Kazakhstan Encyclopedia - User contributions [en]

Caspian Depression

2017-04-25T17:13:30Z

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{{More footnotes|date=February 2008}}
[[Image:Caspian Depression - NASA (edited).jpg|thumb|250px|right|Caspian Depression and north Caspian Sea from space]]

The '''Caspian Depression''' ({{lang-rus|Прикаспи́йская ни́зменность|p=prʲɪkɐˈspʲijskəjə ˈnʲizmʲɪnnəsʲtʲ}}, ''Prikaspiyskaya nizmennost''', '''Caspian Lowland''') or '''Pricaspian/Peri-Caspian Depression/Lowland''' is a [[lowland|low-lying]] [[Flatland (disambiguation)|flatland]] region encompassing the northern part of the [[Caspian Sea]], the largest enclosed [[body of water]] on [[Earth]].<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.caspianenvironment.org/newsite/Caspian-Background.htm
|archive-url=https://archive.is/20130703213331/http://www.caspianenvironment.org/newsite/Caspian-Background.htm
|dead-url=yes
|archive-date=2013-07-03
|title=Caspian Sea » Background
|publisher=Caspian Environment Programme
|accessdate=2011-02-24
}}</ref> It is the larger northern part of the wider [[Aral-Caspian Depression]] around the [[Aral Sea|Aral]] and Caspian seas.

The level of the Caspian sea is {{convert|28|m}} below sea level, however several places in the depression are even lower, and among them [[Karagiye]] near [[Aktau]] is the lowest at {{convert|-132|m}}.

The [[Depression (geology)|depression]] lies at the southern end of the [[Ryn Desert]], and is in both [[Kazakhstan]] and [[Russia]]. Most of the Russian Republic of [[Kalmykia]] lies in the Caspian Depression. The [[Volga River]] and the [[Ural River]] flow into the Caspian Sea through this region. The deltas of the Ural and Volga Rivers are extensive wetlands. The North Caspian depression is part of the [[Continental climate|continental]] or [[semi-arid]] desert [[biome]]. The area receives {{convert|300|mm|abbr=on}} of rain per year, on average, and less than 10% of the region is irrigated.

The Caspian Depression is below sea-level, consisting of large areas of [[marshland]]s in the eastern region. It is one of the largest flat lowland areas in [[Central Asia]], covering approximately {{convert|200000|km²|abbr=on}}. The area is very rich in underground oil and gas reserves, and oil and natural gas pipelines cross the depression from north to south and east to west. Many geologists believe the Caspian Sea and the depression were formed by [[tectonic]] forces. Some of them also believe that the North Caspian depression became separated from the open ocean in ancient times to form an enormous salt lake. Part of the ancient [[Silk Road]] ran through this region. The two largest cities in the depression are [[Astrakhan]] in Russia, and [[Atyrau]] in Kazakhstan. Today, the region is used mainly for livestock raising.

The depression is also noted for [[salt dome]]s, particularly Volgograd salt. It increases dramatically as one travels from the [[Ryn Desert]] toward the Caspian Sea. Russian satellite photos have revealed huge deposits of salt domes (about 1,200), in the Caspian Depression in western Kazakhstan. One dome, called the [[Chelkar Deposit]], covers an area of {{convert|3237|km²|abbr=on}} and is nearly {{convert|8|km|0}} deep.

The southern region of the depression, or the north coast of the Caspian Sea, is characterized by large development of damp sites resulting from [[tidal]] phenomena. The depression is also home to a large number of [[insect]] [[species]], with several thousand different species likely living in the region around the Caspian Sea. Studies have shown that [[water pollution]], mostly coming from the Volga River, poses a serious threat to the [[biodiversity]] of the Caspian Depression. Water pollution is contributed mainly by [[Industry|industrial]], [[agricultural]], and household discharges.

==References==
{{reflist}}
* Evaporites of North Border of North Caspian Depression - ''Internet Geology News Letter No. 178'', January 13, 2003.
* [http://www.spacetoday.org/Satellites/SatBytes/SaltDomes.html Space Today Online].

{{coord|47|02|N|47|24|E|display=title|region:KZ_type:landmark_source:nlwiki}}
{{Geology of Europe}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Depressions of Russia]]
[[Category:Landforms of Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Caspian Sea]]
[[Category:Lowest points]]
[[Category:East European Plain]]
[[Category:Depressions of Europe]]
[[Category:Endorheic basins of Asia]]

Discrimination (Employment and Occupation) Convention

2017-04-25T17:05:38Z

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{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2013}}
{{Infobox treaty
| name = Discrimination (Employment and Occupation) Convention (No.111)
| long_name = Convention concerning Discrimination in Respect of Employment and Occupation
| image =
| image_width =
| caption =
| type = [[Anti-discrimination law]]
| date_drafted =
| date_signed = 25 June 1958
| location_signed =Geneva
| date_sealed =
| date_effective = 15 June 1960
| condition_effective = 2 ratifications
| date_expiration =
| signatories =
| parties =173<ref name=ratifications>{{cite web|url=http://www.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en/f?p=1000:11300:0::NO:11300:P11300_INSTRUMENT_ID:312256|title=Convention No. C111, ratifications|work=[[International Labour Organization]]|date=26 April 2013}}</ref>
| ratifiers =
| depositor = Director-General of the International Labour Office
| language =
| languages = French and English
| wikisource =
}}

The '''Convention concerning Discrimination in Respect of Employment and Occupation''' or '''Discrimination (Employment and Occupation) Convention''' (ILO Convention No.111) is an [[International Labour Organization]] [[International Labour Organization#International Labour Conference|Convention]] on [[anti-discrimination law|anti-discrimination]]. It is one of eight [[ILO fundamental conventions]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ilo.org/global/standards/introduction-to-international-labour-standards/conventions-and-recommendations/lang--en/index.htm|title=Conventions and ratifications|work=[[International Labour Organization]]|date=27 May 2011}}</ref> The convention requires states to enable legislation which prohibits all [[employment discrimination|discrimination]] and [[social exclusion|exclusion]] on any basis including of [[racial discrimination|race or colour]], [[sexual discrimination|sex]], [[religious discrimination|religion]], [[political opinion]], national or social origin in employment and repeal legislation that is not based on [[equal opportunity|equal opportunities]].

==(non)-Ratifications==
As of May 2016, the convention had been ratified by 173 out of 187 ILO member states. ILO member states that have not ratified the convention are:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ilo.org/ilolex/english/docs/declworld.htm |archive-url=https://archive.is/20120524225645/http://www.ilo.org/ilolex/english/docs/declworld.htm |dead-url=yes |archive-date=24 May 2012 |title=Ratifications of the Fundamental human rights Conventions by country |date=26 May 2011 |accessdate=26 May 2011 |work=International Labour Organization }}</ref>
*{{flag|Brunei}}
*{{flag|Cook Islands}}
*{{flag|Japan}}
*{{flag|Malaysia}}
*{{flag|Marshall Islands}}
*{{flag|Myanmar}}
*{{flag|Oman}}
*{{flag|Palau}}
*{{flag|Singapore}}
*{{flag|Suriname}}
*{{flag|Thailand}}
*{{flag|Tonga}}
*{{flag|Tuvalu}}
*{{flag|United States}}
The convention has been extended by [[New Zealand]] to cover [[Tokelau]]. The convention has not been extended to [[Aruba]], [[Curaçao]], [[Sint Maarten]], or the [[Caribbean Netherlands]] within the [[Kingdom of the Netherlands]].<ref name=verdragenbank>{{cite web|url=http://www.minbuza.nl/nl/Producten_en_Diensten/Overige_diensten/Verdragen/Zoek_in_de_Verdragenbank?isn=006831|title=Detailpagina Verdragenbank; Verdrag betreffende discriminatie in arbeid en beroep|language=Dutch|accessdate=27 May 2011|work=Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Netherlands)}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.ilo.org/ilolex/cgi-lex/convde.pl?C111 Text] and [http://www.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en/f?p=1000:11300:0::NO:11300:P11300_INSTRUMENT_ID:312256 ratifications]

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Human rights in Kazakhstan

2017-04-24T19:50:38Z

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{{Politics of Kazakhstan}}

[[Kazakhstan]]'s human rights situation is uniformly described as poor by independent observers. [[Human Rights Watch]] says that "Kazakhstan heavily restricts freedom of assembly, speech, and religion. In 2014, authorities closed newspapers, jailed or fined dozens of people after peaceful but unsanctioned protests, and fined or detained worshipers for practicing religion outside state controls. Government critics, including opposition leader [[Vladimir Kozlov (politician)|Vladimir Kozlov]], remained in detention after unfair trials ... Torture remains common in places of detention."<ref>[[Human Rights Watch]], [https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2015/country-chapters/kazakhstan World Report 2015: Kazakhstan], accessed October 2015.</ref>

Kazakhstan's political structure concentrates power in the presidency. President [[Nursultan Nazarbayev]] has been the country's leader since 1989, when he was named First Secretary of the [[Communist Party of Kazakhstan|Communist Party]] of the [[Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic|Kazakh SSR]], and was [[Kazakhstani presidential election, 1991|elected]] the nation's first president following its independence from the [[Soviet Union]] in December 1991. No election ever held in Kazakhstan has met international standards.<ref>{{cite news|last=Chivers|first=C.J.|title=Kazakh President Re-elected; voting Flawed, Observers Say|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/12/06/international/asia/06kazakhstan.html?_r=0|accessdate=2 April 2014|work=The New York Times|date=6 December 2005|quote=Kazakhstan has never held an election that met international standards.}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Pannier|first=Bruce |title=Kazakhstan's long term president to run in snap election – again |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/mar/11/kazakhstan-president-early-election-nursultan-nazarbayev|accessdate=13 March 2015|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=11 March 2015|quote=Nazarbaev has clamped down on dissent in Kazakhstan, and the country has never held an election judged to be free or fair by the West.}}</ref>

In 2012 Kazakhstan was elected as a member of the [[United Nations Human Rights Council]]. During the [[Universal Periodic Review]] of Human Rights in 2014, national representatives "commended Kazakhstan’s establishment of a mechanism to prevent torture and of a national human rights institution" but "shared concerns about legal restrictions on freedom".<ref>[http://www.ohchr.org/en/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=15723&LangID=E Human Rights Council adopts outcomes of Universal Periodic Review of Kazakhstan, Angola and Iran - See more at: http://www.ohchr.org/en/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=15723&LangID=E#sthash.cA8jiR5R.dpuf] - Human Rights Council, 19 March 2015</ref>

==Politics, freedom of speech and the press==
Political expression was reported to be restricted in Kazakhstan in the months leading up to presidential elections in December 2005, according to observers, including [[Human Rights Watch]] and [[Freedom House]].<ref>[[Freedom House]]:[http://www.freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?page=70&release=277]</ref> Kazakh authorities reportedly attempted to restrict freedom of speech and shut down independent media and civil society groups. In September, the Vremya printing house unexpectedly cancelled contracts with seven newspapers, with no explanation given. Likewise, other printing firms in Kazakhstan's former capital, [[Almaty]], also refused to print the publications. After a week-long hunger strike by the editors of these papers, the Daur publishing house agreed to publish five of the newspapers. Virtually all of Kazakhstan's broadcast media are owned by firms closely associated with the government; newspapers are some of the few sources of independent reporting.<ref name="IFEX 2005">International Freedom of Expression Exchange:[http://www.ifex.org/en/content/view/full/69862/ GOVERNMENT MUZZLING FREE EXPRESSION IN RUN-UP TO ELECTIONS], 19 October 2005</ref>

Some outsider observers, including HRW, have noted increasing anxiety in the Kazakh government after recent democratic revolutions in former Soviet states including [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]], [[Ukraine]] and [[Kyrgyzstan]]. Efforts to restrict dissent ahead of the 2 December 2005 elections may have indicated the government's attempt to prevent such transformation from occurring in Kazakhstan.<ref name="IFEX 2005"/>

In 2016 Astana hosted a roundtable discussion on Human Rights Day, December 10. The event brought together Kazakh officials and representatives of international organizations, such as International Organisation for Migration (IOM), EU, United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), Organisation for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE).<ref>{{cite web|title=Kazakhstan Marks Human Rights Day|url=http://astanatimes.com/2015/12/kazakhstan-marks-human-rights-day/|website=astanatimes.com}}</ref>

==Right to fair trial==
According to a US government report released in 2014, in Kazakhstan: "The law does not adequately provide for an independent judiciary. The executive branch sharply limited judicial independence. Prosecutors enjoyed a quasi-judicial role and had the authority to suspend court decisions ... Corruption was evident at every stage of the judicial process. Although judges were among the most highly paid government employees, lawyers and human rights monitors alleged that judges, prosecutors, and other officials solicited bribes in exchange for favorable rulings in the majority of criminal cases."<ref>"Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2013: Kazakhstan," Released by the Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor. http://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?year=2013&dlid=220395#wrapper. Retrieved on September 15, 2014</ref>

==Religious freedom==
In 1992 after gaining independence Kazakhstan adopted the Law on Freedom of Religion and Religious Associations, which aimed to ensure inter-faith tolerance and religious freedom.<ref>{{cite web|title=Officials: New Laws Protect Freedom of Religion|url=http://astanatimes.com/2013/04/officials-new-laws-protect-freedom-of-religion/|website=astanatimes.com}}</ref> As of 2014, there were over 3400 religious organizations in Kazakhstan.<ref>{{cite web|title=Foreign Ministry Holds Briefing for Diplomats on Religious Freedom in Country|url=http://astanatimes.com/2014/03/foreign-ministry-holds-briefing-diplomats-religious-freedom-country/|website=astanatimes.com}}</ref>

Human Rights watch however has said that "Minority religious groups continued to be subjected to fines and short-term detention in 2014 for violating a restrictive religion law". A UN special rapporteur on freedom of religion recommended "far-reaching reforms" to the 2011 religion law, finding, for example, that "non-registered religious communities ... suffer from serious infringements of their freedom of religion."<ref name="Human Rights Watch 2014 Report">{{cite web|last1=Human Rights Watch|title=World Report 2015: Kazakhstan|url=https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2015/country-chapters/kazakhstan#ada87c|website=Human Rights Watch|accessdate=27 October 2016|date=8 January 2015}}</ref>

In order to promote inter-confessional dialogue and prevent religious conflict worldwide, Kazakhstan hosts regular Congress of the Leaders of World and Traditional Religions. The first congress was held in 2003 and was attended by 17 religious delegations.<ref>{{cite web|title=Congress of the Leaders of World and Traditional Religions|url=https://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/organizations/congress-of-the-leaders-of-world-and-traditional-religions|website=berkleycenter.georgetown.edu}}</ref>

In order to address the threat of religious extremism, the Congress of the Leaders of World and Traditional Religions held international conference, Religions against Terrorism, on May 31, 2016. One day later the Congress held its 15th session in Astana.<ref>{{cite web|title=Parliamentarians, Religious Leaders Discuss Ways to Unite Religions against Terrorism in Astana|url=http://astanatimes.com/2016/06/parliamentarians-religious-leaders-discuss-ways-to-unite-religions-against-terrorism-in-astana/|website=astanatimes.com}}</ref>

===2006 Hare Krishna evictions===
On November 20, 2006, three buses full of [[riot police]], two ambulances, two empty lorries, and executors of the Karasai district arrived at the community in sub-zero weather and evicted the Hare Krishna followers from thirteen homes, which the police proceeded to demolish. The [[Forum 18|Forum 18 News Service]] reported, "Riot police who took part in the destruction threw personal belongings of the Hare Krishna devotees into the snow, and many devotees were left without clothes. Power for lighting and heating systems had been cut off before the demolition began. Furniture and larger household belongings were loaded onto trucks. Officials said these possessions would be destroyed. Two men who tried to prevent the bailiffs from entering a house to destroy it were seized by 15 police officers who twisted their hands and took them away to the police car."<ref>[[Forum 18|Forum 18 News Service]]:[http://www.forum18.org/Archive.php?article_id=876 KAZAKHSTAN: Will rest of Hare Krishna commune now be destroyed?], 24 November 2005</ref> In response to these events the [[Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe]] issued a statement: "It appears that state-sponsored action has been focused upon members of the Hare Krishna community in a manner that suggests they have been targeted on the basis of their religious affiliation." Kazakh officials claims that the evictions were legitimate, and that the properties had been acquired illegally.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Finn|first1=Peter|title=Local Property Dispute Grows Into International Issue for Kazakhstan|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/07/24/AR2007072402310.html|accessdate=25 October 2015|work=The Washington Post|date=25 July 2007}}</ref>

==Human rights dialogue==
In 2008, in line with its "Strategy for a New Partnership" with Central Asia, the [[European Union]] agreed with the Republic of Kazakhstan to establish an annual human rights dialogue, and its first round was held on 15 October 2008 in Astana.<ref name=EU1>{{cite web|title=European Union – Kazakhstan Civil Society Seminar on Human Rights. Judicial System and Places of Detention: Towards the European Standards|url=http://www.eucentralasia.eu/fileadmin/user_upload/CS_seminars__final_reports/eu_kazakhstan_seminar_final_report_sept_2009_en.pdf|website=eucentralasia.eu}}</ref>

These dialogues constitute an essential part of the EU's overall strategy to promote respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms, sustainable development, peace and stability.<ref name=EU2>{{cite web|title=EU human rights dialogues in Central Asia|url=http://eeas.europa.eu/central_asia/docs/factsheet_hr_dialogue_en.pdf|website=eeas.europa.eu}}</ref> On 12 November 2014 the European Union and Kazakhstan held the sixth round of the annual Human Rights Dialogue in Brussels.<ref name=EU3>{{cite web|title=Press Release: EU-Kazakhstan Human Rights Dialogue|url=http://eeas.europa.eu/statements-eeas/2014/141112_03_en.htm|website=eeas.europa.eu}}</ref> The Kazakh delegation was led by Mr Yogan Merkel, First Deputy Prosecutor General, who was accompanied by Mr Vyacheslav Kalyuzhnyy, Director of the National Centre for Human Rights, and other senior officials.<ref name=EU3/> The EU delegation was led by Mr Silvio Gonzato, Director for Human Rights and Democracy at the European External Action Service.<ref name=EU3/> The dialogue was held in a positive and constructive atmosphere.<ref name=EU3/> The EU welcomed Kazakhstan's development of a functioning National Preventive Mechanism for the monitoring of places of detention, and encouraged further steps to strengthen the Office of the Ombudsman and the National Centre for Human Rights.<ref name=EU3/> The EU acknowledged Kazakhstan's recent engagement in the second cycle of the Universal Period Review (UPR) process at the UN Human Rights Council, and encouraged the Kazakh authorities to consider accepting a number of UPR recommendations that it initially did not support.<ref name=EU3/>
The next round of the EU-Kazakhstan Human Rights Dialogue is expected to take place in Astana in 2015.<ref name=EU3/>{{Update inline|date=September 2015}}

OSCE and the Kazakhstan International Bureau for Human Rights and Rule of Law conduct joint training programs on human rights.<ref>{{cite web|title = OSCE Programme Office in Astana supports human rights education for police {{!}} OSCE|url = http://www.osce.org/astana/191616?utm_source=feedblitz&utm_medium=FeedBlitzRss&utm_campaign=oscelatestnews|website = www.osce.org|accessdate = 2015-10-27}}</ref>

==Rule of law==
Kazakhstan was ranked 65th in the Rule of Law Index 2015. The country climbed six positions up the rankings compared to the previous year.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kazakhstan improved its position in Rule of Law Index|url=http://www.inform.kz/eng/article/2786934|website=inform.kz}}</ref>

In 2015 Kazakhstan introduced amendments to the law on nongovernmental organisation (NGO) activities. The law guarantees to NGOs free access to public, international and private financing allowing them to actively participate in the social and political development of the country.<ref>{{cite web|title=NGO Law to Ensure Liberty, Equality, Accountability and Transparency|url=http://astanatimes.com/2015/10/ngo-law-to-ensure-liberty-equality-accountability-and-transparency/|website=astanatimes.com}}</ref>

In January 2017 Kazakhstan's Preseident proposed a reform aimed at delegating some of the President's powers to the Parliament. This initiative is expected to create a stronger system of checks and balances in Kazakhstan.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kazakh President, Special Panel Mull Major Political Reforms|url=http://astanatimes.com/2017/01/kazakh-president-special-panel-mull-major-political-reforms/|website=astanatimes.com}}</ref>

==Ethnic diversity==
Kazakhstan supports co-existence of different cultures. The [[Assembly of People of Kazakhstan]] supports nearly 200 centres where children and adults can study 30 different languages.<ref>{{cite web|title=astanatimes.com|url=http://astanatimes.com/2016/04/why-kazakhstans-model-of-maintaining-ethnic-diversity-deserves-attention/|website=Why Kazakhstan's Model of Maintaining Ethnic Diversity Deserves Attention}}</ref>

In 2015, the Assembly of the People of Kazakhstan (APK) introduced a Day of Gratitude as a new holiday of Kazakhstan. The proposal to establish it was delivered by President Nursultan Nazarbayev. The Day of Gratitude is celebrated on 1 March and marks the historic past and multi-ethnic unity of the country.<ref>{{cite web|title=Nazarbayev Congratulates Kazakh People on Day of Gratitude, Recalls Country’s Historic Past|url=http://astanatimes.com/2016/03/nazarbayev-congratulates-kazakh-people-on-day-of-gratitude-recallscountrys-historic-past/|website=astanatimes.com}}</ref>

59.2% of the Kazakhstan population is Kazakh, 29.6% is Russian, while 10.2% comprises Germans, Tatars, Ukrainians, Uzbek and Uyghurs. Representatives of more than 140 ethnic groups live in Kazakhstan and some 818 ethnic and cultural associations operate under the auspices of the Assembly of People of Kazakhstan.<ref>{{cite web|title=#Kazakhstan: A model of inter-ethnic tolerance and social harmony|url=https://www.eureporter.co/featured/2016/11/11/kazakhstan-a-model-of-inter-ethnic-tolerance-and-social-harmony/|website=www.eureporter.co}}</ref>

==Children's rights==
Kazakhstan's Human Rights Commissioner for Children's Rights and UNICEF Representative for Kazakhstan adopted a Statement of Intentions on Cooperation. The parties agreed to take necessary actions to develop an independent system of monitoring of ensuring children's rights in Kazakhstan.<ref>{{cite web|title=inform.kz|url=http://www.inform.kz/eng/article/2890673|website=Children’s Rights Ombudsman, UNICEF's Kazakhstan Country Office signed Statement of Intentions on coop}}</ref>

The Kazakhstan 2050 Strategy places high emphasis on the protection of childhood. Kazakhstan adopted over 90 laws and other normative acts aimed at protecting children's rights.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kazakhstan Marks Human Rights Day|url=http://astanatimes.com/2015/12/kazakhstan-marks-human-rights-day/|website=astanatimes.com}}</ref>

==Commissioner for Human Rights==
The institution of the Commissioner for human rights (Kazakhstan's Ombudsman) was established on September 19, 2002 by the President’s Decree.<ref>{{cite web|title=History of the Kazakhstan Human Rights Ombudsman|url=http://www.ombudsman.kz/en/about/history.php|website=www.ombudsman.kz}}</ref> The Commissioner and his associated organization, the National Center for Human Rights, are empowered to investigate human rights issues in the government per the decree of President Nazarbayev.<ref>{{cite web|title=Human Rights Imbudsman|url=http://www.kazakhembus.com/content/human-rights-ombudsman|website=www.kazakhembus.com}}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Human rights}}
*[[Sergei Duvanov]]
*[[Yevgeny Zhovtis]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
:'''Human rights reports'''
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20051123163245/http://www.ifex.org/en/content/view/full/181/ Censorship in Kazakhstan] - [[International Freedom of Expression Exchange|IFEX]]
*[http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2004/41689.htm 2004 Report on Human Rights in Kazakhstan. - US Government]
*[http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2006/78820.htm 2006 Report on Human Rights in Kazakhstan. - US Government]
*[https://archive.is/20040926080725/http://www.freedomhouse.org/research/freeworld/2004/countryratings/kazakhstan.htm 2004 Human Rights Report on Kazakhstan] - [[Freedom House]]
*[http://www.forum18.org/Archive.php?article_id=701 Kazakhstan: Religious freedom survey, December 2005] - [[Forum 18]]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080307153918/http://newsite.irinnews.org/country.aspx?CountryCode=KZ&RegionCode=ASI Kazakhstan: Humanitarian Country Profile] - [[UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs]]

:'''News articles'''
*[http://www.forum18.org/Archive.php?article_id=494 KAZAKHSTAN: No under-18s to attend worship or Sunday School] ([[Forum 18]]) January 20, 2005
*[https://www.nytimes.com/aponline/international/AP-Kazakhstan-Election.html Kazakh Diplomat Praises Presidential Vote] - (AP) [[New York Times]] 21 November 2005
*[https://www.nytimes.com/2005/12/04/politics/04democracy.html?pagewanted=all Pro-Democracy Groups Are Harassed in Central Asia] [[New York Times]]. Dec. 3, 2005.
*[https://www.nytimes.com/2005/12/22/international/22briefs.html?pagewanted=all|Kazakhstan: Opposition Party Excluded] [[New York Times]]. Dec. 22, 2005.
*[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/6169041.stm Concern over Kazakh religious row] (bbc.co.uk) Dec. 11
*[http://www.forum18.org/Archive.php?article_id=871 KAZAKHSTAN: Expelled for "missionary activity without registration"] (concerning a Presbyterian pastor) ([[Forum 18]]) November 15, 2006
*[http://www.forum18.org/Archive.php?article_id=873 KAZAKHSTAN: State bulldozes Hare Krishna commune, bids to chair OSCE] ([[Forum 18]]) November 21, 2006
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110519212129/http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-492358321739877391&q=kazakhstan+krishna Video of destruction of Hare Krishna homes] (Google Video)
*[http://www.osce.org/item/22228.html OSCE press release on destruction of Hare Krishna property] November 27, 2006
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20061213181630/http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2006/12/07/asia/AS_GEN_Kazakhstan_Hare_Krishna.php U.S. Embassy urges Kazakh authorities to end harassment of Hare Krishna] [[International Herald Tribune]] December 7, 2006
*[[n:International response to demolition of Hare Krishna property in Kazakhstan|International response to demolition of Hare Krishna property in Kazakhstan]] (Wiki-news article) Dec. 12, 2006
*[http://www.forum18.org/Archive.php?article_id=954 KAZAKHSTAN: "Economic war" to crush Baptists?] ([[Forum 18]]) May 11, 2007
*[http://www.rferl.org/content/Two_Years_Later_Kazakh_Journalists_Disappearance_Remains_A_Mystery/1564541.html Two Years Later, Kazakh Journalist's Disappearance Remains A Mystery]. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. March 30, 2009.
{{Asia topic|Human rights in}}
{{Human rights in Europe}}
{{Kazakhstan topics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Human Rights In Kazakhstan}}
[[Category:Human rights by country|Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Politics of Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Kazakhstani society]]

Edham Mamet

2017-04-24T17:46:43Z

GreenC bot: Reformat 1 archive link. Wayback Medic 2.1

{{Infobox War on Terror detainee
| name = Edham Mamet
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1975|05|04}}
| birth_place = [[Khulga]], [[China]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| detained_at = [[Guantanamo Bay detention camp|Guantanamo]]
| id_number = 102
| group =
| alias = Nag Mohammed
| charge =
| penalty =
| status = Released
| occupation =
| spouse =
| parents =
| children =
}}
'''Edham Mamet''' (also '''Nag Mohammed'''<ref name=DoDList2/><ref name=CsrtSummaryOfEvidenceNagMohammed>
{{cite web
| url=http://www.dod.mil/pubs/foi/detainees/csrt_arb/000101-000200.pdf#18
| title=Summary of Evidence for Combatant Status Review Tribunal -- Mohammed, Nag (published September 2007)
| date=November 5, 2004
| pages=18
| author=[[OARDEC]]
| publisher=[[United States Department of Defense]]
| accessdate=2007-12-17
}}</ref><ref name=DoDList>
{{cite web
| url=http://www.dod.mil/pubs/foi/detainees/detainee_list.pdf
| title=List of detainee who went through complete CSRT process
| author=[[OARDEC]]
| publisher=[[United States Department of Defense]]
| date=April 20, 2006
| accessdate=2007-09-29
}}</ref><ref name=OardecCsrtSummaryOfEvidence20070717>
{{cite web
| url=http://www.dod.mil/pubs/foi/detainees/csrt_arb/index_CSRT_unclassified_summaries.pdf
| title=Index for Combatant Status Review Board unclassified summaries of evidence
| author=[[OARDEC]]
| publisher=[[United States Department of Defense]]
| date=July 17, 2007
| accessdate=2007-09-29
}}</ref><ref name=OardecPubliclyFiledDocuments20070910>
{{cite web
| url=http://www.dod.mil/pubs/foi/detainees/csrt_arb/index_publicly_filed_CSRT_records.pdf
| title=Index for CSRT Records Publicly Files in Guantanamo Detainee Cases
| author=[[OARDEC]]
| publisher=[[United States Department of Defense]]
| date=August 8, 2007
| accessdate=2007-09-29
}}</ref>) is an [[Uyghur people|Uyghur]] refugee best known for the more than seven years he spent in the [[United States]] [[Guantanamo Bay detention camp]]s, in [[Cuba]]. He was captured in Afghanistan in November 2001.<ref name=DoDList2>
{{cite web
| url=http://www.dod.mil/news/May2006/d20060515%20List.pdf
| title=List of Individuals Detained by the Department of Defense at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba from January 2002 through May 15, 2006
| author=[[OARDEC]]
| publisher=[[United States Department of Defense]]
| date=May 15, 2006
| accessdate=2007-09-29
}}</ref>
[[Joint Task Force Guantanamo]] [[counter-terrorism]] analysts estimate Nag Mohammed was born on May 4, 1975, in [[Khulga]], [[China]].<ref>{{cite news| url=http://projects.nytimes.com/guantanamo/detainees/102-nag-mohammed | work=The New York Times | title=Edham Mamet - The Guantánamo Docket}}</ref>

Edham Mamet is one of the 22 [[Uyghur detainees in Guantanamo|Uighurs held in Guantanamo]] for many years despite the fact that it became clear early on that they were innocent.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.boston.com/bostonglobe/editorial_opinion/oped/articles/2009/04/02/innocent_detainees_need_a_home/ | work=The Boston Globe | title=Innocent detainees need a home | first1=Bill | last1=Delahunt | first2=Sabin | last2=Willett | date=2009-04-02}}</ref><ref>http://ccrjustice.org/newsroom/press-releases/17-innocent-uighurs-detained-guant%C3%A1namo-ask-supreme-court-release</ref><ref name=AsiaTimes041104>[http://www.atimes.com/atimes/China/FK04Ad02.html China's Uighurs trapped at Guantanamo], ''[[Asia Times]]'', November 4, 2004</ref>

He won his [[habeas corpus]] in 2008. Judge [[Ricardo Urbina]] declared his detention as unlawful and ordered to set him free in the [[United States]]. He was sent to [[Palau]] in October 2009.

==Determined not to be an enemy combatant after all==

The [[United States Department of Justice|Department of Justice]] announced on 30 September 2008 that Nag Mohammed, and the sixteen other Uyghurs who remained in Guantanamo, would no longer be treated as enemy combatants.<ref name=UyghurNLECNotice2008-09-30>
{{cite web
|url=http://amlawdaily.typepad.com/amlawdaily/files/Notice.pdf
|title=notice of status
|publisher=[[United States Department of Justice]]
|author=[[Gregory G. Katsas]]
|date=2008-09-30
|accessdate=2008-10-18
|quote=
|deadurl=bot: unknown
|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5bQejpFKn?url=http://amlawdaily.typepad.com/amlawdaily/files/Notice.pdf
|archivedate=2008-10-09
|df=
}}
</ref>

==Writ of Habeas Corpus==

A [[writ of habeas corpus]], [[Nag Mohammed v. George W. Bush]], was submitted on Nag Mohammed's behalf.<ref name=GuantanamoHabeasNagMohammedvGeorgeWBush>
{{cite web
| url=http://www.dod.mil/pubs/foi/detainees/csrt_arb/publicly_filed_CSRT_records_698-814.pdf#1
| title=Nag Mohammed v. George W. Bush
| date=19 September 2005
| pages=1–30
| publisher=[[United States Department of Defense]]
| accessdate=2007-12-17
}}</ref>
In response, on 19 September 2005
the Department of Defense released 30
pages of unclassified documents related to his Combatant Status Review Tribunal.

===Denial of transfer to the USA===

[[US District Court Judge]] [[Ricardo Urbina]] had scheduled the session where the Executive Branch would file the evidence that justified classifying the remaining Uyghurs as "enemy combatants" for 7 October 2008.
On 30 September 2008 [[Gregory G. Katsas]], the United States' [[Assistant Attorney General]] ''"notice of status"'' stated that the seventeen remaining Uyghur captives would no longer be treated as enemy combatants.

Lawyers for the Uyghurs pointed out that some of the Uyghurs remained in solitary confinement in [[Camp 6 (Guantanamo)|Camp 6]]. And the Department of Defense agreed that since the men were no longer to be treated as enemy combatants they would all be transferred to [[Camp Iguana]].

On 7 October 2008, when the Department of Justice did not file the evidence justifying classifying the Uyghurs as enemy combatants,
he issued an order requiring the Department of Defense to bring the Uyghurs to his court on 10 October 2008.

On 8 October 2008 the Department of Justice filed an Emergency Motion.
A three judge panel of Judges in the Washington Court of Appeals granted the Executive Branch a brief respite from complying with Judge Urbina's order.
The panel schedule its hearing of the Executive Branch's justification for 20 October 2008.

On 16 October 2008 the Department of Justice filed its justification for restriction

==Asylum in Palau==

In June 2009 the government of [[Palau]] announced that they would offer temporary asylum to some of the Uyghurs.<ref name=DoJ2009-10-31>
{{cite news
| url=http://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/2009/October/09-ag-1179.html
| title=United States Transfers Six Uighur Detainees from Guantanamo Bay to Palau
| publisher=[[United States Department of Justice]]
| date=2009-10-31
| author=
| archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.justice.gov%2Fopa%2Fpr%2F2009%2FOctober%2F09-ag-1179.html&date=2009-10-31
| archivedate=2009-10-31
}}</ref><ref name=NYTimes2009-10-31>
{{cite news
| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/01/world/asia/01uighurs.html
| title=Uighurs Leave Guantánamo for Palau
| publisher=[[New York Times]]
| date=2009-10-31
| author=David Johnston
| archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2009%2F11%2F01%2Fworld%2Fasia%2F01uighurs.html&date=2009-10-31
| archivedate=2009-10-31
}}</ref><ref name=Bbc2009-10-31>
{{cite news
| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/8336343.stm
| title=Guantanamo Uighurs sent to Palau
| publisher=[[BBC News]]
| date=2009-10-31
| archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fworld%2Fasia-pacific%2F8336343.stm&date=2009-10-31
| archivedate=2009-10-31
}}</ref>
The government of Palau sent a delegation Guantanamo, and interviewed some of the remaining Uyghurs.
Some of the Uyghurs declined to be interviewed by the Palauns. In the end the government of Palau offered asylum to twelve of the remaining thirteen Uyghurs. Palau declined to offer asylum to one of the Uyghurs who suffered from a mental disorder, brought on by detention, that was too profound to be treated in Palau.

On October 31, 2009 "Edham Mamet", [[Ahmad Tourson]], [[Abdul Ghappar Abdul Rahman]], [[Anwar Hassan]], [[Dawut Abdurehim]] and [[Adel Noori]] were released and transferred to Palau.<ref name=DoJ2009-10-31/><ref name=NYTimes2009-10-31/><ref name=Bbc2009-10-31/><ref name=Afp2009-10-31>
{{cite news
| url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5j256OdOnArVNzoV0oVLD3PRaY-bQ
| title=Six Guantanamo Uighurs arrive in Palau: US
| publisher=[[Agence France Presse]]
| date=2009-10-31
| archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fhostednews%2Fafp%2Farticle%2FALeqM5j256OdOnArVNzoV0oVLD3PRaY-bQ&date=2009-10-31
| archivedate=2009-10-31
}}</ref><ref name=Pacific2009-10-31>
{{cite news
| url=http://www.pacificnewscenter.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1343:6-muslim-uighurs-arrive-in-palau-from-guantanamo&catid=45:guam-news&Itemid=156
| title=6 Muslim Uighur Detainees From Guantanamo Arrive In Palau
| publisher=[[Pacific News Center]]
| date=2009-11-01
| author=
| archiveurl=https://archive.is/20091101015815/http://www.pacificnewscenter.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1343:6-muslim-uighurs-arrive-in-palau-from-guantanamo&catid=45:guam-news&Itemid=156
| archivedate=2009-11-01
| dead-url=yes
| accessdate=2009-09-26
}}</ref>

On June 29, 2015, Nathan Vanderklippe, reporting in the ''[[Globe and Mail]]'', wrote that all the Uyghurs had quietly left Palau.<ref name=GlobeAndMail2015-06-28>
{{cite news
| url = http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/after-guantanamo-life-on-pacific-island-was-difficult/article25172787/
| title = After Guantanamo, life on Pacific island was difficult
| publisher = [[Globe and Mail]]
| author = Nathan Vanderklippe
| date = 2015-06-28
| page =
| location = [[Beijing]]
| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20150630062759/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/after-guantanamo-life-on-pacific-island-was-difficult/article25172787/
| archivedate = 2015-06-30
| deadurl = No
| quote = In exchange for money from the U.S. – including $93,333 (U.S.) for each man – Palau allowed the Uyghurs to trade life behind barbed-wire fences for life in one of earth’s most isolated places, an island chain with a local population of just 20,000.
}}
</ref>
The ''Globe'' confirmed that Palau's agreement to give refuge to the Uyghurs was reached after the USA agreed to various secret payments. Those payments included $93,333 to cover each Uyghurs living expenses. The ''Globe'' confirmed that controversy still surrounded former President [[Johnson Toribiong]] who had used some of those funds to billet the Uyghurs in houses belonging to his relatives.

Vanderklippe reported that the men had never felt they could fit in with the Palauns.<ref name=GlobeAndMail2015-06-28/>
Some of the men compared Palau with a lusher, larger Guantanamo. Some of the men were able to bring their wives to Palau. Attempts to hold most regular jobs failed, due to cultural differences. Attempts to use their traditional leather-working skills to be self-employed failed. Eventually, all six men were employed as night-time security guards, a job that did not require interaction with Palauns.

Tragically, one of the men's young toddler, conceived and born on Palau, died after he fell off a balcony.<ref name=GlobeAndMail2015-06-28/>
According to Vanderklippe, the men's departure from Palau was quietly arranged with cooperation with American officials. He reported they left, one or two at a time, on commercial flights. Palaun officials would not share the Uyghurs destination.

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

== External links ==
*[http://www.andyworthington.co.uk/2008/10/09/from-guantanamo-to-the-united-states-the-story-of-the-wrongly-imprisoned-uighurs/ From Guantánamo to the United States: The Story of the Wrongly Imprisoned Uighurs] [[Andy Worthington]] October 9, 2008
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20100623230325/http://ccrjustice.org/files/2008-10-09%20Kiyemba%20corrected%20release%20order%20(2008-10-09).pdf Judge Ricardo Urbina’s unclassified opinion (redacted version)]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20100620091607/http://ccrjustice.org/files/2008-10-07%20Kiyemba%20-%20Uighur%20hearing%20transcript.pdf MOTIONS/STATUS HEARING - UIGHURS CASES BEFORE THE HONORABLE RICARDO M. URBINA]
* [http://home.kyodo.co.jp/modules/fstStory/index.php?storyid=475911 Palau Uyghurs try to build new lives] [[Kyodo News]] December 15, 2009
* Human Rights First; [http://www.humanrightsfirst.info/pdf/Habeas-Works-final-web.pdf Habeas Works: Federal Courts’ Proven Capacity to Handle Guantánamo Cases (2010)]{{dead link|date=December 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

{{ListUyghurCaptives}}
{{Exonerated Guantanamo captives}}
{{WoTPrisoners}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mamet, Edham}}
[[Category:Chinese extrajudicial prisoners of the United States]]
[[Category:Uyghurs]]
[[Category:1975 births]]
[[Category:Guantanamo detainees known to have been released]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Chinese refugees]]

Anatoliy Tymoshchuk

2017-04-20T19:19:02Z

GreenC bot: Rescued 3 archive links; reformat 1 link. Wayback Medic 2.1

{{redirect|Tymoschuk|the composer|Jeff Tymoschuk}}
{{Eastern Slavic name|Oleksandrovych|Tymoshchuk}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2013}}
{{Infobox football biography
|name = Anatoliy Tymoshchuk Анатолій Тимощук
|image = AEL Zenit (2).jpg
|caption = Tymoshchuk with [[FC Zenit Saint Petersburg|Zenit St. Petersburg]] in 2014
|fullname = Anatoliy Oleksandrovych Tymoshchuk
|birth_date = {{birth date and age|1979|3|30|df=y}}
|birth_place = [[Lutsk]], [[Ukrainian SSR]], [[Soviet Union]]
|height = {{height|m=1.81}}<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.fc-zenit.ru/teams/zenit/players/11675.html | script-title=ru:Анатолий Тимощук | language = ru | publisher = Zenit Saint Petersburg | accessdate = 12 February 2015}}</ref>
|currentclub = [[FC Zenit Saint Petersburg|Zenit Saint Petersburg]] (assistant)
|clubnumber =
|position = [[Midfielder#Defensive midfielder|Defensive midfielder]] / [[Defender (association football)|Centre back]]
|youthyears1 = 1994–1995
|youthclubs1 = [[Volyn Lutsk]]
|years1 = 1995–1997 | clubs1 = [[FC Volyn Lutsk|Volyn Lutsk]] | caps1 = 62 | goals1 = 8
|years2 = 1998–2007 | clubs2 = [[FC Shakhtar Donetsk|Shakhtar Donetsk]] | caps2 = 227 | goals2 = 32
|years3 = 1998–2001 | clubs3 = → [[FC Shakhtar-2 Donetsk|Shakhtar-2 Donetsk]] | caps3 = 25 | goals3 = 9
|years4 = 2007–2009 | clubs4 = [[FC Zenit Saint Petersburg|Zenit Saint Petersburg]] | caps4 = 67 | goals4 = 10
|years5 = 2009–2013 | clubs5 = [[FC Bayern Munich|Bayern Munich]] | caps5 = 86 | goals5 = 4
|years6 = 2013–2015 | clubs6 = [[FC Zenit Saint Petersburg|Zenit Saint Petersburg]] | caps6 = 32 | goals6 = 0
|years7 = 2015–2016 | clubs7 = [[FC Kairat|Kairat]] | caps7 = 34 | goals7 = 1
| totalcaps = 533 | totalgoals = 64
|nationalyears1 = 2000–2016 |nationalteam1 = [[Ukraine national football team|Ukraine]] | nationalcaps1 = 144 | nationalgoals1 = 4
|manageryears1 = 2017– | managerclubs1 = [[FC Zenit Saint Petersburg|Zenit Saint Petersburg]] (assistant)
|pcupdate = 20 November 2016
|ntupdate = 21 June 2016
}}
'''Anatoliy Oleksandrovych Tymoshchuk''' ({{lang-ua|Анатолій Олександрович Тимощук}}; {{IPA-uk|ɑnɑˈtɔlʲi tɪmɔˈʃtʃuk}}; born 30 March 1979) is a retired [[Ukraine|Ukrainian]] [[Association football|football]] [[midfielder]]. He is also a former [[Captain (association football)|captain]] of his [[Ukraine national football team|national team]], before retiring from international football in 2016. He is "a deep-lying midfielder who is comfortable on the ball and capable of ferocious long-range shooting."<ref>{{cite web|last=Wilson |first=Jonathan |title=Euro 2012: Ukraine |url=http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2012/writers/jonathan_wilson/06/03/euro.2012.ukraine.preview/index.html |publisher=[[Sports Illustrated]] |accessdate=5 June 2012 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100919025443/http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2012/writers/jonathan_wilson/06/03/euro.2012.ukraine.preview/index.html |archivedate=19 September 2010 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref>

Tymoshchuk began his professional career with his local [[Volyn Lutsk]]. He moved to play for Ukrainian giants, [[Shakhtar Donetsk]], whom he captained and with whom he won the [[Ukrainian Premier League]], [[Ukrainian Cup]], and [[Ukrainian Super Cup]] titles. In 2008, Tymoshchuk won the [[2008 UEFA Cup|UEFA Cup]] and the [[2008 UEFA Super Cup|UEFA Super Cup]] as the captain of [[FC Zenit Saint Petersburg|Zenit St. Petersburg]]. He also won a [[Russian Premier League]] and [[Russian Super Cup]] title. With Bayern, Tymoshchuk won the [[Bundesliga]], [[DFB-Pokal]], and the [[DFB-Supercup]] titles. Tymoshchuk won the [[UEFA Champions League]] in [[2012–13 UEFA Champions League|2013]] and he is also a [[UEFA Champions League]] runner-up in [[2010 UEFA Champions League Final|2010]] and [[2012 UEFA Champions League Final|2012]], all with Bayern.

