|Vysshaya Liga]] 2007–2008 
[[Kontinental Hockey League]] 2008–present
}}
Barys played a single season in the [[Vysshaya Liga (ice hockey)|Vysshaya Liga]], a good one, where they finished second out of 14 in the Eastern conference.<ref name="History" /> They reached the playoffs, where they began by sweeping [[HC Belgorod]] in three straight games in the first round, before falling to [[Khimik Voskresensk (2005)|Khimik Voskresensk]] in four games.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eurohockey.net/news/story.html?id=20080531093716khimikvoskresenskchampionofthevyschayaliga|title=Khimik Voskresensk champion of the Vysshaya Liga|publisher=EuroHockey.net|date=May 31, 2008|accessdate=March 17, 2014}}</ref> Barys however won the [[Kazakhstan Hockey Championship]] that year.<ref name="History" /> Barys' main team did not participate in the regular season of the league (however, its affiliate, [[Nomad Astana|Barys-2]], did), but the league's format was so that the three best team of the league after the regular season would play the three best Kazakh teams (Barys' main team, [[Kazzinc-Torpedo]] and [[Kazakhmys Satpaev]], all three were playing in the [[Vysshaya Liga (ice hockey)|Vysshaya Liga]]) in the final round. Barys won the tournament, dethroning defending champions Kazzinc-Torpedo, en route to their first Kazakhstan Hockey Championship title.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hockeyarchives.ru/kazakhstan/2007-2008.html|script-title=ru:Чемпионат Казахстана 2007/2008 |trans_title=2007/2008 Kazakhstan Championship |publisher=Hockey Archives|language=ru|accessdate=June 30, 2013}}</ref>

== 2008–present: Kontinental Hockey League ==

=== 2008–2011: First round loses to Ak Bars ===
In [[2008–09 KHL season|2008]], Barys applied to join the newly formed [[Kontinental Hockey League]]. The league's authorities allowed Barys in, making it the first Kazakhstani team into the new league. The team won its first game in the KHL on September 3, 2008, abroad, defeating [[HC Neftekhimik Nizhnekamsk|Neftekhimik Nizhnekamsk]] 2–1 in the shootouts.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.khl.ru/report/160/?idgame=21662 |title=Neftekhimik vs. Barys – 03/09/2008 – Recap |publisher=Kontinental Hockey League |date=September 3, 2008 |accessdate=June 30, 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105205701/http://en.khl.ru/report/160/?idgame=21662 |archivedate=November 5, 2013 |df= }}</ref> They registered their first home game eleven days later by beating defending Russian champions [[Salavat Yulaev Ufa]] 3–2, this time again in shootout.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.khl.ru/report/160/?idgame=21709 |title=Barys vs. Salavat Yulaev – 14/09/2008 – Recap |publisher=Kontinental Hockey League |date=September 14, 2008 |accessdate=June 30, 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105205607/http://en.khl.ru/report/160/?idgame=21709 |archivedate=November 5, 2013 |df= }}</ref> The team finished its first season with a 15th place overall in the league. Barys secured a spot in the playoffs on February 26, 2009, defeating 6-4 [[Vityaz Chekhov]] in the last day of the regular season.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://centralasiaonline.com/en_GB/articles/caii/features/2009/03/06/feature-04 | title=Kazakh team reaches Continental Hockey League playoffs|publisher=CentralAsiaOnline.com |author=Madi Asanov |date=March 6, 2009 |accessdate=March 18, 2014}}</ref> In the first round of Gagarin Cup playoffs, Barys faced Ak Bars Kazan. Kazan swept Astana three games to nothing to advance to the second round. [[Kevin Dallman]] finished the season as the league's fifth best scorer with 28 goals and 30 assists (58 points) record; he also finished as the league's leader for shots on goal with 217.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://en.khl.ru/stat/leaders/160/ | title=2008–09 KHL season stats |publisher=Kontinental Hockey League|date= |accessdate=June 30, 2013}}</ref> [[Konstantin Glazachev]] finished 9th overall in the league in scoring with 52 points. Meanwhile, the team secured a second straight Kazakhstan Hockey Championship title.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eurohockey.net/news/story.html?id=20090404081157_barys_champion_of_kazakhstan|title=Barys champion of Kazakhstan|publisher=EuroHockey.net|date=April 4, 2009|accessdate=March 18, 2014}}</ref>