Tymoschuk is regarded as one of the greatest players in the history of [[Shakhtar Donetsk]]<ref>{{cite web | url = http://football.ua/top50uaplayers/article/88889-50-luchshykh-shakhter-chast-vtoraja.html | title = 50 лучших. Шахтер (часть вторая) | language = ru | website = football.ua | date = 29 January 2010 | access-date = 26 October 2015}}</ref> and [[Zenit Saint Petersburg]],<ref>{{cite web | url = http://landscrona.ru/articles/index.php?id=2530 | title = 33 лучших игрока в истории Зенита | language = ru | website = landscrona.ru | access-date = 26 October 2015}}</ref> captaining both to championship titles.

Tymoshchuk is the former captain of the Ukraine national football team, and with 140 caps since his debut in 2000 he is their most capped player of all time. He took part in Ukraine's first-ever [[FIFA World Cup]] in 2006 and their first [[UEFA Euro 2012|European Championship in 2012]]. He won the [[Ukrainian Footballer of the Year]] on three occasions.

==Club career==

===Volyn Lutsk===
Anatoliy Tymoshchuk started his career playing for his hometown team [[Volyn Lutsk]], having risen through the ranks at the team. Following two successful seasons, the player began to attract attention from bigger clubs.

===Shakhtar Donetsk===
In 1997 at age 18, Tymoshchuk was bought from Volyn by [[FC Shakhtar Donetsk|Shakhtar]]. At Shakhtar, Tymoshchuk was a key member of the team which won three [[Ukrainian Premier League]] titles, three [[Ukrainian Cup]]s, and a [[Ukrainian Super Cup]]. His time with Shakhtar is credited with establishing him as a great [[midfielder]] in [[Europe]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://thescotsman.scotsman.com/sport/UEFA-Cup-Final-Tymoschuk-is.4079724.jp |title=UEFA Cup Final: Tymoschuk is key figure among Russian side's danger men aiming to spoil party |date=14 May 2008 |accessdate=14 May 2008 |publisher=[[The Scotsman]] |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080517123742/http://thescotsman.scotsman.com/sport/UEFA-Cup-Final-Tymoschuk-is.4079724.jp |archivedate=17 May 2008 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref>

In 2006, having captained Shakhtar for a number of years, Tymoshchuk became linked with a string of European clubs, including [[Juventus F.C.|Juventus]], [[Feyenoord]], [[Celtic F.C.|Celtic]], and [[A.S. Roma|Roma]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.sport-express.ru/articles/9_88/ |author=Yury Yuris |title=Tymoschuk: football as an heirloom |date=28 December 2007 |accessdate=26 April 2008 |publisher=[[Sport Express]] |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080513100730/http://english.sport-express.ru/articles/9_88/ |archivedate=13 May 2008 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref>

===Zenit St. Petersburg===
On 27 February 2007, Tymoshchuk transferred to [[FC Zenit St. Petersburg|Zenit St. Petersburg]] for a fee reported to be about €15 million.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.uefa.com/competitions/uefacup/news/kind=1/newsid=511252.html|title= Record deal for Shakhtar captain |date=28 February 2007|accessdate=13 March 2009|publisher=[[UEFA]]}}</ref> He was soon named as the new captain of the team.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fc-zenit.ru/info/details.phtml?id=3206 |script-title=ru:Тимощук перешел в "Зенит"|date=28 February 2007|accessdate=28 February 2007 |publisher=Zenit official website|language=Russian|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20070303021221/http://www.fc-zenit.ru/info/details.phtml?id=3206|archivedate=3 March 2007 |deadurl=no}}</ref> Manager [[Dick Advocaat]] was very impressed with him, saying: "About Tymoschuk I can say only good things, and not only the player but also the person. Tymoschuk – is a professional from head to toes. I never had complaints to him about discipline. While Tymoschuk and I are at the club, he will be the captain of [[FC Zenit Saint Petersburg|Zenit]]."<ref>{{cite web|publisher=Sports.ru |url=http://www.sports.ru/football/4678249.html |script-title=ru:Дик Адвокат: "Пока я в команде, Тимощук будет капитаном "Зенита" |date=8 May 2008 |accessdate=3 December 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100919025443/http://www.sports.ru/football/4678249.html |archivedate=19 September 2010 |language=Russian |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref>

His first season at the club ended in success, with Zenit winning the [[Russian Premier League]] title for the first time in the club's history. This trophy constituted the club's first league title since its 1984 [[Soviet Top League]] triumph.<ref>{{cite news|date=12 November 2007 |accessdate=18 May 2008 |url=http://www.cnn.com/2007/SPORT/football/11/11/russia.zenit/index.html |title=Zenit celebrate Russian title win |publisher=[[CNN]] |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100919025443/http://www.cnn.com/2007/SPORT/football/11/11/russia.zenit/index.html |archivedate=19 September 2010 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref> At the end of the season, Tymoshchuk was included in the annual list of the [[Russian Premier League 2007#Awards|best 33 players]] of the Russian Premier League,<ref>{{cite news|script-title=ru:Утверждён список 33 лучших игроков "Росгосстрах Чемпионата России по футболу 2007 года"|url=http://www.rfs.ru/?node=rfs-news&leaf=e43beac89b534ab2be52bf001b7a19fe#news_e43beac89b534ab2be52bf001b7a19fe |publisher=[[Russian Football Union]]|date=30 November 2007|accessdate=18 May 2008 |language=Russian}}</ref> and was also voted as league player of the year by popular sports magazine ''[[Sport-Express]]''.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sport-express.ru/bfbp/best-football-2007.shtml |script-title=ru:Лучшие по оценкам "СЭ" |accessdate=18 May 2008 |publisher=Sport-Express |language=Russian |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080502044845/http://www.sport-express.ru/bfbp/best-football-2007.shtml |archivedate=2 May 2008 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref>

After [[FC Zenit Saint Petersburg]] won the championship title, cosmonaut [[Yuri Malenchenko]] known as a fan of the team, waved Zenit shirt with Tymoshchuk's name on it while in space. Zenit became the first team to have its uniform shown in space.<ref>{{cite news|script-title=ru:Будущему музею "Зенита" передали подарки из космоса |url=http://www.fc-zenit.ru/main/news/48046.html |publisher=[[FC Zenit Saint Petersburg]] site |language=ru |date=24 July 2008 |accessdate=17 November 2009 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100919025443/http://www.fc-zenit.ru/main/news/48046.html |archivedate=19 September 2010 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref>

During the 2007–08 European season, Tymoshchuk captained Zenit to the [[2008 UEFA Cup]], in which they defeated [[Scottish Premier League]] club [[Rangers F.C.|Rangers]] 2–0 in the [[2008 UEFA Cup Final|final]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/europe/7393752.stm |title=Uefa Cup final – Zenit 2–0 Rangers |date=14 May 2008 |publisher=[[BBC Sport]] |first=Clive |last=Lindsay |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100919025443/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/europe/7393752.stm |archivedate=19 September 2010 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref> The club then went on to claim the [[2008 UEFA Super Cup]] in a 2–1 victory over [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://intv-inter.net/news/article/?id=57743445|script-title=uk:"Зеніт" порвав "Манчестер" в матчі за Суперкубок|publisher=intv-inter.net|language=uk|date=30 August 2008|accessdate=31 July 2009}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref>

===Bayern Munich===
In February 2009, [[Uli Hoeneß]], the general manager of [[FC Bayern Munich|Bayern Munich]], announced Tymoshchuk had agreed that he would join the club.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.oddsandnews.com/soccer/soccer-germany/news/2009-02-03/bayern-agrees-to-deal-with-zenits-tymoshchuk-54673 |title=Bayern agrees to deal with Zenit's Tymoshchuk |accessdate=18 March 2014 |date=3 February 2009 |publisher=Odds and News |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140318030844/http://www.oddsandnews.com/soccer/soccer-germany/news/2009-02-03/bayern-agrees-to-deal-with-zenits-tymoshchuk-54673 |archivedate=18 March 2014 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref> Initially, Zenit announced that there was no agreement yet between the two clubs, but on 18 February, Bayern announced that Tymoshchuk would join the club in July 2009, in order to let Tymoshchuk play for Zenit until the summer.<ref>{{cite news|accessdate=25 February 2009 |date=18 February 2009 |url=http://www.fcbayern.t-home.de/en/news/news/2009/18630.php?fcb_sid=a8cff6805ad8f3b17772f1b8acf8cf77 |title=Tymoschuck to join Bayern in July |publisher=Bayern Munich |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090221053422/http://www.fcbayern.t-home.de/en/news/news/2009/18630.php?fcb_sid=8966aa329c0245422433a949a77e8fab |archivedate=21 February 2009 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref> He played his last games with Zenit on 14 June 2009.

Tymoshchuk officially joined Bayern on 1 July 2009 with a contract that expired on 30 June 2012.<ref>{{cite web|title=Anatoliy Tymoshchuk |publisher=[[Bayern Munich]] |url=http://www.fcbayern.t-home.de/en/teams/profis/19877.php |accessdate=15 May 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100419120516/http://www.fcbayern.t-home.de/en/teams/profis/19877.php |archivedate=19 April 2010 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref> The transfer fee was undisclosed but German media reports put the deal at €14 million.<ref>{{cite web|title=Tymoschuk seals Bayern switch|publisher=[[Sky Sports]]|url=http://www.skysports.com/story/0,19528,11881_4887980,00.html|date=2 February 2009|accessdate=11 May 2010}}</ref>

Tymoshchuk played his first game for Bayern Munich against [[AC Milan]] during the 2009 [[Audi Cup]], coming on as a second-half substitute. He also started in the final against [[Manchester United]] where he was substituted off in the 77th minute. Bayern won the match 7–6 on penalties.<ref>{{cite news|publisher=Goal.com |url=http://www.goal.com/en/news/755/europe/2009/07/30/1413268/bayern-munich-0-0-manchester-united-7-6-pens-hosts-squeeze |title=A penalty shoot-out was required to separate the Bundesliga giants and the Premier League heavyweights |accessdate=18 March 2014 |date=30 July 2009 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100419120516/http://www.goal.com/en/news/755/europe/2009/07/30/1413268/bayern-munich-0-0-manchester-united-7-6-pens-hosts-squeeze |archivedate=19 April 2010 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref>
He scored his first goal for Bayern Munich against Juventus in the 2009–10 UEFA Champions League. On 8 May 2010, Tymoshchuk won his first trophy with Bayern, the [[2009–10 Bundesliga|Bundesliga 2009–10]] followed a week later by the [[2009–10 DFB-Pokal|DFB-Pokal]].<ref>{{cite web|date=15 May 2010|accessdate=15 May 2010|url= http://www.afp.com/afpcom/en/taglibrary/thematic/sport.1227709641948|title=Ribery strikes as Bayern stay on track for treble|publisher=[[Agence France-Presse|AFP]]}}</ref> In total Tymoshchuk made 21 Bundesliga appearances in the 2009–10 season, ten as a substitute, but failed to start a game in the whole of the second half of the season.<ref name=Twins/>

Late July 2010, Bayern coach [[Louis van Gaal]] described Tymoshchuk's prospects as "not very bright" and added to this "If a player doesn't play or doesn't have bright prospects then I would leave if I were them."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.skysports.com/story/0,19528,11095_6274654,00.html |title=Tymoschuk told to look elsewhere |publisher=[[Sky Sports]] |date=22 July 2010 |accessdate=4 August 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100903202945/http://www.skysports.com/story/0,19528,11095_6274654,00.html |archivedate=3 September 2010 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref> Nevertheless, from October 2010 till March 2011 Tymoshchuk started in all of Bayern's games.<ref>{{cite web|title=Anatoliy Tymoschuk |publisher=[[ESPNsoccernet]] |url=http://soccernet.espn.go.com/player/_/id/86680/anatoliy-tymoschuk?cc=5739 |accessdate=17 January 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100903202945/http://soccernet.espn.go.com/player/_/id/86680/anatoliy-tymoschuk?cc=5739 |archivedate=3 September 2010 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sportschau.de/sp/fussball/news201101/07/timoschtschuk.jsp |title=Ein Star auf der Suche nach Vertrauen |publisher=[[ARD (broadcaster)|ARD]] |accessdate=13 February 2011 |date=7 January 2011 |language=de |first=Volker |last=Schulte |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110224080320/http://www.sportschau.de/sp/fussball/news201101/07/timoschtschuk.jsp |archivedate=24 February 2011 }}</ref>

In 2011, the manager [[Jupp Heynckes]] stated that under him Tymoschuk will play more.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://terrikon.com/posts/89533 |script-title=ru:Хайнкес: "Тимощук будет играть больше" |trans_title=Heynckes: "Tymoshchuk will play more" |publisher=terrikon.com |date=5 July 2011 |accessdate=13 February 2013 |language=Russian |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100903202945/http://terrikon.com/posts/89533 |archivedate=3 September 2010 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref> Tymoshchuk was given a chance to start in games at the time the team was plagued with injuries, filling in at the centre of defense.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sbnation.com/soccer/2010/11/5/1794629/bayern-munichs-recent-rise-owes-debt-to-role-players |title=Bayern Munich's Recent Rise Owes Debt To Role Players |publisher=[[SB Nation]] |accessdate=5 November 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101108080524/http://www.sbnation.com/soccer/2010/11/5/1794629/bayern-munichs-recent-rise-owes-debt-to-role-players |archivedate=8 November 2010 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|work=Official site of FC Bayern Munich |url=http://www.fcbayern.t-home.de/en/news/news/2010/26202.php?fcb_sid=391120ba6c5ab0da00b8c6e3fda1a51b |title=Tymoshchuk excels as stand-in centre-back |date=24 October 2010 |accessdate=24 October 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100903202945/http://www.fcbayern.t-home.de/en/news/news/2010/26202.php?fcb_sid=391120ba6c5ab0da00b8c6e3fda1a51b |archivedate=3 September 2010 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref> He started in central defence alongside [[Jérôme Boateng|Boateng]] in the [[2012 UEFA Champions League Final|Champions League Final]] in Munich which Bayern eventually lost to [[Chelsea F.C.]] on penalties. Before the final the manager Heynckes said: "Tymoschuk is a great team player. He's really important for us, and in situation, when three players are disqualified, his experience and ability to play in different positions is really useful for us".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sportsdaily.ru/news/glavnyiy-trener-bavarii-yupp-haynkes-timoschuk-vazhnyiy-komandnyiy-igrok-134019 |script-title=ru:Главный тренер "Баварии" Юпп Хайнкес: Тимощук — важный командный игрок |publisher=Sports Daily |date=3 May 2011 |accessdate=13 February 2013 |language=ru |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100903202945/http://sportsdaily.ru/news/glavnyiy-trener-bavarii-yupp-haynkes-timoschuk-vazhnyiy-komandnyiy-igrok-134019 |archivedate=3 September 2010 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref> As a result of Tymoschuk playing a bigger role under Heynckes than under Van Gaal he became an important part of the team. Manuel Neuer said about Tymoschuk: "For me the main job – not to let goals in. As a result, I love partners who have the same job. Anatoliy – is quite an aggressive footballer, but it's a smart aggression. He knows perfectly, when to choose the right position, to stop the attack of the opponent, and when to use such a move, like taking the ball harshly. No doubt, Tymoschuk is doing a great job at Bayern!".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sports.ru/football/134972496.html |script-title=ru:Мануэль Нойер: "Тимощук делает в "Баварии" отличную работу" |publisher=Sports.ru |date=20 January 2012 |accessdate=13 February 2013 |language=ru |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100903202945/http://www.sports.ru/football/134972496.html |archivedate=3 September 2010 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref>

===Zenit St. Petersburg===
After winning the champions league with Bayern in 2013, Tymoschuk returned to Zenit,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.fc-zenit.ru/main/news/ct3/57203.html |title=Anatoliy Tymoshchuk returns to Zenit |publisher=Zenit St. Petersburg |date=3 June 2013 |accessdate=25 June 2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100903202945/http://en.fc-zenit.ru/main/news/ct3/57203.html |archivedate=3 September 2010 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref> despite getting offers from different clubs around the continent.<ref>{{cite web|date=2 June 2013 |accessdate=25 June 2013 |url=http://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/news/newsid=1958869.html |title=Tymoshchuk rejoins Zenit from Bayern |publisher=UEFA |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100903202945/http://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/news/newsid=1958869.html |archivedate=3 September 2010 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref> Russian media claim that Tymoshchuk was signed by Zenit not only because of his skills as player, but for his ability to integrate the Russians and the foreigners in the team and stop the rumored conflicts among groups in the team.<ref>{{cite web|date=24 June 2013 |accessdate=25 June 2013 |url=http://www.sports.ru/tribuna/blogs/footballweekly/474990.html |script-title=ru:Капитан. Очевидность! Зачем "Зенит" вернул Тимощука |publisher=Sports.ru |first=Aleksey |last=Andronov |language=ru |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100903202945/http://www.sports.ru/tribuna/blogs/footballweekly/474990.html |archivedate=3 September 2010 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|publisher=Sports.ru |url=http://www.sports.ru/football/149579126.html |script-title=ru:Александр Бубнов: "От троицы Широков — Денисов — Кержаков исходят все конфликты в "Зените" |date=2 June 2013 |accessdate=29 June 2013 |language=ru |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130614010526/http://www.sports.ru/football/149579126.html |archivedate=14 June 2013 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=3 June 2013 |accessdate=29 June 2013 |url=http://www.sports.ru/football/149591706.html |script-title=ru:Владислав Радимов: "С приходом Тимощука многим придется поволноваться за место в основе" |publisher=Sports.ru |language=ru |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100903202945/http://www.sports.ru/football/149591706.html |archivedate=3 September 2010 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=3 June 2013 |accessdate=29 June 2013 |url=http://www.sports.ru/football/149607902.html |script-title=ru:Алексей Сафонов: "В "Зените" в последнее время не было пастуха – с приходом Тимощука у стада этот пастух появился" |publisher=Sports.ru |language=ru |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100903202945/http://www.sports.ru/football/149607902.html |archivedate=3 September 2010 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=5 June 2013 |accessdate=29 June 2013 |url=http://www.sports.ru/football/149681721.html |script-title=ru:Вячеслав Грозный: "Халк не скажет Тимощуку: "Кто ты такой, откуда появился?" |publisher=sports.ru |language=Russian |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100903202945/http://www.sports.ru/football/149681721.html |archivedate=3 September 2010 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=20 June 2013 |accessdate=29 June 2013 |url=http://www.sports.ru/football/150386773.html |script-title=ru:Алексей Сафонов: "Наверняка "Зениту" просто надоели постоянные конфликты с Денисовым" |publisher=Sports.ru |language=ru |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100903202945/http://www.sports.ru/football/150386773.html |archivedate=3 September 2010 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=24 June 2013 |accessdate=29 June 2013 |url=http://www.sports.ru/tribuna/blogs/footballweekly/474990.html |script-title=ru:Капитан. Очевидность! Зачем "Зенит" вернул Тимощука |publisher=Sports.ru |language=Russian |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100903202945/http://www.sports.ru/tribuna/blogs/footballweekly/474990.html |archivedate=3 September 2010 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sports.ru/football/150564969.html |script-title=ru:Владислав Радимов: "Тимощук и Аршавин вернут "Зенит" на то место, на котором он был раньше" |publisher=sports.ru |date=27 June 2013 |accessdate=29 June 2013 |language=ru |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100903202945/http://www.sports.ru/football/150564969.html |archivedate=3 September 2010 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref> Tymoschuk himself said that the return to Zenit is the last transfer in his career, indicating he will finish his player career in the club.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.sports.ru/football/150688480.html |script-title=ru:Тимощук завершит карьеру в «Зените» |publisher=Sports.ru |language=ru |date=20 June 2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100903202945/http://www.sports.ru/football/150688480.html |archivedate=3 September 2010 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref>

In 2014, [[FC Zenit Saint Petersburg]] lost 4–2 to [[Borussia Dortmund]], with Dortmund scoring twice in the first five minutes of the game. Tymoshchuk has said that there was a chance for his team to score when the score line was 3–2 to tied it up but they never did.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/news/newsid=2062634.html |title=Tymoshchuk hoping for Zenit miracle |author=Richard van Poortvliet |date=25 February 2014 |accessdate=19 March 2014 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100903202945/http://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/news/newsid=2062634.html |archivedate=3 September 2010 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref>

===Kairat===
On 6 July 2015, Tymoshchuk signed an 18-month contract with [[Kazakhstan Premier League]] side [[FC Kairat]].<ref>{{cite web|script-title=ru:Тимощук – игрок Кайрата|url=http://fckairat.kz/club/news/20381|website=fckairat.kz |publisher=FC Kairat|accessdate=7 July 2015|language=Russian|date=6 July 2015}}</ref> He captained the team in his league debut.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.sports.ru/football/1031281847.html | script-title=ru:Тимощук дебютировал в «Кайрате», выведя команду в качестве капитана | language = ru | website = sports.ru | date = 12 July 2015 | access-date = 17 July 2015}}</ref> He helped the team to its [[2015 Kazakhstan Cup]] win. Tymoshchuk left Kairat upon the completion of his contract in November 2016.<ref>{{cite web|title=Спасибо, Тимо!|url=http://fckairat.com/publ/fk_kajrat_2016/1/spasibo_timo/1-1-0-645|website=fckairat.com|publisher=FC Kairat|accessdate=21 November 2016|language=Russian|date=21 November 2016}}</ref> Without officially announcing his retirement, he already studied for his PRO coaching license.<ref>{{cite web | url= http://dt.ua/SPORT/timoschuk-pokinuv-kayrat-225124_.html | title = Тимощук покинув "Кайрат" | trans-title = Tymoshchuk left "Kairat" | website = [[Mirror Weekly]] | language = ru | date = 20 November 2016 | access-date = 1 January 2017}}</ref>

==International career==
[[File:Anatoly Tymoschuk 2012.jpg|300px|thumbnail|right|Anatoliy Tymoshchuk playing for Ukraine against Bulgaria]]
Since his 2000 debut, Tymoshchuk has become a key member of the [[Ukrainian national football team|Ukrainian national team]]. He gained recognition for his performance during the [[2006 FIFA World Cup]] in which Ukraine reached the quarter-finals, earning a [[Man of the Match]] award during Ukraine's win over [[Tunisia national football team|Tunisia]].<ref>{{cite news|date=23 June 2006 |accessdate=6 May 2008 |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/world_cup_2006/4853454.stm |title=Ukraine 1–0 Tunisia |publisher=BBC Sport |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100903202945/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/world_cup_2006/4853454.stm |archivedate=3 September 2010 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref>
Tymoshchuk has been described as one of the catalysts for Ukraine's first [[FIFA World Cup]] appearance.<ref>{{cite news|publisher=The Independent |location=London |url=http://www.independent.co.uk/sport/football/internationals/tymoschuk-a-talisman-for-divided-nation-481019.html |title=Tymoschuk a talisman for divided nation |date=4 June 2006 |accessdate=6 May 2008 |first=Jonathan |last=Wilson }}{{dead link|date=May 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> He is currently the captain of the team, since the retirement of [[Andriy Shevchenko]] in 2012. On 11 October 2010, in a friendly match against [[Brazil national football team|Brazil]], Tymoshchuk became the second player to have 100 caps for the senior team, after Shevchenko, who reached the landmark in a friendly versus [[Canada men's national soccer team|Canada]] two days earlier.

On 20 December 2011, Tymoshchuk has been named the best footballer in the history of his home country Ukraine. The 32-year-old Bayern midfielder came top of a nationwide poll to determine the key individuals in the Ukrainian game since the nation's independence in 1991.<ref>{{cite web|title=Bayern Munich's Anatoliy Tymoshchuk named best Ukrainian footballer ever |date=21 December 2011 |accessdate=21 December 2011 |url=http://www.goal.com/en/news/725/bundesliga/2011/12/21/2813383/bayern-munichs-anatoliy-tymoshchuk-named-best-ukrainian |publisher=Goal.com |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100903202945/http://www.goal.com/en/news/725/bundesliga/2011/12/21/2813383/bayern-munichs-anatoliy-tymoshchuk-named-best-ukrainian |archivedate=3 September 2010 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref> He is the most capped Ukrainian player with 144 appearances as of 29 June 2016.

In August 2016, Tymoshchuk officially retired from his international career.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://zn.ua/SPORT/timoschuk-v-kompanii-eks-trenera-karpat-kononova-posetil-trenirovku-bavarii-233948_.html | title = Тимощук в компании экс-тренера "Карпат" Кононова посетил тренировку "Баварии" | trans-title = Tymoshchuk in the company of the Karpaty's former coach Kononov visited a training session of Bayern | language = ru | website = [[Mirror Weekly]] | date = 21 December 2016 | access-date = 1 January 2017}}</ref>

==Personal life==
Tymoshchuk is married to Nadiya Tymoshchuk (nee Navrotska).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fc-zenit.ru/eng/person.phtml?id=291 |title=Anatoliy Tymoschuk |publisher=Zenit official website |accessdate=31 July 2009 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090618113109/http://www.fc-zenit.ru/eng/person.phtml?id=291 |archivedate=18 June 2009 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }}</ref> The couple met in his hometown [[Lutsk]] while living in the same neighbourhood. Their twins were born three months prematurely in April 2010.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sport.t-online.de/fc-bayern-muenchen-drama-um-zwillinge-von-anatolij-tymoschtschuk/id_41461216/index |title=Drama um Tymoschtschuks Zwillinge |work=Official site of FC Bayern Munich |date=28 April 2010 |accessdate=26 July 2010 |language=de |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100903202945/http://sport.t-online.de/fc-bayern-muenchen-drama-um-zwillinge-von-anatolij-tymoschtschuk/id_41461216/index |archivedate=3 September 2010 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref> In July, it was determined that the children were growing well and would be released from hospital.<ref name=Twins>{{cite web|date=23 July 2010 |url=http://www.fcbayern.t-home.de/en/news/news/2010/24222.php?fcb_sid=280038c6be5e718c55737536ec021770 |title=Tymoshchuk: I know what to expect |work=Official site of FC Bayern Munich |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100903202945/http://www.fcbayern.t-home.de/en/news/news/2010/24222.php?fcb_sid=280038c6be5e718c55737536ec021770 |archivedate=3 September 2010 |accessdate=26 July 2010 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref> In summer 2016, Nadiya - who currently lives in [[Munich]] together with children - announced that she is filing for divorce.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://prosport.tsn.ua/sport/timoschuk-zayaviv-pro-rozluchennya-z-druzhinoyu-i-vidsutnist-dostupu-do-ditey-674282.html | title = Тимощук розповів про розлучення з дружиною і відсутність доступу до дітей | trans-title = Tymoshchuk told about his separation with wife and absence of access to his children | language = ru | website = TSN | date = 17 June 2016 | access-date = 1 January 2017}}</ref>

In June 2008, Tymoshchuk was awarded the title of "[[Honorary citizen]] of Lutsk".<ref name=HCLutsk>{{cite web|url=http://toplutsk.com/biznews-news_212.html |script-title=uk:Анатолію Тимощуку присвоєно звання "Почесний громадянин міста Луцька" |publisher=Official web-portal of Lutsk city council |date=18 June 2008 |language=uk |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111012035952/http://toplutsk.com/biznews-news_212.html |archivedate=12 October 2011 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref>

His favorite player is [[Lothar Matthäus]]<ref name=Tymo44>{{cite web|url=http://ffu.org.ua/ukr/fans/globus/2970/ |script-title=uk:Різносторонній капітан |publisher=[[Football Federation of Ukraine]] |date=17 February 2009 |language=uk |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100903202945/http://ffu.org.ua/ukr/fans/globus/2970/ |archivedate=3 September 2010 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref> and he admitted that the historical team in which he most wanted to play with was the German national team in 1990, alongside Matthäus.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bayernforum.com/blog/anatoliy-tymoshchuk-interview |title=EXCLUSIVE Interview with Anatoliy Tymoshchuk |accessdate=5 February 2011 |date=3 February 2012 |publisher=BayernForum.com |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100903202945/http://www.bayernforum.com/blog/anatoliy-tymoshchuk-interview |archivedate=3 September 2010 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref> He is also a fan of the Ukrainian band [[Okean Elzy]] and [[Russia]]n painter [[Mikhail Vrubel]]. He is an avid collector of [[wine]]s, [[t-shirt]]s, and [[icon]]s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.timo4.com/ukr/anketa.html |script-title=uk:Моя анкета |publisher=Antoliy Tymoschuk official website |language=uk |accessdate=31 July 2009 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090313020010/http://www.timo4.com/ukr/anketa.html |archivedate=13 March 2009 }}</ref>

Tymoshchuk's [[lucky number]] is [[four]].<ref name=Tymo44/> He can speak [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]], [[Polish language|Polish]], [[Russian language|Russian]], some basic [[Croatian language|Croatian]] and German.<ref name=Twins/>

Tymoshchuk and his father have since 2000 organized tournaments, the International Anatoliy Tymoshchuk Junior Cup, for children from Ukraine and neighbour states in the city of [[Lutsk]], Ukraine. The winners get cups and money awards. The mission of the tournament was to encourage children to continue their football training by giving them a chance to participate in a real competition.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://fc-zenit.ru/main/news/47084.html |title=Завершился VIII Международный юношеский турнир "Кубок Анатолия Тимощука" |accessdate=31 July 2009 |date=27 August 2007 |language=ru |publisher=FC Zenit |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100903202945/http://fc-zenit.ru/main/news/47084.html |archivedate=3 September 2010 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://times.ua/story/5388/ |script-title=ru:Биография Анатолия Тимощука |publisher=TIMES.ua |accessdate=31 July 2009 |date=8 February 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100903202945/http://times.ua/story/5388/ |archivedate=3 September 2010 |language=Ukrainian |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref>

Tymoshchuk has twice played on [[Zinedine Zidane]]'s team at charity matches, an experience he truly enjoyed.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=BayernForum.com |url=http://www.bayernforum.com/personnel-f8/interview-with-anatoliy-tymoshchuk-t6754.html |title=Interview with Anatoliy Tymoshchuk |accessdate=1 June 2011 |date=5 May 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100903202945/http://www.bayernforum.com/personnel-f8/interview-with-anatoliy-tymoshchuk-t6754.html |archivedate=3 September 2010 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref>

==Career statistics==

===Club===
{{updated|match played 19 November 2016}}<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.footballdatabase.eu/football.joueurs.anatoliy.tymoshchuk.4664.en.html|title=Football : Anatoily Tymoshchuk|publisher=Football Database|date=4 July 2016|accessdate=4 July 2016}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:100%; text-align: center;"
|-
!rowspan="2" width="150"|Club
!rowspan="2" width="60"|Season
!colspan="2"|League
!colspan="2"|Cup
!colspan="2"|Europe
!colspan="2"|Super Cup
!colspan="2"|Total
|-
!width="40"|Apps
!width="40"|Goals
!width="40"|Apps
!width="40"|Goals
!width="40"|Apps
!width="40"|Goals
!width="40"|Apps
!width="40"|Goals
!width="40"|Apps
!width="40"|Goals
|-
|rowspan="3"|[[FC Volyn Lutsk|Volyn Lutsk]]
|[[1995–96 Ukrainian Premier League|1995–96]]
|10||1||1||0||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||11||1
|-
|[[Ukrainian First League 1996–97|1996–97]]
|38||6||2||0||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||40||6
|-
|[[Ukrainian First League 1997–98|1997–98]]
|14||1||2||0||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||16||1
|-
!colspan="2"|Total
!62!!8!!5!!0!!colspan="2"|—!!colspan="2"|—!!67!!8
|-
|rowspan="10"|[[FC Shakhtar Donetsk|Shakhtar Donetsk]]
|[[1997–98 Ukrainian Premier League|1997–98]]
|9||3||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||9||3
|-
|[[1998–99 Ukrainian Premier League|1998–99]]
|18||2||3||0||2||0||colspan="2"|—||23||2
|-
|[[1999–2000 Ukrainian Premier League|1999–00]]
|23||0||3||0||2||0||colspan="2"|—||28||0
|-
|[[2000–01 Ukrainian Premier League|2000–01]]
|25||4||5||1||11||0||colspan="2"|—||41||5
|-
|[[2001–02 Ukrainian Premier League|2001–02]]
|26||3||7||1||6||1||colspan="2"|—||39||5
|-
|[[2002–03 Ukrainian Premier League|2002–03]]
|30||4||6||1||4||0||colspan="2"|—||40||5
|-
|[[2003–04 Ukrainian Premier League|2003–04]]
|29||6||6||1||6||0||colspan="2"|—||41||7
|-
|[[2004–05 Ukrainian Premier League|2004–05]]
|25||4||5||0||10||0||1||0||41||4
|-
|[[2005–06 Ukrainian Premier League|2005–06]]
|27||5||2||1||8||0||1||0||38||6
|-
|[[2006–07 Ukrainian Premier League|2006–07]]
|15||1||2||1||8||0||1||0||26||2
|-
!colspan="2"|Total
!227!!32!!39!!6!!57!!1!!3!!0!!326!!39
|-
|rowspan="3"|[[FC Zenit Saint Petersburg|Zenit Saint Petersburg]]
|[[2007 Russian Premier League|2007]]
|29||4||5||5||8||1||colspan="2"|—||42||10
|-
|[[2008 Russian Premier League|2008]]
|27||6||0||0||16||0||1||0||44||6
|-
|[[2009 Russian Premier League|2009]]
|11||0||0||0||3||2||colspan="2"|—||14||2
|-
!colspan="2"|Total
!67!!10!!5!!5!!27!!3!!1!!0!!100!!18
|-
|rowspan="4"|[[FC Bayern Munich|Bayern Munich]]
|[[2009–10 Bundesliga|2009–10]]
|21||0||4||0||7||1||colspan="2"|—||32||1
|-
|[[2010–11 Bundesliga|2010–11]]
|26||3||4||0||6||1||1||0||37||4
|-
|[[2011–12 Bundesliga|2011–12]]
|23||0||4||0||12||0||colspan="2"|—||39||0
|-
|[[2012–13 Bundesliga|2012–13]]
|16||1||3||0||4||0||1||0||24||1
|-
!colspan="2"|Total
!86!!4!!15!!0!!29!!2!!2!!0!!132!!6
|-
|rowspan="3" valign="center"|[[FC Zenit Saint Petersburg|Zenit Saint Petersburg]]
|[[2013–14 Russian Premier League|2013–14]]
|21||0||1||0||5||0||1||0||28||0
|-
|[[2014–15 Russian Premier League|2014–15]]
|11||0||1||0||9||0||colspan="2"|—||21||0
|-
! Total
!32!!0!!2!!0!!14!!0!!1!!0!!49!!0
|-
|rowspan="3" valign="center"|[[FC Kairat|Kairat]]
|[[2015 Kazakhstan Premier League|2015]]
|10||0||1||0||6||0||0||0||17||0
|-
|[[2016 Kazakhstan Premier League|2016]]
|24||1||4||0||4||0||1||0||33||1
|-
!colspan="1"|Total
!34!!1!!5!!0!!10!!0!!1!!0!!50!!1
|-
!colspan="2"|Total
!508!!55!!71!!11!!137!!6!!8!!0!!724!!72
|}

===International===
{{updated|21 June 2016}}<ref name="EU-football.info">{{cite news|url=http://eu-football.info/_player.php?id=21498|title=Anatoliy Tymoshchuk - national football team player|publisher=EU-Football.info|date=4 July 2016|accessdate=4 July 2016}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! colspan=3 | [[Ukraine national football team|Ukraine national team]]
|-
!Year!!Apps!!Goals
|-
|2000||4||0
|-
|2001||12||0
|-
|2002||8||1
|-
|2003||9||0
|-
|2004||9||0
|-
|2005||10||0
|-
|2006||12||0
|-
|2007||10||0
|-
|2008||7||0
|-
|2009||11||0
|-
|2010||9||1
|-
|2011||12||2
|-
|2012||11||0
|-
|2013||7||0
|-
|2014||5||0
|-
|2015||4||0
|-
|2016||3||0
|-
!Total||144||4
|}

===International goals===
:''As of match played 21 June 2016. Ukraine score listed first, score column indicates score after each Tymoshchuk goal.''<ref name="EU-football.info"/>
{| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders"
|+ International goals by date, venue, cap, opponent, score, result and competition
|-
!scope=col|No.
!scope=col data-sort-type=date|Date
!scope=col|Venue
!scope=col|Cap
!scope=col|Opponent
!scope=col|Score
!scope=col|Result
!scope=col|Competition
|-
!scope=row|1
| 17 April 2002 || [[Lobanovsky Dynamo Stadium]], [[Kyiv]], Ukraine || 19 || {{fb|GEO|1990}} || align=center | 2–1 || align=center | 2–1 || [[Exhibition game|Friendly]]
|-
!scope=row|2
| 8 October 2010 || [[Lobanovsky Dynamo Stadium]], [[Kyiv]], Ukraine || 99 || {{fb|CAN}} || align=center | 2–2 || align=center | 2–2 || [[Exhibition game|Friendly]]
|-
!scope=row|3
| 1 June 2011 || [[Lobanovsky Dynamo Stadium]], [[Kyiv]], Ukraine || 105 || {{fb|UZB}} || align=center | 1–0 || align=center | 2–0 || [[Exhibition game|Friendly]]
|-
!scope=row|4
| 6 June 2011 || [[Donbass Arena]], [[Donetsk]], Ukraine || 106 || {{fb|FRA}} || align=center | 1–0 || align=center | 1–4 || [[Exhibition game|Friendly]]
|}

==Honours==

===Club===
;[[Shakhtar Donetsk]]<ref name="Soccerway">{{cite web | url = http://www.soccerway.com/players/anatoliy-tymoschuk/692/ | title = A. Tymoshchuk | publisher = Soccerway | accessdate = 12 November 2014}}</ref>
*[[Ukrainian Premier League]]: [[2001–02 Ukrainian Premier League|2001–02]], [[2004–05 Ukrainian Premier League|2004–05]], [[2005–06 Ukrainian Premier League|2005–06]]
*[[Ukrainian Cup]]: [[2000–01 Ukrainian Cup|2000–01]], [[2001–02 Ukrainian Cup|2001–02]], [[2003–04 Ukrainian Cup|2003–04]]
*[[Ukrainian Super Cup]]: [[Ukrainian Super Cup|2005]]

;[[FC Zenit St. Petersburg|Zenit St. Petersburg]]<ref name="Soccerway" />
*[[Russian Premier League]]: [[2007 Russian Premier League|2007]], [[2014–15 Russian Premier League|2014–15]]
*[[Russian Super Cup]]: [[2008 Russian Super Cup|2008]]
*[[UEFA Cup]]: [[2008 UEFA Cup Final|2007–08]]
*[[UEFA Super Cup]]: [[2008 UEFA Super Cup|2008]]

;[[FC Bayern Munich|Bayern Munich]]<ref name="Soccerway" />
*[[Bundesliga]]: [[2009–10 Bundesliga|2009–10]], [[2012–13 Bundesliga|2012–13]]
*[[DFB-Pokal]]: [[2009–10 DFB-Pokal|2009–10]], [[2012–13 DFB-Pokal|2012–13]]
*[[DFL-Supercup]]: [[2010 DFL-Supercup|2010]], [[2012 DFL-Supercup|2012]]
*[[UEFA Champions League]]: [[2012–13 UEFA Champions League|2012–13]]

;[[FC Kairat|Kairat]]<ref name="Soccerway" />
*[[Kazakhstan Cup]]: [[2015 Kazakhstan Cup|2015]]
*[[Kazakhstan Super Cup]]: [[2016 Kazakhstan Super Cup|2016]]

===Individual===
*[[Ukraine|Ukrainian]] Bravery Order III Degree: 2006
*[[Ukrainian Footballer of the Year]] (by Ukrainian Football): 2002, 2006, 2007
*[[Russian Premier League]]: Player of the Year [[2007 Russian Premier League|2007]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.footballplayers.ru/article/24.html |script-title=ru:Лучший футболист России. Награда газеты "Спорт-Экспресс" |publisher=[[Sport Express]] |language=ru |accessdate=25 June 2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100903202945/http://www.footballplayers.ru/article/24.html |archivedate=3 September 2010 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref>
*[[Russian Premier League]] Top 33 Players – #1 Defensive Midfielder: 2007,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sport-express.ru/newspaper/2007-12-01/5_3/ |script-title=ru:ФУТБОЛ |publisher=Sport Express |language=ru |date=1 December 2007 |accessdate=25 June 2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100903202945/http://www.sport-express.ru/newspaper/2007-12-01/5_3/ |archivedate=3 September 2010 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref> 2008<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sport-express.ru/newspaper/2008-12-17/3_2/ |script-title=ru:Обошлось без сенсаций |publisher=Sport Express |language=Russian |date=17 December 2008 |accessdate=25 June 2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100903202945/http://www.sport-express.ru/newspaper/2008-12-17/3_2/ |archivedate=3 September 2010 |author=Ekaterina Bredina |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref>
*[[Honorary citizen]] of [[Lutsk]]: 2008<ref name=HCLutsk/>
*[[List of footballers with 100 or more caps|UEFA awards 100 caps]]<ref>{{cite web|title=International centurions to receive UEFA award |url=http://www.uefa.com/uefa/aboutuefa/news/newsid=1670970.html |publisher=UEFA |date=30 August 2011 |accessdate=25 June 2013 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100903202945/http://www.uefa.com/uefa/aboutuefa/news/newsid=1670970.html |archivedate=3 September 2010 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref>
*Best Ukrainian Footballer in History (1991–2011)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espnstar.com/football/bundesliga/news/detail/item727494/Tymoshchuk-is-Ukraine's-best-ever/ |title=Tymoshchuk is Ukraine's best ever |publisher=espnstar.com |accessdate=11 November 2012 |archiveurl=https://archive.is/20130122101452/http://www.espnstar.com/football/bundesliga/news/detail/item727494/Tymoshchuk-is-Ukraine's-best-ever/ |archivedate=22 January 2013 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref> with [[Andriy Shevchenko]] and [[Oleksandr Shovkovskiy]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bulvar.com.ua/arch/2011/51/4ef313ba6efb7/ |script-title=ru:Лучшими футболистами Украины признаны Анатолий Тимощук, Андрей Шевченко и Александр Шовковский |publisher=ESPN Star |accessdate=11 November 2012 |language=ru |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100903202945/http://www.bulvar.com.ua/arch/2011/51/4ef313ba6efb7/ |archivedate=3 September 2010 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref>
*Second ever (after [[Andriy Shevchenko]]) [[Ukraine|Ukrainian]] [[Association football|football]] player who has played in the [[UEFA Champions League]] Final (2012)
*Second ever (after [[Andriy Shevchenko]]) [[Ukraine|Ukrainian]] [[Association football|football]] player who has won the [[UEFA Champions League]] (2013)

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{wikiquote}}
{{Commons|Anatoliy Tymoshchuk}}
*[http://www.timo4.com Official website] {{en icon}} {{uk icon}} {{ru icon}} {{de icon}}
*[http://www.fcbayern.t-home.de/en/teams/profis/19877.php Profile on Bayern Munich official website]
*{{NFT player|pid=6969}}
*[http://shakhtar.com/en/news/3554 Tymoshchuk statistics in Shakhtar]
*{{FFU player|26988}}

{{Navboxes colour|title=Ukraine squads|bg=#f9dd16|fg=#2392c7|list1=
{{Ukraine squad 2006 FIFA World Cup}}
{{Ukraine squad UEFA Euro 2012}}
{{Ukraine squad UEFA Euro 2016}}
}}
{{Ukrainian Footballer of the Year}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tymoshchuk, Antoliy}}
[[Category:1979 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Lutsk]]
[[Category:Ukrainian footballers]]
[[Category:Ukraine international footballers]]
[[Category:Ukraine under-21 international footballers]]
[[Category:FC Volyn Lutsk players]]
[[Category:FC Shakhtar Donetsk players]]
[[Category:FC Shakhtar-2 Donetsk players]]
[[Category:FC Zenit Saint Petersburg players]]
[[Category:FC Bayern Munich footballers]]
[[Category:FC Kairat players]]
[[Category:2006 FIFA World Cup players]]
[[Category:UEFA Euro 2012 players]]
[[Category:Ukrainian expatriate footballers]]
[[Category:Expatriate footballers in Russia]]
[[Category:Ukrainian Premier League players]]
[[Category:Russian Premier League players]]
[[Category:Bundesliga players]]
[[Category:Kazakhstan Premier League players]]
[[Category:Expatriate footballers in Germany]]
[[Category:Expatriate footballers in Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:FIFA Century Club]]
[[Category:Ukrainian expatriates in Germany]]
[[Category:Ukrainian expatriates in Russia]]
[[Category:Ukrainian expatriates in Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:UEFA Euro 2016 players]]
[[Category:Association football central defenders]]
[[Category:Association football midfielders]]
[[Category:FC Zenit Saint Petersburg non-playing staff]]

Foreign relations of Kazakhstan

2017-04-20T19:09:39Z

GreenC bot: Removed 1 archive link. Wayback Medic 2.1

{{POV|date=December 2016}}{{Use mdy dates|date=December 2016}}
{{Politics of Kazakhstan}}
'''Foreign relations of Kazakhstan''' are primarily based on economic and political security. The [[Nursultan Nazarbayev|Nazarbayev administration]] has tried to balance relations with Russia and the United States by sending petroleum and natural gas to its northern neighbor at artificially low prices while assisting the U.S. in the [[War on Terror]]. [[Kazakhstan]] is a member of the United Nations, [[Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe]] (which it chaired in 2010), [[North Atlantic Cooperation Council]], [[Commonwealth of Independent States]], the [[Shanghai Cooperation Organisation]], and [[NATO]]'s [[Partnership for Peace]] program. Kazakhstan established a customs union with Russia and Belarus, transformed into the [[Eurasian Economic Community]] then in 2015 into the [[Eurasian Economic Union]]. President Nazarbayev has prioritized economic diplomacy into Kazakhstan's foreign policy.<ref name="ed">{{cite web|title=New tasks from the President on facilitating economic diplomacy|url=http://www.kazakhembus.com/content/new-tasks-president-facilitating-economic-diplomacy|publisher=Foreign Ministry of Kazakhstan}}</ref>

Kazakhstan has a "multi-vector" foreign policy, i.e. a triangulation between the major powers of Russia, China and the US.<ref>http://www.isn.ethz.ch/Digital-Library/Publications/Detail/?ots591=0c54e3b3-1e9c-be1e-2c24-a6a8c7060233&lng=en&id=132061</ref> Kazakhstan has called for “intra-regional integration in Central Asia” and international integration of the region.<ref name=TW1>{{cite web|title=Kazakh Foreign Policy Concept for 2014 – 2020 and the Ukraine Crisi|url=http://www.turkishweekly.net/columnist/3861/-strategy-kazakhstan-for-2020-and-the-ukraine-crisis.html|publisher=Turkish Weekly}}</ref>

In December 2010 Kazakhstan held the first OSCE summit since 1999.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.osce.org/event/summit_2010|title=2010 OSCE Summit in Astana|publisher=|accessdate=February 20, 2015}}</ref>

== Multilateral agreements ==
In 2015 Kazakhstan joined the Inter-American Convention on Mutual Assistance in Criminal Matters. In September the Kazakh Senate ratified the Convention, which unites 26 countries, including the United States, Canada, Mexico, Brazil, Venezuela and other countries.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Kazakhstan Increases Crime Fighting Cooperation with the Nations of the Americas – The Astana Times|url = http://astanatimes.com/2015/09/kazakhstan-increases-crime-fighting-cooperation-with-the-nations-of-the-americas/|accessdate = 2015-09-30}}</ref>

==Foreign policy 2014–20==
Kazakhstan's main foreign policy efforts are focused on achieving the following goals:<ref name=FPC>{{cite web|title=Foreign Policy Concept|url=http://www.kazakhembus.com/page/foreign-policy-concept|publisher=Embassy of Kazakhstan in United States}}</ref>
# Measures that will ensure national security, defense capacity, sovereignty and territorial unity of the country;
# strengthening peace through regional and global security;
# sustainable international position and positive global image of Kazakhstan;
# establishment of fair and democratic world order under the guiding and coordinating role of the United Nations Organization (UN);
# further integration into the system of regional and international trade-economic relations;
# creation of favorable external conditions for the successful implementation of the Strategy 2050; providing high living standards for the population; strengthening unity of the multi-national society; reinforcing rule of law and democratic institutions; protection of human rights and freedoms;
# diversification, industrial-technological development and increased competitiveness of the national economy;
# focusing the country onto the green development path and bringing it to the list of the 30 top-developed nations of the world;
# saving the national-cultural uniqueness and following the own original way of the state development;
# protection of the rights of personal, family and business interests of citizens and legal entities of the Republic of Kazakhstan;
# support to Kazakh diaspora and Kazakh language overseas.

==Border issues==
Not until 2005 did Kazakhstan, Russia, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan agree to begin demarcating their shared borders. No seabed boundary with Turkmenistan in the Caspian Sea has been agreed on and the usage of [[Caspian Sea]] water is a matter that remains unsettled by international agreement.<ref name=CIA1>[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/kz.html#Issues Kazakhstan – Transnational Issues] CIA World Factbook</ref>

According to Sagintaev Bakytzshan Abdirovich, first deputy prime minister, in 2015 Kazakhstan and China will sign an intergovernmental agreement on water allocation of the 24 transboundary rivers.<ref name="Kazakhstan and China develop economic and politic al cooperation">{{cite web|title=Kazakhstan and China develop economic and politic al cooperation|url=http://www.inform.kz/rus/article/2658155|publisher=www.inform.kz}}</ref>

==Nuclear weapons non-proliferation==
When the Soviet Union collapsed in December 1991, Kazakhstan inherited 1,410 [[nuclear warhead]]s and the [[Semipalatinsk Test Site|Semipalatinsk nuclear-weapon test site]]. By April 1995, Kazakhstan had returned the warheads to Russia and, by July 2000, had destroyed the nuclear testing infrastructure at Semipalatinsk.<ref name=NTI1>{{cite web |title=NTI Kazakhstan Profile |url=http://www.nti.org/country-profiles/kazakhstan/ |publisher=Nuclear Threat Initiative}}</ref>

On December 2, 2009, UN secretary general [[Ban Ki-moon]] and the Republic of Kazakhstan designated August 29 as [[International Day against Nuclear Tests]], the anniversary of the date that Kazakhstan closed the Semipalatinsk test site in 1991.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.un.org/en/events/againstnucleartestsday/ |title=International Day against Nuclear Tests (29 August) |publisher=United Nations |accessdate=September 9, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://en-maktoob.news.yahoo.com/un-calls-global-efforts-ban-n-tests-023921015.html |title=UN calls for global efforts to ban n-tests |work=Yahoo! News Maktoob |date=August 30, 2013 |accessdate=September 9, 2013}}</ref>

The contribution of Kazakhstan's President Nazarbayev to nuclear non-proliferation was highly recognized by Japan. During his visit to Japan in November 2016, Nursultan Nazarbayev was awarded the title of special honorary citizen of Hiroshima for his non-proliferation efforts.<ref>{{cite web|title=Nazarbayev’s Visit to Hiroshima Highlights Joint Striving for Nuclear Disarmament|url=http://astanatimes.com/2016/11/nazarbayevs-visit-to-hiroshima-highlights-joint-striving-for-nuclear-disarmament/|website=astanatimes.com}}</ref>

==Illicit drugs==
Illegal [[cannabis (drug)|cannabis]] and, to a lesser extent, [[opium]] production in Kazakhstan is an international issue since much of the crop ends up being sold in other countries, particularly in other member-states of [[Commonwealth of Independent States]] (CIS).<ref name=CIA1/> In 1998, the [[United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime]] estimated that a "minimum of 1,517 tons of cannabis was harvested" in Kazakhstan.<ref name=narco>[http://www.silkroadstudies.org/new/inside/research/narcotics_crime/FactSheet/2004/Kazakhstan.pdf Kazakhstan Narcotics Factsheet 2004] The Central Asia-Caucasus Institute & Silk Road Studies Program</ref>

With the fall of the [[Soviet Union]], Kazakhstan became a major transit country for narcotics produced in Southwest Asia, primarily from Afghanistan.<ref name=narco/> In 2001, Kazakh authorities reported 1,320 cases of drug trafficking and seized 18 metric tons of narcotics. However, this is viewed as a fraction of the actual total volume trafficked and widespread corruption continues to hamper government anti-drug efforts; [[Transparency International]] gave Kazakhstan a score of 2.2, on a scale of 0–10 with 0 indicating a "highly corrupt" state.<ref name=narco/><ref>[http://www.transparency.org/content/download/2274/14262/file/TI%20Annual%20Report%202004.pdf 2004 Annual Report] Transparency International</ref> Russia and other parts of Europe are the main markets for these drugs although drug use is growing in Kazakhstan as well.<ref name=CIA1/><ref name=narco/>

==KazAID==
In November 2014 Kazakh Foreign Minister and Resident Representative of UNDP in Kazakhstan signed a project document supporting Kazakhstan's Foreign Affairs Ministry in forming KazAID, a system of Official Development Assistance (ODA).<ref>{{cite web|title=Articles Press Releases Speeches Events Start of KazAID marks significant transition in Kazakhstan from aid-recipient to donor|url=http://www.eurasia.undp.org/content/rbec/en/home/presscenter/articles/2014/11/3/start-kazaid-significant-transition-kazakhstan.html|website=www.eurasia.undp.org}}</ref> The KazAID program implies technical assistance and humanitarian aid to Afghanistan. As of 2016, Kazakhstan provided Afghanistan with 20,000 tons of food products valued at some $20 million.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kazakhstan Vows to Expand Afghan Aid Programs|url=http://www.laht.com/article.asp?CategoryId=12395&ArticleId=2422506|website=www.laht.com}}</ref>

==Central Asia==

===Azerbaijan===
{{main|Azerbaijan–Kazakhstan relations}}

Diplomatic relations were established on August 27, 1992. Azerbaijan has an embassy in [[Astana]]. Kazakhstan has had an embassy in [[Baku]] since December 16, 1994.

===Kyrgyzstan===
{{main|Kazakhstan–Kyrgyzstan relations}}

Bilateral relationships between the countries are very strong and Kyrgyz and Kazakh are very close in terms of language, culture and religion. Kyrgyz-Kazakh relationships have always been at a very high level and economic and other formal unification of two countries have been greeted with strong appreciation by both nations since the two share a lot in common. On April 26, 2007 the presidents of Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan signed an agreement to create an "International Supreme Council" between the two states. This historic event took place during an official visit of the Kazakh president to the Kyrgyzstan capital, Bishkek.<ref name=cs>s". [http://www.caucaz.com/home_eng/depeches.php?idp=1703 ''Central Asia: A Kyrgyz-Kazakh Step Towards Regional Union''] ''This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.''</ref>

===Turkmenistan===
* Kazakhstan has an embassy in [[Ashgabat]].
* Turkmenistan has an embassy in [[Astana]].

===Uzbekistan===
{{main|Kazakhstan–Uzbekistan relations}}
* Kazakhstan–Uzbekistan relations have always been sincere and strong. Since the rapid development of Kazakhstan the president of Uzbekistan Mr. Karimov has visited Kazakhstan several times.

==Asia==
{| class="wikitable sortable" border="1" style="width:100%; margin:auto;"
!width="15%"| Country
!width="12%"| Formal relations began
!Notes
|--valign="top"
|{{flagu|Armenia}}||
|
{{main|Armenia–Kazakhstan relations}}
* Since 1992, Armenia has had an embassy in [[Almaty]].
* Kazakhstan has an embassy in [[Yerevan]].
* Both countries are full members of the [[Collective Security Treaty Organisation]], of the [[Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe]] and of the [[Commonwealth of Independent States]].
* There are 25,000 people of [[Armenians|Armenian descent]] living in Kazakhstan.
* Between September 1 and 2, 1999, Armenian president [[Robert Kocharyan]] made an official visit to Kazakhstan.
* In May 2001, [[List of leaders of Kazakhstan|Kazakh president]] [[Nursultan Nazarbayev]] made an official visit to Armenia.
* [http://portal.mfa.kz/portal/page/portal/mfa/en/content/policy/cooperation/CIS/07 Kazakh Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with Armenia]
Kazakhstan formed diplomatic relations with Armenia on November 6, 2006. [[Kazakh President]] [[Nursultan Nazarbayev]] said, "The trade level cannot satisfy either side, this low indicator does not meet our states' demands." Fortunately however, "Documents signed today create a legal base for closer cooperation between our companies... As a result of talks, we confirmed the urge of our states to further strengthen our relations. Increasing trade and economic ties will contribute to this, for Kazakhstan's business and capital not to be afraid to go to Armenia." Former Armenian President [[Robert Kocharyan]] echoed Nazarbayev's statements, saying, "We want this visit to prompt the arrival of Kazakh investment in Armenia."<ref name=ARMENIA>[http://en.rian.ru/world/20061106/55407731.html Kazakhstan, Armenia sign agreements to develop relations] RIA Novosti</ref>
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|{{flagu|Bahrain}}||||
President Nursultan Nazarbayev welcomed [[Sheikh Hamad Bin Isa Al-Khalifa]], King of the Kingdom of Bahrain, on his first ever trip and the first by an Arab leader to the Republic.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gulf-daily-news.com/NewsDetails.aspx?storyid=374924|title=Gulf Daily News " Local News " THE WAY FORWARD|publisher=|accessdate=February 20, 2015}}</ref> He has stressed Bahrain as a key partner in the Arab world at a press conference and has ensured that this visit has led to a new page in the relations between bonding the two nations<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gulf-daily-news.com/NewsDetails.aspx?storyid=374937|title=Gulf Daily News " Local News " Bahrain 'key partner in Arab world'|publisher=|accessdate=February 20, 2015}}</ref> The Kazakh Government has created the Bahraini-Kazakh Business Council, unveiling plans to sign an agreement on encouraging and protecting investment, avoiding taxation and fiscal evasion.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tradearabia.com/news/LAW_256132.html|title=Bahrain plans major Kazakhstan investment|publisher=|accessdate=February 20, 2015}}</ref>
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|{{flagu|China}} || 1992-01-03
| See [[People's Republic of China – Kazakhstan relations]]
* The two nations signed their first boundary agreement in April 1994, and their second supplementary boundary agreement in July 1998 to mark their 1,700 km shared border.<ref name=CHINA>[http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/en/doc/2003-05/27/content_166588.htm Brief introduction to relations between China and Kazakhstan] China Daily</ref>
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|{{flagu|India }}|||| See [[India–Kazakhstan relations]]
Diplomatic relations have increased in importance in the 21st century after initially remaining passive in the 1990s. Both nations seek to develop an extensive commercial and strategic partnership in the Central Asia region.
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|{{flagu|Israel }}|||| See [[Israel–Kazakhstan relations]]
Notwithstanding its membership in the [[Organisation of Islamic Cooperation]], Kazakhstan has good relations with Israel. Diplomatic relations were established in 1992 and President [[Nazarbayev]] paid official visits to Israel in 1995 and 2000.<ref name=is>[http://www.kazakhemb.org.il/?CategoryID=165&ArticleID=163 About Kazakhstan–Israeli relations] Embassy of Kazakhstan in Israel</ref> In 2006, during a state visit by Kazakh Deputy Prime Minister [[Karim Masimov]], Israeli Prime Minister [[Ehud Olmert]] remarked, "Kazakhstan can show a beautiful face of Islam ... Contemporary, ever-developing Kazakhstan is a perfect example of both economic development and interethnic accord that should be followed by more Muslim states."<ref>{{Cite news|last=Eglash|first=Ruth|title=Kazakhs seek stronger ties with Israel|newspaper=Jerusalem Post|date= November 6, 2006|url=http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1162378331988&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull}}</ref> Bilateral trade between the two countries amounted to $724 million in 2005.<ref name=is/>
In 2008, Kazkahstan and Israel began to embark on joint military developments which include Self-Propelled Guns and Multiple Launch Rocket Systems.[http://www.janes.com/news/defence/idr/idr080707_1_n.shtml]
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|{{flagu|Japan }}|| 1992
|
* Kazakhstan is part of the [[Central Asia plus Japan]] dialogue.
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|{{flagu|Malaysia}}||March 16, 1992|| See [[Kazakhstan–Malaysia relations]]
Kazakhstan has an embassy in [[Kuala Lumpur]] while Malaysia has an embassy in [[Almaty]]. Both are members of [[Organisation of Islamic Cooperation]] (OIC).
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|{{flagu|Pakistan }}|||| See [[Kazakhstan–Pakistan relations]]
Relations between the two countries began when Pakistan recognized Kazakhstan on December 20, 1991. On February 24, 1992, diplomatic and consular relations were established during an official visit by Kazakhstani president [[Nursultan Nazarbayev]] to Pakistan.<ref name=kzmfa>[http://portal.mfa.kz/portal/page/portal/mfa/en/content/policy/cooperation/asia_africa/03 Cooperation of the Republic of Kazakhstan with the Islamic Republic of Pakistan] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120419065721/http://portal.mfa.kz/portal/page/portal/mfa/en/content/policy/cooperation/asia_africa/03 |date=April 19, 2012 }} Kazakhstan Ministry of Foreign Affairs</ref> Kazakhstan is an emerging market for Pakistani goods.<ref>[http://www.epb.gov.pk/v1/news/details.php?param=MzU5d Trade Development Authority of Pakistan]</ref>
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|{{flagu|Philippines}} || 1992-03-19
| See [[Kazakhstan–Philippines relations]]
Diplomatic relations between the Kazakhstan and the Philippines were formally established on March 19, 1992. The Philippines maintains relations with Kazakhstan through its embassy in Moscow in Russia. Kazakhstan has an honorary consulate in [[Manila]].<ref name="philstar">http://www.philstar.com/headlines/227525/kazakh-leader-arrives-state-visit</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kazakhstan.com.ph/index.html|title=The Honorary Consulate of the Republic of Kazakhstan to the Republic of the Philippines|publisher=|accessdate=February 20, 2015}}</ref>
Trade between Kazakhstan and the Philippines amounted to 7.3 million during January to November 2010. In 2009, about 1,500 Kazakh tourists visited the Philippines. As of 2009, there are about 7,000 [[Overseas Filipino Workers]] are working in Western Kazakhstan, mostly in the oil and gas sector. Kazakhstan is attracting Philippine companies to invest in the country.<ref name="malay">http://www.kazembassy.org.my/kaz_phi.htm</ref>
On 2011, Kazakhstan is planning to put up a Kazakhstan house in the Philippines either in the [[Bonifacio Global City]] or [[Makati]] to showcase Kazakh products and promote its tourist destinations. There is also plans to put up a Philippine House in Kazakhstan for the same purpose and there is also plans to put Filipino art exhibits in Kazakhstan<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kazakhstan.com.ph/news.html|title=The Honorary Consulate of the Republic of Kazakhstan to the Republic of the Philippines|publisher=|accessdate=February 20, 2015}}</ref>
Kazakh President [[Nursultan Nazarbayev]], and his 27 delegates arrived in the Philippines for a three-day state visit on November 10, 2003 at the [[Villamor Airbase]] in [[Pasay City]]. The Kazakh officials met with their Filipino counterparts and conducted meetings. Former Philippine President [[Gloria Macapagal Arroyo]] met with Nazarbayev to finalize the Philippine's intent to import oil and coal from Kazakhstan and discussed possible infrastructure projects in the Central Asian country.<ref name="philstar"/>
The Philippines also supported Kazakhstan bid to become a member of the [[ASEAN Regional Forum]] on security.<ref name="malay"/>
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|{{flagu|North Korea }}||
|See [[Foreign relations of North Korea]]
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|{{flagu|South Korea }}||January 28, 1992<ref name="mofa.go.kr">http://www.mofa.go.kr/ENG/countries/europe/countries/20070803/1_24646.jsp?menu=m_30_40</ref>|| See [[Kazakhstan – South Korea relations]]
* The establishment of [[diplomatic relations]] between the Republic of (South Korea) and the Republic of (Kazakhstan) began on January 28, 1992.
* The Republic of has an embassy in [[Astana]] Republic of
* The Republic of has an embassy in [[Seoul]] Republic of
* Number of the [[South Korea|South Korean]] living in the Republic of in 2013 about 2,500.
* Number of [[Ethnic Koreans]] living in the Republic of About 100,000.
* Bilateral Trade in 2013 about 1,323 million USD
** Exports 1,074million US dollars
** Imports 249 million US dollars
* The [[ROK]]'s Investment in the Republic of in 2013 about 3,246 million USD (Largest Investment in Asia)
* [[Foreign relations of South Korea#Europe Foreign relations of South Korea Foreign relations of the Republic of Korea]].<ref name="mofa.go.kr"/>
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|{{flagu|Turkey}}||1992-03-02|| See [[Kazakh–Turkish relations]]
Turkey and Kazakhstan, both being [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] nations, are founding members of the Joint Administration of Turkic Arts and Culture [[TURKSOY]] on July 12, 1993.
Turkey recognized Kazakhstan on December 16, 1991, on the same day Kazakhstan declared its independence. Diplomatic relations have developed positively on the international stage as well as in commerce and strategic affairs.<ref name="A">{{cite journal|last=Yermukanov |first=Marat |title=Kazakhstan and Turkey spearhead the integration of Turkic nations |url=http://www.jamestown.org/edm/article.php?article_id=2371713 |work=Eurasian Daily Monitor |publisher=Jamestown Foundation |date=December 7, 2006 |volume=3 |issue=226 |accessdate=2008-10-10 }}{{dead link|date=April 2017|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> Kazakhstan has an embassy in [[Ankara]] and a consulate general in [[Istanbul]]. Turkey has an embassy in [[Almaty]] and a branch office in [[Astana]].
|--valign="top"
Bilateral relations have grown steadily since that time. Cooperation between the two nations has grown in political, economic, and educational spheres. The presence of 100,000 ethnic Koreans living in Kazakhstan (known as [[Koryo-saram]]) creates an additional link between the two countries.<ref name=rokmofa>[http://www.mofat.go.kr/english/regions/europe/20070803/1_311.jsp? Kazakhstan] Korean Ministry of Foreign Affairs</ref>
|}

On December 28–29, 2014 Kazakhstan's Prime Minister Erlan Idrissov paid a visit to Turkish capital Ankara.<ref name=Ankara>{{cite web|title=Astana, Ankara Want to Grow Mutual Trade to $10 Billion, Strengthen Strategic Partnership|url=http://www.astanatimes.com/2014/12/astana-ankara-want-grow-mutual-trade-10-billion-strengthen-strategic-partnership/|website=www.astanatimes.com}}</ref> Idrissov met with Turkey's President Recep Tayyip Erdogan and Prime Minister Mevlut Cavusoglu.<ref name="who11" /> During the meetings Kazakhstan's and Turkey's foreign ministers announced their intentions to further deepen bilateral political and economic ties, including by reaching the mark of $10 billion in annual trade.<ref name="who11"/>

==Eastern Europe==
Kazakhstan provided Ukraine with humanitarian aid after the beginning of military conflict in southeast Ukraine in 2014.<ref name=Ukraine>{{cite web|title=Kazakhstan delivers humanitarian aid to Ukraine |url=http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/agencia-efe/150111/kazakhstan-delivers-humanitarian-aid-ukraine |website=http://www.globalpost.com/ |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150205230451/https://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/agencia-efe/150111/kazakhstan-delivers-humanitarian-aid-ukraine |archivedate=February 5, 2015 |df=mdy }}</ref> In October 2014, Kazakhstan donated $30,000 to the International Committee of the Red Cross's humanitarian effort in Ukraine.<ref name="who11"/> In January 2015 Kazakhstan sent $400,000 worth of aid to Ukraine's southeastern regions to help ease the humanitarian crisis.<ref name="who11"/>

==Europe==

===[[European Free Trade Association]]===
Delegations from the EFTA States, Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway and Switzerland met with Russia, Belarus and Kazakhstan for a first round of negotiations on a broad-based Free Trade Agreement on January 11–13, 2011 in Geneva.

The launching of EFTA-Russia/Belarus/Kazakhstan free trade negotiations had been announced in November 2010 by Ministers from the seven participating States, following a preparatory process including a Joint Feasibility Study.

The 11th round of free trade negotiations was conducted from January 27 to 30, 2014 in Astana, Kazakhstan. A 12th round of negotiations scheduled for April 2014 has been postponed. No new dates have been set yet.

===European Union===
The Partnership and Cooperation Agreement (PCA) with Kazakhstan has been the legal framework for [[European Union]]-Kazakhstan bilateral relations since it entered into force in 1999. In November 2006 a Memorandum of Understanding on cooperation in the field of energy between the EU and Kazakhstan has been signed establishing the basis for enhanced cooperation.

The future European Commission assistance will focus on the following priority areas: promotion of the ongoing reform process at political, economic, judiciary and social level, infrastructure building, and cooperation in the energy sector.

The overall EU co-operation objectives, policy responses and priority fields for Central Asia can be found in the EC Regional Strategy Paper for Central Asia 2007–2013. In addition to the assistance under the Development Cooperation Instrument (DCI), Kazakhstan participates in several ongoing regional programs.

On January 20, 2015 Kazakhstan and the EU initialed the EU-Kazakhstan Enhanced Partnership and Cooperation Agreement.<ref name=EPCA>{{cite web|title=Press release: EU and Kazakhstan initial Enhanced Partnership and Cooperation Agreement|url=http://eeas.europa.eu/statements-eeas/2015/150120_01_en.htm|website=http://eeas.europa.eu/}}</ref> This agreement will greatly facilitate stronger political and economic relations between Kazakhstan and the EU.<ref name=EPCA /> It will increase the flow of trade, services and investment between the parties and will contribute to Kazakhstan's political and social development.<ref name=EPCA />

===European countries===
{| class="wikitable sortable" border="1" style="width:100%; margin:auto;"
!width="15%"| Country
!width="12%"| Formal Relations Began
!Notes
|--valign="top"
|{{flagu|Albania}}||
|
{{main|Albania–Kazakhstan relations}}
* Albania is represented in Kazakhstan through its embassy in Moscow, (Russia).
* Kazakhstan is represented in Albania through its embassy in [[Ankara]], (Turkey).
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|{{flagu|Belarus }}|||| See [[Foreign relations of Belarus]]
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|{{flagu|Bulgaria }}||1992-07-05|| See [[Bulgaria–Kazakhstan relations]]
* Since 1994, Bulgaria has had an embassy in [[Almaty]].<ref>[http://www.mfa.bg/almaty/index.php?lang=en Bulgarian embassy in Almaty]</ref>
* Since November 2004, Kazakhstan has had an embassy and an honorary consulate in [[Sofia]].
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|{{flagu|Croatia}}||||See [[Foreign relations of Croatia]]
* Relations between two countries are very close.Kazakh President [[Nursultan Nazarbayev]] made a state visits to Croatia in 2001,2006 and is expected to visit Croatia in summer of 2015.Croatian President [[Stjepan Mesić]] visited Kazakhstan several times. Croatian Foreign Minister [[Vesna Pusić]] visited Kazakhstan in 2014, while Prime Minister [[Zoran Milanović]] visited that country on May 27, 2015.
|--valign="top"
|{{flagu|Czech Republic}}|||| See [[Foreign relations of the Czech Republic]]
|--valign="top"
|{{flagu|Denmark}}||1992-05-06||See [[Denmark–Kazakhstan relations]]
|--valign="top"
|{{flagu|France }}||1993
|
* Kazakhstan and France formed bilateral relation in 1993 under President [[François Mitterrand|Mitterrand]].
* [[Nursultan Nazarbayev|President Nazarbayev]] has visited the country ten times since its independence.
* President [[Nicolas Sarkozy]] visited Kazakhstan in 2009.
* The Franco-Kazakh relationship has become stronger from #Kazakhstan hosting the [[Expo 2017|2017 World Expo]].
* Kazakhstan and France implemented 11 technology projects focusing on aerospace.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bnews.kz/en/news/post/186885/|title=Kazakhstan & France implemented 11 new joint technologic projects|work=bnews.kz|accessdate=February 20, 2015}}</ref>
* President [[François Hollande]] visited Kazakhstan in December 2014.<ref>{{cite news|title=Hollande in uranium-rich Kazakhstan to discuss contracts, relations with Russia|url=http://www.english.rfi.fr/asia-pacific/20141205-hollande-uranium-rich-kazakhstan-discuss-contracts-relations-russia|accessdate=January 26, 2015|publisher=''[[Radio France Internationale]]''|date=December 5, 2014}}</ref>
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|{{flagu|Greece}}||||See [[Foreign relations of Greece]]
|--valign="top"
|{{flagu|Hungary}}|| 1992-03-23
|
* March 1992 was when Hungary opened their embassy in Kazakhstan
* Kazakhstan opened their embassy in Hungary in September 1993.
* Foreign Minister [[Erlan Idrisov]] made his first state visit to Hungary on November 20, 2013<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bnews.kz/en/news/post/172155/|title=Kazakhstan FM paid an official visit to Hungary|work=bnews.kz|accessdate=February 20, 2015}}</ref>
* Hungarian Foreign Minister [[Viktor Orbán]] has intensified the bilateral relationship with "progress of the brotherly people."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kazinform.kz/eng/article/2606884|title=Hungarians have warm feelings towards Kazakhstan and they are "proud to follow the progress of the brotherly people" – Hungarian Prime Minister Viktor Orban|publisher=|accessdate=February 20, 2015}}</ref>
* [http://www.kazembassy.hu/eng/index.php?x=almenuk/kazah_magy_alt/ Kazakhstan Embassy in Hungary]
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|{{flagu|Latvia}}|| 1992-12-30
|
* Kazakhstan recognised Latvia's independence on December 23, 1991.
* Latvia recognised the independence of Kazakhstan on January 8, 1992.
* Kazakhstan is represented in Latvia through its embassy in [[Vilnius]] (Lithuania) and through an honorary consulate in [[Riga]].<ref>[http://kazakhstan.embassy.lt/ Kazakh embassy in Vilnius (also accredited to Latvia)]</ref>
* Latvia has an embassy in [[Astana]] and an honorary consulate in [[Almaty]].
* [http://www.am.gov.lv/en/policy/bilateral-relations/4542/Kazakhstan/ Latvian Ministry of Foreign Affairs about the relation with Kazakhstan]
|--valign="top"
|{{flagu|Lithuania }}||
|
* Kazakhstan has an embassy in [[Vilnius]].<ref>[http://kazakhstan.embassy.lt/ Kazakh embassy in Vilnius]</ref>
* Lithuania has an embassy in [[Astana]] and an honorary consulate in [[Almaty]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kz.mfa.lt/|title=Ministry of Foreign Affairs – Ministry of Foreign Affairs|author=Dizaino Kryptis|publisher=|accessdate=February 20, 2015}}</ref>
* [http://www.urm.lt/index.php?-1518343441 Lithuanian Ministry of Foreign Affairs: list of bilateral treaties with Kazakhstan (in Lithuanian only)]
* Foreign Minister [[Erlan Idrissov|Idrissov]] and Foreign Minister Linas Linkevicius signed an action plan for 2014–2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bnews.kz/en/news/post/183396/|title=Kazakhstan and Lithuania sign cooperation plan for 2014–2015|work=bnews.kz|accessdate=February 20, 2015}}</ref>
|--valign="top"
|{{flagu|Monaco}}||
|
* Kazakhstan and Monaco signed a tourism cooperation agreement on September 27, 2013<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.inform.kz/eng/article/2592923|title=Kazakhstan and Monaco step up tourism cooperation|publisher=|accessdate=February 20, 2015}}</ref>
* Kazakhstan and Monaco signed a trade and investment agreement worth $73 billion in 2013<ref>http://kazpravda.kz/eng/?p=1694</ref>
|--valign="top"
|{{flagu|Norway}}||
|
* Kazakhstan has an embassy in [[Oslo]].
|--valign="top"
|{{flagu|Romania }}||1992-07-15
|
* Kazakhstan has an embassy and an honorary consulate in [[Bucharest]].
* Romania has an embassy in [[Almaty]].
* There are around 20,000 Romanians living in Kazakhstan.
* [http://portal.mfa.kz/portal/page/portal/mfa/en/content/policy/cooperation/europe_america/03 Kazakh Ministry of Foreign Affairs about the relations with Romania]
|--valign="top"
|{{flagu|Russia }}|||| See [[Kazakhstan–Russia relations]]

Kazakhstan has an [[Embassy of Kazakhstan in Moscow]], [[Consulate-General of Kazakhstan in Saint Petersburg|consulate-general in Saint Petersburg]], [[Astrakhan]] and [[Omsk]]. Russia has an [[Embassy of Russia in Astana|embassy in Astana]] and consulates in [[Almaty]] and [[Uralsk]].