[[File:X and 2011-12-10 Amur—Barys KHL-game.jpeg|thumb|right|[[Vitali Yeremeyev]] and [[Jonas Junland]] during the game against [[Amur Khabarovsk|Amur]] in 2011.]]
The [[2009–10 KHL season|2009–10 season]] saw Barys have a very similar season than the previous. Veteran [[Jozef Stümpel]] finished top scorer of the team, with 52 points, two better than [[Maxim Spiridonov]], who was the best goal scorer of the team with 24. Fan favourite [[Kevin Dallman]] also was a major contributor, with 14 goals and 27 assists. Newcomer [[Jeff Glass]] did a fine job between the pipes, with 19 wins and a 2.87 goals against average, helping the team finish fourteenth overall of the KHL, a one place improvement from 2008–09. Barys was however once again swept in three games by [[Ak Bars Kazan]] in the first round of the playoffs.<ref>{{cite web|author=Bill Meltzer|url=http://www.nhl.com/ice/news.htm?id=527362#&navid=nhl-search|title=European championship roll call|publisher=[[National Hockey League]]|date=April 28, 2010|accessdate=April 6, 2014}}</ref>

Barys opened [[2010–11 KHL season|2010–11 season]] with [[Andrei Khomutov]] as the new head coach.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://news.sport-express.ru/2010-06-24/370306/ |script-title=ru:Андрей Хомутов назначен главным тренером "Барыса" |trans_title=Andrei Khomutov has appointed as head coach of Barys |publisher=[[Sport Express]] |language=ru|date=June 24, 2010|accessdate=March 18, 2014}}</ref> However, the team's previous manager [[Andrei Shayanov]] remained in the team as an [[assistant coach]]. In September 2011, league's authorities considered Kazakhstan Sports Palace the worst in the league.<ref name="Tengri News">{{cite web |url=http://tengrinews.kz/hockey/dvorets-sporta-kazahstan-priznan-hudshey-arenoy-v-khl-196336/|script-title=ru:Дворец спорта "Казахстан" признан худшей ареной в КХЛ|trans_title=Kazakhstan Sports Palace has considered the worst in the league|publisher=TengriNews.kz |language=ru |date=September 9, 2011 |accessdate=November 25, 2013}}</ref> The main reason was the regrettably little capacity.<ref name="Tengri News"/> Later, the team's owner [[Kazakhstan Temir Zholy]] decided to build the new [[Barys Arena]] for 12,000 seats, whose opening planned to 2015–16 season.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sports.kz/news/novaya-arena-baryisa-budet-rasschitana-na-12-000-mest|script-title=ru:Новая арена «Барыса» будет рассчитана на 12 000 мест|trans_title=The new Barys's home arena will seat 12,000 spectators|language=ru|publisher=Sports.kz|date=March 30, 2013|accessdate=March 13, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.astanatimes.com/2014/01/barys-players-join-khl-stars-ice-bratislava/|publisher=The Astana Times|title=Barys Players Join KHL Stars on Ice in Bratislava|author=Ilyas Omarov|date=January 15, 2014|accessdate=March 25, 2014}}</ref> The team compiled a 20–21–4–9 regular season record with 77 points. As the 7th seed of the Eastern Conference, Barys faced [[Ak Bars Kazan]] in the first round of playoffs, again. Ak Bars won series without losing a game 4-0.