Diplomatic relations between Russia and Kazakhstan have fluctuated since the fall of the [[Soviet Union]] but both nations remain particularly strong partners in regional affairs and major supporters of the [[Collective Security Treaty Organization]] and [[Shanghai Cooperation Organisation]]. Kazakhstani-Russian relations have been strained at times by Astana's military and economic cooperation with the United States as well as negotiations over Russia's continued use of the Baikonur Cosmodrome, however the two nations retain high-level military and economic cooperation perhaps second among former Soviet states only to that between Russia and Belarus. Kazakhstan sells oil and gas to Russia at a significantly reduced rate and Russian businesses are heavily invested in Kazakhstan's economy.
|--valign="top"
|{{flagu|Switzerland}}||||
[[Rakhat Aliyev]], the First Vice [[Foreign Minister]] of Kazakhstan met with [[Anton Tahlmann]], the Vice Foreign Minister of Switzerland, in [[Bern]], Switzerland from November 13–14, 2006. Tahlmann announced that the [[Swiss Federal Council]] is considering opening an embassy in Kazakhstan, saying, "Switzerland is interested in comprehensive development of relations with your country because of its dynamic development and the growing role in the region. In relation with this Bern regards an increase of its diplomatic presence in this country, an opening of the Swiss embassy in perspective." He confirmed his government's support for Kazakhstan's candidacy for the Chairmanship of the [[Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe]] in 2009. The two ministers also discussed trade, migration, and the environment.<ref name=SWISSOSCE>[http://eng.gazeta.kz/art.asp?aid=83338 Switzerland confirms support of Kazakhstan's candidacy for OSCE chairmanship] Gazeta. KZ</ref><ref name=SWISSRELATIONS>[http://www.trend.az/?mod=shownews&news=31790&lang=en Switzerland considers opening embassy in Kazakhstan] Gazeta. KZ</ref>
|--valign="top"

|{{flagu|Ukraine }}||1991|| See [[Kazakhstan–Ukraine relations]]
* Kazakhstan has an embassy in [[Kiev]] and an honorary consulate in [[Odessa]].
* Ukraine has an embassy in [[Astana]] and a consulate-general in [[Almaty]].
|--valign="top"
|{{flagu|United Kingdom }}|| 1992-02-19
| See [[Kazakhstan – United Kingdom relations]]
* The United Kingdom opened an embassy in Kazakhstan in October 1992.
* Kazakhstan opened an embassy in Britain in February 1996.
* [[David Cameron]] was the first acting Prime Minister to visit Kazakhstan.<ref>British OM to pay official visit to Kazakhstan http://bnews.kz/en/news/post/144416/</ref>
|}

==United States of America==
The bedrock of U.S. – Kazakhstan cooperation is on nuclear nonproliferation and security.<ref name="factsheet2016">{{cite web|title=U.S. Relations With Kazakhstan|url=http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/5487.htm|publisher=U.S. State Department}}</ref>

The United States and Kazakhstan have a platform for bilateral communication called the U.S.-Kazakhstan Strategic Partnership Dialogue.<ref name="spdkzusa">{{cite web|title=Joint Statement of the Fourth U.S.-Kazakhstan Strategic Partnership Dialogue|url=http://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2015/11/249067.htm|publisher=US State Department}}</ref>

== Syria ==
Syria faces the largest humanitarian crisis as a civil war has been raging in the country since 2011. Kazakhstan donated funds to help Syrian refugees fleeing the country. In 2012, about $400,000 were allocated by the country through the Organization of Islamic Cooperation, to the governments of Jordan and Lebanon to provide assistance to Syrians residing in refugee camps.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kazakhstan Delivers 500 Tonnes of Humanitarian Aid Cargo to Syria|url=https://sputniknews.com/middleeast/201701061049328032-kazakhstan-syria-humanitarian-aid/|website=sputniknews.com}}</ref> Also, in 2015 Kazakhstan allocated 300,000 euros to Syrian refugees for the supply of medicine, food and construction materials.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kazakhstan Delivers 500 Tonnes of Humanitarian Aid Cargo to Syria|url=https://sputniknews.com/middleeast/201701061049328032-kazakhstan-syria-humanitarian-aid/|website=sputniknews.com}}</ref>
Kazakhstan sent its next humanitarian aid to Syria in January 2017. The 500 tonnes of supply of food and medications were delivered to Tartus Port on the Mediterranean coast of Syria.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kazakhstan delivers humanitarian aid to Syrian Tartus|url=http://www.inform.kz/en/kazakhstan-delivers-humanitarian-aid-to-syrian-tartus_a2986484|website=inform.kz}}</ref>

== Latin America ==
Kazakhstan's Deputy Foreign Minister [[Yerzhan Ashikbayev]] said that Kazakhstan is seeking "new perspectives" and boosting its relations with Latin American nations via a series of diplomatic visits.<ref name=KZLatAm>{{cite news|title=Kazakhstan seeking "new perspectives" for cooperation with LatAm|url=http://latino.foxnews.com/latino/politics/2014/06/03/kazakhstan-seeking-new-perspectives-for-cooperation-with-latam/|publisher=Fox News Latino}}</ref>

Ashikbayev attended the 44th General Assembly of the Organization of American States in Asuncion, Paraguay on June 4. Kazakhstan was the largest delegation among the conference's 39 observer nations.<ref name="KZLatAm"/>

The Secretary General of the Organization of American States (OAS), José Miguel Insulza, on June 3 met with the Deputy Foreign Minister, Yerzhan Ashikbayev, in Asunción, Paraguay, for the 44th OAS General Assembly where Ashikbayev presented a contribution to help fund important OAS programs.<ref name=kzoas>{{cite web|title=OAS Secretary General and Deputy Foreign Minister of Kazakhstan Met in the Context of the General Assembly|url=https://www.oas.org/en/media_center/photonews.asp?sCodigo=FNE-14809|publisher=Organization of American States}}</ref>

Foreign Minister [[Erlan Idrissov]] conducted a four-day visit to Mexico on September 17–20, 2014.<ref name=fox1>{{cite news|title=Mexico, Kazakhstan seek to link Eurasia with Latin America|url=http://latino.foxnews.com/latino/politics/2014/09/19/mexico-kazakhstan-seek-to-link-eurasia-with-latin-america/|publisher=Fox News Latino}}</ref> During his visit Idrissov met with Mexican Economy Secretary Ildefonso Guajardo, Foreign Secretary Jose Antonio Meade, former President Vincente Fox, other senior officials and business leaders.<ref name="fox1"/> The Minister and his delegation will view the future site of Kazakhstan's embassy in Mexico City.<ref name=fox2>{{cite news|title=Kazakh foreign minister makes historic visit to Mexico|url=http://latino.foxnews.com/latino/politics/2014/09/17/kazakh-foreign-minister-makes-historic-visit-to-mexico/|publisher=Fox News Latino}}</ref>
Idrissov said that the main objective of his visit was to build a bridge between Latin America and Eurasia.<ref name="fox1"/> The Foreign Minister underlined that economic and trade collaboration with Kazakhstan will allow investors to reach neighboring markets, such as Russia and China.<ref name="fox1"/> Idrissov also said that Kazakhstan seeks to expand its presence in Latin America and considers Mexico as a strategic ally in building these relations, while Kazakhstan can offer the same support to Mexico in the Eurasian region.<ref name="fox1"/>

==Africa==
Kazakhstan has proactively worked to establish ties with African nations.<ref name=AUties>{{cite news|title=Kazakhstan Seeks Stronger African Ties during 25th Assembly of AU Leaders|url=http://www.astanatimes.com/2015/06/kazakhstan-seeks-stronger-african-ties-during-25th-assembly-of-au-leaders/|publisher=The Astana Times}}</ref> Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs Askar Mussinov participated in the 25th Assembly of Heads of State and Government of the [[African Union]] in [[Johannesburg]], South Africa June 12–15.<ref name="AUties"/>

Responding to an international call to help ease the suffering that Ebola is causing in West Africa, Kazakhstan transferred $50,00 to the UN Ebola Trust Fund in late 2014.<ref name=WestAfrica>{{cite web|title=Kazakhstan Increases Allocation to Fight Ebola in West Africa|url=http://laht.com/article.asp?ArticleId=2367035&CategoryId=13936|website=laht.com/}}</ref> After that Astana expressed its intention to provide $300,000 to the African Union's special project to fight Ebola.<ref name="who11"/>

The 1st day of the VIII Astana Economic Forum held on May 21, 2015 was dedicated to Africa and was titled "Africa – the Next Driver of the Global Economy".<ref name=africa11>{{cite web|title=Kazakhstan Eyes New Opportunities in Africa|url=http://www.astanatimes.com/2015/05/kazakhstan-eyes-new-opportunities-in-africa/|website=http://www.astanatimes.com/}}</ref> The Foreign Minister of Kazakhstan Erlan Idrissov noted: "We recognise that Africa is a continent with huge potential. It has enormous human capital and a large, young population.”<ref name="africa11"/> More than 20 permanent representatives to the United Nations (UN) from Africa participated in the session.<ref name="africa11"/>

On September 28, 2015 Kazakhstan and the UNDP signed a $2 million cost-sharing agreement launching a new program to help 45 African countries implement the UN's Sustainable Development Goals.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Kazakhstan, UNDP to Assist African Countries with Sustainable Development Goals|url = http://astanatimes.com/2015/10/kazakhstan-undp-to-assist-african-countries-with-sustainable-development-goals/|accessdate = 2015-10-06}}</ref>

==NATO==
Kazakhstan has been a member of [[NATO]]'s [[Partnership for Peace]] since May 27, 1994.<ref name=nato1>{{cite web|title=Signatures of Partnership for Peace Framework Document|url=http://www.nato.int/cps/en/natolive/topics_82584.htm|website=North Atlantic Treaty Organization}}</ref>
In October 2014 Kazakhstan and NATO marked 20 years of cooperation within the Partnership for Peace. To that end, from October 6 to 10, 2014 a NATO delegation visited Kazakhstan to take part in a series of public diplomacy events.<ref name=nato2>{{cite web|title=NATO and Kazakhstan mark 20 years of cooperation|url=http://www.nato.int/cps/en/natolive/news_113927.htm?selectedLocale=en|website=North Atlantic Treaty Organization}}</ref> Among meetings with Kazakhstan's officials, the delegates also visited the [[Nazarbayev University|Nazarbayev]] and the [[L.N.Gumilyov Eurasian National University|Gumilyov Eurasian National]] universities in Astana, where they delivered lectures explaining NATO's engagement with partners in the Central Asian region and briefed audiences on the key outcomes of the recent NATO Wales Summit, with particular focus on NATO's partnership policy and Afghanistan.<ref name="nato2"/>

A NATO delegation also plans to visit Astana in the first half of 2015 and hold a joint event with the Kazakh side in the second half of 2015.<ref name=nato1>{{cite web|title=NATO Representatives to Visit Kazakhstan This Year|url=http://www.astanatimes.com/2015/02/nato-representatives-visit-kazakhstan-year/|website=www.astanatimes.com/}}</ref> The future NATO-Kazakhstan joint activities will be held in the framework of the Partnership for Peace program, which centres on the development and exchange of experience for peacekeeping forces.<ref name="who11"/>

==Rest of world==
{| class="wikitable sortable" border="1" style="width:100%; margin:auto;"
!width="15%"| Country
!width="12%"| Formal Relations Began
!Notes
|--valign="top"
|{{flagu|Belize}}||November 7, 2013||
Both countries established diplomatic relations on November 7, 2013.<ref>[http://www.kazakhembus.com/content/kazakhstan-belize-establish-diplomatic-relations]</ref>
|--valign="top"
|{{flagu|Canada}}|||| See [[Canada–Kazakhstan relations]]

The countries established diplomatic relations with each other in 1992. Canada has an embassy in [[Almaty]]. Kazakhstan has an embassy in [[Ottawa]] and a consulate in [[Toronto]]. Both countries are full members of the [[Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe]]. The [[President of Kazakhstan]], [[Nursultan Nazarbayev]], made an official visit to Canada in May 2003.
|--valign="top"
|{{flagu|Brazil}}||||President [[Luís Inácio Lula da Silva]] visited [[Astana]] in 2009
|--valign="top"
|{{flagu|Chile}}||||
* Kazakhstan and Chile signed an agreement on mining and energy as well as citizens can visit visa free<ref>http://www.santiagotimes.cl/world/chile-abroad/26786-chile-and-kazakhstan-sign-milestone-cooperation-agreements</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.trend.az/regions/casia/kazakhstan/2196364.html|title=Kazakhstan, Chile plan to abolish visa system|date=October 1, 2013|work=Trend|accessdate=February 20, 2015}}</ref>
|--valign="top"
|{{flagu|Cuba}}||||See [[Foreign relations of Cuba]]
|--valign="top"
|{{flagu|Egypt}}|||| See [[Foreign relations of Egypt]]
|--valign="top"
|{{flagu|Mauritius}}||October 20, 2014<ref>{{cite news|title=Kazakhstan, Mauritius establish diplomatic relations|url=http://en.trend.az/casia/kazakhstan/2323818.html|accessdate=November 16, 2014|publisher=trend.az|date=October 20, 2014}}</ref>|| See [[Foreign relations of Mauritius]]
|--valign="top"
|{{flagu|Mexico}}||January 14, 1992|| See [[Kazakhstan–Mexico relations]]
* Kazakhstan has an embassy in [[Mexico City]].<ref>[http://acreditadas.sre.gob.mx/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=208:178&catid=35 Embassy of Kazakhstan in Mexico City (in Spanish)]</ref>
* Mexico is accredited to Kazakhstan from its embassy in [[Ankara]], Turkey.<ref>[http://embamex.sre.gob.mx/turquia/index.php/en Embassy of Mexico in Ankara (in English, Spanish and Turkish)]</ref>
|--valign="top"
|{{flagu|United States}}||December 16, 1991
| See [[Kazakhstan–United States relations]]
* Former [[United States Vice President|Vice President]] [[Dick Cheney]] visited Kazakhstan on May 5, 2006.<ref name=VISIT>[https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F40B15FA345B0C758CDDAC0894DE404482&n=Top%2fNews%2fWorld%2fCountries%20and%20Territories%2fKazakhstan Cheney, Visiting Kazakhstan, Wades Into Energy Battle] New York Times</ref>
* Kazakhstan has an embassy in Washington, DC<ref>[http://www.kazakhembus.com Embassy of Kazakhstan in Washington, DC]</ref> and a consulate general in New York City.<ref>[http://www.kazconsulny.org Consulate general of Kazakhstan in New York City]</ref>
* United States has an embassy in Astana and a consulate-general in [[Almaty]].<ref>[http://kazakhstan.usembassy.gov Embassy of the United States in Astana]</ref>
|}

== Visa Regimes ==

At the 27th meeting of the Foreign Investors' Council, President Nazarbayev announced visa-free entry for citizens of the United States, the Netherlands, UK, France, Germany, Italy, Malaysia, the UAE, South Korea, and Japan.<ref name=visafree>{{cite news|title=Kazakhstan announces visa-free entry for investors from 10 nations|url=http://en.tengrinews.kz/politics_sub/Kazakhstan-announces-visa-free-entry-for-investors-from-10-nations-254140/|publisher=TengriNews}}</ref> It should be noted that currently Kazakhstan and the United States issue 5-year visas to citizens of each other.

This will fulfill a goal of diversifying the economy while also helping the world become more acquainted with Kazakhstan's cultural patrimony. Since 2001 to 2012, Kazakhstan has doubled its tourism earnings.<ref name=worldbank1>{{cite web|title=International tourism, receipts (current US$) – Kazakhstan|url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/ST.INT.RCPT.CD/countries/KZ?display=graph|website=World Bank}}</ref> Experts expect that Kazakhstan will continue to benefit from tourism from the eased visa regime.<ref name=silkroadreporters1>{{cite web|title=The New Kazakhstan Visa Regime and Investment|url=http://www.silkroadreporters.com/2014/08/21/new-kazakhstan-visa-regime-investment/|website=Silk Road Reporters}}</ref>

On July 15, 2014 Kazakhstan launched a pilot project of visa-free regime for 10 countries: UK, USA, Germany, France, Italy, the United Arab Emirates (UAE), Malaysia, the Netherlands, South Korea and Japan.<ref name=visar1>{{cite web|title=Visa-Free Travel as Way to Stimulate Investment, Tourism|url=http://www.astanatimes.com/2014/07/visa-free-travel-way-stimulate-investment-tourism/|website=www.astanatimes.com}}</ref> Citizens of these countries can enter, exit and transit through Kazakhstan without a visa for visits of up to 15 calendar days at a time.<ref name="visar1"/>

On June 26, 2015 Kazakhstan issued a resolution expanding the number of countries included in a trial visa-free regime and extended that regime until December 31, 2017.<ref name=visar2>{{cite web|title=Kazakhstan Expands Visa-Free Regime up to 19 Countries, Extends It to End of 2017|url=http://www.astanatimes.com/2015/07/kazakhstan-expands-visa-free-regime-up-to-19-countries-extends-it-to-end-of-2017/|website=www.astanatimes.com}}</ref> The list now includes 19 countries, including Australia, Belgium, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Japan, Malaysia, Monaco, Netherlands, Norway, Singapore, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, the UAE, the U. K. and the U.S.<ref name="visar2"/>

Starting from January 1, 2017, Kazakhstan introduced visa-free access for 20 developed countries. These countries include the OECD members, Malaysia, Monaco, the UAE and Singapore.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kazakhstan abolished visa regime for 20 developed countries|url=http://www.eturbonews.com/72170/kazakhstan-abolished-visa-regime-20-developed-countries|website=www.eturbonews.com}}</ref>

==United Nations==
Kazakhstan became a member of [[the United Nations]] on March 2, 1992, nearly three months after gaining independence.<ref name=gast2012>{{cite web|last=Gast|first=Alice P.|title=From Cold War to Warm Relations|url=http://www.sciencediplomacy.org/perspective/2012/from-cold-war-to-warm-relations|work=Science & Diplomacy|accessdate=July 29, 2013|date=March 9, 2012}}</ref>

During the General Assembly on November 12, 2012, Kazakhstan was elected to a seat on the [[United Nations Human Rights Council]] for the first time. Their seat is with the Asian Group and their term will expire in 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://thehill.com/blogs/congress-blog/foreign-policy/271693-kazakhstans-appointment-to-unhcr|title=Kazakhstan's appointment to UNHCR|author=Erlan Idrissov, minister of foreign affairs, Kazakhstan|work=TheHill|accessdate=February 20, 2015}}</ref>

At United Nations Day 2013, Foreign Minister [[Erlan Idrisov]] addressed the UN General Assembly saying the UN should develop a regional center in [[Almaty]]. Since the United Nations has no regional offices between Vienna and Bangkok, Almaty is home to 18 international organization's regional offices and would be vital to the development of Central Asia and its neighbors.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://issuu.com/kazakhstan_mfa/docs/astana_calling_no_327|title=ISSUU – Astana calling no 327 by Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Kazakhstan|author=Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Kazakhstan|work=Issuu|accessdate=February 20, 2015}}</ref>

At the 68th Assembly of the United Nations, Foreign Minister Idrisov announced Kazakhstan's bid for a non-permanent seat on the [[United Nations Security Council]] for 2017–2018. So far they and Thailand have announced their bids.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.usnews.com/opinion/articles/2013/10/21/kazakhstan-is-a-serious-candidate-for-the-un-security-council?page=2|title=Put Kazakhstan on the U.N. Security Council|author=Kairat Umarov|work=US News & World Report|accessdate=February 20, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.trend.az/regions/casia/kazakhstan/2194408.html|title=Kazakh Foreign Minister arrives in New York for 68th session of UN General Assembly|date=September 26, 2013|work=Trend|accessdate=February 20, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nationmultimedia.com/politics/Thailand-lobbies-for-position-on-UN-Security-Counc-30215627.html|title=Thailand lobbies for position on UN Security Council|date=September 25, 2013|work=The Nation|accessdate=February 20, 2015}}</ref>

In February 2015 the United Nations' specialized agency [[World Health Organization]] opened a new geographically dispersed office (GDO) for primary health care in Kazakhstan at the Kazakh National Medican University of S.Asfendiyarov in Almaty.<ref name=who11>{{cite web|title=UN opens GDO in Almaty; More UN agencies want hub offices in Kazakhstan|url=http://en.tengrinews.kz/politics_sub/UN-opens-GDO-in-Almaty-More-UN-agencies-want-hub-offices-in-Kazakhstan-258960/|website=http://en.tengrinews.kz}}</ref> According to the head the Kazakh Medical University, the GDO of the WHO's European Bureau in Almaty will be financed by the UN.<ref name="who11"/>

In July 2015 Kazakhstan was accepted to the Executive Council of the World Federation of [[UNESCO]] (WCF) Clubs at the ninth WCF World Congress, UNESCO Centres and Associations.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Kazakhstan accepted into UNESCO WCF Executive Council|url = http://astanatimes.com/2015/08/kazakhstan-accepted-into-unesco-wcf-executive-council/|accessdate = 2015-09-29}}</ref>

On May 6, 2016, Kazakh Foreign Minister Erlan Idrissov spoke at two high level meetings at the U.N. headquarters in New York. The Foreign Minister said that Kazakhstan was calling for a nuclear free world by 2045, the 100th anniversary of the United Nations.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kazakhstan calls for nuclear free world by 2045|url=http://bigstory.ap.org/article/9168a36dafe64b2e84bd15e38adc358a/kazakhstan-calls-nuclear-free-world-2045|website=bigstory.ap.org}}</ref>

Kazakhstan signed the Paris Climate Change Agreement on Aug 2 at UN Headquarters in New York.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ban congratulates Kazakhstan on its signing of the Paris Agreement on climate change|url=http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=54619#.V-QnmT4rLs1|website=www.un.org}}</ref> The Kazakh Senate ratified the Paris Agreement on October 27, 2016. Under the Paris Agreement, Kazakhstan has committed to cut its greenhouse gas emissions by 15-20% by 2030 up to the level observed in 1990.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kazakh Senate ratifies Paris Agreement|url=http://www.inform.kz/en/kazakh-senate-ratifies-paris-agreement_a2963203|website=inform.kz}}</ref>

In March 2017, Kazakhstan marked 25 years of its membership in the United Nations. To celebrate this anniversary, Kazakhstan opened the “Kazakhstan and the United Nations: Interaction for Peace” exhibition in the Museum of the Library of the First President of Kazakhstan. During 25 years of cooperation, the UN opened 15 representative offices in Kazakhstan, including the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), the United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund (UNICEF), the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) and United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO), among others.<ref>{{cite web|title=Exhibition opens marking 25th anniversary of Kazakhstan’s accession to UN|url=http://astanatimes.com/2017/03/exhibition-opens-marking-25th-anniversary-of-kazakhstans-accession-to-un/|website=astanatimes.com}}</ref>

Astana is a host city of the Eighth International Forum on Energy for Sustainable Development that is planned to be held in June 2017. The Forum is co-organized through collaboration by Kazakhstan with the UN Regional Commissions, as well as UNDP, IEA, IAEA, IRENA, the World Bank, UNID, the Copenhagen Centre on Energy Efficiency, and the Renewable Energy Policy Network for the 21st Century.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indepthnews.net/index.php/global-governance/un-insider/1063-kazakhstan-focuses-on-energy-for-sustainable-development|title=Kazakhstan Focuses on Energy for Sustainable Development - IDN-InDepthNews {{!}} Analysis That Matters|last=Kamarajan|first=Devendra|website=www.indepthnews.net|language=en-gb|access-date=2017-04-13}}</ref>

===United Nations Security Council===
Kazakhstan, along with Sweden, Bolivia and Ethiopia, were elected to serve on Security Council for a two-year term, starting from January 1, 2017.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ban congratulates Kazakhstan on its signing of the Paris Agreement on climate change|url=http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=54619#.V-QnmT4rLs1|website=www.un.org}}</ref> Kazakhstan became the first Central Asian country to be elected as a non-permanent member of the UNSC.

Kazakhstan outlined priorities during its UNSC tenure. They included nuclear disarmament and non-proliferation, fight against terrorism and extremism, promotion of peacemaking and peace-building, as well as security and development issues in the Central Asian region.<ref>{{cite web|title=FM Idrissov Visits Kabul, Dushanbe, Gathers Concerns to Present on UNSC|url=http://astanatimes.com/2016/11/fm-idrissov-visits-kabul-dushanbe-gathers-concerns-to-present-on-unsc/|website=astanatimes.com}}</ref>

President Nazarbayev's address to the UNSC was presented by the Foreign Minister of Kazakhstan at the ministerial-level open debate of the UNSC held on January 10, 2017. The address was based on the principles of the Kazakh President’s earlier Manifesto “The World. The 21st Century.” It declares Kazakhstan's commitment to building a world free of nuclear weapons and to rid humanity of wars and conflicts.<ref>{{cite web|title=President Nazarbayev’s Political Address to UN Security Council Presented|url=http://astanatimes.com/2017/01/president-nazarbayevs-political-address-to-un-security-council-presented/|website=astanatimes.com}}</ref>

Kazakhstan will assume rotating presidency in the UNSC in January 2018. According to Kazakhstan's Foreign Minister Kairat Abdrakhmanov, during this period Kazakhstan will focus on drawing attention on international community to the issues of Central Asia and Afghanistan.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kazakhstan to preside in UNSC in Jan 2018|url=http://www.inform.kz/en/kazakhstan-to-preside-in-unsc-in-jan-2018_a3007345|website=inform.kz}}</ref>

==Shanghai Cooperation Organisation==
Kazakhstan is one of the original founding members of the [[Shanghai Cooperation Organisation]], known as the Shanghai Five. They formally began the organization on April 26, 1996 with the signing of the ''Treaty on Deepening Military Trust in Border Regions'' in Shanghai. Since then, Kazakhstan has become a very active member in global politics within the organization.

At the SCO Summit in [[Bishkek]], Kyrygyzstan on September 20, 2013, Kazakhstan met with leaders to discuss many issues. One of the main issues discussed was the focus on regional stability for Afghanistan after the United States withdraws its troop. Kazakhstan also signed the Bishkek Declaration along with members and observers to find diplomatic solutions for Iran and Syria. On Syria, Kazakhstan wanted to help find a diplomatic solution that would not involve direct intervention due to the need of UN authorization. On Iran, Kazakhstan wanted to see a diplomatic solution between Iran and the P5+1 group for Iran to enrich uranium at levels for energy consumption.<ref>http://mfa.gov.kz/en/#!/blog-of-the-minister/</ref>

In November 2016, Kazakhstan chaired first ever SCO human rights consultations. The meetings were held in Beijing and aimed at further consolidation of the SCO member states cooperation in human rights.<ref>{{cite web|title=First human rights consultations in SCO history|url=http://www.inform.kz/en/first-human-rights-consultations-in-sco-history_a2972798|website=inform.kz}}</ref>

==Other international organizations==

===Antarctic treaty===
Kazakhstan joined the Antarctic Treaty in November 2014 being the 51st country to ratify it.<ref name=MT>{{cite web|title=Kazakhstan Joins Antarctic Treaty|url=http://www.themoscowtimes.com/news/article/kazakhstan-joins-antarctic-treaty/511630.html|website=http://www.themoscowtimes.com/}}</ref>

Kazakhstan had shown an interest in the Antarctic before, with officials even identifying it as a potential source of drinking water for the arid steppe nation.<ref name="MT"/> The country staged its first expedition to the South Pole in 2011.<ref name="MT"/>

===Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD)===
On January 23 in Davos at the World Economic Forum, Prime Minister of Kazakhstan Karim Massimov and Secretary General of the [[Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development]] (OECD) Angel Gurria signed a Memorandum of Understanding between Kazakhstan and the OECD on the implementation of the Country Program of Cooperation for 2015–2016.<ref name=OECD>{{cite web|title=Kazakhstan and OECD Sign Cooperation Agreement for 2015–2016|url=http://kznewsline.com/kazakhstan-and-oecd-sign-cooperation-agreement-for-2015-2016/|website=KzNewsline}}</ref>

In July 2016, it was announced that Kazakhstan was admitted to the OECD Competition Committee that aims to promote antitrust reforms. Kazakhstan is the first Central Asian country to join the Committee.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kazakhstan has been admitted to the OECD Competition Committee, as the country's Ministry of National Economy said Wednesday.|url=https://sputniknews.com/politics/20160727/1043658462/kazakhstan-competiton-committee-oecd.html|website=sputniknews.com}}</ref>

===World Trade Organization===
Kazakhstan applied for WTO accession on January 29, 1996. The accession negotiations between Kazakhstan and the WTO lasted 20 years and on November 30, 2015, the organization welcomed Khazakstan as its 162nd Member.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kazakhstan|url=https://www.wto.org/english/thewto_e/acc_e/a1_kazakhstan_e.htm|website=www.wto.org|accessdate=February 23, 2016}}</ref>

==World Anti-Crisis Conference==
The 21st Word Anti Crisis Conference was conducted with the support of the UN General Assembly Resolution A/RES/67/19International financial sistem and development from December 21, 2012 on May 23, 2013 within the framework of the VI [[Astana Economic Forum]].<ref name=WAC1>{{cite journal|title=Concept of the World Anti-Crisis Plan|journal=WAC: World Anti-Crisis Conference|pages=1}}</ref> Main outcome of the WAC I was the Astana Declaration and the guidelines of the World Anti-Crisis Plan developed using the contributions from the international expert community, the UN member states and the UN Secretariat.<ref name="WAC1"/>

The concept of the WAC Plan, based on democratic principles and the interests of all UN member states aims at developing effective measures to overcome the economic and financial crisis, preventing future recessions and ensuring long-term balanced growth of the global economy.<ref name="WAC1"/>

==Overview==
[[File:Kazakhstan diplomatic relations.png|thumb|right|350px|Foreign relations of Kazakhstan]]

Kazakhstan has established diplomatic relations with 130 sovereign entities (including the Vatican City, [[Sovereign Military Order of Malta|Order of Malta]] and [[State of Palestine]])<ref>[http://portal.mfa.kz/portal/page/portal/mfa/en/content/policy/legal_basis/listcountries 02-The list of countries established diplomatic relations with Republic of Kazakhstan]</ref> and the [[European Union]].<ref>[http://portal.mfa.kz/portal/page/portal/mfa/en/content/policy/mission Foreign Mission in Kazakhstan]</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://eeas.europa.eu/delegations/kazakhstan/about_us/welcome/index_en.htm|title=European Union|publisher=|accessdate=February 20, 2015}}</ref>

Kazakhstan has not yet established diplomatic relations with:
* Andorra (SARO MARI)
* Belize, Bahamas, Haiti, St.Kitts and Nevis, St.Lucia, St.Vincent and the Grenadines, Dominica, Grenada, Trinidad and Tobago, Barbados, Guyana, Suriname
* Guatemala, El Salvador,Bolivia, Uruguay
* Gambia, Mali, Burkina Faso, Benin, Togo, Ivory Coast, Liberia, Sierra Leone, Guinea-Bissau, Central African Republic, Equatorial Guinea, São Tomé and Príncipe, Gabon, DR Congo, South Sudan, Rwanda, Burundi, Tanzania, Somalia, Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Seychelles, Comoros, Mauritius, Malawi, Lesotho, Swaziland, Namibia, Botswana
* Bhutan, Nepal
* Timor-Leste, Palau, Micronesia, Marshall Islands, Kiribati, Tuvalu, Nauru, Samoa, Tonga, Cook Islands, Niue, Solomon Islands, Vanuatu, Fiji, Papua New Guinea
* the rest of [[List of states with limited recognition|states with limited recognition]].

==See also==
* [[List of diplomatic missions in Kazakhstan]]
* [[List of diplomatic missions of Kazakhstan]]
* [[Terrorism in Kazakhstan]]

==References==
{{Reflist|33em}}

==Further reading==
* {{Cite journal
|quotes =
|last = Bukkvoll
|first = Tor
|authorlink =
|author2 =
|date= September 2004
|title = Astana's privatized independence: private and national interests in the foreign policy of Nursultan Nazarbayev
|journal = [[Nationalities Papers]]
|volume = 32
|issue = 3
|pages = 631–650
|doi = 10.1080/0090599042000246424
|id =
|url =
|language =
|format =
|accessdate =
|laysummary =
|laysource =
|laydate =
|quote =
}}
* {{Cite book|last=Shiryayev|first=Boris|title=Großmächte auf dem Weg zur neuen Konfrontation?. Das "Great Game" am Kaspischen Meer: eine Untersuchung der neuen Konfliktlage am Beispiel Kasachstan|publisher=Verlag Dr. Kovac|place=Hamburg|year=2008|isbn=978-3-8300-3749-1}}

==External links==
* [http://www.mfa.kz/en/ Ministry of Foreign Affairs]
** [http://www.mfa.kz/en/#!/foreign_policy/ Overview of Kazakhstan's foreign policy]

{{Foreign relations of Kazakhstan}}
{{Foreign relations of Europe}}
{{Asia in topic|Foreign relations of}}
{{Kazakhstan topics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Foreign Relations Of Kazakhstan}}
[[Category:Foreign relations of Kazakhstan| ]]

Bahá'í Faith in Kazakhstan

2017-04-19T17:14:39Z

GreenC bot: Reformat 2 archive links. Wayback Medic 2.1

{{Bahá'í sidebar}}

The '''Bahá'í Faith in Kazakhstan''' began during the [[Religion in the Soviet Union#Policy toward religions in practice|policy of oppression]] of religion in the former [[Soviet Union]]. Before that time, [[Kazakhstan]], as part of the [[Russian Empire]], had indirect contact with the [[Bahá'í Faith]] as far back as 1847.<ref name="russia">{{cite web | last = Momen | first = Moojan| authorlink = Moojan Momen | title = Russia | work = Draft for "A Short Encyclopedia of the Bahá'í Faith" | publisher = Bahá'í Academics Resource Library | date = | url = http://bahai-library.com/momen_encyclopedia_russia | accessdate = 2008-04-14}}</ref> Following the arrival of [[Pioneering (Bahá'í)|pioneers]] the community grew to be the largest religious community after Islam and Christianity, although only a minor percent of the national whole.<ref name="census">{{cite web
|author=Government of Kazakhstan
|title=Religious Groups in Kazakhstan
|work=2001 Census
|publisher=Embassy of Kazakhstan to the USA & Canada
|year=2001
|url=http://www.kazakhembus.com/files/Religious_Groups_in_Kazakhstan.htm
|accessdate=2008-05-21
|deadurl=yes
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061031175723/http://www.kazakhembus.com/files/Religious_Groups_in_Kazakhstan.htm
|archivedate=2006-10-31
|df=
}}</ref> By 1994 the National Spiritual Assembly of Kazakhstan was elected<ref name="statement">{{cite web | author = Local Spiritual Assembly of Kyiv | title = Statement on the history of the Bahá'í Faith in Soviet Union | work = Official Website of the Bahá'ís of Kyiv | publisher = Local Spiritual Assembly of Kyiv | year = 2007–8 | url = http://bahai.kiev.ua/history9.html | accessdate = 2008-04-19}}</ref> and the community had begun to multiply its efforts across various interests. The [[Association of Religion Data Archives]] (relying on [[World Christian Encyclopedia]]) estimated some 6,400 Bahá'ís in 2005.<ref name="WCE-05">{{cite web|title = Most Baha'i Nations (2005) | work = QuickLists > Compare Nations > Religions > | publisher = The Association of Religion Data Archives | year = 2005| url =http://www.thearda.com/QuickLists/QuickList_40c.asp | accessdate = 2009-07-04}}</ref>

== History in the region ==

=== A part of the Russian Empire ===

The earliest relationship between the Bahá'í Faith and Kazakhstan came under the sphere of the country's [[History of Kazakhstan#In the Russian Empire (1731–1917)|history with Russia]]. In 1847 the Russian ambassador to [[Tehran]], Prince Dimitri Ivanovich Dolgorukov, requested that the [[Báb]], the herald to the Bahá'í Faith who was imprisoned at [[Maku, Iran|Maku]], be moved elsewhere. He also condemned the massacres of Iranian religionists and asked for the release of [[Bahá'u'lláh]], the founder of the Bahá'í Faith.<ref name="russia" /><ref name="statement" /> By the 1880s an organized community of Bahá'ís was established in [[Ashgabat]] and later built the first [[Bahá'í House of Worship]] in 1913-1918.

=== Soviet period ===

By the time of the [[October Revolution]] Bahá'ís had spread through [[Central Asia]] and [[Caucasus]] with the community in [[Ashgabat]] numbering about two thousand people. The community of Ashgabat had developed a library, hospital, hotel and [[Bahá'í school]]s — including a school for girls — all open to all people regardless of religion. After the October Revolution and the ban on religion, the Bahá'ís (strictly adhering to their principle of obedience to legal government) abandoned their administration and allowed their properties to be nationalized.<ref>{{cite book | last = Effendi | first = Shoghi | authorlink = Shoghi Effendi | title = The World Order of Bahá'u'lláh | publisher = US Bahá’í Publishing Trust, 1991 first pocket-size edition | date = 1936-03-11 | location = Haifa, Palestine | pages = 64–67 | url = http://reference.bahai.org/en/t/se/WOB/wob-34.html#pg64| isbn = }}</ref> By 1938, after numerous arrests and a [[Religion in the Soviet Union#Policy toward religions in practice|policy of oppression]] of religion, most Bahá'ís were sent to prisons and camps or sent abroad. There were at this time some 1,400 families of Bahá'ís resident in Ashgabat. The authorities arrested every adult male Bahá'í. The women and children were deported to [[Iran]], while the men were either deported or sentenced to long terms of imprisonment or exile. Many were sent to [[Pavlodar]] in northern Kazakhstan.<ref name="momen">{{cite conference | last = Momen | first = Moojan | authorlink = Moojan Momen | title = Turkmenistan | booktitle = draft of "A Short Encyclopedia of the Baha'i Faith" | publisher = Bahá'í Library Online | year = 1994 | url = http://www.northill.demon.co.uk/relstud/turkmnst.htm | accessdate = 2008-05-21| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20080509200356/http://www.northill.demon.co.uk/relstud/turkmnst.htm| archivedate= 9 May 2008 | deadurl= no}}</ref> Bahá'í communities in 38 cities ceased to exist.

Bahá'ís had managed to re-enter various countries of the [[Eastern Bloc]] throughout the 1950s,<ref name="russia" /> following a plan of the head of the religion at the time, [[Shoghi Effendi]]. By 1953 the first [[Pioneering (Bahá'í)|pioneers]] arrived in Kazakhstan.<ref>{{cite book | last = Effendi | first = Shoghi | authorlink = Shoghi Effendi | title = Citadel of Faith | publisher = US Bahá’í Publishing Trust, 1980 third printing | year = collected letters from 1947-57 | location = Haifa, Palestine | pages = 107 | url = http://reference.bahai.org/en/t/se/CF/cf-9.html#pg107 | isbn = }}</ref> A pair of small communities are listed in 1963.<ref name="Hands">[http://bahai-library.com/handscause_statistics_1953-63&chapter=1#22 The Bahá'í Faith: 1844-1963: Information Statistical and Comparative, Including the Achievements of the Ten Year International Bahá'í Teaching & Consolidation Plan 1953-1963], Compiled by [[Hands of the Cause]] Residing in the Holy Land, page 95.</ref>

== Development of the community ==

There is evidence that the Bahá'í Faith started to grow across the [[Soviet Union]] in the 1980s.<ref name="russia" /> In 1991 a Bahá'í [[National Spiritual Assembly]] of the Soviet Union was elected but was quickly split among its former members.<ref name="russia" /> In 1992, a regional National Spiritual Assembly for the whole of Central Asia ([[Turkmenistan]], Kazakhstan, [[Kirgizia]], [[Tajikistan]], and [[Uzbekistan]]) was formed with its seat in Ashkhabad.<ref name="momen" /> In 1994 the National Spiritual Assembly of Kazakhstan was elected.<ref name="Hands" />

As of 2001, 25<ref name="census" /> Bahá'í [[Local Spiritual Assembly|Local Spiritual Assemblies]] or smaller groups had registered with the government - and these communities totaled 25 of 55 of the organized communities of "nontraditional" religions ("traditional" being defined by the Kazakh government as [[Islam]], [[Christianity]], [[Judaism]] and [[Buddhism]].) Local Spiritual Assemblies had been registered in many Kazakh cities.<ref name="newspaper">{{cite news
| last = Balkina
| first = Valeriya
| title = Kazakhstan "target of religious aggression" from Bahai faith<nowiki>[sic]</nowiki>
| work = Ekspress-K (Kazakhstan)
| pages = 3–4
| publisher = BBC Monitoring Central Asia - Ekspress-K
| year = 2001| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20110928093252/http://www.bahaindex.com/en/news/1-general-news/1413-kazakhstan-qtarget-of-religious-aggressionq-from-bahai-faith-paper | archive-date =September 28, 2011
| url = http://www.bahaindex.com/en/news/1-general-news/1413-kazakhstan-qtarget-of-religious-aggressionq-from-bahai-faith-paper
| accessdate = 2010-11-10}}</ref>} There were more registered communities of Bahá'ís than Jews and Buddhists and the rest of the non-Moslem, non-Christian religious communities. In 1999 - the closest national census - 7% of the religious national population of 14,896,000 (or just over 1 million) were not Muslim or Christian.

=== Hostile atmosphere in 2000-2002 ===

* There are reports of oppression of religious minorities as early as 2000.<ref>{{cite web
| author = U.S. State Department
| title = Kazakhstan - International Religious Freedom Report 2001
| publisher = The Office of Electronic Information, Bureau of Public Affair
| date = 2001-10-26
| url = http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2001/5574.htm
| accessdate = 2008-05-21}}</ref>

* A 2001 hostile newspaper article<ref name="newspaper"/> characterized the religion with various hostile statements<ref name="census" /> as part of a generally hostile environment against several minority religions according to United States government reports.<ref>{{cite web
| author = U.S. State Department
| title = Kazakhstan - International Religious Freedom Report 2002
| publisher = The Office of Electronic Information, Bureau of Public Affair
| date = 2002-10-07
| url = http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2002/13942.htm
| accessdate = 2008-05-21}}</ref> See [[Freedom of religion in Kazakhstan]].

* The government of Kazakhstan voted against a [[United Nations]] [[United Nations General Assembly|General Assembly]] Resolution on the "Situation of Human Rights in the Islamic Republic of Iran" (UN document no. A/C.3/56/L.50) on 19 December 2001. Kazakhstan was among 49 votes against, 72 for, and 68 either didn't vote or abstained.<ref>{{cite web
| last = Community
| first = Bahá'í International
| authorlink = Bahá'í International Community
| title = UN General Assembly Resolution 2001
| work = Bahá'í Topics
| publisher = Bahá'í International Community
| year = 2006
| url = http://www.info.bahai.org/article-1-8-3-23.html
| accessdate = 2008-05-21| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20080510025914/http://www.info.bahai.org/article-1-8-3-23.html| archivedate= 10 May 2008 | deadurl= no}}</ref> See [[Persecution of Bahá'ís]].

* In 2002 a draft law more oppressive to religious minorities increased social pressure against them but by 2004 these draft laws and policies had ended and members of many religious minorities like the Bahá'í Faith considered the situation no longer repressive.<ref>{{cite news
| last = Rotar
| first = Igor
| title = KAZAKHSTAN: Religious freedom survey, February 2004
| work = F18News Archive
| publisher = F18News
| date = 2004-02-10
| url = http://www.forum18.org/Archive.php?article_id=249
| accessdate = 2008-05-21}}</ref>

== Modern community ==

In 2002 Bahá'í Conference on Social and Economic Development for the Americas, held in [[Orlando, Florida|Orlando]], [[Florida]] had an attendee from Kazakhstan.<ref>{{Cite news
| last = Community
| first = Bahá'í International
| title = Colored ribbons, a gold mine and a path to peace
| newspaper = Bahá'í World News Service
| publisher = Bahá'í International Community
| date = 2003-02-10
| url = http://news.bahai.org/story/189 }}</ref>

A Kazakhstan citizen worked at the [[Bahá'í World Centre]] in [[Haifa]] and volunteered participation with the Inspirit troupe which toured [[Vilnius]] in 2004.<ref>{{Cite news
| last = Community
| first = Bahá'í International
| title = International cast in musical theater
| newspaper = Bahá'í World News Service
| publisher = Bahá'í International Community
| date = 2004-08-10
| url = http://news.bahai.org/story/320 }}</ref>

A "Conference on Interfaith Cooperation for Peace," which was held on 22 June 2005 had Bahá'í speakers rising in support of the advancement of women and the conference was co-sponsored by several governments including Kazakhstan's, and at which the Kazakh Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs also spoke.<ref>{{Cite news
| last = Community
| first = Bahá'í International
| title = Unity stressed at interfaith conference
| newspaper = Bahá'í World News Service
| publisher = Bahá'í International Community
| date = 2005-06-28
| url = http://news.bahai.org/story/379 }}</ref>

In 2005 Kazakhstan government statistics reported to the United States indicated 44 registered "nontraditional" religious groups during the reporting period, (recall from above that 25 had been Bahá'í as late as 2001).<ref name="newspaper"/> The U.S. State Department says: <blockquote>Kazakh laws were amended in 2005 to reinforce registration requirements and clarify that religious groups must register with both the central government and the local governments of individual regions ([[oblasts]]) in which they have congregations. Prior to these amendments, the government required religious organizations to register only if they wished to be accorded legal status in order to buy or rent property, hire employees, or engage in other legal transactions. Although the amended national religion laws explicitly require religious organizations to register with the government, it continues to provide that all persons are free to practice their religion "alone or together with others." To register, a religious organization must have at least ten members and submit an application to the Ministry of Justice.<ref>{{cite web
| author = U.S. State Department
| title = Kazakhstan - International Religious Freedom Report 2007
| publisher = The Office of Electronic Information, Bureau of Public Affair
| date = 2007-09-14
| url = http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2007/90229.htm
| accessdate = 2008-05-21}}</ref></blockquote> A regional conference in 2008 on the progress of the religion in [[Almaty]] in southeastern Kazakhstan gathered about 650 people from Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, and Western Siberia.<ref>{{Cite web | title = The Almaty Regional Conference | work = Regional Conferences of the Five Year Plan | publisher = Bahá'í International Community | date = 6–7 December 2008 | url = http://news.bahai.org/community-news/regional-conferences/almaty.html | accessdate = 2010-02-18}}</ref>

The [[Association of Religion Data Archives]] (relying on [[World Christian Encyclopedia]]) estimated some 6,400 Bahá'ís in 2005.<ref name="WCE-05"/>

== See also ==

* [[Religion in Kazakhstan]]
* [[Freedom of religion in Kazakhstan]]
* [[History of Kazakhstan]]
* [[List of cities in Kazakhstan]]
* [[Bahá'í Faith in Ukraine]]
* [[Bahá'í Faith in Uzbekistan]]

==Further reading==
* {{cite book|author1=Soli Shahvar|author2=Boris Morozov|author3=Gad Gilbar|title=Baha’is of Iran, Transcaspia and the Caucasus, The Volume 1: Letters of Russian Officers and Officials|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fl4BAwAAQBAJ|date=30 November 2011|publisher=I.B.Tauris|isbn=978-0-85772-068-9}}
* [http://futbolfactory.futbolweb.net/index.php?ff=historicos&f2=00001&idjugador=295бахаи.kz/index.php/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%BE_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%92%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%83_%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%83_%D0%A1%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%BE%D1%82_28_%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8F%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%8F_2014_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0 Answer to the letter on behalf of the Universal House of Justice dated September 4, 2014 about situation with M. Tungatarov and depriving of his administrative rights.]{{dead link|date=April 2017|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.bahai.org/worldwide-community/national-communities/kazakhstan Kazakhstan Bahá'í National Community]

{{Asia topic|Bahá'í Faith in}}

{{Europe topic|Bahá'í Faith in}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Baha'i Faith in Kazakhstan}}
[[Category:Religion in Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Bahá'í Faith in Asia|Kaz]]

Kazakhstan

2017-04-13T21:54:41Z

GreenC bot: Wayback Medic 2.1

{{For|the Kazakh television station of the same name|Kazakhstan (channel)}}
{{pp-protected|reason=COI, SPA sanitation and other disruptive and POV issues. Feel free to reduce, but I don't see an end, thus the long term protection.|small=yes}}
{{EngvarB|date=December 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2016}}
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|{{native name|kk|{{lower|0.2em|Қазақстан Республикасы }}|italics=off}} ''{{small|Qazaqstan Respwblïkası}}''
|{{native name|ru|{{lower|0.2em|Республика Казахстан }}|italics=off}} ''{{small|Respublika Kazakhstan}}''
}}
|image_flag = Flag of Kazakhstan.svg
|image_coat = Coat of arms of Kazakhstan.svg
|symbol_type = Emblem
|national_motto =
|national_anthem = [[Meniñ Qazaqstanım|Менің Қазақстаным]] {{transl|kk|Meniñ Qazaqstanım}} {{small|''My Kazakhstan''}} <center>[[File:Kazakhstan 2006.ogg]]</center>
|image_map = Kazakhstan (orthographic projection).svg
|map_caption = {{map caption |location_color= green}}
|capital = [[Astana]]
|coordinates = {{Coord|51|10|N|71|26|E|type:city}}
|largest_city = [[Almaty]]
|official_languages = {{unbulleted list |[[Kazakh language|Kazakh]] {{small|(official state language)}} |[[Russian language|Russian]]{{small| (using as official)<ref>[http://adilet.zan.kz/eng/docs/K950001000_ "Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan"]. zan.kz.</ref>}}}}
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{{unbulleted list
| 66.48% [[Kazakhs|Kazakh]]
| 20.61% [[Russians in Kazakhstan|Russian]]
| 12.91% others
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|ethnic_groups_year = 2016<ref name="KZ2016">[http://stat.gov.kz/getImg?id=ESTAT118979 Численность населения Республики Казахстан по отдельным этносам на начало 2016 года]</ref>.
|demonym = [[Kazakh (disambiguation)|Kazakh]]<ref name="CIA">[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/kz.html Kazakhstan]. ''CIA World Factbook''.</ref>
|government_type = [[Unitary state|Unitary]] [[Dominant-party system|dominant-party]] [[Presidential system|presidential republic]]
|leader_title1 = [[President of Kazakhstan|President]]
|leader_name1 = [[Nursultan Nazarbayev]]
|leader_title2 = [[Prime Minister of Kazakhstan|Prime Minister]]
|leader_name2 = [[Bakhytzhan Sagintayev]]
|legislature = [[Parliament of Kazakhstan|Parliament]]
|upper_house = [[Senate of Kazakhstan|Senate]]
|lower_house = ''[[Mazhilis]]''
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|established_date4 = {{nowrap|19 June 1925}}
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|established_event6 = Declared Sovereignty
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|established_event7 = Reconstituted as the Republic of Kazakhstan
|established_date7 = 10 December 1991
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|established_date8 = 16 December 1991
|established_event9 = [[Dissolution of the Soviet Union|Recognized]]
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|area_rank = 9th
|area_sq_mi = 1,052,085 
|percent_water = 1.7
|population_estimate = 18,050,488<ref>{{cite web|url=http://countrymeters.info/en/Kazakhstan|title=countrymeters|publisher=|accessdate=8 January 2017}}</ref>
|population_estimate_year = 8 January 2017
|population_estimate_rank = 64th
|population_density_km2 = 6.49
|population_density_sq_mi = 16.82 
|population_density_rank = 227th
|GDP_PPP = $460 billion<ref name=IMF>{{cite web |url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2016/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=68&pr.y=12&sy=2014&ey=2021&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=916&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a= |title=Kazakhstan |publisher=International Monetary Fund }}</ref>
|GDP_PPP_year = 2016
|GDP_PPP_rank = 42nd
|GDP_PPP_per_capita = $25,669<ref name=IMF/>
|GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 53rd
|GDP_nominal = $225.619 billion<ref name=IMF/>
|GDP_nominal_year = 2014
|GDP_nominal_rank = 50th
|GDP_nominal_per_capita = $12,950<ref name=IMF/>
|GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 54th
|Gini = 26.4 
|Gini_year = 2013
|Gini_change = 
|Gini_ref = <ref name=WB1>{{cite web |url= http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.GINI |title= Gini index |publisher=[[World Bank]] |accessdate= 21 November 2015}}</ref>
|HDI = 0.788 
|HDI_year = 2014
|HDI_change = increase
|HDI_ref = <ref name="HDI">{{cite web |url=http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/hdr_2015_statistical_annex.pdf |title=2015 Human Development Report |year=2015 |accessdate=14 December 2015 |publisher=United Nations Development Programme }}</ref>
|HDI_rank = 56th
|currency = [[Kazakhstani tenge|Tenge]] (₸)
|currency_code = KZT
|time_zone = [[Time in Kazakhstan|West{{\}}East]]
|utc_offset = [[UTC+05:00|+5]]{{\}}[[UTC+06:00|+6]]
|utc_offset_DST =
|time_zone_DST =
|drives_on = right
|calling_code = +7-6xx, +7-7xx
|cctld = {{unbulleted list |[[.kz]] |[[.қаз]]}}
|area_magnitude = 1 E12
|country_code = KAZ
}}

'''Kazakhstan''' ({{IPAc-en|audio=En-us-Kazakhstan.ogg|US|k|æ|z|æ|k|ˈ|s|t|æ|n|,_|ˌ|k|ɑː|z|ɑː|k|ˈ|s|t|ɑː|n}}, {{IPAc-en|UK|ˌ|k|æ|z|ə|k|ˈ|s|t|ɑː|n|,_|-|ˈ|s|t|æ|n}};<ref>{{Citation |last=Jones |first=Daniel |author-link=Daniel Jones (phonetician) |title=English Pronouncing Dictionary |editor1=Peter Roach |editor2=James Hartmann |editor3=Jane Setter |place=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |orig-year=1917 |year=2003 |isbn=3-12-539683-2}}</ref> {{lang-kk|Қазақстан}}, [[Transliteration|tr.]] ''Qazaqstan'', {{IPA-all|qɑzɑqˈstɑn|IPA|Kk-kazakhstan.ogg}}; {{lang-ru|Казахстан}}, [[Romanization of Russian|tr.]] ''Kazakhstan''), officially the '''Republic of Kazakhstan''' ({{lang-kk|Қазақстан Республикасы}}, [[Transliteration|tr.]] ''Qazaqstan Respwblïkası''; {{lang-ru|Республика Казахстан}}, [[Romanization of Russian|tr.]] ''Respublika Kazakhstan''), is a [[transcontinental country]] in northern [[Central Asia]]<ref name="CIA"/><ref>[[Encyclopædia Britannica]], [http://www.britannica.com/place/Kazakhstan Kazakhstan: Introduction]. Retrieved: 7 June 2016.</ref> and [[Eastern Europe]]. Kazakhstan is the world's largest [[landlocked country]], and the [[List of countries and outlying territories by land area|ninth largest]] in the world, with an area of {{convert|2,724,900|km²}}.<ref name="CIA"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.stat.kz |title=Agency of Statistics of the Republic of Kazakhstan (ASRK). 2005. Main Demographic Indicators |publisher=Stat.kz|accessdate=1 June 2010}}</ref> Kazakhstan is the dominant nation of Central Asia economically, generating 60% of the region's GDP, primarily through its oil/gas industry. It also has vast mineral resources.<ref name="time"/>

Kazakhstan is officially a democratic, secular, unitary, constitutional republic with a diverse cultural heritage.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.parlam.kz/en/constitution |title=Kazakhstan/Qazaqstan Constitution |deadurl=no |accessdate=27 December 2016}}</ref> Kazakhstan shares borders with [[Russia]], [[China]], [[Kyrgyzstan]], [[Uzbekistan]], and [[Turkmenistan]], and also adjoins a large part of the [[Caspian Sea]]. The terrain of Kazakhstan includes flatlands, [[steppe]], [[taiga]], [[Canyon|rock canyon]]s, [[hill]]s, [[river delta|delta]]s, snow-capped [[mountain]]s, and [[desert]]s. Kazakhstan has an estimated 18 million people {{As of|2014|lc=y}},<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.inform.kz/eng/article/2558103 |title=Census2010 |publisher=Stat.kz|accessdate=1 June 2010}}</ref> Given its large land area, its [[List of countries by population density|population density]] is among the lowest, at less than 6 people per square kilometre (15 people per sq. mi.). The capital is [[Astana]], where it was moved in 1997 from [[Almaty]], the country's largest city.

The territory of Kazakhstan has historically been inhabited by [[nomads|nomadic tribes]]. This changed in the 13th century, when [[Genghis Khan]] occupied the country as part of the [[Mongolian Empire]]. Following internal struggles among the conquerors, power eventually reverted to the [[nomads]]. By the 16th century, the [[Kazakhs|Kazakh]] emerged as a distinct group, divided into three ''[[jüz]]'' (ancestor branches occupying specific territories). The [[Russians]] began advancing into the [[Kazakh steppe]] in the 18th century, and by the mid-19th century, they nominally ruled all of Kazakhstan as part of the [[Russian Empire]]. Following the [[1917 Russian Revolution]], and subsequent [[Russian Civil War|civil war]], the territory of Kazakhstan was reorganised several times. In 1936, it was made the [[Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic]], part of the [[Soviet Union]].

Kazakhstan was the last of the [[Republics of the Soviet Union|Soviet republics]] to declare independence during the [[dissolution of the Soviet Union]] in 1991. The current [[President of Kazakhstan|President]], [[Nursultan Nazarbayev]], has been leader of the country since then, and is characterised as authoritarian, with a government history of human rights abuses and suppression of political opposition.<ref name="time"/> Kazakhstan has worked to develop its [[Economy of Kazakhstan|economy]], especially its dominant [[hydrocarbon]] industry.<ref name="time">{{cite news|last=Zarakhovich|first=Yuri|date=27 September 2006|url=http://content.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1539999,00.html|title=Kazakhstan Comes on Strong|work=Time|accessdate=13 December 2015}}</ref> [[Human Rights Watch]] says that "Kazakhstan heavily restricts freedom of assembly, speech, and religion,"<ref name="World Report 2015: Kazakhstan">[[Human Rights Watch]], [https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2015/country-chapters/kazakhstan World Report 2015: Kazakhstan], accessed October 2015.</ref> and other human rights organisations regularly describe [[Human rights in Kazakhstan|Kazakhstan's human rights situation]] as poor.

Kazakhstan's 131 ethnicities include [[Kazakhs]] (63% of the population), [[Russians]], [[Uzbeks]], [[Ukrainians]], [[Germans]], [[Tatars]], and [[Uyghurs]].<ref name="Census2009">{{cite web|format=PDF |title=Перепись населения Республики Казахстан 2009 года. Краткие итоги. (Census for the Republic of Kazakhstan 2009. Short Summary) |url=http://www.stat.kz/p_perepis/Documents/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8C%20%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81.pdf |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5uvOtyVTC?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stat.kz%2Fp_perepis%2FDocuments%2F%25D0%259F%25D0%25B5%25D1%2580%25D0%25B5%25D0%25BF%25D0%25B8%25D1%2581%25D1%258C%2520%25D1%2580%25D1%2583%25D1%2581.pdf |archivedate=12 December 2010 |publisher=Republic of Kazakhstan Statistical Agency |accessdate=10 December 2010 |language=Russian |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref> [[Islam]] is the religion of about 70% of the population, with [[Christianity]] practised by 26%;<ref name="2009 Census">{{cite web|url=http://www.eng.stat.kz/news/Pages/n1_12_11_10.aspx|title=The results of the national population census in 2009|date=12 November 2010|publisher=Agency of Statistics of the Republic of Kazakhstan|accessdate=21 January 2010|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722142449/http://www.eng.stat.kz/news/Pages/n1_12_11_10.aspx |archivedate=22 July 2011}}</ref> Kazakhstan officially allows [[Freedom of religion in Kazakhstan|freedom of religion]], but religious leaders who oppose the government are suppressed.{{citation needed lead|date=August 2016}} The [[Kazakh language]] is the [[state language]], and [[Russian language|Russian]] has equal official status for all levels of administrative and institutional purposes.<ref name="CIA"/><ref>[http://www.kazakhstan.orexca.com/kazakhstan_constitution.shtml The constitution of Kazakhstan], [https://web.archive.org/web/20110410155456/http://www.constcouncil.kz/eng/norpb/constrk/ CONSTITUTION OF THE REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN]: 1. The state language of the Republic of Kazakhstan shall be the Kazakh language. 2. In state institutions and local self-administrative bodies the Russian language shall be officially used on equal grounds along with the Kazakh language.</ref>

==Etymology== 
The name "Kazakh" comes from the [[Old Turkic language|ancient Turkic]] word ''qaz'', "to wander", reflecting the Kazakhs' [[Eurasian nomads|nomadic]] culture.<ref name=etym>{{cite web|title=Cossack (n.)|url=http://etymonline.com/index.php?term=Cossack&allowed_in_frame=0|publisher=The Online Etymology Dictionary}}</ref> The name "[[Cossacks|Cossack]]" is of the same origin.<ref name=etym/> The [[Persian language|Persian]] suffix ''[[-stan]]'' means "land" or "place of", so ''Kazakhstan'' can be literally translated as "land of the wanderers".

Though traditionally referring only to [[Kazakhs|ethnic Kazakhs]], including those living in China, Russia, Turkey, Uzbekistan and other neighbouring countries, the term "Kazakh" is increasingly being used to refer to any inhabitant of Kazakhstan, including non-Kazakhs.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Surucu |first=Cengiz |title=Modernity, Nationalism, Resistance: Identity Politics in Post-Soviet Kazakhstan |journal=[[Central Asian Survey]] |year= 2002 |pages=385–402 |doi=10.1080/0263493032000053208 |volume=21 |issue=4}}</ref>

== History ==
{{main article|History of Kazakhstan}}
Kazakhstan has been inhabited since the [[Neolithic Age]]: the region's climate and terrain are best suited for nomads practising [[pastoralism]]. Archaeologists believe that humans first [[domestication of the horse|domesticated the horse]] in the region's vast steppes. Central Asia was originally inhabited by the [[Scythians]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Scythian |encyclopedia=The New [[Encyclopædia Britannica]], Micropædia |volume=10 |edition=15th |page=576 |quote=member of a nomadic people originally of [[Eastern Iranian languages|Iranian stock]] who migrated from Central Asia to southern Russia in the 8th and 7th centuries BC}}</ref>

===Kazakh Khanate===
{{main article|Kazakh Khanate}}
[[File:Ancient Taraz Kazakhstan.jpg|thumb|right|Artistic depiction of medieval [[Taraz]] situated along the [[Silk Road]]]]
[[File:Abylai Khan.jpg|thumb|[[Ablai Khan]] served as khan of the [[Middle jüz]] from 1771 to 1781]]

The [[Cuman people|Cuman]] entered the steppes of modern-day Kazakhstan around the early 11th century, where they later joined with the [[Kipchak people|Kipchak]] and established the vast Cuman-Kipchak confederation. While ancient cities [[Taraz]] (Aulie-Ata) and [[Hazrat-e Turkestan]] had long served as important way-stations along the [[Silk Road]] connecting Asia and Europe, true political consolidation began only with the Mongol invasion of the early 13th century. Under the [[Mongol Empire]], the largest in world history, administrative districts were established. These eventually came under the rule of the emergent [[Kazakh Khanate]] (Kazakhstan).

Throughout this period, traditional [[Nomad|nomadic]] life and a [[livestock]]-based economy continued to dominate the [[steppe]]. In the 15th century, a distinct [[Kazakhs|Kazakh]] identity began to emerge among the [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] tribes, a process which was consolidated by the mid-16th century with the appearance of the [[Kazakh language]], culture, and economy.

Nevertheless, the region was the focus of ever-increasing disputes between the native Kazakh [[emir]]s and the neighbouring [[Persian-speaking peoples]] to the south. At its height the Khanate would rule parts of Central Asia and control [[Cumania]]. The Kazakhs nomads would raid people of Russian territory for slaves until the Russian conquest of Kazakhstan. By the early 17th century, the Kazakh Khanate was struggling with the impact of tribal rivalries, which had effectively divided the population into the Great, Middle and Little (or Small) hordes (''[[jüz]]''). Political disunion, tribal rivalries, and the diminishing importance of overland trade routes between East and West weakened the Kazakh Khanate. [[Khiva Khanate]] used this opportunity and annexed [[Mangyshlak Peninsula]]. Uzbek rule there lasted two centuries until the Russian arrival.

During the 17th century, Kazakhs fought [[Oirats]], a federation of western [[Mongol]] tribes, including the [[Dzungar people|Dzungar]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/place/Kazakhstan/Cultural-life#toc73648 |title=Kazakhstan to c. AD 1700 |work=Encyclopædia Britannica |accessdate=1 June 2010}}</ref> The beginning of the 18th century marked the zenith of the Kazakh Khanate. During this period the Little Horde participated in the 1723–1730 war against the Dzungar, following their "Great Disaster" [[invasion]] of Kazakh territories. Under the leadership of [[Abul Khair Khan]], the Kazakh won major victories over the Dzungar at the Bulanty River in 1726, and at the Battle of Anrakay in 1729.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.economist.com/node/2282291?zid=306&ah=1b164dbd43b0cb27ba0d4c3b12a5e227 |title=Country Briefings: Kazakhstan |work=The Economist |accessdate=1 June 2010}}</ref>

[[Ablai Khan]] participated in the most significant battles against the Dzungar from the 1720s to the 1750s, for which he was declared a "''batyr''" ("hero") by the people. The Kazakh suffered from the frequent raids against them by the Volga [[Kalmyk people|Kalmyk]]. The [[Kokand Khanate]] used the weakness of Kazakh jüzs after Dzungar and Kalmyk raids and conquered present Southeastern Kazakhstan, including [[Almaty]], the formal capital in the first quarter of the 19th century. Also, the [[Emirate of Bukhara]] ruled [[Shymkent]] before the Russians took dominance.

===Russian Empire===
In the 19th century, the [[Russian Empire]] began to expand its influence into [[Central Asia]]. The "[[Great Game]]" period is generally regarded as running from approximately 1813 to the [[Anglo-Russian Convention of 1907]]. The [[tsar]]s effectively ruled over most of the territory belonging to what is now the Republic of Kazakhstan.

The Russian Empire introduced a system of administration and built military garrisons and barracks in its effort to establish a presence in [[Central Asia]] in the so-called "Great Game" for dominance in the area against the [[British Empire]], which was extending its influence from the south in India and Southeast Asia. Russia built its first outpost, [[Orsk]], in 1735. Russia introduced the Russian language in all schools and governmental organisations.

Russian efforts to impose its system aroused the resentment by the [[Kazakh people]], and, by the 1860s, some Kazakh resisted Russia's rule. It had disrupted the traditional nomadic lifestyle and livestock-based economy, and people were suffering from hunger and starvation, with some Kazakh tribes being decimated. The Kazakh national movement, which began in the late 19th century, sought to preserve the native language and identity by resisting the attempts of the Russian Empire to assimilate and stifle them.

From the 1890s onward, ever-larger numbers of settlers from the Russian Empire began [[colonising]] the territory of present-day Kazakhstan, in particular the province of [[Semirechye]]. The number of settlers rose still further once the [[Trans-Aral Railway]] from [[Orenburg]] to [[Tashkent]] was completed in 1906. A specially created Migration Department (Переселенческое Управление) in [[St. Petersburg]] oversaw and encouraged the migration to expand Russian influence in the area. During the 19th century about 400,000 Russians [[immigrated]] to Kazakhstan, and about one million Slavs, Germans, Jews, and others immigrated to the region during the first third of the 20th century.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/place/Kazakhstan |title=Kazakhstan |work=Encyclopædia Britannica |date=16 December 1991 |accessdate=9 September 2013}}</ref> [[Vasile Balabanov]] was the administrator responsible for the resettlement during much of this time.

[[File:Prokudin-Gorskii Russians in Central Asia.jpg|thumb|upright|Russian settlers near [[Petropavl]]ovsk]]

The competition for land and water that ensued between the Kazakh and the newcomers caused great resentment against colonial rule during the final years of [[Tsarist Russia]]. The most serious uprising, the [[Central Asian Revolt]], occurred in 1916. The Kazakh attacked [[Russians|Russian]] and [[Cossack]] settlers and military garrisons. The revolt resulted in a series of clashes and in brutal massacres committed by both sides.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761566451_8/Kazakhstan.html|title=Kazakhstan|work=Microsoft Encarta Online Encyclopedia|date=2005|dead-url=y|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050415185833/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761566451_8/Kazakhstan.html|archivedate=15 April 2005}}</ref> Both sides resisted the communist government until late 1919.

===Soviet Union===
{{main article|Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic}}
Although Kazakhstan experienced a brief period of [[Autonomous entity|autonomy]] ([[Alash Autonomy]]) during the tumultuous period following the 1917 collapse of the Russian Empire, the Kazakhs eventually succumbed to [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] rule. In 1920, the area of present-day Kazakhstan became an [[Kazakh Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic|autonomous republic]] within the [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic]] (RSFSR).

Soviet repression of the traditional elite, along with forced [[collectivisation]] in the late 1920s and 1930s, brought [[famine]] and high fatalities, leading to unrest (see also: [[Famine in Kazakhstan of 1932–33]]).<ref>{{cite journal |url= http://zhe.stanford.edu/spring05/Kazakhstan2.pdf|dead-url= y|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20060903203830/http://zhe.stanford.edu/spring05/Kazakhstan2.pdf|archive-date= 3 September 2006|title= The Kazakh Catastrophe and Stalin's Order of Priorities, 1929–1933: Evidence from the Soviet Secret Archives|format= PDF|author= Simon Ertz|date= 2005|journal= Stanford's Student Journal of Russian, East European, and Eurasian Studies|volume= 1|pages= 1–12|accessdate= 1 June 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author= Pianciola, Niccolò |url= http://monderusse.revues.org/2623?file=1 |title= Famine in the Steppe. The collectivization of agriculture and the Kazak herdsmen, 1928–1934 |journal= Cahiers du monde russe |year= 2004 |volume= 45 |pages= 137–192}}</ref> The Kazakh population declined by 38%<ref>{{Cite journal
| pmid = 20034146|jstor=41036834
| year = 2001
| author1 = Pianciola
| first1 = N
| title = The collectivization famine in Kazakhstan, 1931–1933
| journal = Harvard Ukrainian studies
| volume = 25
| issue = 3–4
| pages = 237–51
}}</ref> due to starvation and mass emigration. Estimates suggest that the population of Kazakhstan would be closer to 28–35 million{{when|date=August 2016}} if there had been no starvation or emigration of the Kazakh.<ref>Аязбаев, Сматай and Мадигожин, Дмитрий. [http://dalaruh.kz/articles/view/246 Логика Небесного Закона – Көк Төре]. dalaruh.kz {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016002103/http://dalaruh.kz/articles/view/246 |date=16 October 2015 }}</ref>

During the 1930s many renowned Kazakh writers, thinkers, poets, politicians and historians were killed on Stalin's orders, both as part of the [[Great Purge]] and as a methodical pattern of suppressing Kazakh identity and culture.{{citation needed|date=August 2016}} Soviet rule took hold, and a [[Communism|Communist]] apparatus steadily worked to fully integrate Kazakhstan into the Soviet system. In 1936 Kazakhstan became a [[Republics of the Soviet Union|Soviet republic]]. Millions of political prisoners and undesired ethnic groups were internally [[exile]]d to Kazakhstan from other parts of the Soviet Union during the 1930s and 1940s; many of the [[deportation]] victims were deported to [[Siberia]] or Kazakhstan merely due to their ethnic heritage or beliefs. For example, after the [[Operation Barbarossa|German invasion of the Soviet Union in June 1941]], the Soviets transported approximately 400,000 [[Volga Germans]] from Western Russia to Kazakhstan in September 1941.

[[File:Young Pioneers in Kazakh SSR.jpg|thumb|[[Young Pioneer organization of the Soviet Union|Young Pioneers]] at a Young Pioneer camp in Kazakh SSR]]

Deportees were interned in some of the biggest [[Gulag|Soviet labour camps]] of the Gulag system, including [[Akmol|ALZhIR]] camp outside Astana, which was reserved for the wives of men considered "enemies of the people."<ref>[http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/world/archives/2007/01/01/2003342918 Children of the gulag live with amnesia], ''Taipei Times'', 1 January 2007</ref> Many moved due to the policy of [[population transfer in the Soviet Union]] and others were forced into [[involuntary settlements in the Soviet Union]]. The [[Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic]] contributed five national divisions to the [[Soviet Union in World War II|Soviet Union's World War II]] effort. In 1947, two years after the end of the war, the USSR founded its [[Semipalatinsk Test Site]], the main national [[nuclear-weapon]] [[Nuclear testing|test-site]], near the city of [[Semey]].

World War II led to an increase in [[industrialisation]] and [[mineral extraction]] in support of the war effort. At the time of Soviet [[leader]] [[Joseph Stalin]]'s death in 1953, however, Kazakhstan still had an overwhelmingly agriculturally based economy. In 1953, Soviet leader [[Nikita Khrushchev]] initiated the ambitious "[[Virgin Lands]]" program to turn the traditional pasture-lands of Kazakhstan into a major grain-producing region for the Soviet Union. The Virgin Lands policy brought mixed results. However, along with later modernisations under Soviet leader [[Leonid Brezhnev]] (in power 1964–1982), it accelerated the development of the agricultural sector, which remains the source of livelihood for a large percentage of Kazakhstan's population. Because of the decades of privation, war and resettlement, by 1959 the [[Kazakhs|Kazakh]] had become a minority in the country, making up 30% of the population. Ethnic [[Russians]] accounted for 43%.<ref>
Flynn, Moya (1994). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=YLeAxHLmgR8C&pg=PA15 Migrant Resettlement in the Russian federation: Reconstructing 'Homes' and 'Homelands']''. Anthem Press. p. 15. ISBN 1-84331-117-8
</ref>

In the late 20th century, growing tensions within [[Soviet society]] led to an appetite for political and economic reforms, which came to a head in the 1980s. A factor that contributed strongly to this was [[Lavrentii Beria]]'s decision to test a nuclear bomb on the territory of Kazakh SSR in [[Semey]] in 1949. This had catastrophic ecological and biological consequences that were felt generations later, and Kazakh anger toward the Soviet system escalated.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2013/05/kazakhstans-painful-nuclear-past-looms-large-over-its-energy-future/275795/|title=Kazakhstan's Painful Nuclear Past Looms Large Over Its Energy Future|last=Keenan|first=Jillian|newspaper=The Atlantic|language=en-US|access-date=2017-01-27}}</ref>

[[File:Monument of Independence, Republic Square, Almaty.jpg|thumb|180px|The Monument of Independence, Republic Square, Almaty.]]

In December 1986 mass demonstrations by young ethnic Kazakhs, later called the [[Jeltoqsan]] riot, took place in Almaty to protest the replacement of the [[General Secretary|First Secretary]] of the [[Communist Party]] of the Kazakh SSR [[Dinmukhamed Konayev]] with [[Gennady Kolbin]] from the [[Russian SFSR]]. Governmental troops suppressed the unrest, several people were killed, and many demonstrators were jailed. In the waning days of Soviet rule, discontent continued to grow and found expression under Soviet leader [[Mikhail Gorbachev]]'s policy of ''[[glasnost]]''.

===Independence===
{{anchor|Independence}}

On 25 October 1990, Kazakhstan declared its [[sovereignty]] on its territory as a republic within the Soviet Union. Following the August 1991 aborted [[1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt|coup attempt]] in Moscow, Kazakhstan declared independence, thus becoming the last Soviet republic to declare independence. Ten days later, the Soviet Union itself [[dissolution of the Soviet Union|ceased to exist]].

Kazakhstan's communist-era leader, [[Nursultan Nazarbayev]], became the country's first President. He ruled in an authoritarian manner, which {{weasel inline|text=many believed|date=January 2016}} was needed in the first years of independence. Emphasis was on converting the country's economy to a market economy while political reforms lagged behind achievements in the economy. By 2006, Kazakhstan generated 60% of the GDP of Central Asia, primarily through its oil industry.<ref name="time"/>

The government moved the capital in 1997, from [[Almaty]], Kazakhstan's largest city, where it had been established under the Soviet Union, to [[Astana]].

==Geography==
{{main article|Geography of Kazakhstan|List of cities in Kazakhstan}}
[[File:IMG 7431-Sharyn canyon.jpg|thumb|[[Charyn Canyon]] in northern Tian Shan]]

As it extends across both sides of the [[Ural River]], considered the dividing line with the European continent, Kazakhstan is one of only two [[Landlocked country|landlocked countries]] in the world that [[transcontinental countries|has territory in two continents]] (the other is [[Azerbaijan]]).

With an area of {{convert|2,700,000|km2}}{{spaced ndash}}equivalent in size to [[Western Europe]]{{spaced ndash}}Kazakhstan is the ninth-largest country and largest landlocked country in the world. While it was part of the [[Soviet Union]], Kazakhstan lost some of its territory to China's [[Xinjiang]] autonomous region{{citation needed|date=January 2013}} and some to Uzbekistan's [[Karakalpakstan]] autonomous republic.

It shares borders of {{convert|6846|km}} with Russia, {{convert|2203|km}} with [[Uzbekistan]], {{convert|1533|km}} with China, {{convert|1051|km}} with [[Kyrgyzstan]], and {{convert|379|km}} with [[Turkmenistan]]. Major cities include [[Astana]], [[Almaty]], [[Karagandy]], [[Shymkent]], [[Atyrau]] and [[Oskemen]]. It lies between latitudes [[40th parallel north|40°]] and [[56th parallel north|56° N]], and longitudes [[46th meridian east|46°]] and [[88th meridian east|88° E]]. While located primarily in Asia, a small portion of Kazakhstan is also located west of the [[Urals]] in Eastern Europe.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Kazakhstan – MSN Encarta |url=http://encarta.msn.com/encnet/refpages/RefArticle.aspx?refid=761566451 |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5kwsCUfGH?url=http%3A%2F%2Fencarta.msn.com%2Fencnet%2Frefpages%2FRefArticle.aspx%3Frefid%3D761566451 |archivedate=1 November 2009 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }}</ref>

[[File:Reserve Karkaraly.jpg|thumb|[[Karaganda Region]]]]
Kazakhstan's terrain extends west to east from the [[Caspian Sea]] to the [[Altay Mountains]] and north to south from the plains of [[Siberia|Western Siberia]] to the oases and deserts of [[Central Asia]]. The [[Kazakh Steppe]] (plain), with an area of around {{convert|804,500|km2}}, occupies one-third of the country and is the world's largest dry [[steppe]] region. The steppe is characterised by large areas of [[grassland]]s and sandy regions. Major seas, lakes and rivers include the [[Aral Sea]], [[Lake Balkhash]] and [[Lake Zaysan]], the [[Charyn Canyon|Charyn River and gorge]] and the [[Ili River|Ili]], [[Irtysh River|Irtysh]], [[Ishim River|Ishim]], [[Ural River|Ural]] and [[Syr Darya]] rivers.

The [[Charyn Canyon]] is {{convert|80|km}} long, cutting through a red [[sandstone]] plateau and stretching along the Charyn River gorge in northern [[Tian Shan]] ("Heavenly Mountains", {{convert|200|km|0|abbr=on}} east of Almaty) at {{coord|43|21|1.16|N|79|4|49.28|E|}}. The steep canyon slopes, columns and arches rise to heights of between {{convert|150|and|300|m|ft|abbr=off}}. The inaccessibility of the canyon provided a safe haven for a rare [[ash tree]] Fraxinus sogdiana that survived the [[Ice Age]] and is now also grown in some other areas.{{citation needed|date=January 2014}} [[Bigach crater]], at {{coord|48|30|N|82|00|E|}}, is a [[Pliocene]] or [[Miocene]] [[asteroid]] [[impact crater]], {{convert|8|km|0|abbr=on}} in diameter and estimated to be 5±3-million years old.

===Climate===
[[File:Kazakhstan map of Köppen climate classification.svg|thumb|Kazakhstan map of Köppen climate classification.]]
Kazakhstan has an 'extreme' [[Continental climate|continental]] climate, with warm summers and very cold winters. Indeed, Astana is the second coldest capital city in the world after [[Ulaanbaatar]]. [[Precipitation (meteorology)|Precipitation]] varies between arid and semi-arid conditions, the winter being particularly dry.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Coldest Capital Cities In The World|url=http://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-coldest-capital-cities-in-the-world.html|website=WorldAtlas.com|accessdate=15 January 2017}}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:auto;"
|+Average daily maximum and minimum temperatures for large cities in Kazakhstan<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/city.php3?c=KZ&name=Kazakhstan|title=Kazakhstan climate information|publisher=Weatherbase|accessdate=4 February 2016}}</ref>
|-
!Location
!July (°C)
!July (°F)
!January (°C)
!January (°F)
|-
|[[Almaty]] || 30/18 || 86/64 || 0/−8 || 33/17
|-
|[[Shymkent]] || 32/17 || 91/66 || 4/−4 || 39/23
|-
|[[Karaganda]] || 27/14 || 80/57 || −8/−17 || 16/1
|-
|[[Astana]] || 27/15 || 80/59 || −10/−18 || 14/−1
|-
|[[Pavlodar]] || 28/15 || 82/59 || −11/−20 || 12/−5
|-
|[[Aktobe]] || 30/15 || 86/61 || −8/−16 || 17/2
|}

===Wildlife===
{{main article|Wildlife of Kazakhstan}}
There are ten [[List of protected areas of Kazakhstan|nature reserves]] and ten [[List of national parks of Kazakhstan|national parks]] in Kazakhstan that provide safe haven for many rare and endangered plants and animals. Common plants are ''Astragalus'', ''Gagea'', ''Allium'', ''Carex'' and ''Oxytropis''; endangered plant species include native wild apple (''[[Malus sieversii]]''), wild grape (''[[Vitis vinifera]]'') and several wild [[tulip]] species (e.g.. ''[[Tulipa greigii]]'') and rare onion species ''[[Allium karataviense]]'', also ''[[Iris willmottiana]]'' and ''[[Tulipa kaufmanniana]]''.<ref>A.F. Kovshar (Ed.): ''Monitoring biologicheskogo raznoobraziya Zapovednika Aksu-Dzhabagly''. In: ''Tethys Biodiversity Research''. Tom 1, S. 17–21.</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Celestial Silk Road 5th–21st June 2016 |url=http://www.viranatura.com/Product_100001_Celestial-Silk-Road-5th-21st-June-2016 |publisher=viranatura.com |accessdate=26 May 2015}}</ref>
[[File:Karkaraly National Park 11.jpg|thumb|right|Argali]]
Common mammals include the [[wolf]], [[red fox]], [[corsac fox]], [[moose]], [[argali]] (the largest species of sheep), [[Eurasian lynx]], [[Pallas's cat]], and [[snow leopards]], several of which are protected.
Kazakhstan’s Red Book of Protected Species lists 125 vertebrates including many birds and mammals, and 404 plants including fungi, algae and lichen.<ref>{{cite web|title=Red Book|url=http://enrin.grida.no/biodiv/biodiv/national/kazakh/nav/species/red.htm|publisher=[[United Nations Environment Programme]] (UNEP)|accessdate=8 December 2016}}</ref>

===Administrative divisions===
{{main article|Regions of Kazakhstan|Districts of Kazakhstan}}
Kazakhstan is divided into fourteen [[Regions of Kazakhstan|regions]] ({{lang-kz|облыстар, ''oblıstar''}}). The regions are subdivided into [[Districts of Kazakhstan|districts]] ({{lang-kz|аудандар, ''awdandar''}}).

The cities of [[Almaty]] and [[Astana]] have status "state importance" and do not belong to any region. The city of [[Baikonur]] has a special status because it is being leased until 2050 to Russia for the [[Baikonur cosmodrome]].<ref name="CIA"/>

Each region is headed by an ''akim'' (regional governor) appointed by the president. Municipal ''akim''s [''akimi''?] are appointed by region ''akim''s. Kazakhstan's government relocated its capital from Almaty, established under the Soviet Union, to Astana on 10 December 1997.

{{Provinces of Kazakhstan Image Map}}

==Politics==
{{main article|Government of Kazakhstan|Politics of Kazakhstan}}
[[File:Kazakh Parliament Astana.jpg|thumb|[[Parliament of Kazakhstan]] ]]

===Political system===
Kazakhstan is a [[unitary republic]]. Its first and, to date (2016), only President is [[Nursultan Nazarbayev]]. The President may [[veto]] legislation that has been passed by the [[Parliament of Kazakhstan|Parliament]] and is also the [[commander in chief]] of the [[Armed Forces of the Republic of Kazakhstan|armed forces]]. The Prime Minister chairs the Cabinet of Ministers and serves as Kazakhstan's head of government. There are three deputy prime ministers and sixteen ministers in the Cabinet.

Kazakhstan has a [[bicameral]] Parliament composed of the ''[[Majilis]]'' (the [[lower house]]) and [[Senate of Kazakhstan|Senate]] (the [[upper house]]).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.akorda.kz/en/category/kazakhstan |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130323103659/http://akorda.kz/en/category/kazakhstan |archivedate=23 March 2013 |title=Official site of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan – Kazakhstan |publisher=Akorda.kz |accessdate=26 March 2013}}</ref> Single-mandate districts popularly elect 107 seats in the ''Majilis''; there also are ten members elected by party-list vote. The Senate has 47 members. Two senators are selected by each of the elected assemblies (''Maslikhats'') of Kazakhstan's sixteen principal [[Administrative divisions of Kazakhstan|administrative divisions]] (fourteen regions plus the cities of Astana and Almaty). The President appoints the remaining seven senators. ''Majilis'' deputies and the government both have the right of legislative initiative, though the government proposes most legislation considered by the Parliament.

===Political culture===
[[File:Kazakhstan 2030 billboard.jpg|thumb|300px|A"Kazakhstan 2030", billboard promoting the president's economic plan, 2008, [[Almaty]].]]

[[Elections in Kazakhstan|Elections to the Majilis]] in September 2004, yielded a lower house dominated by the pro-government [[Nur-Otan|Otan Party]], headed by President Nazarbayev. Two other parties considered sympathetic to the president, including the agrarian-industrial bloc AIST and the [[Asar Party]], founded by President Nazarbayev's daughter, won most of the remaining seats. Opposition parties, which were officially registered and competed in the elections, won a single seat during elections. The Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe was monitoring the election, which it said fell short of international standards.

In 1999, Kazakhstan had applied for observer status at the [[Council of Europe Parliamentary Assembly]]. The official response of the Assembly was that Kazakhstan could apply for full membership, because it is partially located in Europe{{citation needed|date=May 2016}}, but that they would not be granted any status whatsoever at the Council until their [[democracy]] and [[human rights]] records improved.

On 4 December 2005, Nursultan Nazarbayev was re-elected in an apparent landslide victory. The electoral commission announced that he had won over 90% of the vote. The Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) concluded the election did not meet international standards despite some improvements in the administration of the election.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=a2ml5vt5j2_M&refer=top_world_news |title=Kazakhstan's Nazarbayev Wins Re-election With 91% of Vote |publisher=Bloomberg.com |date=5 December 2005 |accessdate=1 June 2010}}</ref>

On 17 August 2007, elections to the lower house of parliament were held and a coalition led by the ruling [[Nur-Otan]] Party, which included the [[Asar Party]], the Civil Party of Kazakhstan, and the [[Agrarian Party of Kazakhstan|Agrarian Party]], won every seat with 88% of the vote. None of the opposition parties has reached the benchmark 7% level of the seats. Opposition parties made accusations of serious irregularities in the election.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/6952452.stm |title=World|Asia-Pacific|Kazakh poll fairness questioned |publisher=BBC News |date=19 August 2007 |accessdate=1 June 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/6949764.stm |title=World|Asia-Pacific|Q&A: Kazakhstan parliamentary election Kazakh poll fairness questioned |publisher=BBC News |date=17 August 2007 |accessdate=1 June 2010}}</ref>

In 2010, President Nazarbayev rejected a call from supporters to hold a referendum to keep him in office until 2020. He insisted on presidential elections for a five-year term. In a vote held on 3 April 2011, President Nazarbayev received 95.54% of the vote with 89.9% of registered voters participating.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/daniel-witt/kazakhstans-presidential-_b_847612.html |title=Daniel Witt: Kazakhstan's Presidential Election Shows Progress |publisher=Huffingtonpost.com |date=4 November 2011 |accessdate=4 August 2012}}</ref> In March 2011, Nazarbayev outlined the progress made toward democracy by Kazakhstan.<ref>Nazarbayev, Nursultan (28 March 2011). [https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/kazakhstans-steady-progress-toward-democracy/2011/03/28/AF1XPKCC_story.html OP Ed: "Kazakhstan’s steady progress toward democracy"], ''Washington Post''</ref> {{As of|2010}}, Kazakhstan was reported on the [[Democracy Index]] by ''[[The Economist]]'' as an [[authoritarian regime]].