=== 2011–present: BBD era ===
[[File:Krikunov 2011-09-28 Amur—Ak Bars KHL-game.jpeg|thumb|right|[[Vladimir Krikunov]] coached Barys during the 2012–13 season.]]
In the 2011 off-season, Barys announced the signing of [[Dustin Boyd]] and [[Nigel Dawes]], who later formed BBD line along with [[Brandon Bochenski]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://allhabs.net/khls-barys-astana-announces-signing-of-boyd-dawes/|title=KHL’s Barys Astana Announces Signing of Boyd, Dawes|author=Rick Stephens|publisher=AllHabs.net|date=May 31, 2011|accessdate=March 19, 2014}}</ref> In the beginning of the [[2011–12 KHL season|2011–12 season]], Barys fired Andrei Khomutov after seven losses in eight games.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iihf.com/home-of-hockey/news/news-singleview/?tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=6119&cHash=6fa30149a6e196cdee10ff43d885a470 |title=Khomutov released by Barys |author=Szymon Szemberg |publisher=IIHF |date=October 25, 2011 |accessdate=March 19, 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140414080531/http://www.iihf.com/home-of-hockey/news/news-singleview/?tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=6119&cHash=6fa30149a6e196cdee10ff43d885a470 |archivedate=April 14, 2014 |df= }}</ref> Andrei Shayanov replaced him and led the team to 6th place in the Eastern Conference. Barys fell in the Eastern Conference Quarterfinals to the 3rd seeded [[Metallurg Magnitogorsk]] in seven games.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://en.ria.ru/sports/20120311/172100483.html|title=Markov the Hero for Metallurg in KHL Playoffs|publisher=[[RIA Novosti]]|date=March 11, 2012|accessdate=March 19, 2014}}</ref>

During the [[2012–13 NHL lockout]], Barys strengthened by signing [[Ryan McDonagh]], [[Victor Hedman]] and [[Nik Antropov]]. [[Vladimir Krikunov]] appointed as a new head coach. Barys finished the season with a 23–18–5–6 record for 85 points. In the first round of the [[2013 Gagarin Cup playoffs]], Barys defeated by [[Traktor Chelyabinsk]] 3-4 in series. After the season, Krikunov decided to leave the team, because he refused to coach the [[Kazakhstan men's national ice hockey team|Kazakhstan national ice hockey team]] in parallel with Barys.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://news2night.com/en/news/krikunov-rizhskie-dinamovtsy-ne-hotjat-ehat-na-belorusskij-chm | publisher=news2night.com | title=Krikunov: Riga Dinamo not want to go to the Belarusian FM |date=July 25, 2014 |accessdate=July 25, 2014}}</ref>