On 26 April 2015, the 5th presidential election was held in Kazakhstan.<ref name=foxnews2>{{cite news|title=Nearly 10 mn voters to head to polls to elect Kazakh president|url=http://latino.foxnews.com/latino/politics/2015/04/25/nearly-10-mn-voters-to-head-to-polls-to-elect-kazakh-president/|publisher=latino.foxnews.com|date=25 April 2015|accessdate=5 December 2015}}</ref> Nursultan Nazarbayev was re-elected with 97.7% of votes.<ref name=rt1>{{cite web|title=Kazakhstan strongman leader re-elected with 97.7% amid record voter turnout|url=https://www.rt.com/news/253157-kazakhstan-president-election-turnout/|website=Rt.com/}}</ref>

=== Foreign relations ===
{{main article|Foreign relations of Kazakhstan}}
[[File:Dmitry Medvedev in South Korea, March 2012-15.jpeg|thumb|[[President of Kazakhstan|President]] [[Nursultan Nazarbayev|Nazarbayev]] with US [[Barack Obama]] and Russian [[Dmitry Medvedev]] in 2012]]
Kazakhstan is a member of the [[United Nations]], [[Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe]], [[Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council]] and the [[Organisation of Islamic Cooperation]] (OIC). It is an active participant in the [[North Atlantic Treaty Organization|North Atlantic Treaty Organisation]] [[Partnership for Peace]] program.<ref name="pfpsigs">{{cite web|author=North Atlantic Treaty Organization|title=Signatures of Partnership for Peace Framework Document|date=5 October 2006|url=http://www.nato.int/pfp/sig-cntr.htm}}</ref>

On 11 April 2010, Presidents Nazarbayev and [[Barack Obama|Obama]] met at the Nuclear Security Summit in Washington, D.C., and discussed strengthening the strategic partnership between the United States and Kazakhstan. They pledged to intensify bilateral co-operation to promote nuclear safety and non-proliferation, regional stability in Central Asia, economic prosperity, and universal values.<ref>[https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/joint-statement-meeting-between-president-obama-and-kazakhstan-president-nazarbayev Joint Statement on the meeting between President Obama and Kazakhstan President Nazarbayev | The White House]. Whitehouse.gov (11 April 2010). Retrieved 14 January 2013.</ref>

In April 2011, President Obama called President Nazarbayev and discussed many cooperative efforts regarding nuclear security, including securing nuclear material from the BN-350 reactor. They reviewed progress on meeting goals that the two presidents established during their bilateral meeting at the Nuclear Security Summit in 2010.<ref>[https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2011/04/30/readout-presidents-call-president-nazarbayev-kazakhstan "Readout of the President's Call to President Nazarbayev of Kazakhstan" | The White House]. Whitehouse.gov (30 April 2011). Retrieved 14 January 2013.</ref>

Kazakhstan is also a member of the [[Commonwealth of Independent States]], the [[Economic Cooperation Organization]] and the [[Shanghai Cooperation Organization]]. The nations of Kazakhstan, Russia, [[Belarus]], Kyrgyzstan and [[Tajikistan]] established the [[Eurasian Economic Community]] in 2000, to revive earlier efforts to harmonise trade tariffs and to create a free trade zone under a customs union. On 1 December 2007, it was announced that Kazakhstan had been chosen to chair the [[Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe]] for the year 2010. Kazakhstan was elected a member of the [[UN Human Rights Council]] for the first time on 12 November 2012.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://en.tengrinews.kz/politics_sub/Kazakhstan-became-member-of-UN-Human-Rights-Council--14431/ |title=Kazakhstan became member of UN Human Rights Council |work=Tengrinews.kz English |date=13 November 2012}}</ref>

Since independence in 1991, Kazakhstan has pursued what is known as the "multivector foreign policy" ({{lang-kz|көпвекторлы сыртқы саясат}}), seeking equally good relations with its two large neighbours, Russia and China as well as with the United States and the rest of the [[Western world]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Blank |first=Stephen |title=Kazakhstan's Foreign Policy in a Time of Turmoil |publisher=EurasiaNet |date=27 April 2005 |url=http://www.eurasianet.org/departments/insight/articles/eav042705.shtml}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Cohen |first=Ariel |title=Kazakh foreign minister insists balanced foreign policy remains intact |publisher=Business News Europe |date=7 October 2008 |url=http://www.businessneweurope.eu/story1291 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090817020006/http://www.businessneweurope.eu/story1291 |archivedate=17 August 2009}}</ref>
Russia currently leases approximately {{convert|6000|km²|0|abbr=out}} of territory enclosing the [[Baikonur Cosmodrome]] space launch site in south central Kazakhstan, where the first man was launched into space as well as Soviet space shuttle [[Buran (spacecraft)|Buran]] and the well-known space station [[Mir]].

Since 2014 the Kazakh government has been bidding for a non-permanent member seat on the UN Security Council for 2017–2018.<ref name=AT5>{{cite web|title=Kazakhstan, UN Continue Building on Two-Decades of Cooperation|url=http://astanatimes.com/2014/10/kazakhstan-un-continue-building-two-decades-cooperation/|website=Astanatimes.com|accessdate=14 February 2016}}</ref>
On 28 June 2016 Kazakhstan was elected as a non-permanent member to serve on the UN Security Council for a two-year term.<ref name=UN>{{cite web|title=Sweden, Bolivia, Ethiopia and Kazakhstan elected to Security Council|url=http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=54350#.WDczqbXXfYU|website=un.org|accessdate=23 November 2016}}</ref>

Kazakhstan actively supports UN peacekeeping missions in Haiti, the Western Sahara, and Côte d'Ivoire.<ref name=TN1>{{cite news|title=Kazakh peacekeepers in Western Sahara|url=http://en.tengrinews.kz/military/Kazakh-peacekeepers-in-Western-Sahara-257039/|publisher=Tengrinews}}</ref> In March 2014, the Ministry of Defense chose 20 Kazakh military men as observers for the UN peacekeeping missions. The military personnel, ranking from captain to colonel, had to go through a specialised UN training; they had to be fluent English and skilled in using specialised military vehicles.<ref name="TN1"/>

In 2014, Kazakhstan gave Ukraine humanitarian aid during the conflict with Russian-backed rebels. In October 2014, Kazakhstan donated $30,000 to the International Committee of the Red Cross's humanitarian effort in Ukraine. In January 2015, to help the humanitarian crisis, Kazakhstan sent $400,000 of aid to [[Novorossiya (confederation)|Ukraine's southeastern regions]].<ref name=gpostukraine1>{{cite news|title=Kazakhstan delivers humanitarian aid to Ukraine |url=http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/agencia-efe/150111/kazakhstan-delivers-humanitarian-aid-ukraine |work=Global Post |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150205230451/https://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/agencia-efe/150111/kazakhstan-delivers-humanitarian-aid-ukraine |archivedate=5 February 2015 |df=dmy }}</ref>
President Nazarbayev said of the war in Ukraine, "The fratricidal war has brought true devastation to eastern Ukraine, and it is a common task to stop the war there, strengthen Ukraine’s independence and secure territorial integrity of Ukraine."<ref name=ukrainenaz>{{cite news|title=Nazarbayev Offers to Mediate in Ukraine, Stresses Kazakhstan’s Economic Resilience|url=http://astanatimes.com/2014/12/nazarbayev-offers-mediate-ukraine-stresses-kazakhstans-economic-resilience/|work=The Astana Times}}</ref>
Experts believe that no matter how the Ukraine crisis develops, Kazakhstan’s relations with the European Union will remain normal.<ref name=CarnegieUkraniepiece>{{cite web|title=Nazarbayev as Mediator|url=http://carnegie.ru/commentary/?fa=57771|publisher=Carnegie Endowment for International Peace Moscow Center}}</ref> It is believed that Nazarbayev’s mediation is positively received by both Russia and Ukraine.<ref name="CarnegieUkraniepiece"/>

Kazakhstan's Ministry of Foreign Affairs released a statement on 26 January 2015: "We are firmly convinced that there is no alternative to peace negotiations as a way to resolve the crisis in the south-eastern Ukraine."<ref name=ukrainejan26statement>{{cite news|title=Kazakhstan Urges Peaceful Resolution to Ukraine Conflict, Reiterates Minsk Agreements|url=http://astanatimes.com/2015/01/kazakhstan-urges-peaceful-resolution-ukraine-conflict-reiterates-minsk-agreements/|work=The Astana Times}}</ref>

===Military===
{{main article|Armed Forces of the Republic of Kazakhstan}}
[[File:Kazakhstan Republican Guard.JPEG|right|thumb|[[Republican Guard (Kazakhstan)|Kazakhstan Republican Guard]] ]]
Most of Kazakhstan's military was inherited from the [[Soviet Armed Forces]]' [[Turkestan Military District]]. These units became the core of Kazakhstan's new military. It acquired all the units of the [[40th Army (Soviet Union)|40th Army]] (the former 32nd Army) and part of the 17th Army Corps, including six land-force divisions, storage bases, the 14th and 35th air-landing brigades, two rocket brigades, two artillery regiments and a large amount of equipment which had been withdrawn from over the Urals after the signing of the [[Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe]]. Since the late 20th century, the Kazakhstan Army has focused on expanding the number of its armoured units. Since 1990, armoured units have expanded from 500 to 1,613 in 2005.

The Kazakh air force is composed mostly of Soviet-era planes, including 41 [[MiG-29]]s, 44 [[MiG-31]]s, 37 [[Su-24]]s and 60 [[Su-27]]s. A small naval force is maintained on the Caspian Sea.

Kazakhstan sent 49 military engineers to [[Iraq]] to assist the [[Post-invasion Iraq, 2003–present|US post-invasion mission in Iraq]]. During the second Iraq War, Kazakhstani troops dismantled 4 million mines and other explosives, helped provide medical care to more than 5,000 coalition members and civilians, and purified {{convert|718|m3|0|abbr=out}} of water.<ref>{{cite web |title=Steppe Eagle military exercises cover broad spectrum of scenarios |url=http://www.kazakhembus.com/content/steppe-eagle-military-exercises-cover-broad-spectrum-scenarios |publisher=Central Asia Newswire}}</ref>

Kazakhstan's [[National Security Committee of the Republic of Kazakhstan|National Security Committee]] (UQK) was established on 13 June 1992. It includes the Service of Internal Security, Military Counterintelligence, Border Guard, several Commando units, and Foreign Intelligence (Barlau). The latter is considered as the most important part of KNB. Its director is [[Nurtai Abykayev]].

Since 2002 the joint tactical peacekeeping exercise "Steppe Eagle" has been hosted by the Kazakhstan government. "Steppe Eagle" focuses on building coalitions and gives participating nations the opportunity to work together. During the Steppe Eagle exercises, the Kazbat peacekeeping battalion operates within a multinational force under a unified command within multidisciplinary peacekeeping operations, with NATO and the US Military.<ref name=steppe1>{{cite news|title=Steppe Eagle – 2015 Multinational Peacekeeping Exercises to be Held in April and June|url=http://astanatimes.com/2015/02/steppe-eagle-2015-multinational-peacekeeping-exercises-held-april-june/|work=The Astana Times}}</ref>

In December 2013, Kazakhstan announced it will send officers to support United Nations Peacekeeping forces in Haiti, Western Sahara, Ivory Coast and Liberia.<ref name=un1>{{cite news |title=Kazakhstan to Join U.N. Peacekeeping for First Time |url=https://www.nytimes.com/reuters/2013/12/20/world/20reuters-kazakhstan-un.html?partner=rss&emc=rss&_r=0 |work=The New York Times}}</ref>

=== Human rights ===
{{main article|Human rights in Kazakhstan}}

Kazakhstan's human rights situation is described as poor by independent observers. The 2015 [[Human Rights Watch]] report on Kazakhstan said that the country "heavily restricts freedom of assembly, speech, and religion. In 2014, authorities closed newspapers, jailed or fined dozens of people after peaceful but unsanctioned protests, and fined or detained worshipers for practicing religion outside state controls. Government critics, including opposition leader [[Vladimir Kozlov (politician)|Vladimir Kozlov]], remained in detention after unfair trials. In mid-2014, Kazakhstan adopted new criminal, criminal executive, criminal procedural, and administrative codes, and a new law on trade unions, which contain articles restricting fundamental freedoms and are incompatible with international standards. Torture remains common in places of detention."<ref>[[Human Rights Watch]], [https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2015/country-chapters/kazakhstan World Report 2015: Kazakhstan], accessed September 2016.</ref> The 2016 Human Rights Watch report commented that Kazakhstan "took few meaningful steps to tackle a worsening human rights record in 2015, maintaining a focus on economic development over political reform."<ref>[[Human Rights Watch]], [https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2016/country-chapters/kazakhstan World Report 2016: Kazakhstan], accessed September 2016.</ref>

According to a US government report released in 2014, in Kazakhstan:

"The law does not require police to inform detainees that they have the right to an attorney, and police did not do so. Human rights observers alleged that law enforcement officials dissuaded detainees from seeing an attorney, gathered evidence through preliminary questioning before a detainee’s attorney arrived, and in some cases used corrupt defence attorneys to gather evidence. [...]<ref name=countryreport/>

"The law does not adequately provide for an independent judiciary. The executive branch sharply limited judicial independence. Prosecutors enjoyed a quasi-judicial role and had the authority to suspend court decisions. Corruption was evident at every stage of the judicial process. Although judges were among the most highly paid government employees, lawyers and human rights monitors alleged that judges, prosecutors, and other officials solicited bribes in exchange for favorable rulings in the majority of criminal cases."<ref name=countryreport>[http://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/humanrightsreport/index.htm?year=2013&dlid=220395#wrapper "Country Reports on Human Rights Practices for 2013: Kazakhstan"], released by the Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor. Retrieved 1 November 2015.</ref>

Kazakhstan's global rank in the [[World Justice Project]]'s 2015 Rule of Law Index was 65 out of 102; the country scored well on "Order and Security" (global rank 32/102), and poorly on "Constraints on Government Powers" (global rank 93/102), "Open Government" (85/102) and "Fundamental Rights" (84/102, with a downward trend marking a deterioration in conditions).<ref name=WJP2015>{{cite web|title=Rule of Law Index 2015|url=http://data.worldjusticeproject.org/#groups/KAZ|website=World Justice Project|accessdate=14 February 2016}}</ref>

The [[ABA Rule of Law Initiative]] of the American Bar Association has programs to train justice sector professionals in Kazakhstan.<ref name=ABArol>{{cite web |title=Rule of Law in Kazakhstan |url=http://www.americanbar.org/advocacy/rule_of_law/where_we_work/europe_eurasia/kazakhstan.html |publisher=American Bar Association}}</ref><ref name=ABAback>{{cite web |title=Kazakhstan Background |url=http://www.americanbar.org/advocacy/rule_of_law/where_we_work/europe_eurasia/kazakhstan/background.html |publisher=American Bar Association}}</ref>

Kazakhstan’s Supreme Court has taken recent steps to modernise and to increase transparency and oversight over the country’s legal system. With funding from the US Agency for International Development, the ABA Rule of Law Initiative began a new program in April 2012 to strengthen the independence and accountability of Kazakhstan’s judiciary.<ref name=ABAjr>{{cite web |title=Judicial Reform|url=http://www.americanbar.org/advocacy/rule_of_law/where_we_work/europe_eurasia/kazakhstan/news.html |publisher=American Bar Association}}</ref>

==Economy==
{{main article|Economy of Kazakhstan}}

[[File:Kazakhstan Export Treemap.jpg|thumb|350px|A proportional representation of Kazakhstan's exports.]]
[[File:Soyuz TMA-3 launch.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Baikonur Cosmodrome]] is the world's oldest and largest operational [[Spaceport|space launch facility]].]]

Kazakhstan has the largest and strongest performing economy in Central Asia. Supported by rising oil output and prices, Kazakhstan’s economy grew at an average of 8% per year until 2013, before suffering a slowdown in 2014 and 2015<ref name=imfarticleiv>{{cite web|title=IMF Executive Board Article IV consultation1 with Kazakhstan|url=https://www.imf.org/external/np/sec/pr/2013/pr13308.htm|website=Imf.org|publisher=International Monetary Fund|accessdate=14 February 2016}}</ref> Kazakhstan was the first former Soviet Republic to repay all of its debt to the International Monetary Fund, 7 years ahead of schedule.<ref name=IMFrepay>{{cite web|title=Kazakhstan profile|url=http://www.state.gov/outofdate/bgn/kazakhstan/47484.htm|website=State.gov|publisher=US State Department|accessdate=14 February 2016}}</ref>

Buoyed by high world [[crude oil]] prices, GDP growth figures were between 8.9% and 13.5% from 2000 to 2007 before decreasing to 1–3% in 2008 and 2009, and then rising again from 2010.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.KD.ZG |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110531180249/http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.KD.ZG |archivedate=31 May 2011 |title=GDP growth (annual %) |work=The World Bank. World Bank.org |accessdate=1 June 2010 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref> Other major exports of Kazakhstan include wheat, textiles, and livestock. Kazakhstan is a leading exporter of uranium.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kazatomprom.kz/en/news/2/%E2%84%96_1_in_the_world |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722142342/http://www.kazatomprom.kz/en/news/2/%E2%84%96_1_in_the_world |archivedate=22 July 2011 |title=№ 1 in the world |work=The Atomic Company Kazatomprom, Kazatomprom.kz |date=30 December 2009 |accessdate=1 June 2010 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/Country-Profiles/Countries-G-N/Kazakhstan/ |title=Uranium and Nuclear Power in Kazakhstan |publisher=world-nuclear.org |date=17 February 2011 |accessdate=5 March 2011}}</ref>

Kazakhstan’s economy grew by 4.6% in 2014.<ref name=BRICplus>{{cite news|title=Kazakhstan: The Latest Emerging Opportunity|url=http://www.bricplusnews.com/business/kazakhstan-the-latest-emerging-opportunity/|publisher=BRIC Plus}}</ref> The country experienced a slowdown in economic growth from 2014 sparked by falling oil prices and the effects of the [[Ukrainian crisis]]<ref>[http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/c4a55aa6-dd04-11e3-b73c-00144feabdc0.html#axzz3mCiNSOzr Kazakhs battle to stave off chill blowing in from Russian steppe], [[Financial Times]], 21 May 2014</ref> The country devalued its currency by 19% in February 2014.<ref>"Tenge Fever", [[The Economist]], 22 February 2014</ref> Another 22% devaluation occurred in August 2015.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2015/08/21/business/international/kazakhstans-currency-plunges.html Kazakhstan's currency plunges], [[New York Times]], 21 August 2015</ref>

Kazakhstan’s fiscal situation is stable. The government has continued to follow a conservative fiscal policy by controlling budget spending and accumulating oil revenue savings in its Oil Fund – Samruk-Kazyna. The global financial crisis forced Kazakhstan to increase its public borrowing to support the economy. Public debt increased to 13.4 per cent in 2013 from 8.7 per cent in 2008. Between 2012 and 2013, the government achieved an overall fiscal surplus of 4.5 per cent.<ref name=kzwbprofile>{{cite web|title=Kazakhstan Profile|url=http://www.worldbank.org/en/country/kazakhstan|publisher=The World Bank}}</ref>

Since 2002, Kazakhstan has sought to manage strong inflows of foreign currency without sparking inflation. Inflation has not been under strict control, however, registering 6.6% in 2002, 6.8% in 2003, and 6.4% in 2004.

In March 2002, the [[US Department of Commerce]] granted Kazakhstan [[market economy]] status under [[Trade Act of 2002|US trade law]]. This change in status recognised substantive market economy reforms in the areas of currency convertibility, wage rate determination, openness to foreign investment, and government control over the means of production and allocation of resources.

===Economic stewardship during the Global Financial Crisis===
Kazakhstan weathered the global financial crisis well,{{Citation needed|date=October 2015}} by combining fiscal relaxation with monetary stabilisation. In 2009, the government introduced large-scale support measures such as the recapitalisation of banks and support for the real estate and agricultural sectors, as well as for small and medium enterprises (SMEs). The total value of the stimulus programs amounted to $21 billion, or 20 per cent of the country’s GDP, with $4 billion going to stabilise the financial sector.<ref name=ft21bn>{{cite news|title=Kazakhstan unveils $21bn rescue package|url=http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/209897de-ba5a-11dd-aecd-0000779fd18c,Authorised=false.html?_i_location=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcms%2Fs%2F0%2F209897de-ba5a-11dd-aecd-0000779fd18c.html%3Fsiteedition%3Duk&siteedition=uk&_i_referer=#axzz3tPa3koLN|work=Financial Times}}</ref> During the global economic crisis, Kazakhstan’s economy contracted by 1.2% in 2009, while the annual growth rate subsequently increased to 7.5% and 5% in 2011 and 2012, respectively.<ref name="imfarticleiv"/>

In September 2002, Kazakhstan became the first country in the [[Commonwealth of Independent States|CIS]] to receive an investment grade [[credit rating]] from a major international [[credit rating agency]].{{Citation needed|date=October 2015}} As of late December 2003, Kazakhstan's gross foreign debt was about $22.9 billion. Total governmental debt was $4.2 billion, 14% of GDP. There has been a reduction in the ratio of debt to GDP. The ratio of total governmental debt to GDP in 2000, was 21.7%; in 2001, it was 17.5%, and in 2002, it was 15.4%.{{update inline|date=October 2015}}

[[Economic growth]], combined with earlier [[tax reform|tax]] and financial sector reforms, has dramatically improved government finance from the 1999 [[budget deficit]] level of 3.5% of GDP to a deficit of 1.2% of GDP in 2003. Government revenues grew from 19.8% of GDP in 1999 to 22.6% of GDP in 2001, but decreased to 16.2% of GDP in 2003. In 2000, Kazakhstan adopted a new [[tax code]] in an effort to consolidate these gains.

[[File:Central Downtown Astana 2.jpg|thumb|right|Kazakhstan's capital, [[Astana]] ]]
On 29 November 2003, the Law on Changes to Tax Code which reduced [[Tax rates around the world|tax rates]] was adopted. The [[value added tax]] fell from 16% to 15%, the social tax,{{Clarify|date=September 2015}} from 21% to 20%, and the personal [[income tax]], from 30% to 20%. On 7 July 2006, the personal income tax was reduced even further to a flat rate of 5% for personal income in the form of dividends and 10% for other personal income. Kazakhstan furthered its reforms by adopting a new land code on 20 June 2003, and a new customs code on 5 April 2003.

[[Energy]] is the leading economic sector. Production of crude oil and [[natural gas condensate]] from the [[oil and gas basins of Kazakhstan]] amounted to {{convert|79.2|e6t|e6lt|e6st|lk=out|abbr=off}} in 2012 up from {{convert|51.2|e6t|e6lt|e6st|abbr=off}} in 2003. Kazakhstan raised oil and gas condensate exports to 44.3 million tons in 2003, 13% higher than in 2002. Gas production in Kazakhstan in 2003, amounted to {{convert|13.9|e9m3|e9cuft|lk=out|abbr=off}}, up 22.7% compared to 2002, including [[natural gas]] production of {{convert|7.3|e9m3|e9cuft|abbr=off}}. Kazakhstan holds about {{convert|4|e9t|e9lt|e9st|abbr=off}} of proven recoverable oil reserves and {{convert|2,000|km3|cumi|lk=out|abbr=off}} of gas. According to industry analysts, expansion of oil production and the development of new [[oil field|fields]] will enable the country to produce as much as {{convert|3|Moilbbl|m3}} per day by 2015, and Kazakhstan would be among the top 10 oil-producing nations in the world.{{update inline|date=September 2015}} Kazakhstan's oil exports in 2003, were valued at more than $7 billion, representing 65% of overall exports and 24% of the GDP. Major oil and gas fields and recoverable [[oil reserves]] are [[Tengiz Field|Tengiz]] with {{convert|7|Goilbbl|e9m3|abbr=off}}; [[Karachaganak Field|Karachaganak]] with {{convert|8|Goilbbl|e9m3|abbr=off}} and {{convert|1,350|km3|cumi|abbr=off}} of natural gas; and [[Kashagan Field|Kashagan]] with 7 to {{convert|9|Goilbbl|e9m3|abbr=off}}.

[[File:35Aktau główna ulica.JPG|thumb|[[Aktau]] is Kazakhstan's only seaport on the [[Caspian Sea]]]]
Kazakhstan instituted an ambitious [[pension]] reform program in 1998. As of 1 January 2012, the pension assets were about $17 billion (KZT 2.5 trillion). There are 11 saving pension funds in the country. The State Accumulating Pension Fund, the only state-owned fund, was [[Privatization|privatised]] in 2006. The country's unified financial regulatory agency oversees and regulates the pension funds. The growing demand of the pension funds for quality investment outlets triggered rapid development of the debt [[Security (finance)|securities]] market. Pension fund capital is being invested almost exclusively in corporate and government [[Bond (finance)|bonds]], including government of Kazakhstan Eurobonds. The government of Kazakhstan is studying a project to create a unified national pension fund and transfer all the accounts from the private pension funds into it.<ref>{{cite news |title=Unified Pension Fund Recommended in Kazakhstan |url=http://gca.satrapia.com/+unified-pension-fund-recommended-in-kazakhstan+ |newspaper=The Gazette of Central Asia |date=23 January 2013 |publisher=Satrapia}}</ref>

The banking system of Kazakhstan is developing rapidly and the system's capitalisation now{{when|date=October 2015}} exceeds $1 billion. The [[National Bank of Kazakhstan|National Bank]] has introduced deposit insurance in its campaign to strengthen the banking sector. Due to troubling and non-performing bad assets the bank sector yet is at risk to lose stability. Several major foreign banks have branches in Kazakhstan, including [[Royal Bank of Scotland|RBS]], [[Citibank]], and [[HSBC]]. [[Kookmin]] and [[UniCredit]] have both recently entered the Kazakhstan's financial services market through acquisitions and [[Equity (finance)|stake]]-building.

According to the 2010–11 World Economic Forum in Global Competitiveness Report, Kazakhstan was ranked 72nd in the world in economic competitiveness.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_GlobalCompetitivenessReport_2010-11.pdf |title=The Global Competitiveness Report 2010–2011 |format=PDF |accessdate=24 July 2011}}</ref>
One year later, the [[Global Competitiveness Report]] ranked Kazakhstan 50th in most competitive markets.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kazakh-tv.kz/en/view/news_kazakhstan/page_27706_kazakhstan-enters-top-50-most-competitive-countries |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140220035746/http://www.kazakh-tv.kz/en/view/news_kazakhstan/page_27706_kazakhstan-enters-top-50-most-competitive-countries |archivedate=20 February 2014 |title=Kazakh TV – Kazakhstan enters top 50 most competitive countries |publisher=Kazakh-tv.kz |date=6 September 2013 |accessdate=9 September 2013}}</ref>

In 2012, Kazakhstan attracted $14 billion of [[foreign direct investment]] inflows into the country at a 7% growth rate making it the most attractive place to invest out of [[Commonwealth of Independent States|CIS]] nations.<ref>[http://www.ey.com/KZ/en/Issues/Business-environment/Kazakhstan-attractiveness-survey-2013 Kazakhstan attractiveness survey 2013]. EY.com {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140308092531/http://www.ey.com/KZ/en/Issues/Business-environment/Kazakhstan-attractiveness-survey-2013 |date=8 March 2014 }}</ref>{{Update inline|date=October 2015}}

During the first half of 2013, Kazakhstan's fixed investment increased 7.1% compared to the same period in 2012 totalling 2.8 trillion tenge ($18 billion US dollars).<ref>Kazakhstan's fixed investment increased by 7.1% in Jan–July 2013</ref>

In 2013, ''[[Aftenposten]]'' quoted the human-rights activist and lawyer [[Denis Jivaga]] as saying that there is an "[[oil fund]] in Kazakhstan, but nobody knows how the income is spent".<ref>[http://www.aftenposten.no/nyheter/iriks/politikk/Observatorer-fra-tidligere-Sovjet-jakter-pa-valg-juks-7305886.html Observatører fra tidligere Sovjet jakter på valg-juks]. Aftenposten.no (10 September 2013). Retrieved 8 March 2014.</ref>

===Macroeconomic trends===
Kazakhstan’s economy grew at an average of 8% per year over the past decade on the back of hydrocarbon exports.<ref name="imfarticleiv"/> Despite the lingering uncertainty of the global economy, Kazakhstan’s economy has been stable. GDP growth in January–September 2013 was 5.7%, according to preliminary calculations of the Ministry Economy and Budget Planning.<ref name=kzgdp2013>{{cite news|title=Kazakhstan's GDP grows 5.7 percent|url=http://en.tengrinews.kz/finance/Kazakhstans-GDP-grows-57-percent-24023/|agency=TengriNews}}</ref>

From January to September 2014 Kazakhstan's GDP grew at 4%.<ref name=BSt1>{{cite news|title=Kazakhstan's GDP expected to grow five per cent in 2014|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ani/kazakhstan-s-gdp-expected-to-grow-five-per-cent-in-2014-114110400256_1.html|work=Business Standard}}</ref> According to the results from the first half of the year, the current account surplus is $6.6 billion, a figure two times higher than that of the first half of 2013.<ref name="BSt1"/> According to the Chairman of the National Bank of Kazakhstan, Kairat Kelimbetov, the increase was caused by a trade surplus of 17.4 percent, or approximately USD 22.6 billion.<ref name="BSt1"/> The overall inflation rate for 2014 is forecasted at 7.4 percent.<ref name="BSt1"/>

===Agriculture===
{{main article|Agriculture in Kazakhstan}}
[[Agriculture in Kazakhstan|Agriculture]] accounts for approximately 5% of Kazakhstan's GDP.<ref name="CIA"/> [[Grain]], potatoes, vegetables, melons and [[livestock]] are the most important agricultural commodities. Agricultural land occupies more than {{convert|846000|km2|sqmi}}. The available agricultural land consists of {{convert|205000|km2|sqmi}} of arable land and {{convert|611000|km2|sqmi}} of [[pasture]] and hay land. Over 80% of the country’s total area is classified as agricultural land, including almost 70% occupied by pasture. Its arable land has the second highest availability per inhabitant (1.5 hectares).<ref name=wb1>{{cite web|title=Arable Land per inhabitant World Bank database.|url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/AG.LND.ARBL.HA.PC|publisher=The World Bank}}</ref>

Chief livestock products are [[dairy product]]s, [[leather]], [[meat]], and [[wool]]. The country's major crops include [[wheat]], [[barley]], [[cotton]], and [[rice]]. Wheat [[export]]s, a major source of [[hard currency]], rank among the leading commodities in Kazakhstan's export trade. In 2003 Kazakhstan harvested 17.6 million tons of grain in gross, 2.8% higher compared to 2002. Kazakh agriculture still has many environmental problems from mismanagement during its years in the Soviet Union. Some [[Kazakh wine]] is produced in the mountains to the east of Almaty.

Kazakhstan is thought to be one of the places that the [[apple]] originated, particularly the wild [[ancestor]] of ''Malus domestica'', ''[[Malus sieversii]]''.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pbs.org/thebotanyofdesire/apple-sweetness.php |title=Apple sweetness |first=Michael |last=Pollan |authorlink=Michael Pollan |year=2009 |work=[[The Botany of Desire]] |publisher=[[KQED (TV)|KQED]] |location=San Francisco |accessdate=29 November 2010}}</ref> It has no common name in English, but is known in its native Kazakhstan as ''alma''. The region where it is thought to originate is called ''Almaty'': "rich with apple".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.almaty.kz/page.php?page_id=166&lang=3 |title=The official site of Almaty city: History |publisher=Almaty.kz |date=12 January 2010 |accessdate=1 June 2010}}</ref> This tree is still found wild in the mountains of [[Central Asia]], in southern Kazakhstan, [[Kyrgyzstan]], [[Tajikistan]] and [[Xinjiang]] in China.

===Natural resources===
{{see also|Energy policy of Kazakhstan}}
[[File:KazMunayGaz.JPG|thumb|right|Headquarters of [[KazMunayGaz]], Kazakhstan's national oil and gas company]]
Kazakhstan has an abundant supply of accessible mineral and fossil fuel resources. Development of [[petroleum]], [[natural gas]], and mineral extractions, has attracted most of the over $40 billion in foreign investment in Kazakhstan since 1993 and accounts for some 57% of the nation's industrial output (or approximately 13% of gross domestic product). According to some estimates,<ref name="Homestead">[https://web.archive.org/web/20070507024507/http://www.homestead.com/prosites-kazakhembus/MineralWealth.html Mineral Wealth]. homestead.com</ref> Kazakhstan has the second largest [[uranium]], [[chromium]], [[lead]], and [[zinc]] reserves, the third largest [[manganese]] reserves, the fifth largest [[copper]] reserves, and ranks in the top ten for [[coal]], [[iron]], and [[gold]]. It is also an exporter of [[diamond]]s. Perhaps most significant for economic development, Kazakhstan also currently has the 11th largest proven reserves of both petroleum and natural gas.<ref>International Crisis Group. (May 2007). [http://www.crisisgroup.org/en/regions/asia/central-asia/133-central-asias-energy-risks.aspx Central Asia's Energy Risks, Asia Report No. 133] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303225435/http://www.crisisgroup.org/en/regions/asia/central-asia/133-central-asias-energy-risks.aspx |date=3 March 2016 }}.</ref>

In total, there are 160 deposits with over {{convert|2.7|e9t|e9lt|abbr=off}} of petroleum. Oil explorations have shown that the deposits on the [[Caspian sea|Caspian shore]] are only a small part of a much larger deposit. It is said that {{convert|3.5|e9t|e9lt|abbr=off}} of oil and {{convert|2.5|e9m3|e9cuft|abbr=off}} of gas could be found in that area. Overall the estimate of Kazakhstan's oil deposits is {{convert|6.1|e9t|e9lt|abbr=off}}. However, there are only 3 [[Oil refinery|refineries]] within the country, situated in [[Atirau|Atyrau]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kazworld.info/?p=58130|title=Company Overview of Atyrau Refinery LLP - KazWorld.info|author=|date=|work=kazworld.info}}</ref> [[Pavlodar]], and [[Shymkent]]. These are not capable of processing the total crude output so much of it is exported to Russia. According to the US [[Energy Information Administration]] Kazakhstan was producing approximately {{convert|1540000|oilbbl}} of oil per day in 2009.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/cfapps/STEO_Query/steotables.cfm?periodType=Annual&startYear=2005&startMonth=1&endYear=2009&endMonth=12&tableNumber=29 |archiveurl=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20090409081928/http%3A//tonto%2Eeia%2Edoe%2Egov/cfapps/STEO_Query/steotables%2Ecfm?periodType%3DAnnual%26startYear%3D2005%26startMonth%3D1%26endYear%3D2009%26endMonth%3D12%26tableNumber%3D29 |archivedate= 9 April 2009 |title=Table 3b. Non-OPEC Petroleum Supply |work=U.S. Energy Information Administration. Independent Statistics and Analysis. |publisher=Tonto.eia.doe.gov |date=11 May 2010 |accessdate=1 June 2010 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }}</ref>

Kazakhstan also possesses large deposits of phosphorite. One of the largest known being the Karatau basin with 650 million tonnes of P2O5 and Chilisai deposit of [[:ru:Актобинский фосфоритоносный бассейн|Aktyubinsk/Aqtobe phosphorite basin]] located in north western Kazakhstan, with a resource of 500–800 million tonnes of 9% ore.<ref>[http://www.sunkarresources.com/en/news/chilisai_Phosphate_Project_ore_reserve_update/ Chilisai Phosphate Project Ore Reserve Update] // SUNKAR RESOURCES PLC</ref><ref>[http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/country/1997/9422097.pdf#page=7 THE MINERAL INDUSTRY OF KAZAKHSTAN—1997] // USGS: Phosphate Rock – Reserves</ref>

On 17 October 2013, the [[Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative]] (EITI) accepted Kazakhstan as "EITI Compliant", meaning that the country has a basic and functional process to ensure the regular disclosure of natural resource revenues.<ref>[http://eiti.org/news/kazakhstan-accepted-eiti-compliant Kazakhstan accepted as 'EITI Compliant']. EITI (17 October 2013). Retrieved 8 March 2014.</ref>

===Tourism===
{{main article|Tourism in Kazakhstan}}
Although largest landlocked country in the world, Kazakhstan tourism industry is underdeveloped. International arrivals rose from 1.47 million in 2000 to 4.81 million in 2012.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://mecometer.com/whats/kazakhstan/international-tourism-number-of-arrivals/|title=International arrivals in Kazakhstan|last=|first=|date=|website=|dead-url=|access-date=16 Feb 2017}}</ref> Among main tourist attractions, there are five [[List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Kazakhstan|World Heritage Sites]] in Kazakhstan and thirteen are on the tentative list.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties/kz|title=UNESCO World heritage list - Kazakhstan|last=|first=|date=|website=|dead-url=|access-date=16 Feb 2017}}</ref>

===Transport===
[[File:Turk-Sib railway.jpg|thumbnail|The [[Turkestan-Siberia Railway]] line connects Central Asia with Russian Siberia]]
{{main article|Transport in Kazakhstan}}
Most cities are connected by railroad; high-speed trains go from [[Almaty]] (the southernmost city) to [[Petropavl]] (the northernmost city) in about 18 hours.

===Banking===
The banking industry of the Republic of Kazakhstan experienced a pronounced boom and bust cycle over 2000s decade. After several years of rapid expansion in the mid-2000s, the banking industry collapsed in 2008. Several large banking groups, including [[BTA Bank]] J.S.C. and Alliance Bank, defaulted soon after. Since then, the industry has shrunk and been restructured, with system-wide loans dropping to 39% of GDP in 2011 from 59% in 2007. Although the Russian and Kazakh banking systems share several common features, there are also some fundamental differences. Banks in Kazakhstan have experienced a lengthy period of political stability and economic growth. Together with a rational approach to banking and finance policy, this has helped push Kazakhstan’s banking system to a higher level of development. Banking technology and personnel qualifications alike are stronger in Kazakhstan than in Russia. On the negative side, past stability in Kazakhstan arose from the concentration of virtually all political power in the hands of a single individual – the key factor in any assessment of system or country risk. The potential is there for serious disturbances if and when authority passes into new hands.<ref>{{cite news |title=S&P Maintains Kazakhstan BICRA at Group "8" |url=http://gca.satrapia.com/sp-maintains-kazakhstan-bicra-at-group-8 |accessdate=4 August 2012 |newspaper=The Gazette of Central Asia |date=30 March 2012 |publisher=Satrapia}}</ref>

===Green economy===
The government has set the goals that a transition to the [[Green Economy in Kazakhstan]] occur by 2050. The green economy is projected to increase GDP by 3% and create more than 500 thousand new jobs.{{citation needed|date=June 2016}}

The government of Kazakhstan has set prices for energy produced from renewable sources. The price of 1 kilowatt-hour for energy produced by wind power plants was set at 22.68 tenge ($0.12). The price for 1 kilowatt-hour produced by small hydro-power plants is 16.71 tenge ($0.09), and from biogas plants 32.23 tenge ($0.18).<ref name=renewableprices>{{cite news|title=Kazakhstan Sets Prices for Energy From Renewable Sources|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2014-06-13/kazakhstan-sets-prices-for-energy-from-renewable-sources|publisher=Bloomberg News}}</ref>

===Foreign direct investment===
As of 30 September 2012, foreign investors had placed a total of $177.7 billion in Kazakhstan.<ref name=2013ICS>{{cite web|title=2013 Investment Climate Statement – Kazakhstan|url=http://www.state.gov/e/eb/rls/othr/ics/2013/204668.htm|publisher=US State Department}}</ref> According to the US State Department, Kazakhstan is widely considered to have the best investment climate in the region.<ref name="2013ICS"/> In 2002 the country became the first sovereign in the former Soviet Union to receive an investment-grade credit rating from an international credit rating agency. Foreign direct investment (FDI) plays a more significant role in the national economy than in most other former Soviet republics.<ref name=kzbankstats>{{cite web|title=Kazakhstan National Bank Statistics|url=http://www.nationalbank.kz/?docid=158&switch=english|publisher=The National Bank of Kazakhstan}}</ref>

President Nazarbayev signed into law tax concessions to promote foreign direct investment which include a 10-year exemption from corporation tax, an 8-year exemption from property tax, and a 10-year freeze on most other taxes.<ref name=taxnews>{{cite news|title=Kazakhstan Enacts Investor Tax Breaks|url=http://www.tax-news.com/news/Kazakhstan_Enacts_Investor_Tax_Breaks____65000.html|publisher=Tax News}}</ref> Other incentives include a refund on capital investments of up to 30 percent once a production facility is in operation.<ref name="taxnews"/>

Sir [[Suma Chakrabarti]], the President of the [[European Bank of Reconstruction and Development]] (EBRD), co-chaired the Kazakhstan Foreign Investors’ Council with President Nursultan Nazarbayev.<ref name=SirSuma>{{cite web|title=Kazakhstan is reaching out to the world|url=http://www.ebrd.com/pages/news/speeches/chakrabarti-kazakhstan.shtml|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140920084219/http://www.ebrd.com/pages/news/speeches/chakrabarti-kazakhstan.shtml|archivedate=20 September 2014|publisher=EBRD}}</ref> In May 2014, the EBRD and government of Kazakhstan created the Partnership for Re-Energizing the Reform Process in Kazakhstan to work with international financial institutions to channel US$2.7 billion provided by the Kazakh government into important sectors of Kazakhstan’s economy.<ref name=EBRDprrp>{{cite web|title=EBRD and Kazakhstan agree historic partnership to boost reform and investment|url=http://www.ebrd.com/pages/news/press/2014/140523.shtml|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140525223329/http://www.ebrd.com/pages/news/press/2014/140523.shtml|archivedate=25 May 2014|publisher=EBRD}}</ref> The partnership will boost investment and drive forward reforms in the country.<ref name="EBRDprrp"/>

As of May 2014, Kazakhstan attracted $190 billion in gross foreign investments since its independence in 1991 and it leads the CIS countries in terms of FDI attracted per capita.<ref name=AstanaT>{{cite web|title=Nazarbayev Announces Plans for New Major Incentives for Foreign Investors|url=http://astanatimes.com/2014/05/nazarbayev-announces-plans-new-major-incentives-foreign-investors/|website=Astanatimes.com|accessdate=14 February 2016}}</ref> One of the factors that attract foreign direct investments is country's political stability. According to the World Bank's report, Kazakhstan is among the top 40% of countries in the world that are considered the most politically stable and free of violence.<ref name=wgi>{{cite web|title=Country Data Report for Kazakhstan, 1996–2013 |url=http://info.worldbank.org/governance/wgi/index.aspx#countryReports |website=Info.worldbank.org/ |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150306214758/http://info.worldbank.org/governance/wgi/index.aspx |archivedate=6 March 2015 }}</ref>

Kazakhstan also received high ratings in a survey conducted by [[Ernst & Young]] in 2014. According to EY's 2014 Kazakhstan Attractiveness Survey, "Investor confidence in Kazakhstan’s potential is also at an all-time high with 47.3% of respondents expecting Kazakhstan to become increasingly attractive over the next three years."<ref name=EY2014>{{cite web|title=Kazakhstan attractiveness survey 2014|url=http://www.ey.com/KZ/en/Issues/Business-environment/EY-Kazakhstan-attractiveness-survey-2014#.VQcmRWv2_yA|website=Ey.com|accessdate=14 February 2016}}</ref> The high level of economic, political and social stability and Kazakhstan’s competitive corporate tax rate were the primary reasons mentioned for its attractiveness.<ref name="EY2014"/>

===Bond market===
In October 2014, Kazakhstan introduced its first overseas dollar bonds in 14 years.<ref name=bloom1>{{cite news|title=Kazakhstan Sells First Overseas Dollar Bonds in 14 Years|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2014-10-06/kazakhstan-sells-first-overseas-dollar-bonds-in-14-years|agency=Bloomberg | first=Katia|last=Porzecanski|date=6 October 2014}}</ref> Kazakhstan issued $2.5 billion of 10- and 30-year bonds on 5 October 2014, in what was the nation’s first dollar-denominated overseas sale since 2000.<ref name="bloom1"/> Kazakhstan sold $1.5 billion of 10-year dollar bonds to yield 1.5 percentage points above midswaps and $1 billion of 30-year debt at 2 percentage points over midswaps.<ref name="bloom1"/> The country drew bids for $11 billion.<ref name="bloom1"/>

===Economic competitiveness===
Kazakhstan achieved its goal of entering the top 50 most competitive countries in 2013, and has maintained its position in the 2014–2015 World Economic Forum [[Global Competitiveness Report]] that was published at the beginning of September 2014.<ref name=AT1>{{cite web|title=Staying Competitive in a Toughening External Environment|url=http://astanatimes.com/2014/09/staying-competitive-toughening-external-environment/|website=Astanatimes.com|accessdate=14 February 2016}}</ref> Kazakhstan is ahead of other states in the [[Commonwealth of Independent States|CIS]] in almost all of the report’s pillars of competitiveness, including institutions, infrastructure, macroeconomic environment, higher education and training, goods market efficiency, labour market development, financial market development, technological readiness, market size, business sophistication and innovation, lagging behind only in the category of health and primary education.<ref name="AT1"/> The Global Competitiveness Index gives a score from 1 to 7 in each of these pillars, and Kazakhstan earned an overall score of 4.4.<ref name="AT1"/>

===Housing market===
The housing market of Kazakhstan has grown since 2010.<ref name=rank1>{{cite web|title=Обзор ввода жилья по регионам РК. Январь-август 2014|url=http://ranking.kz/infopovody/_tekuschem_godu_almatinskaja_oblast_lidiruet_po_vvedennomu_v_ekspluataciju_zhilju___7265_tysjach_kv_metrov_eto_165_ot_vsego_zhilja_vvedennogo_v_ekspluataciju_za_janvar-avgust_2014_goda?mcode=regions&subcut=socium&infotypecode=infopovody|website=Ranking.kz|accessdate=14 February 2016}}</ref> In 2013, the total housing area in Kazakhstan amounted to {{convert|336.1|e6m2|e6sqft|abbr=off}}.<ref name="rank1"/> The housing stock rose over the year to 32.7 million [[Square (unit)|squares]], which is nearly an 11% increase.<ref name="rank1"/> Between 2012 and 2013, the living area per Kazakh citizen rose from {{convert|19.6|to|20.9|m2|sqft|abbr=off}}.<ref name="rank1"/> The urban areas concentrate 62.5 percent of the country’s housing stock.<ref name="rank1"/>
The UN’s recommended standard for housing stands at {{convert|30|m2|sqft|abbr=off}} per person.<ref name="rank1"/> Kazakhstan will be able to reach the UN standards by 2019 or 2020, if in the medium term the housing growth rate remains within 7 percent.<ref name="rank1"/>

==="Nurly Zhol" economic policy===
On 11 November 2014, President of Kazakhstan [[Nursultan Nazarbayev]] delivered an unexpected state-of-the-nation address in Astana at an extended session of the Political Council of the Nur Otan party, introducing a "Nurly Zhol" (Bright Path), a new economic policy that implies massive state investment in infrastructure over the next several years.<ref name=NZ1>{{cite news|title=In Surprise State of the Nation Address, Kazakh President Unveils Massive Infrastructure Investments|url=http://astanatimes.com/2014/11/surprise-state-nation-address-kazakh-president-unveils-massive-infrastructure-investments/|work=Astana Times}}</ref> The "Nurly Zhol" policy is accepted as preventive measures needed to help steer the economy towards sustainable growth in the context of the modern global economic and geopolitical challenges, such as the 25%-reduction in the oil price, reciprocal sanctions between the West and Russia over Ukraine, etc.<ref name="NZ1"/> The policy embraces all aspects of economic growth, including finances, industry and social welfare, but especially esemphasises investments into the development of infrastructure and construction works.<ref name="NZ1"/> Given recent decreases in revenues from the export of raw materials, funds will be used from Kazakhstan’s National Fund.<ref name="NZ1"/>

===Corruption===
In 2005, the [[World Bank]] listed Kazakhstan as a corruption hotspot, on a par with [[Angola]], [[Bolivia]], [[Kenya]], [[Libya]] and [[Pakistan]].<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/05/business/yourmoney/05giffen.html?pagewanted=all Oil, Cash and Corruption], [[New York Times]], 5 November 2006</ref> In 2012, Kazakhstan ranked low in an index of the least corrupt countries<ref name="OECD1">[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=BU7uK583X8MC&pg=PA112&lpg=PA112&dq=kazakhstan+corruption+ranking&source=bl&ots=ZI50X8c9BL&sig=TiPEPwdRpIq41eJ1a5PxX_GsgYs&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CFcQ6AEwBTgKahUKEwib2f2FzYPIAhVmcHIKHePYBpE#v=onepage&q=kazakhstan%20corruption%20ranking&f=false OECD Investment Policy Reviews], P112, [[OECD]], 2012</ref> and the [[World Economic Forum]] listed corruption as the biggest problem in doing business in the country.<ref name="OECD1"/>

In 2011 Switzerland confiscated US$48 million in Kazakh assets from Swiss bank accounts, as a result of a bribery investigation in the United States.<ref name=basel>{{cite web
|url=https://www.baselgovernance.org/sites/collective.localhost/files/documents/131024_selected_case_studies.pdf
|title=Returning Stolen Assets – Learning from past practice: Selected case studies
|author1=Gretta Fenner Zinkernagel
|author2=Kodjo Attisso
|publisher=International Centre for Asset Recovery
|page=5
|via=Basel Institute on Governance
|accessdate=19 July 2016
}}
</ref> US officials believed the funds represented bribes paid by American officials to Kazakh officials in exchange for oil or prospecting rights in Kazakhstan. Proceedings eventually involved US$84 million in the USA and another US$60 million in Switzerland<ref name=basel/>

The Federal Bureau of Investigation and the Kazakh Anti-Corruption Agency signed a Mutual Legal Assistance Treaty in February 2015.<ref name=MLATfeb15>{{cite web|title=Signing of a Mutual Legal Assistance Treaty Between the United States and Kazakhstan|url=http://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2015/02/237732.htm|publisher=US State Department}}</ref>

==Demographics==
{{main article|Demographics of Kazakhstan}}
[[File:Population pyramid Kazakhstan 2014.gif|thumb|[[Population pyramid]], 2014]]
[[File:Central Asia Ethnic en.svg|thumb|[[Central Asia]]n ethnolinguistic patchwork, 1992]]
[[File:Dzhasybay beach.jpg|thumb|Kazakhstanis on a [[Lake Jasybay]] beach, [[Pavlodar Region]] ]]The [[US Census Bureau]] International Database lists the current population of Kazakhstan as 15,460,484, while [[United Nations]] sources such as the UN Population Division give an estimate of 15,753,460.{{citation needed|date=September 2015}} Official estimates put the population of Kazakhstan at 16.455 million as of February 2011, of which 46% is rural and 54% is urban.<ref name="itogi">{{cite web|url=http://www.stat.kz/p_perepis/Pages/n_04_02_10.aspx|script-title=ru:Итоги переписи населения Республики Казахстан 2009 года|trans-title=Results of the population census of the Republic of Kazakhstan 2009|language=ru|work=Stat.kz|date=4 February 2010|accessdate=1 June 2010|dead-url=y|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100212175154/http://www.stat.kz/p_perepis/Pages/n_04_02_10.aspx|archivedate=12 February 2010}}</ref> In 2013, Kazakhstan's population rose to 17,280,000 with a 1.7% growth rate over the past year according to the Kazakhstan Statistics Agency.<ref>[http://bnews.kz/en/news/obshchestvo/kazakhstans_population_increases_by_17_per_cent_over_a_year-2013_08_15-1026973 Kazakhstan’s population increases by 1.7 per cent over a year]. bnews.kz. 15 August 2013</ref>

The 2009 population estimate is 6.8% higher than the population reported in the last census from January 1999. The decline in population that began after 1989 has been arrested and possibly reversed. Men and women make up 48.3% and 51.7% of the population, respectively.

=== Ethnic groups ===
{{ Main article|Ethnic demography of Kazakhstan}}
Ethnic [[Kazakhs]] are 63.1% of the population and ethnic [[Russians in Kazakhstan]] are 23.7%.<ref name="Census2009"/> Other groups include [[Tatars]] (1.3%), [[Ukrainians]] (2.1%), [[Uzbeks]] (2.8%), [[Belarusians]], [[Uyghur people|Uyghurs]] (1.4%), [[Azerbaijanis]], [[Poles in the former Soviet Union|Poles]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cdi.org/russia/johnson/7002-15.cfm |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070215085126/http://www.cdi.org/russia/johnson/7002-15.cfm |archivedate=15 February 2007 |author=Collins, Cheryl |title=Kazakhstan's `forgotten Poles' long to return |publisher=Cdi.org |date=2 January 2003 |accessdate=1 June 2010 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref> and [[Lithuanians]]. Some minorities such as Germans (1.1%), Ukrainians, Koreans, [[Chechens]],<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/3509933.stm Remembering Stalin's deportations], BBC News, 23 February 2004</ref> [[Meskhetian Turks]], and Russian political opponents of the regime had been [[Population transfer in the Soviet Union|deported to Kazakhstan]] in the 1930s and 1940s by Stalin. Some of the largest Soviet [[labour camp]]s ([[Gulag]]) existed in the country.<ref>{{cite web |last=Clarey |first=Christopher |url=http://www.iht.com/articles/2007/01/01/news/kazakh.php |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070104084902/http://www.iht.com/articles/2007/01/01/news/kazakh.php |archivedate=4 January 2007 |title=Politics, economics and time bury memories of the Kazakh gulag |work=International Herald Tribune |date=1 January 2007 |accessdate=9 September 2013}}</ref>

Significant Russian immigration also connected with [[Virgin Lands Campaign]] and [[Soviet space program]] during the [[Nikita Khrushchev|Khrushchev]] era.<ref>{{cite news |last=Greenall |first=Robert |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/4420922.stm |title=Russians left behind in Central Asia |publisher=BBC News |date=23 November 2005 |accessdate=9 September 2013}}</ref> In 1989, ethnic Russians were 37.8% of the population and Kazakhs held a majority in only 7 of the 20 regions of the country. Before 1991 there were about 1 million [[Germans of Kazakhstan|Germans in Kazakhstan]], mostly descendants of the [[Volga Germans]] deported to Kazakhstan during World War II. After the [[break-up of the Soviet Union]], most of them emigrated to Germany.<ref>[http://www.irinnews.org/report/28051/kazakhstan-special-report-on-ethnic-germans Kazakhstan: Special report on ethnic Germans], IRIN Asia, 1 February 2005</ref> Most members of the smaller [[Pontian Greek]] minority have emigrated to Greece. In the late 1930s thousands of [[Koreans]] in the Soviet Union were [[Deportation of Koreans in the Soviet Union|deported to Central Asia]]. These people are now known as [[Koryo-saram]].

The 1990s were marked by the emigration of many of the country's [[Russians]] and [[Volga Germans]], a process that began in the 1970s. This has made indigenous Kazakhs the largest ethnic group. Additional factors in the increase in the Kazakh population are higher birthrates and [[Oralman|immigration of ethnic Kazakhs]] from China, [[Mongolia]], and Russia.

{| class="wikitable"
|+
'''Population of Kazakhstan according to ethnic group 1926–2009'''
|- style="background:#e0e0e0;"
! rowspan=2 | Ethnic group
! colspan=2 | census 19261
! colspan=2 | census 19702
! colspan=2 | census 19893
! colspan=2 | census 19994
! colspan=2 | census 20095
|- style="background:#e0e0e0;"
! Number
! %
! Number
! %
! Number
! %
! Number
! %
! Number
! %
|-
| [[Kazakhs]]
| style="text-align:right;"| 3,627,612
| style="text-align:right;"| 58.5
| style="text-align:right;"| 4,161,164
| style="text-align:right;"| 32.4
| style="text-align:right;"| 6,534,616
| style="text-align:right;"| 39.7
| style="text-align:right;"| 8,011,452
| style="text-align:right;"| 53.5
| style="text-align:right;"| 10,096,763
| style="text-align:right;"| 63.1
|-
| [[Russians]]
| style="text-align:right;"| 1,275,055
| style="text-align:right;"| 20.6
| style="text-align:right;"| 5,499,826
| style="text-align:right;"| 42.8
| style="text-align:right;"| 6,227,549
| style="text-align:right;"| 37.8
| style="text-align:right;"| 4,480,675
| style="text-align:right;"| 29.9
| style="text-align:right;"| 3,793,764
| style="text-align:right;"| 23.7
|-
| [[Uzbeks]]

| style="text-align:right;"| 129,407
| style="text-align:right;"| 2.1
| style="text-align:right;"| 207,514
| style="text-align:right;"| 1.6
| style="text-align:right;"| 332,017
| style="text-align:right;"| 2.0
| style="text-align:right;"| 370,765
| style="text-align:right;"| 2.5
| style="text-align:right;"| 456,997
| style="text-align:right;"| 2.8
|-
| [[Ukrainians]]
| style="text-align:right;"| 860,201
| style="text-align:right;"| 13.9
| style="text-align:right;"| 930,158
| style="text-align:right;"| 7.2
| style="text-align:right;"| 896,240
| style="text-align:right;"| 5.4
| style="text-align:right;"| 547,065
| style="text-align:right;"| 3.7
| style="text-align:right;"| 333,031
| style="text-align:right;"| 2.1
|-
| [[Germans]]
| style="text-align:right;"| 51,094
| style="text-align:right;"| 0.8
| style="text-align:right;"| 839,649
| style="text-align:right;"| 6.5
| style="text-align:right;"| 957,518
| style="text-align:right;"| 5.8
| style="text-align:right;"| 353,462
| style="text-align:right;"| 2.4
| style="text-align:right;"| 178,409
| style="text-align:right;"| 1.1
|-
| colspan=19 | 1 Source:<ref>[http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/sng_nac_26.php "Всесоюзная перепись населения 1926 года"]. demoscope.ru.</ref> 2 Source:<ref>[http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/sng_nac_70.php "Всесоюзная перепись населения 1970 года"]. demoscope.ru.</ref> 3 Source:<ref>[http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/sng_nac_89.php "Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 года"]. demoscope.ru.</ref> 4 Source:<ref>[http://www.ide.go.jp/English/Publish/Download/Mes/pdf/51_02.pdf Ethnodemographic situation in Kazakhstan]. ide.go.jp</ref> 5 Source:<ref name="Census2009"/>
|}

=== Languages ===
{{main article|Languages of Kazakhstan}}

Kazakhstan is officially a bilingual country. [[Kazakh language|Kazakh]], a [[Turkic languages|Turkic]] language spoken natively by 64.4% of the population, has the status of "state" language, whereas [[Russian language|Russian]], which is spoken by most Kazakhstanis, is declared an "official" language, and is used routinely in business, government, and inter-ethnic communication, although Kazakh is slowly replacing it.<ref name="inform.kz">[http://www.inform.kz/eng/article/2741711 Kazakh language to be converted to Latin alphabet – MCS RK]. Inform.kz (30 January 2015). Retrieved 28 September 2015.</ref>

The government announced in January 2015 that the [[Latin alphabet]] will replace [[Cyrillic]] as the writing system for the Kazakh language by 2025.<ref name="inform.kz"/> Other minority languages spoken in Kazakhstan include [[Uzbek language|Uzbek]], [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]], [[Uyghur language|Uyghur]], [[Kyrgyz language|Kyrgyz]], and [[Tatar language|Tatar]]. English, as well as Turkish, have gained popularity among younger people since the collapse of the Soviet Union. Education across Kazakhstan is conducted in either Kazakh, Russian, or both.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.stat.gov.kz/getImg?id=ESTAT091498|title=Kazakhstan in 2013|work=Ministry of National Economy of the Republic of Kazakhstan Committee on Statistics|date=2014|page=33|dead-url=y|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150929031425/http://www.stat.gov.kz/getImg?id=ESTAT091498|archive-date=29 September 2015}}</ref>

=== Urban centres ===

{{Largest cities of Kazakhstan}}

===Religion===
{{main article|Religion in Kazakhstan}}
{{Bar box
| title=Religion in Kazakhstan, 2010<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pewforum.org/2015/04/02/religious-projection-table/|title=Religious Composition by Country, 2010–2050|quote=1615 L. Street NW, Suite 800, Washington, DC 20036 (202) 419-4300 | Main (202) 419-4349 | Fax (202) 419-4372 | Media Inquiries|date=2 April 2015|work=pewforum.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/kazakhstan#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&affiliations_year=2010&region_name=All%20Countries&restrictions_year=2013|title=Kazakhstan – Pew-Templeton Global Religious Futures Project|author=|date=|work=globalreligiousfutures.org}}</ref>
| titlebar=#ddd
| float=right
| bars=
{{Bar percent|[[Islam in Kazakhstan|Islam]]|green|70.4}}
{{Bar percent|[[Christianity in Kazakhstan|Christianity]]|blue|24.7}}
{{Bar percent|[[Irreligion in Kazakhstan|Unaffiliated]]|grey|4.2}}
{{Bar percent|[[Folk religion]]|yellow|0.3}}
{{Bar percent|[[Buddhism]]|orange|0.2}}
{{Bar percent|Other religions|purple|0.1}}
}}

[[File:Zenkov cathedral.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Eastern Orthodoxy]] is the second largest religion in Kazakhstan.]]
According to the 2009 Census, 70% of the population is [[Muslim]], 26% [[Christian]], 0.1% [[Buddhism|Buddhists]], 0.2% others (mostly [[Judaism|Jews]]), and 3% [[Irreligion|Irreligious]], while 0.5% chose not to answer.<ref name="2009 Census"/> According to its Constitution, Kazakhstan is a secular state.

Religious freedoms are guaranteed by Article 39 of Kazakhstan's Constitution. Article 39 states: "Human rights and freedoms shall not be restricted in any way." Article 14 prohibits "discrimination on religious basis" and Article 19 ensures that everyone has the "right to determine and indicate or not to indicate his/her ethnic, party and religious affiliation." The Constitutional Council recently affirmed these rights by ruling that a proposed law limiting the rights of certain individuals to practice their religion was declared unconstitutional.

[[Islam]] is the largest religion in Kazakhstan, followed by [[Orthodox Church|Orthodox Christianity]]. After decades of [[Religion in the Soviet Union|religious suppression by the Soviet Union]], the coming of independence witnessed a surge in expression of ethnic identity, partly through religion. The free practice of [[Religion|religious beliefs]] and the establishment of full freedom of religion led to an increase of religious activity. Hundreds of [[mosque]]s, [[church (building)|churches]], and other religious structures were built in the span of a few years, with the number of religious associations rising from 670 in 1990 to 4,170 today.<ref name="kazakhrel"/>

Some figures show that [[non-denominational Muslims]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pewforum.org/2012/08/09/the-worlds-muslims-unity-and-diversity-1-religious-affiliation/#identity |title=Pew Forum on Religious & Public life, Chapter 1: Religious Affiliation |deadurl=no |accessdate=27 December 2016 |date=9 August 2012}}</ref> form the majority, while others indicate that most Muslims in the country are [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]]s following the [[Hanafi]] school. These include ethnic [[Kazakhs]], who constitute about 60% of the population, as well as ethnic [[Uzbeks]], [[Uighurs]], and [[Tatars]].<ref name="usstate">[http://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/2008/108501.htm Kazakhstan – International Religious Freedom Report 2008] U.S. Department of State. Retrieved 7 September 2009.</ref> Less than 1% are part of the Sunni [[Shafi`i]] school (primarily [[Chechens]]). There are also some [[Ahmadiyya|Ahmadi]] Muslims.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.forum18.org/archive.php?article_id=1577 | title=KAZAKHSTAN: Ahmadi Muslim mosque closed, Protestants fined 100 times minimum monthly wage | publisher=Forum 18 | accessdate=6 June 2014}}</ref> There are a total of 2,300 mosques,<ref name="kazakhrel">[http://www.religions-congress.org/content/view/151/35/lang,english/ Religious Situation Review in Kazakhstan] Congress of World Religions. Retrieved 7 September 2009.</ref> all of them are affiliated with the "Spiritual Association of Muslims of Kazakhstan", headed by a supreme [[mufti]].<ref>[http://www.religions-congress.org/content/view/121/35/lang,english/ Islam in Kazakhstan]. Retrieved 7 September 2009.</ref> Unaffiliated mosques are forcefully closed.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.forum18.org/archive.php?article_id=1498 | title=KAZAKHSTAN: "Mosques cannot be independent" | publisher=Forum 18 | accessdate=6 June 2014}}</ref> [[Eid al-Adha]] is recognised as a national holiday.<ref name="kazakhrel"/>

One quarter of the population is Russian Orthodox, including ethnic Russians, Ukrainians and Belorussians.<ref name="USCOIRFk2009">{{cite web |url=http://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/2009/127366.htm |title=Kazakhstan |work=[[United States Commission on International Religious Freedom]] |publisher=[[United States Department of State]] |date=26 October 2009 |accessdate=3 June 2010}}</ref> Other Christian groups include [[Roman Catholic Church|Roman Catholics]] and [[Protestantism|Protestants]].<ref name="usstate"/> There are a total of 258 Orthodox churches, 93 Catholic churches, and over 500 Protestant churches and prayer houses. The Russian Orthodox [[Christmas]] is recognised as a national holiday in Kazakhstan.<ref name="kazakhrel"/> Other religious groups include Judaism, the [[Bahá'í Faith]], [[Hinduism]], [[Buddhism]], and [[The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]].<ref name="usstate"/>

According to the 2009 Census data, there are very few Christians outside the Slavic and Germanic ethnic groups:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.stat.kz/p_perepis/Documents/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%20%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2.rar |title=Нац состав.rar |accessdate=24 July 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723084232/http://www.stat.kz/p_perepis/Documents/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%20%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2.rar |archivedate=23 July 2011 }}</ref>

===Education===
{{main article|Education in Kazakhstan}}
[[File:L.N.Gumilyov Eurasian National University.JPG|thumb|right|[[L.N.Gumilyov Eurasian National University]] in Astana is one of Kazakhstan's top universities.]]

Education is universal and mandatory through to the [[Secondary education|secondary level]] and the [[List of countries by literacy rate|adult literacy rate]] is 99.5%.<ref name="collegeatlas">{{cite web | url=http://www.collegeatlas.org/kazakhstan-colleges-universities.html | title=Kazakhstan Colleges and Universities | publisher=CollegeAtlas | accessdate=3 June 2014}}</ref> Education consists of three main phases: [[primary education]] (forms 1–4), basic general education (forms 5–9) and senior level education (forms 10–11 or 12) divided into continued general education and vocational education. Vocational Education usually lasts 3 or 4 years.<ref name="UNEVOC">{{cite web | url=http://www.unevoc.unesco.org/go.php?q=World+TVET+Database&ct=KAZ | title=Vocational Education in Kazakhstan | date=August 2012 | accessdate=3 June 2014 | author=UNESCO-UNEVOC}}</ref> (Primary education is preceded by one year of pre-school education.) These levels can be followed in one institution or in different ones (e.g., primary school, then secondary school). Recently, several secondary schools, specialised schools, [[magnet school]]s, [[Gymnasium (school)|gymnasium]]s, [[Lyceum#Lyceums in today's education|lyceum]]s and linguistic and technical gymnasiums have been founded. Secondary professional education is offered in special professional or [[technical school]]s, lyceums or colleges and [[vocational school]]s.<ref name="collegeatlas"/>

At present, there are [[List of universities in Kazakhstan|universities]], [[Academy|academies]] and [[institute]]s, [[College or university school of music|conservatories]], higher schools and higher colleges. There are three main levels: basic [[higher education]] that provides the fundamentals of the chosen field of study and leads to the award of the [[Bachelor's degree]]; specialised higher education after which students are awarded the Specialist's Diploma; and scientific-pedagogical higher education which leads to the [[Master's Degree]]. [[Postgraduate]] education leads to the ''[[Kandidat Nauk]]'' ("Candidate of Sciences") and the Doctor of Sciences (Ph.D.). With the adoption of the Laws on Education and on Higher Education, a private sector has been established and several private institutions have been licensed.

Over 2,500 students in Kazakhstan have applied for student loans totalling about $9 million. The largest number of student loans come from Almaty, Astana and Kyzylorda.<ref>[http://bnews.kz/en/news/obshchestvo/more_than_25_thousand_students_get_loans_in_kazakhstan-2013_07_26-1033423 More than 2.5 thousand students get loans in Kazakhstan – News Feed – Bnews.kz: breaking news]. Bnews.kz. Retrieved 20 August 2013.</ref>

The training and skills development programs in Kazakhstan are also supported by international organisations. For example, on 30 March 2015, the World Banks' Group of Executive Directors approved a $100 million loan for the Skills and Job project in Kazakhstan.<ref name=WB11>{{cite web|title=World Bank Supports Better Skills for Quality Jobs in Kazakhstan|url=http://finchannel.com/index.php/society/jobs/item/42191-world-bank-supports-better-skills-for-quality-jobs-in-kazakhstan|website=Finchannel.com|accessdate=14 February 2016}}</ref> The project aims to provide relevant training to unemployed, unproductively self-employed, and current employees in need of training.<ref name="WB11"/>

==Culture==
{{main article|Culture of Kazakhstan|Kazakh clothing|Kazakh cuisine|Music of Kazakhstan|Sport in Kazakhstan|Kazakh wedding ceremony}}
[[File:Catchthegirl.JPG|thumb|Riders in traditional dress demonstrate Kazakhstan's [[Equestrianism|equestrian]] culture by playing a [[kiss]]ing game, ''[[Kyz kuu]]'' ("Chase the Girl"), one of a number of traditional games played on horseback<ref>{{cite web |url=http://search.globescope.com/kazakhstan/index.php?page=culture |title=The Customs and Traditions of the Kazakh |author= Wagenhauser, Betsy |work=Embassy of the Republic of Kazakhstan}}</ref>]]
{{refimprove section|date=June 2011}}

Before the Russian colonisation, the Kazakhs had a highly developed culture based on their nomadic pastoral economy. [[Islam]] was introduced into the region with the arrival of the [[Arabs]] in the 8th century. It initially took hold in the southern parts of [[Turkestan]] and spread northward.<ref>Atabaki, Touraj. ''Central Asia and the Caucasus: transnationalism and diaspora'', pg. 24</ref> The [[Samanids]] helped the religion take root through zealous missionary work. The [[Golden Horde]] further propagated Islam amongst the tribes in the region during the 14th century.<ref>Ibn Athir, volume 8, pg. 396</ref>

[[File:AbaiPainting.jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[Abai Qunanbaiuli]], Kazakh poet, composer and philosopher]]

Because livestock was central to the Kazakhs' traditional lifestyle, most of their nomadic practices and customs relate in some way to livestock. Kazakhs have historically been very passionate about horse-riding. {{citation needed|date=February 2015}}

Kazakhstan is home to a large number of prominent contributors to literature, science and philosophy: [[Abay Qunanbayuli]], [[Mukhtar Auezov]], [[Gabit Musirepov]], [[Kanysh Satpayev]], [[Mukhtar Shakhanov]], [[Saken Seyfullin]], [[Jambyl Jabayev]], among many others.

Tourism is a rapidly growing industry in Kazakhstan and it is joining the international tourism networking. In 2010, Kazakhstan joined The Region Initiative (TRI) which is a Tri-regional Umbrella of Tourism related organisations. TRI is functioning as a link between three regions: South Asia, Central Asia and Eastern Europe. Armenia, Bangladesh, India, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Pakistan, Nepal, Tajikistan, Russia, Sri Lanka, Turkey and Ukraine are now Partners and Kazakhstan is linked with other South Asian, Eastern European and Central Asian countries in tourism market.

===Cuisine===
In the national cuisine, livestock meat can be cooked in a variety of ways and is usually served with a wide assortment of traditional bread products. Refreshments often include black tea and traditional milk-derived drinks such as [[ayran]], [[shubat]] and [[kymyz]]. A traditional Kazakh dinner involves a multitude of appetisers on the table, followed by a soup and one or two main courses such as [[pilaf]] and [[beshbarmak]]. They also drink their national beverage, which consists of fermented mare's milk.<ref>{{cite web|title=Cuisine of Kazakhstan|url=https://kazakhstan.orexca.com/kazakhstan_cuisine.shtml|website=Oriental Express Central Asia|accessdate=17 January 2017}}</ref>

===Sport===
{{main article|Sport in Kazakhstan}}
Kazakhstan has developed itself as a formidable sports-force on the world arena in the following fields: bandy, boxing, chess, kickboxing, skiing, gymnastics, water polo, cycling, martial arts, heavy athletics, horse-riding, triathlon, track hurdles, sambo, Greco-Roman wrestling and billiards. The following are all well-known Kazakhstani athletes and world-championship medalists: [[ Alzhan Zharmukhamedov]], [[Bekzat Sattarkhanov]], [[Vassiliy Jirov]], [[Alexander Vinokourov]], [[Bulat Jumadilov]], [[Mukhtarkhan Dildabekov]], [[Olga Shishigina]], [[Andrey Kashechkin]], [[Aliya Yussupova]], [[Dmitriy Karpov]], [[Darmen Sadvakasov]], [[Yeldos Ikhsangaliyev]], [[Askhat Zhitkeyev]], [[Maxim Rakov]], [[Aidar Kabimollayev]], [[Yermakhan Ibraimov]], [[Vladimir Smirnov (skier)|Vladimir Smirnov]], [[Ilya Ilin]], [[Denis Ten]].

In December 2014, the outgoing head of Kazakhstan's football federation, Adilbek Zhaksybekov, said Kazakhstan was planning bidding to host 2026 [[FIFA]] World Cup.<ref name=soccer>{{cite web|title=Kazakhstan plans bidding to host 2026 FIFA World Cup|url=http://www.presstv.ir/detail/2014/12/13/390090/kazakhstan-to-bid-for-2026-world-cup/|publisher=Press TV|date=13 December 2014}}</ref>

'''[[2011 Asian Winter Games]]'''
: Hosted by Kazakhstan.

'''[[Figure skating]]'''
: [[Denis Ten]] won bronze at the [[2014 Winter Olympics]], and a silver and bronze medal at the [[2013 World Figure Skating Championships]] and [[2015 World Figure Skating Championships]] respectively.<ref>{{cite web|title=Men|url=http://www.isuresults.com/bios/isufs00008858.htm|website=ISU Results|publisher=ISU|accessdate=12 October 2015}}</ref>

'''[[Association football|Football]]'''
: The most popular sport in Kazakhstan. The [[Football Federation of Kazakhstan]] (FFK; {{lang-kz|Қазақстанның Футбол Федерациясы}}) is the sport's national governing body. The FFK organises the [[Kazakhstan national football team|men's]], [[Kazakhstan women's national football team|women's]] and [[Futsal]] national teams.

'''[[Ice hockey]]''' [[File:Nik Antropov Jets 2012-02-11.JPG|thumb|[[Nik Antropov]], a professional ice hockey player from Kazakhstan]]
: The [[Kazakhstan men's national ice hockey team|Kazakhstani national ice hockey team]] has competed in ice hockey in the 1998 and 2006 Winter Olympics as well as in the 2006 Men's World Ice Hockey Championships.

''' [[Cycling]]'''
: Cycling is a popular activity throughout the country. Kazakhstan's most famous cyclist is [[Alexander Vinokourov]]. {{citation needed|date=February 2015}}

'''[[Boxing]]'''
: Since independence in 1991, Kazakhstan's boxers have won many medals, quickly moving up the all-time Olympic boxing medal table from last to a current 11th place. Three Kazakh boxers, [[Bakhtiyar Artayev]], [[Vassiliy Jirov]] and [[Serik Sapiyev]], have won the [[Val Barker Trophy]], leaving Kazakhstan second (after the United States) in total number of victories.

: World [[International Boxing Federation|IBF]], [[World Boxing Organization|WBO]] and [[International Boxing Organization|IBO]] heavyweight champion [[Wladimir Klitschko]] was born in Kazakhstan in 1976. Additionally, undefeated middleweight [[Gennady Golovkin]] holds the [[World Boxing Association|WBA]] and [[International Boxing Organisation|IBO]] titles, as well as the [[World Boxing Council|WBC]] interim title. He is also currently on a streak of 20 consecutive knockout victories.

[[File:Bandy in Medeu Kazakhstan.JPG|thumb|right|[[Bandy at the 2011 Asian Winter Games]], minutes before Kazakhstan winning the title]]
'''[[Bandy]]'''
: The [[Kazakhstan national bandy team]] is among the best in the world and has won the bronze medal at the [[Bandy World Championship]] many times, including the last time in 2015. In the [[2011 Bandy World Championship]], the team reached extra time in the semifinal before their defeat by Sweden. [[2012 Bandy World Championship|The 2012 Championship]] was hosted by Kazakhstan. Again there was a dramatic semifinal against Sweden, as Kazakhstan was leading 5–3 with a few minutes remaining and finally losing in a penalty shoot-out. At the [[Bandy at the 2011 Asian Winter Games|2011 Asian Winter Games]], the team won the gold medal. Bandy is being developed in 10 of the country's 17 administrative divisions (8 of the 14 regions and 2 of the 3 cities which are situated inside of but are not part of regions).<ref>[http://bandyvm2015.ru/en/news/?newsid=365 Press conference for the Head Coaches of teams Finland and Kazakhstan]. Bandyvm2015.ru (4 April 2015). Retrieved 28 September 2015.</ref> [[Akzhaiyk]] from [[Oral, Kazakhstan|Oral]], however, is the only professional club. At the [[Bandy at the Winter Universiade|2017 Winter Universiade]] in [[Almaty]], bandy will feature as a demonstration sport for the first time.<ref>[http://www.fisu.net/en/2017-Almaty-Winter-Universiade-Dates-confirmed-3133.html?mbID=5692 2017 Almaty Winter Universiade: Dates confirmed]. Fisu.net (10 February 2014). Retrieved 28 September 2015.</ref>

'''[[Judo]]'''
: Askhat Zhitkeyev won silver at the 2008 Olympics and Yeldos Smetov won the 2010 Junior World Championships in the {{convert|55|kg|0|abbr=on}} category.

'''[[Olympic weightlifting]]'''
: Zulfiya Chinshanlo won a gold medal at the 2012 London Olympics. {{citation needed|date=February 2015}}

===Film===
{{main article|Cinema of Kazakhstan}}
[[File:Red Carpet at AIAFF.jpg|thumb|International Astana Action Film Festival]]
Kazakhstan's film industry is run through the state-owned [[Kazakhfilm]] studios based in Almaty. The studio has produced award-winning movies such as ''[[Myn Bala]]'', ''[[Harmony Lessons]]'', and ''[[:imdbtitle:2182115|Shal]]''. Kazakhstan is host of the [[International Astana Action Film Festival]] and the [https://web.archive.org/web/20150608065617/http://eurasiaiff.kz/en/ Eurasian Film Festival] held annually. Hollywood director [[Timur Bekmambetov]] is from Kazakhstan and has become active in bridging Hollywood to the Kazakhstan film industry. {{citation needed|date=February 2015}}

Kazakhstan journalist Artur Platonov won Best Script for his documentary "Sold Souls" about Kazakhstan's contribution to the struggle against terrorism at the 2013 Cannes Corporate Media and TV Awards.<ref>[http://ortcom.kz/en/news/artur-platonov-wins-cannes-corporate-media--tv-award-2013.2571 CCS · Artur Platonov wins Cannes Corporate Media & TV Award 2013]. Ortcom.kz (5 November 2013). Retrieved 8 March 2014.</ref><ref>[http://www.cannescorporate.com/en/winners2013.php Cannes Corporate Media & TV Awards: Winners 2013]. Cannescorporate.com. Retrieved 8 March 2014.</ref>

Serik Aprymov’s ''Little Brother'' (''Bauyr'') won at the Central and Eastern Europe Film Festival [[goEast]] from the German Federal Foreign Office.<ref name=EEC>{{cite web|title=Kazakhstan's Little Brother takes Federal Foreign Office award at goEast|url=http://en.tengrinews.kz/cinema_and_music/Kazakhstans-Little-Brother-takes-Federal-Foreign-Office-award-at-goEast-253027/|publisher=TengriNews}}</ref>

===Media===
{{main article|Media of Kazakhstan}}

Kazakhstan is ranked 161 out of 180 countries on the [[World Press Freedom Index]], compiled by [[Reporters Without Borders]].<ref>{{cite web|title=World Press Freedom Index 2014|url=https://rsf.org/en/ranking/2014|website=Reporters Without Borders|accessdate=31 August 2014}}</ref> A mid-March 2002 [[court order]], with the government as a [[plaintiff]], stated that ''[[Respublika (Kazakh newspaper)|Respublika]]'' were to stop printing for three months.<ref name="nytimes.com">{{cite news|author=Wines, Michael|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/07/13/world/the-saturday-profile-bruised-but-still-jabbing-kazakh-heavyweights.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm |title=Wines 2012 |work=The New York Times|date=13 July 2002}}</ref> The order was evaded by printing under other titles, such as ''Not That Respublika''.<ref name="nytimes.com"/> In early 2014, a court also issued a cease publication order to the small-circulation Assandi-Times newspaper, saying it was a part of the Respublika group. Human Rights Watch said: "this absurd case displays the lengths to which Kazakh authorities are willing to go to bully critical media into silence."<ref>{{cite web|title=Kazakhstan: Newspaper Closing a Blow to Free Speech|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2014/04/22/kazakhstan-newspaper-closing-blow-free-speech|website=Human Rights Watch|accessdate=31 August 2014}}</ref>

With support from the US Department of State's Bureau for Democracy, Human Rights and Labor (DRL), the American Bar Association Rule of Law Initiative opened a media support centre in Almaty to bolster free expression and journalistic rights in Kazakhstan.<ref name=aba>{{cite web |title=Access to Justice and Human Rights |url=http://www.americanbar.org/advocacy/rule_of_law/where_we_work/europe_eurasia/kazakhstan/programs_past.html |publisher=American Bar Association}}</ref>

===UNESCO World Heritage sites===
Kazakhstan has three cultural and natural heritages on the [[UNESCO]] World Heritage list: the [[Mausoleum of Khoja Ahmed Yasawi|Mausoleum of Khoja Ahmed Yassaui]], Petroglyphs within the Archaeological Landscape of [[Tamgaly]], and the [[Korgalzhyn]] and Nauryzumsky reserves.<ref name=UNESCOkz>{{cite web|title=Kazakhstan|url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties/KZ/|publisher=UNESCO}}</ref>

===Public holidays===
Source: {{lower|0.4em|<ref>[http://www.worldtravelguide.net/kazakhstan/public-holidays Kazakhstan Public Holidays]. Worldtravelguide.net. Retrieved 14 January 2013.</ref>}}
{{lower|0.4em|2=<ref>{{cite web|url=http://egov.kz/wps/portal/!ut/p/b1/04_SjzQ0MbUwtLQwMtWP0I_KSyzLTE8syczPS8wB8aPM4v09DN3cTS2NDfxdLFwNPC1Mjf3cfDyM3L2NgAoicSswACogSr8BDuBoQEh_uH4UPiVgF4AV4LHCzyM_N1U_NyrHzdJT1xEAojlmQQ!!/dl4/d5/L0lDUmlTUSEhL3dHa0FKRnNBLzRKVXFDQSEhL2Vu/ |title=Electronic government of the Republic of Kazakhstan |publisher=Egov.kz |accessdate=31 May 2013}}</ref>}}

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:95%;"
|- style="background:#efefef;"
!style="width:80px;"| Date !!style="width:170px;"| English name
! Local name/s
! Notes
|-
| 1–2 January||[[New Year's Day]]
|Жаңа жыл (''Jaña jıl'') Новый Год (''Novy God'')
| style="font-size:95%;" |
|-
|7 January||Eastern Orthodox [[Christmas]]
|Рождество Христово (''Rojdestvo Xrïstovo'' / ''Rozhdestvo Khristovo'')
| style="font-size:95%;" |from 2007 official holiday
|-
|8 March||[[International Women's Day]]
| style="font-size:95%;" |Халықаралық әйелдер күні (''Xalıqaralıq äyälder küni'') Международный женский день (''Mezhdunarodny zhensky den'')
| style="font-size:95%;" |
|-
| 21–23 March||[[Nowruz|Nauryz Meyramy]]
|Наурыз мейрамы (''Nawrız meyramı'')
| style="font-size:95%;" | Originally the [[Nowruz|Persian new year]], is traditionally a springtime holiday marking the beginning of a new year.
|-
|1 May||Kazakhstan People's [[May Day|Unity Day]]
|Қазақстан халқының бірлігі мерекесі (''Qazaqstan xalqınıñ birligi merekesi'') 
| style="font-size:95%;" |
|-
|7 May||Defender of the Fatherland Day
|Отан Қорғаушы күні (''Otan Qorgaushy kuny'') День Защитника Отечества (''Den Zashitnika Otechestva'')
| style="font-size:95%;" |from 2013 official holiday
|-
|9 May||[[Victory Day (Eastern Europe)|Great Patriotic War Against Fascism Victory Day]]
|Жеңіс күні (''Jeñis küni'') День Победы (''Den Pobedy'')
| style="font-size:95%;" |A holiday in the former Soviet Union carried over
to present-day Kazakhstan and other former republics (Except Baltic countries).
|-
|6 July||Capital City Day
|Астана күні (''Astana küni'') День столицы (''Den stolitsy'')
| style="font-size:95%;" |Birthday of the First President
|-
|30 August||[[Constitution Day]]
|Қазақстан Республикасының Конституциясы күні (''Qazaqstan Respwblikasınıñ Konstitwciyası küni'') День Конституции Республики Казахстан (''Den Konstitutsiy Respubliki Kazakhstan'')
| style="font-size:95%;" |
|-
| style="font-size:95%;" |Last day of [[Hajj]] In 2013 October 15||[[Eid al-Adha|Qurban Ayt]]a
|Құрбан айт (''Qurban ayt'') Курбан айт (''Kurban ayt'')
| style="font-size:95%;" |from 2007 official holiday.
|-
|1 December||First President Day
|Тұңғыш Президент күні (''Tungysh President kuny'') День Первого Президента (''Den Pervogo Presidenta'')
| style="font-size:95%;" |from 2013 official holiday
|-
| 16–17 December||[[Independence Day]]
|Тәуелсіздік күні (''Täwelsizdik küni'') День независимости (''Den nezavisimosti'')
| style="font-size:95%;" | Independence From The [[Soviet Union]]
|}
{{smaller|a [[Eid al-Adha]], the Islamic "Feast of the Sacrifice".}}

==Membership of international organisations==
Kazakhstan's membership of international organisations includes:

* [[United Nations]]
* [[Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council]]
* [[Commonwealth of Independent States]] (CIS)
* [[Shanghai Cooperation Organisation]]
* [[Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe]] (OSCE)
* [[Individual Partnership Action Plan]], with [[NATO]], Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Armenia, [[Moldova]], [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]] and [[Montenegro]].
* [[Turkic Council]] and the [[TÜRKSOY]] community. (The national language, [[Kazakh language|Kazakh]], is related to the other [[Turkic languages]], with which it shares cultural and [[Turkic peoples|historical ties]].)
* [[UNESCO]], where Kazakhstan is a member of its [[World Heritage Committee]].<ref name=UNESCO>{{cite web |title=Twelve new members elected to World Heritage Committee |url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/news/1082/ |publisher=UNESCO}}</ref>
* [[Nuclear Suppliers Group]] as a participating government.