In the 2013 off-season, Barys appointed [[Ari-Pekka Selin]] as a new head coach.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.astanatimes.com/2013/06/finnish-expert-ari-pekka-selin-becomes-head-coach-of-barys/ |title=Finnish Expert Ari-Pekka Selin Becomes Head Coach of Barys |publisher=The Astana Times |author=Ilyas Omarov |date=June 26, 2013 |accessdate=August 23, 2014 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6Y1k4RvR4?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.astanatimes.com%2F2013%2F06%2Ffinnish-expert-ari-pekka-selin-becomes-head-coach-of-barys%2F |archivedate=April 24, 2015 |df= }}</ref> On July 4, 2013, Barys officially joined to newly created Astana Presidential Sports Club, the organization supported by Sovereign Wealth Fund [[Samruk-Kazyna]] to combine the main sports teams in Astana.<ref name="Astana Presidential Sports Club">{{cite web|publisher=The Astana Times |title=Astana Presidential Sports Club Launched |author=Ilyas Omarov |url=http://www.astanatimes.com/2013/07/astana-presidential-sports-club-launched/ |date=4 July 2013 |accessdate=31 October 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6Y1jLU12c?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.astanatimes.com%2F2013%2F07%2Fastana-presidential-sports-club-launched%2F |archivedate=24 April 2015 |df= }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Samruk-Kazyna]]|title=In Astana, there was presented a new multi-sport club "Astana"|url=http://sk.kz/event/view/165?lang=en |date=July 5, 2013|accessdate=October 31, 2013}}</ref> Having resigned most of their free agents, the club wouldn't much change in the 2013 off-season, with the exception of losing [[Free agent#Unrestricted free agent|UFAs]] [[Vadim Krasnoslobodtsev]], [[Vitali Novopashin]] and [[Mikhail Grigoriev]]. On June 19, 2013, the team signed goalie [[Ari Ahonen]] for one year.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=EliteProspects.com|title=Ari Ahonen in a Confirmed Transaction to Barys Astana|url=http://www.eliteprospects.com/transaction.php?transfer=168302 |date=June 19, 2013|accessdate=August 9, 2013}}</ref> Barys strengthened defense, signing [[Mike Lundin]], [[Maxim Semyonov]] and [[Evgeni Blokhin]].<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Yardbarker]] |title=Mike Lundin Adds Defensive Depth To Barys Astana |author=Steven Ellis |url=http://network.yardbarker.com/all_sports/article_external/mike_lundin_adds_defensive_depth_to_barys_astana_nbspby_nbspsteven_ellis/13810883 |date=June 11, 2013 |accessdate=July 20, 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140317182827/http://network.yardbarker.com/all_sports/article_external/mike_lundin_adds_defensive_depth_to_barys_astana_nbspby_nbspsteven_ellis/13810883 |archivedate=March 17, 2014 |df= }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|publisher=The Astana Times|title=Barys Hockey Club Returns to Action |author=Askar Sultan |url=http://www.astanatimes.com/2013/07/barys-hockey-club-returns-to-action/|date=July 24, 2013|accessdate=October 31, 2013}}</ref> On August 8, 2013, unrestricted free agent [[Nik Antropov]] signed with the Barys a two-year deal.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[CBC Sports]]|title=Nik Antropov inks 2-year deal with KHL club|url=http://www.cbc.ca/sports/hockey/nhl/story/2013/08/08/sp-nhl-nik-antropov-khl.html?cmp=rss |date=August 8, 2013|accessdate=August 9, 2013}}</ref> In its season opening game on September 8, 2013, Barys defeated [[Severstal Cherepovets]] 10-1.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=RIA Novosti|title=Hockey: Dawes Shines as Barys Demolishes Severstal|url=http://en.ria.ru/sports/20130909/183296844/Hockey-Dawes-Shines-as-Barys-Demolishes-Severstal.html |date=September 9, 2013|accessdate=October 31, 2013}}</ref> During the season, Barys signed a season long contracts with [[Cam Barker]] and [[Zach Hamill]].<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[NBC Sports]]|title=Veteran NHLer Cam Barker signs with KHL squad|url=http://prohockeytalk.nbcsports.com/2013/11/05/veteran-nhler-cam-barker-signs-with-khl-squad/?ocid=Yahoo&partner=ya5nbcs |date=November 5, 2013|accessdate=November 6, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|publisher=TheHockeyHouse.net|title=Barys Astana Sign Former Boston First Rounder Zach Hamill|url=http://thehockeyhouse.net/vancouver-canucks/barys-astana-sign-former-boston-first-rounder-zach-hamill/ |date=November 5, 2013|accessdate=December 25, 2013}}</ref> Barys's [[Brandon Bochenski]] and [[Talgat Zhailauov]] selected to play in the [[2014 Kontinental Hockey League All-Star Game|2014 KHL All-Star Game]], as the result of fans and journalists voting.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.khl.ru/news/2013/12/24/25870.html |title=All-Star Game rosters complete|publisher=Kontinental Hockey League |date=December 24, 2013|accessdate=December 25, 2013}}</ref> Barys finished as the 2nd seed in the Eastern Conference. Recording 26 wins, 18 losses, 6 overtime/shootout wins and 4 overtime/shootout losses, they finished with 94 points for the regular season. In the first round of the [[2014 Gagarin Cup playoffs]], Barys defeated [[Avtomobilist Yekaterinburg]] 4–0 in series to overcome the first round for the first time in its KHL history. Barys lost to Salavat Yulaev Ufa in Eastern Conference semifinals 2–4 in series.

On May 5, 2014, it was announced that former long-time Barys's captain Kevin Dallman signed a three-year contract.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.ska.ru/news/en/15797.html | title=Kevin Dallman leaves SKA |publisher=SKA Saint Petersburg|date=May 5, 2014|accessdate=August 2, 2014}}</ref> On June 18, 2014, the KHL reported that Andrei Nazarov would move from [[HC Donbass|Donbass Donetsk]] to become the new head coach at Barys, replacing Ari-Pekka Selin who had been sacked as coach of the Kazakhstan national ice hockey team on June 11.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://thehockeyhouse.net/international-hockey/former-nhler-andrei-nazarov-to-coach-kazakhstan-national-team/ | title=Former NHLer Andrei Nazarov To Coach Kazakhstan National Team |publisher=TheHockeyHouse.net|author=Steven Ellis|date=August 1, 2014|accessdate=August 22, 2014}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{Barys Astana}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:History of Barys Astana}}
[[Category:Barys Astana]]

History of Astana

2017-04-03T01:33:00Z

InternetArchiveBot: Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v1.3beta4)

Founded by a unit of the [[Siberian Cossacks]] headed by [[Fyodor Shubin]] in 1830 as Akmoly settlement.

==Russian Empire==
The settlement of '''Akmoly''' ({{lang-ru|Акмолы}}), also known as '''Akmolinsky prikaz''' ({{lang|ru|Акмолинский приказ}}), was established on the [[Ishim River]] in 1830 as the seat of an [[okrug]]<ref name="Pospelov">Pospelov, pp. 24–25</ref> by a unit of the [[Siberian Cossacks]] headed by [[Fyodor Shubin]].<ref>{{cite web|script-title=ru:"От центра окружного приказа до столицы Казахстана" (краткий исторический обзор истории столицы) |trans_title=From the center of district order to the capital of Kazakhstan (short historical overview of the history of the capital) |url=http://www.uad.astana.kz/ru/node/41937 |publisher=Archive and Documentation Department of Astana |language=ru |accessdate=23 January 2015 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150123193140/http://www.uad.astana.kz/ru/node/41937 |archivedate=23 January 2015 |df= }}</ref> The name was possibly given after a local landmark—"{{lang|kk|Акмола}}" (''Akmola'') literally means ''a white grave'' in [[Kazakh language|Kazakh]]—although this theory is not universally accepted.<ref name="Pospelov" /> In 1832, the settlement was granted town status and named '''Akmolinsk''' ({{lang|ru|Акмолинск}}).<ref name="Pospelov" /> In 1838, at the height of the great national and liberation movement headed by [[Kenesary Khan]], Akmolinsk fortress was burned.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=e-history.kz|title=Revolt of 1837—1847 under the leadership of khan Kenesary |url=http://e-history.kz/en/contents/view/272|accessdate=13 January 2015}}</ref> After the repression of the liberation movement, the fortress was rebuilt. On 16 July 1863, Akmolinsk was officially declared an [[uyezd]] [[town]].<ref name="History of Astana">{{cite web|publisher=e-history.kz|title=History of Astana |url=http://e-history.kz/en/contents/view/380|accessdate=13 January 2015}}</ref> During the rapid development of the Russian capitalist market, the huge [[Saryarka — Steppe and Lakes of Northern Kazakhstan|Saryarka areas]] were actively exploited by the colonial administration. To draft Regulation governing the [[Kazakh steppe]] the Government of the [[Russian Empire]] formed Steppe Commission in 1865.<ref name="The social and economic relations in Kazakhstan in the second half of the XIX century">{{cite web|publisher=e-history.kz|title=The social and economic relations in Kazakhstan in the second half of the XIX century |url=http://e-history.kz/en/contents/view/148|accessdate=13 January 2015}}</ref> On 21 October 1868, Tsar [[Alexander II of Russia|Alexander II]] signed a draft Regulation on governing [[Turgay Oblast (Russian Empire)|Turgay]], [[Ural Oblast (Russian Empire)|Ural]], [[Aqmola Oblast (Russian Empire)|Akmolinsk]] and [[Semipalatinsk Oblast, Russia|Semipalatinsk]] oblasts.<ref name="The social and economic relations in Kazakhstan in the second half of the XIX century" /> In 1869, Akmolinsk external district and department were cancelled, and Akmolinsk became a center of newly established [[Aqmola Oblast (Russian Empire)|Akmolinsk Oblast]].

==Soviet Union==
From 1917 to 1919, Akmolinsk became a sockpit for [[bolshevik]]s and their political opponents.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=e-history.kz|title=Kazakhstan during the civil war |url=http://e-history.kz/en/contents/view/157 |accessdate=17 February 2015}}</ref>

During [[World War II]], Akmolinsk served as traffic way for transportation engineering tools and equipment from evacuated [[plant]]s of [[Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic|Ukrainian SSR]], [[Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic|Byelorussian SSR]], and [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|Russian SFSR]] placed in oblasts of the [[Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic|Kazakh SSR]]. Local industries were recognized for war needs, assisting the country to provide the battle and home fronts with all stuffs needed. In the post-war years, Akmolinsk became of the locators to revive the economies of the western of the [[Soviet Union]] ruined by the war. Additionally, many [[History of Germans in Russia, Ukraine and the Soviet Union|Russian-Germans]] were resettled here after being [[Population transfer in the Soviet Union|deported]] under [[Joseph Stalin]] rule.<ref>{{Cite web|author=S. Kurmanova|title=Deportation of Volga Germans to Kazakhstan: Causes and Consequences|url=http://e-history.kz/media/upload/1488/2014/06/26/18cc9c944aa4adcf1f67b8f1f45826ca.pdf|accessdate=13 January 2015|publisher=e-history.kz|format=PDF}}</ref>

The city was administrative and cultural center of the [[Virgin Lands Campaign]] led by [[Nikita Khrushchev]] in the 1950s, in order to turn the region into a second [[food grain|grain producer]] for the [[Soviet Union]].<ref>{{Cite web|author=Ian MacWilliam |title=In Virgin Lands, a Dream Ends |url=http://www.themoscowtimes.com/sitemap/free/1994/4/article/in-virgin-lands-a-dream-ends/213516.html |date=20 April 1994 |accessdate=1 December 2016 |publisher=Web Archive (The Moscow Times) |deadurl=bot: unknown |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150114232557/http://www.themoscowtimes.com/sitemap/free/1994/4/article/in-virgin-lands-a-dream-ends/213516.html |archivedate=14 January 2015 |df= }}</ref> In 1961, to commemorate the campaign, the city was renamed '''Tselinograd''' ({{lang|ru|Целиноград}}).<ref name="Pospelov" /> The high portion of [[Russians|Russian immigrants]] in this area, which later led to ethnic tension, can be traced to the influx of agricultural workers at this time.

==Inpedendent Kazakhstan==
After the [[dissolution of the Soviet Union]] and the consequent independence of Kazakhstan, the city's original form was restored in the modified form '''Akmola'''.<ref name="Pospelov" /> After the capital of Kazakhstan was moved to Akmola on 10 December 1997, the city was consequently renamed Astana in 1998.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/country_profiles/1298395.stm |title=Timeline: Kazakhstan |publisher=BBC News |date=31 January 2012 |accessdate=24 November 2013}}</ref>

==References==
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{{DEFAULTSORT:History Of Astana}}
[[Category:History of Astana| ]]