==See also==
{{portal|Kazakhstan|Central Asia}}
* [[Outline of Kazakhstan]]
* [[Index of Kazakhstan-related articles]]
{{clear}}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
{{refbegin|30em}}
*{{Cite book|title=Uneasy Alliance: Relations Between Russia and Kazakhstan in the Post-Soviet Era, 1992–1997 |first=Mikhail |last=Alexandrov |location=Westport, CT |publisher=Greenwood Press |year=1999 |isbn=0-313-30965-5 }}
*{{Cite book|title=Lonely Planet Guide: Central Asia |first=Paul |last=Clammer |first2=Michael |last2=Kohn |lastauthoramp=yes |first3=Bradley |last3=Mayhew |location=Oakland, CA |publisher=Lonely Planet |year=2004 |isbn=1-86450-296-7}}
*{{Cite book|title=Kazakhstan: Power and the Elite |first=Sally |last=Cummings |location=London |publisher=Tauris |year=2002 |isbn=1-86064-854-1}}
*{{Cite book|title=The Russian Colonization of Kazakhstan |first=George |last=Demko |location=New York |publisher=Routledge |year=1997 |isbn=0-7007-0380-2 }}
*{{Cite book|title=Kazakhstan: Coming of Age |first=Michael |last=Fergus |lastauthoramp=yes |first2=Janar |last2=Jandosova |location=London |publisher=Stacey International |year=2003 |isbn=1-900988-61-5}}
*{{Cite book|title=Journey into Kazakhstan: The True Face of the Nazarbayev Regime |first=Alexandra |last=George |location=Lanham |publisher=University Press of America |year=2001 |isbn=0-7618-1964-9}}
*{{Cite book|title=Law and Custom in the Steppe |first=Virginia |last=Martin |location=Richmond |publisher=Curzon |year=2000 |isbn=0-7007-1405-7}}
*{{Cite book|title=Epicenter of Peace |first=Nursultan |last=Nazarbayev |location=Hollis, NH |publisher=Puritan Press |year=2001 |isbn=1-884186-13-0 }}
*{{Cite book|title=Post-Soviet Chaos: Violence and Dispossession in Kazakhstan |first=Joma |last=Nazpary |location=London |publisher=Pluto Press |year=2002 |isbn=0-7453-1503-8}}
*{{Cite book|title=Kazakhstan: Unfulfilled Promise |first=Martha Brill |last=Olcott |location=Washington, DC |publisher=[[Brookings Institution Press]] |year=2002 |isbn=0-87003-189-9}}
*{{Cite book|title=Silk Road to Ruin: Is Central Asia the New Middle East? |first=Ted |last=Rall |location=New York |publisher=NBM |year=2006 |isbn=1-56163-454-9}}
*{{Cite book|title=In Search of Kazakhstan: The Land That Disappeared |first=Christopher |last=Robbins |location=London |publisher=Profile Books |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-86197-868-4}}
*{{Cite book|title=Once in Kazakhstan: The Snow Leopard Emerges |first=Keith |last=Rosten |location=New York |publisher=iUniverse |year=2005 |isbn=0-595-32782-6}}
*{{Cite book|title=The Lost Heart of Asia |first=Colin |last=Thubron |location=New York |publisher=HarperCollins |year=1994 |isbn=0-06-018226-1}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{Sister project links|Kazakhstan|voy=Kazakhstan}}


===General===
* [http://repository.library.georgetown.edu/handle/10822/552643 Caspian Pipeline Controversy] from the [http://repository.library.georgetown.edu/handle/10822/552494 Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives]
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/country_profiles/1298071.stm Country Profile] from [[BBC News]].
* {{CIA World Factbook link|kz|Kazakhstan}}
* [http://www.state.gov/p/sca/ci/kz/ Kazakhstan] information from the [[United States Department of State]]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100309085822/http://www.loc.gov/rr/international/amed/kazakhstan/kazakhstan.html Portals to the World] from the United States [[Library of Congress]].
* [http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/kazakhstan.htm Kazakhstan] at ''UCB Libraries GovPubs''.
* [http://mfa.kz/ Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Kazakhstan]
* [http://www.worldbank.org.kz/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/ECAEXT/KAZAKHSTANEXTN/0,,contentMDK:20212143~menuPK:361895~pagePK:1497618~piPK:217854~theSitePK:361869,00.html World Bank Data & Statistics for Kazakhstan]
* [http://en.encyclopedia.kz/ Kazakhstan Internet Encyclopedia]
* [http://www.economist.com/node/21541853 Kazakhstan at 20 years of independence, The Economist, Dec 17th 2011]
* [http://www.economist.com/blogs/banyan/2011/12/unrest-kazakhstan "Blowing the lid off" – Unrest in Kazakhstan, The Economist, Dec 20th 2011]
* [http://www.theregionaltourism.org/ The Region Initiative (TRI)]
* {{dmoz|Regional/Asia/Kazakhstan}}
* {{Wikiatlas|Kazakhstan}}
* {{osmrelation-inline|214665}}
* [http://www.kazakhstandiscovery.com/kazakhstan-facts.html Country Facts] from [http://www.kazakhstandiscovery.com/ Kazakhstan Discovery]
* [http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/hrrpt/2008/sca/119135.htm 2008 Human Rights Report: Kazakhstan. Department of State; Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor]
* [http://www.ifs.du.edu/ifs/frm_CountryProfile.aspx?Country=KZ Key Development Forecasts for Kazakhstan] from [[International Futures]].

===Government===
* [http://www.mfa.kz/ Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Kazakhstan]
* [http://e.gov.kz/wps/portal?lang=en E-Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan]
* [http://en.government.kz/ Government of Kazakhstan]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130917225116/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/world-leaders-1/world-leaders-k/kazakhstan.html Chief of State and Cabinet Members]

===Trade===
* [http://wits.worldbank.org/CountryProfile/Country/KAZ/Year/2012/Summary World Bank Summary Trade Statistics Kazakhstan]
{{coord|48|N|68|E|scale:20000000_source:GNS|display=title}}

{{Kazakhstan topics}}
{{Navboxes
|title = Geographic locale
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{{Countries of Asia}}
}}
{{Navboxes
|title = International organizations
|list =
{{OSCE}}
{{Economic Cooperation Organization}}
{{Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS)}}
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{{Shanghai Cooperation Organisation}}
{{TURKSOY}}
{{NATO candidates}}
}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Kazakhstan| ]]
[[Category:Caspian littoral states]]
[[Category:Central Asian countries]]
[[Category:Eastern European countries]]
[[Category:Eurasian Steppe]]
[[Category:Landlocked countries]]
[[Category:Member states of the Commonwealth of Independent States]]
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[[Category:Member states of the United Nations]]
[[Category:Modern Turkic states]]
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[[Category:Russian-speaking countries and territories]]
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Aidyn Aimbetov

2017-04-13T00:38:11Z

GreenC bot: Reformat 1 archive link. Wayback Medic 2.1

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2017}}
{{Infobox astronaut
| name = Aidyn Akanovich Aimbetov
| image = Aidyn Aimbetov.jpg
| type = [[KazCosmos]] Cosmonaut
| nationality = [[Kazakhstan|Kazakh]]
| birth_date ={{Birth date and age|df=yes|1972|07|27}}
| birth_place = [[Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic|Kazakh SSR]], [[Soviet Union]]
| occupation = Colonel, Kazakh Air Force
| selection =Kazakh Cosmonaut Group 1
| time = 9d 20h 14m
| eva1 =
| eva2 =
| mission = {{nowrap|[[Soyuz TMA-18M]] / [[Soyuz TMA-16M|TMA-16M]]}}
| insignia = [[File:Soyuz-TMA-18M-Mission-Patch.png|40px]]
| awards =
|}}
'''Aidyn Akanovich Aimbetov''' ({{lang-kz|Айдын Ақанұлы Айымбетов}}, {{lang-ru|Айдын Аканович Аимбетов}},<ref>[http://www.kazinform.kz/rus/article/2647071 ИНТЕЛЛЕКТУАЛЬНАЯ НАЦИЯ: «В моих ближайших планах – создание мобильного планетария для детей Астаны» – космонавт Айдын Аимбетов]. kazinform.kz (9 April 2014)</ref> born 27 July 1972) is a Kazakh [[cosmonaut]].

==Family==
Aimbetov is married and has three children, two daughters and a son.<ref name=AkimatAstana-2015-04-13/>

==Military career==
Aimbetov graduated from [[Kutakhov Armavir Higher Military Aviation School]] and became a military pilot, having enrolled straight out of secondary school. He served at [[Turar Ryskulov District|Lugovaya]] and [[Taldykorgan]], flying [[MiG-27]] and [[Su-27]] fighters.<ref name=AkimatAstana-2015-04-13>{{cite news |url= http://astana.gov.kz/en/modules/material/7857 |title= Aidyn Aimbetov: Flying into the Space is not Buying a Theater Ticket |date= 13 April 2015 |publisher= Akimat of Astana }}</ref>

==Cosmonaut career==
Aimbetov was selected to the first Kazakh cosmonaut class in 2002, along with [[Mukhtar Aimakhanov]], out of a pool of 2,000 candidates. From 2003 to 2009, he trained in Russia as a cosmonaut at [[Yuri Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center|Star City]]. He returned to [[Astana]], in Kazakhstan, after failing to secure a spaceflight. He had been scheduled to fly in autumn 2009, but due to the world financial crisis, this fell through. Aimakhanov remained in Russia, becoming a Russian citizen, making Aimbetov the sole Kazakhstani cosmonaut. After returning, Aimbetov stayed in the JSC (national center of space research and technologies) of the National Space Agency (NSA) of Kazakhstan.<ref name=AkimatAstana-2015-04-13/><ref name=kazcosmos-140114>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150907205823/http://kazcosmos.gov.kz/en/news/140114.html Took place telephone conversation of the Chairman Kazcosmos Talgat Musabayev and the cosmonaut Aydyn Aimbetov]. kazcosmos.gov.kz (05.09.2015)</ref><ref name=SpaceNews-2015-06-22/><ref name=kazinform-2009-09-11>{{cite news |url= http://www.inform.kz/eng/article/2197108 |title= A. Aimbetov appointed Advisor to Kazkosmos Chairman |author= Sara Kabikyzy |publisher= KazInform |date= 11 September 2009 }}</ref> He founded the Institute for Space Development to promote the space industry in Kazakhstan. He started the Young Cosmonauts School in the [[Astana Pupil's Palace]] in 2012.<ref name=kazcosmos-160414>{{cite web|url=http://kazcosmos.gov.kz/en/news/160414.html |title=Archived copy |accessdate=23 June 2015 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304085342/http://kazcosmos.gov.kz/en/news/160414.html |archivedate=4 March 2016 |df= }}</ref> He was still flight ready in April 2015.<ref name=SpaceNews-2015-06-22/>

[[File:Expedition 44 crew greeting with guests.jpg|thumb|Aimbetov (bottom left), along with all aboard the space station (September 2015)]]
[[File:Aidyn Aimbetov 2015 stamp of Kazakhstan.jpg|thumb|Aimbetov on a 2015 stamp of Kazakhstan]]
In June 2015, he was selected to fly on the [[Soyuz TMA-18M]] mission in place of singer [[Sarah Brightman]] who had withdrawn in May 2015, and her backup, [[Satoshi Takamatsu]], who had also withdrawn. The mission was projected to launch to the [[International Space Station]] on 1 September 2015.<ref name=SpaceNews-2015-06-22>{{cite news |url= http://spacenews.com/kazakh-cosmonaut-to-take-brightmans-place-on-soyuz-flight/ |title= Kazakh Cosmonaut To Take Brightman’s Place On Soyuz Flight |author= Jeff Foust |date= 22 June 2015 |publisher= Space News }}</ref> Aimbetov becomes the third Kazakh-born cosmonaut to fly since Kazakhstan's independence in 1991,<ref name=MoscowTimes-2015-06-22>{{cite news |url= http://www.themoscowtimes.com/business/article/kazakhstans-third-ever-cosmonaut-to-replace-pop-star-brightman-on-iss-mission/524160.html |title= Kazakhstan's Third-Ever Cosmonaut to Replace Pop Star Brightman on ISS Mission |date= 22 June 2015 |publisher= The Moscow Times }}</ref> and the first to fly under the Kazakh flag, and as part of [[KazCosmos]]. Aimbetov had originally been projected to fly on a 2017 launch.<ref name=SpaceDaily-2015-06-22>{{cite news |url= http://www.spacedaily.com/reports/Russia_eyes_Kazakh_cosmonaut_as_space_tourist_999.html |title= Russia eyes Kazakh cosmonaut as space tourist |date= 22 June 2015 |author= AFP |publisher= Space Daily }}</ref> Serving as Aimbetov's backup on the mission was Roscosmos cosmonaut [[Sergey Prokopyev (cosmonaut)|Sergey Prokopyev]].<ref name=NasaSpaceflight.com-2015-09-03>{{cite news |url= http://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2015/09/soyuz-tma-18m-one-expedition-crewmember-iss/ |title= Soyuz TMA-18M docks to increase ISS crew size to nine |date= 3 September 2015 |author= Chris Gebhardt |publisher= NASA Spaceflight .com }}</ref> On 2 September 2015, Aimbetov launched from Baikonour, Kazakhstan, aboard [[Soyuz TMA-18M]], along with rookie astronaut [[Andreas Mogensen]] and capsule commander cosmonaut [[Sergey Alexandrovich Volkov|Sergey Volkov]].<ref name=NewsDaily-2015-09-11/><ref name=CairoPost-2015-09-03>{{cite news |url= http://www.thecairopost.com/news/165828/albums/our-top-photos-from-the-last-24-hours-14/attachment/the-soyuz-tma-18m-spacecraft-carrying-the-crew-of-aidyn-aimbetov-of-kazakhstan-sergei-volkov-of-russia-and-andreas-mogensen-of-denmark-blasts-off-from-the-launch-pad-at-the-baikonur-cosmodrome |title= Soyuz TMA-18M |date= 3 September 2011 |author= Mohamed Gamal |publisher= Cairo Post |work= Reuters }}</ref> On 11 September 2015, Aimbetov returned from his 10-day mission to the International Space Station, and touched down on the Kazakhstan Steppe, aboard [[Soyuz TMA-16M]], along with fellow rookie astronaut Andreas Mogensen, whom he rode up with, and capsule commander cosmonaut [[Gennady Padalka]] who was returning from a stint on the station, having become the recordholder for most time in space.<ref name=NewsDaily-2015-09-11>{{cite news |url= http://newsdaily.com/2015/09/record-setting-cosmonaut-two-visiting-crewmen-head-home-from-space-station/ |title= Record-setting cosmonaut, two visiting crewmen head home from space station |date= 11 September 2015 |publisher= Science Daily |work= Reuters |author= Irene Klotz }}</ref><ref name=KazInform-2816129>{{cite news |url= http://www.inform.kz/eng/article/2816129 |title= Soyuz TMA-16M with Aidyn Aimbetov to return to Earth on Sept 12 |date= 9 September 2015 |publisher= kazInform }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Aidyn Aimbetov}}
*[http://www.spacefacts.de/bios/international/english/aimbetov_aydyn.htm Spacefacts biography of Aydyn Aimbetov]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Aimbetov, Aydyn}}
[[Category:1972 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Kazakhstani cosmonauts]]

Akhmed Zakayev

2017-04-08T01:25:45Z

GreenC bot: Rescued 3 archive links; remove 1 link; reformat 3 links. Wayback Medic 2.1

{{use dmy dates|date=December 2012}}
{{Infobox Officeholder
| name = Akhmed Zakayev Ахмед Халидович Закаев
| image =
| imagesize =
| smallimage =
| caption =
| order = [[Prime Minister]] of the [[Chechen Republic of Ichkeria]]
| term_start = 25 November 2007
| term_end = 23 August 2009
| vicepresident =
| viceprimeminister =
| deputy =
| president =
| primeminister =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| order2 = [[Deputy Prime Minister]] of the [[Chechen Republic of Ichkeria]]
| term_start2 = 1997
| term_end2 = 6 February 2006
| vicepresident2 =
| viceprimeminister2 =
| deputy2 =
| president2 =
| primeminister2 =
| predecessor2 =
| successor2 =
| order3 = [[Foreign Minister]] of the [[Chechen Republic of Ichkeria]]
| term_start3 = 1997
| term_end3 = 29 July 1999
| vicepresident3 =
| viceprimeminister3 =
| deputy3 =
| president3 =
| primeminister3 =
| predecessor3 =
| successor3 =
| order4 = [[Culture Minister]] of the [[Chechen Republic of Ichkeria]]
| term_start4 = 1994
| term_end4 = 20 November 2007
| vicepresident4 =
| viceprimeminister4 =
| deputy4 =
| president4 =
| primeminister4 =
| predecessor4 =
| successor4 =
| birth_name=Akhmed Khalidovich Zakayev
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1959|4|26|df=y}}
| birth_place = Kirovskiy, [[Kazakh SSR]], [[Soviet Union]] (now Almaty Region, Kazakhstan)
| death_date =
| death_place =
| constituency =
| party =
| spouse =
| religion = [[Islam]]
| signature =
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}}

'''Akhmed Khalidovich Zakayev''' ({{lang-ce|Заки Хьалид кlант Ахьмад, Zaki Halid kant Ahmad}}, {{lang-ru|Ахмед Халидович Закаев, Akhmed Khalidovich Zakayev}}; born 26 April 1959) is a former [[Deputy Prime Minister]] and [[Prime Minister]] of the unrecognised [[Chechen Republic of Ichkeria]] (ChRI). He was also the [[Foreign Minister]] of the [[Chechen Republic of Ichkeria|Ichkeria]]n government, appointed by [[Aslan Maskhadov]] shortly after his 1997 election, and again in 2006 by [[Abdul Halim Sadulayev]]. During the [[First Chechen war]] Zakayev took part in the battles for [[Grozny]] and other military operations, as well as in high-level negotiations with the [[Russia]]n side.<ref>[http://www.theliberal.co.uk/issue_10/politics/zakayev_bennett_10.html Chechyna’s Theatre of War: Akhmed Zakayev – actor, politician and former resistance fighter – talks to Vanora Bennett], ''[[The Liberal]]'', 2007</ref>

In 2002, Russia accused him, by then in exile, of having been involved in a series of crimes including involvement in acts of [[terrorism]].<ref name="bbc_2002">[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/2548939.stm UK actress defends Chechen rebel], [[BBC News]], 6 December 2002</ref><ref name="bbc_accused">[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/2975682.stm Chechen accused of terror acts], [[BBC News]], 9 June 2003</ref> In 2003, judge [[Timothy Workman]] of [[Bow Street Magistrates' Court]] in central London rejected the [[extradition]] request due to lack of evidence and declared the accusations to be politically motivated, also saying that there was substantial risk of Zakayev being [[torture]]d if he was returned to [[Moscow]].<ref>[http://www.watchdog.cz/?show=000000-000004-000003-000095&lang=1 The Zakayev Case: Cui Bono?], [[Prague Watchdog]], 5 August 2003</ref><ref name="autogenerated2003">[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/3266325.stm Court rejects Chechen extradition], [[BBC News]], 13 November 2003</ref>

== Biography ==

=== Early life ===

Akhmed Zakayev was born in the settlement of Kirovskiy, Kirovskiy Raion (nowadays called [[Balpyk Bi]], [[Koksu District]]), in the [[Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic|Kazakh SSR]], [[Soviet Union]], which is now in [[Almaty Region]], in [[Kazakhstan]]; his family was deported by [[Joseph Stalin|Stalin]]'s regime along with the rest of the Chechens in 1944. He graduated from [[acting]] and [[choreography]] schools in [[Voronezh]] and Moscow and worked as an [[actor]] at a theatre in the Chechen capital [[Grozny]], specializing in a [[William Shakespeare|Shakespearean]] roles. From 1991, he was the chairman of the Chechen Union of the Theatrical Actors. In 1994, Zakayev became a [[Minister of Culture]] in the Chechen separatist government of [[Dzhokhar Dudayev]].

=== Chechen wars and the interwar period ===

After Russian forces entered Chechnya, starting the [[First Chechen War]], Zakayev left his job and took up arms. Serving at first as a minor commander in the unit of [[Ruslan Gelayev]], he took part in the [[battle of Grozny (1994–1995)|1995 battle of Grozny]] and then led the defence of the village of [[Goyskoye]]. After this the armed group under his command operated in the south-west part of Chechnya with its headquarters in the town of [[Urus-Martan]]. He was eventually promoted to the rank of [[Brigadier General]] and appointed commander of the [[Urus-Martanovsky District|Urus-Martan Front]]. In February 1996, Zakayev became commander of the entire Western Group of Defense of Ichkeria. In August 1996, his forces took part in the [[Battle of Grozny (August 1996)|decisive raid on Grozny]],<ref>[https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9907E4DC1431F937A2575BC0A960958260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=all Risky Walk in Rebel-Held Chechen Capital], ''[[The New York Times]]'', 14 August 1996</ref> where he personally led the attack on the city's central [[railway station]].<ref>[http://www.sptimes.ru/index.php?action_id=2&story_id=8727 Moscow Gives More Evidence On Zakayev] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140301121359/http://www.sptimes.ru/index.php?action_id=2&story_id=8727 |date=1 March 2014 }}, ''[[The St. Petersburg Times]]'', 3 December 2002</ref> Zakayev's war service paved his way to Chechen high politics. He became the [[acting president]] [[Zelimkhan Yandarbiyev]]'s advisor for the security matters and the secretary of the Chechen [[Security Council]] and represented Chechnya at the [[Khasav-Yurt Accord|peace talks in Khasav-Yurt]], which brought a peaceful end to the first armed conflict between Moscow and Grozny.

After the war, Zakayev became Chechen [[Deputy Prime Minister]] (in charge of education and culture) and a special envoy of elected [[President of Ichkeria]] [[Aslan Maskhadov]] for relations with Moscow, taking part in the delegation that signed the official Chechen-Russian peace treaty at [[the Kremlin]] in 1997.<ref>[http://www.rferl.org/content/Article/1076423.html Chechnya: The Turning Point That Wasn't], [[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty|RFE/RL]], 11 May 2007 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150823204828/http://www.rferl.org/content/Article/1076423.html |date=23 August 2015 }}</ref> During the interwar period, he opposed the rise of radical Islam in Chechnya and co-authored a book entitled ''[[Wahhabism]] - the Kremlin's remedy against national liberation movements'', alleging an association between [[Islamism|Islamist]] extremism and Soviet global "pro-terrorist" policy and support for dictatorships in the [[Muslim world]]. During the early phases of the [[Second Chechen War]] in 1999-2000, Zakayev commanded Maskhadov's presidential guard; he was also involved in negotiations with [[Russia]]n representatives before and during the resumed hostilities. In 2000, having been wounded in a car accident during [[Battle of Grozny (1999–2000)|the new siege of Grozny]], he left Chechnya for treatment. After this he stayed abroad and became President Maskhadov's most prominent representative in [[Western Europe]], while [[Ilyas Akhmadov]] was the Chechen emissary to the [[United States]].

=== In exile ===

Since January 2002, Zakayev and his immediate family have been residing permanently in the [[United Kingdom]]. On 18 November 2001, Zakayev, officially internationally wanted by Russia, flew from [[Turkey]] to the [[Sheremetyevo International Airport]] near [[Moscow]] to meet the Kremlin's envoy, General [[Viktor Kazantsev]] for the high-level talks since the start of the war.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/1662859.stm Moscow opens Chechnya peace talks], [[BBC News]], 18 November 2001</ref><ref>[http://articles.latimes.com/2001/nov/19/news/mn-5822 Russian, Chechen Rebel Envoy Hold First Talks Since War Began], ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'', 19 November 2001</ref><ref>[https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C05E3D9103BF93AA25752C1A9679C8B63 Kremlin and Rebel Envoys Discuss Peace for Chechnya], ''[[The New York Times]]'', 19 November 2001</ref><ref>[http://edition.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/europe/11/18/russia.chechnya/index.html Russia opens talks with Chechens], [[CNN]], 19 November 2001</ref><ref>[http://www.sptimes.ru/index.php?action_id=2&story_id=5925 Chechnya Peace Talks Get Under Way] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140301121404/http://www.sptimes.ru/index.php?action_id=2&story_id=5925 |date=1 March 2014 }}, ''[[The St. Petersburg Times]]'', 20 November 2001</ref> These negotiations were fruitless because Kazantsev demanded a complete [[capitulation (surrender)|capitulation]] of the Chechen side, with the only acceptable topic for the Russian side being the disarmament of Chechen separatists and their re-integration into civilian life.<ref>[http://www.watchdog.cz/?show=000000-000004-000001-000024&lang=1 Long negotiations with unclear results], [[Prague Watchdog]], 16 November 2001</ref> On 18 July 2002, Zakayev also met with the former Secretary of [[Security Council of Russia]] [[Ivan Rybkin]] in [[Zürich]], [[Switzerland]].<ref>[http://english.pravda.ru/main/18/88/353/11763_election.html Prominent Candidates for Russia's Presidency], ''[[Pravda]]'', 12 December 2004</ref>

After receiving [[political asylum]] in Britain in 2003, Zakayev made [[London]] his permanent residence, and he visited several countries (including [[France]], [[Germany]] and [[Poland]]) without being arrested. During the September 2004 [[Beslan school hostage crisis]], Zakayev consented to the request of the civilian negotiators and authorities of [[North Ossetia–Alania]] to fly to Russia to negotiate with the hostage takers. However, the siege ended in bloody confusion just a few hours before this could happen.<ref>[http://www.themoscowtimes.com/stories/2004/09/06/014.html Zakayev Was Asked to Assist in Negotiations at the School] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070327155019/http://www.themoscowtimes.com:80/stories/2004/09/06/014.html |date=27 March 2007 }}, ''[[The Moscow Times]]'', 6 September 2004. </ref><ref>[http://www.jamestown.org/chechnya_weekly/article.php?articleid=2372350 New Details Emerge on Maskhadov's Bid to Mediate in Beslan], [[The Jamestown Foundation]], 6 January 2006 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080223150104/http://www.jamestown.org/chechnya_weekly/article.php?articleid=2372350 |date=23 February 2008 }}</ref><ref>[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,695816,00.html Communication Breakdown], ''[[Time (magazine)|TIME]]'', 12 September 2004</ref> As an envoy of Maskhadov, he also met in London with the representatives of the [[Union of the Committees of Soldiers' Mothers of Russia]] in February 2005, where they agreed on a peace proposal centred around a gradual cessation of violence by rebels corresponding with the three-week ceasefire unilaterally declared by Maskhadov (who once again called for [[President of Russia]] [[Vladimir Putin]] to negotiate). These efforts were ignored by the Russian government and Maskhadov himself was soon killed in Chechnya.

On 31 October 2007, Zakayev officially distanced himself from the newly resigned Chechen separatist leader [[Doku Umarov]] and the Chechen Islamist [[ideologist]] [[Movladi Udugov]], who together had declared the creation of [[Caucasus Emirate]] in the place of abolished ChRI. In response, Zakayev called for the remnants of the separatist parliament to form the new government and salvage legitimacy.<ref>[http://www.chechenpress.co.uk/english/news/2007/10/31/05.shtml Statement by the Minister for Foreign Affairs of the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728061523/http://www.chechenpress.co.uk/english/news/2007/10/31/05.shtml |date=28 July 2011 }}, [[Chechenpress]], 31 October 2007</ref> Soon after, on 20 November 2007, Zakayev submitted his resignation from the ministerial post, but said this should not be viewed as a departure from "the fight for our independence, our freedom, and for the recognition of our state".<ref>[http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2007/11/3b1b6b92-be6a-4358-afdb-faafd3dd64a4.html Foreign Minister Of Chechen Separatist Government Resigns], [[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty|RFE/RL]], 20 November 2007</ref> In November 2007, Zakayev announced that a meeting of parliamentaries remaining loyal to the idea of Ichkeria elected him the Prime Minister of the Chechen [[government in exile]].<ref>[http://www.frontpagemag.com/Articles/Read.aspx?GUID=17424AFF-8E69-4DE2-AE6E-C84B31DC2240 The Putin-Osama Connection] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090116042850/http://frontpagemag.com:80/Articles/Read.aspx?GUID=17424AFF-8E69-4DE2-AE6E-C84B31DC2240 |date=16 January 2009 }}, [[Frontpage Magazine]], 16 January 2008 </ref> In September 2008, Ramzan Kadyrov said he was now trying to persuade Chechens refugees and exiles to return, including Akhmed Zakayev, whom Kadyrov described as "a valuable artist who would be welcome to return to help revive Chechnya's [[cultural heritage]]."<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7609557.stm US 'provoked Russia-Georgia war'], [[BBC News]], 10 September 2008</ref> Zakayev and [[Alla Dudayeva]], the widow of the first Chechen President Dzhokhar Dudayev, accused Udugov of being a paid [[agent provocateur]] for the Russia's [[Federal Security Service (Russia)|FSB]].<ref>[http://www.rferl.org/content/Article/1079059.html Russia: Is North Caucasus Resistance Still Serious Threat?], [[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty|RFE/RL]], 1 November 2007 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150825012912/http://www.rferl.org/content/Article/1079059.html |date=25 August 2015 }}</ref>

In October 2002, Zakayev organized the [https://web.archive.org/web/20090924011736/http://www.tjetjenien.dk/chechnya/ World Chechen Congress] in [[Copenhagen]], [[Denmark]] (which was attended among others by the former first speaker of the [[State Duma]], [[Ruslan Khasbulatov]]). During the congress, Zakayev was accused by [[Russia]] of involvement in planning of the [[Moscow theater hostage crisis]]. He was detained there on 30 October 2002, under an [[Interpol]] warrant filed by Russia, which named him a suspect in the theater siege.<ref>[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,386954-1,00.html Russian to the Core], ''[[Time (magazine)|TIME]]'', 3 November 2002</ref><ref name="dissident">[[Alexander Goldfarb (author)|Alex Goldfarb]] and Marina Litvinenko. "[[Death of a Dissident|Death of a Dissident: The Poisoning of Alexander Litvinenko and the Return of the KGB.]]" Free Press, New York, 2007. ISBN 978-1-4165-5165-2.</ref> Zakayev denied involvement in the theater capture. He was held in Denmark for five weeks and then released due to lack of [[evidence]], as Russia's formal [[extradition]] request did not include any evidence linking him to the siege.<ref name="dissident"/><ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/2391629.stm Russia pushes for Chechen extradition], [[BBC News]], 2 November 2002</ref><ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/2539567.stm Denmark frees top Chechen envoy], [[BBC News]], 3 December 2002</ref><ref>[http://www.sptimes.ru/index.php?action_id=2&story_id=8633 Zakayev Evidence On Shaky Ground] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140727204358/http://www.sptimes.ru/index.php?action_id=2&story_id=8633 |date=27 July 2014 }}, ''[[The St. Petersburg Times]]'', 19 November 2002</ref>

On 7 December 2002, Zakayev returned to the UK but the British authorities arrested him briefly at [[London Heathrow Airport]]; he was released on 50,000 [[Pound sterling|GBP]] [[bail]], which was paid by British actress [[Vanessa Redgrave]], his friend who had travelled with him from Denmark. He was accused by Russian authorities of 13 criminal acts<ref name="bbc_accused"/> Zakayev welcomed the British [[deportation]] hearings as an opportunity to put his case before an international public.<ref>[http://www.iwpr.net/index.php?apc_state=hen&s=o&o=p=crs&l=EN&s=f&o=161633 Zakayev Welcomes Deportation Trial], [[Institute for War and Peace Reporting]], 21 February 2003</ref> All accusations were proven to be false.<ref name="dissident"/> One accusation, cutting fingers of a suspected FSB informer Ivan Solovyov, was based on a written testimony by Zakayev's former bodyguard, Duk-Vakha Dushuyev, provided by Russian authorities; however, it appeared that Solovyev had lost his fingers much earlier to [[frostbite]]. Dushuyev himself has escaped from Russia and then in his statement claimed that he was tortured at a Russian army base with [[Electric shock torture|electric shocks]] to extort the [[false testimony]] to be used against Zakayev.<ref name="dissident"/><ref>[http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/key-witness-in-chechen-extradition-case-was-tortured-587935.html Key witness in Chechen extradition case 'was tortured'], ''[[The Independent]]'', 25 July 2003 {{Dead link|date=May 2014}}</ref><ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/newsnight/3112905.stm Evidence gathered by torture], [[BBC News]], 31 July 2003</ref><ref>[http://www.sptimes.ru/index.php?action_id=2&story_id=10890 Kadyrov Accused of Intimidation] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140508031531/http://www.sptimes.ru/index.php?action_id=2&story_id=10890 |date=8 May 2014 }},''[[The St. Petersburg Times]]'', 9 September 2003</ref> In another accusation, Father Sergei, one of two [[Russian Orthodox Church]] priests allegedly murdered by Zakayev, turned out to be in fact still alive. The witness [[Reverend]] Filipp, allegedly kidnapped by Zakayev in 1996, also refuted his supposed testimony and even denounced Russian authorities for "implicating the Church in politics". Leading Russian [[human rights]] activist [[Sergei Kovalev]] told the court Zakayev would be at risk of death in Russian captivity (Kovalev spoke about two high-profile Chechen prisoners, field commanders [[Salman Raduyev]] and [[Turpal-Ali Atgeriyev]], who died soon after being jailed in Russia, and of another, parliamentary speaker [[Ruslan Alikhadzhiyev]], who has "disappeared" without trace after his arrest in 2000).<ref name=mrY/> According to [[Alexander Goldfarb (microbiologist)|Alexander Goldfarb]], one of the defence's most important arguments was the 2001 meeting between Zakayev and General Kazantsev, since this meeting took place when the Chechen envoy had already been put by Russia on the international wanted list. At the time of the meeting Kremlin's [[spokesman]] on Chechnya [[Sergei Yastrzhembsky]] said on television that Russian government had no grievances against Zakayev.<ref name="mrY">[http://www.gazeta.ru/2003/07/01/Zakayevsaved.shtml Zakayev saved by Mr Y], [[Gazeta.Ru]], 2003/07/01</ref> Therefore, on 13 November 2003, [[Judge]] [[Timothy Workman]] rejected the Russian request, deciding that it was politically motivated and that Zakayev would be at risk of [[torture]] in the case of "unjust and oppressive" extradition.<ref name="autogenerated2003"/><ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/chechnya/Story/0,2763,1084153,00.html Judge rejects bid to extradite Chechen rebel leader], ''[[The Guardian]]'', 13 November 2003</ref><ref>[https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9C06E5DF1538F937A25752C1A9659C8B63&n=Top%2FReference%2FTimes%20Topics%2FSubjects%2FK%2FKidnapping Russia Loses Fight Over Chechen's Extradition], ''[[The New York Times]]'', 29 November 2008</ref> The judge also said the crimes which involved Zakayev allegedly using armed force against combatants were not extraditable because they took place in the situation of [[civil war|internal armed conflict]].<ref>[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2003/11/14/nzakay14.xml Chechen rebel defeats Putin's extradition plea], ''[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]]'', 13 November 2003</ref><ref>[http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/crime/russian-request-to-extradite-chechen-exile-is-turned-down-735679.html Russian request to extradite Chechen exile is turned down] {{dead link|date=April 2017|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}, ''[[The Independent]]'', 14 November 2003 </ref> Russian authorities in turn responded by accusing the court of double standards.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/3269385.stm UK accused of hypocrisy on terror], [[BBC News]], 13 November 2003</ref> On 29 November 2003, it was announced that Zakayev had been granted political asylum in the UK.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/3249474.stm Chechen envoy granted UK asylum], [[BBC News]], 9 November 2003</ref>

In London, Zakayev became friends with the Russian dissident and former FSB officer [[Alexander Litvinenko]], later [[Alexander Litvinenko poisoning|murdered by radioactive poisoning]] in November 2006;<ref>[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2006/12/08/npoison108.xml Litvinenko laid to rest in historic Highgate], ''[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]]'', 08/12/2006</ref> Zakayev accused the Russian President Putin of ordering the death of Litvinenko. In 2007, British police warned Zakayev that there was an increased threat to his personal security shortly before the alleged attempt to kill Berezovsky by the FSB-connected Chechen gangster [[Movladi Atlangeriyev]] (or "Mr A").<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2007/jul/22/russia.world Police feared assassination for two Russian dissidents], ''[[The Guardian]]'', 22 July 2007</ref> According to the [[KGB]] [[defection|defector]] [[Oleg Gordievsky]] in 2008, Zakayev was placed #2 on the FSB [[assassination]] list, between Berezovsky and Litvinenko.<ref>[http://www.dailymail.co.uk/pages/live/articles/news/news.html?in_article_id=557508&in_page_id=1770 Police probe 'new KGB poison attack' as defector Gordievsky is found unconscious in Surrey home], ''[[Daily Mail]]'', 6 April 2008</ref> In January 2008, Zakayev's name showed up on the purported hit list of Ramzan Kadyrov's enemies abroad to be killed, which was published on the [[Internet]] following the murder of the Chechen dissident [[Umar Israilov]] (a former bodyguard of Kadyrov who was shot dead after receiving asylum in [[Austria]]).<ref>[http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,24961179-2703,00.html Slain exile's family warns of death list], ''[[The Australian]]'', 26 January 2009 {{dead link|date=May 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> He was arrested by the Polish police during his visit to Poland on 17 September 2010.<ref>[http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-11339630 Chechen separatist leader Zakayev 'arrested' in Poland], [[BBC News]], 17 September 2010</ref> He was released the same day.

== Invitation to return to Chechnya ==

On 11 February 2009, [[Ramzan Kadyrov]] said he personally invited Zakayev to return to Chechnya if he does not want to be "used by special services and other forces against Russia". At the same time, Russia's ambassador in London, said Britain had turned into a "sanctuary" for Russia's [[fugitives]], including Zakayev, still-wanted on terrorism charges.<ref>[http://www.themoscowtimes.com/article/1010/42/374439.htm Kadyrov Invites Zakayev To Return to Chechnya] {{webarchive |url=https://archive.is/20121203032822/http://www.themoscowtimes.com/article/1010/42/374439.htm |date=3 December 2012 }}, ''[[The Moscow Times]]'', 11 February 2009 </ref> In an interview for [[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]], Zakayev claimed to rebuff the Chechen president's reported offer and said that Kadyrov was only following the Kremlin's orders;<ref>[http://www.rferl.org/content/Zakaev_Says_Chechen_President_Cannot_Guarantee_Anything/1491248.html Zakayev Rebuffs Chechen President's Reported Offer], [[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty|RFE/RL]], 11 February 2009</ref> he also reinstates this stance two days later in the interview for the [[BBC Russian Service]].<ref>{{ru icon}} [http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/russian/russia/newsid_7881000/7881378.stm Закаев говорит, что не намерен возвращаться], [[BBC Russian Service]], 10 February 2009</ref><ref>[http://www.chechenpress.co.uk/content/2009/02/12/press01.shtml Zakayev says that he is not intended to return], [[Chechenpress]], 12 February 2009</ref> Kadyrov has said that "He [Zakayev] is the only man on the part of Ichkeria who I would like to bring back home. I do not know what the competent bodies think, but I believe he did not commit serious crimes."<ref name="interfax_kadyrov">{{cite web|url=http://www.interfax.com/17/504439/Interview.aspx |title=Kadyrov favors return of ex-separatist emissary Zakayev to Chechnya |year=2009 |publisher=Interfax |accessdate=23 September 2009 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090819031645/http://www.interfax.com/17/504439/Interview.aspx |archivedate=19 August 2009 }}</ref>

Nevertheless, on 17 February, the Russian state agency [[RIA Novosti]] agency wrote that Zakayev allegedly announced his intentions to return to Chechnya and "work for a lasting peace" in the republic.<ref>[http://en.rian.ru/russia/20090217/120189989.html Exiled Chechen Zakayev hopes to return to motherland], [[RIA Novosti]], 17 February 2009</ref> According to the Caucasus Emirate's mouthpiece [[Kavkaz Center]], Zakayev, who may be granted amnesty, stated his readiness to return and "contribute to a long-term peace in the region" in an interview for [[Ekho Moskvy]] on the same day.<ref>[http://www.kavkaz.tv/eng/content/2009/02/17/10550.shtml According to Zakayev, Kadyrov can ''unite the Chechen society''] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120218093601/http://www.kavkaz.tv/eng/content/2009/02/17/10550.shtml |date=18 February 2012 }}, [[Kavkaz Center]], 17 February 2009 </ref> Kavkaz Center - which supports Umarov - has called Zakayev "the head of a telephone government," referring to the fact that Zakayev has little influence on the insurgents on the ground.<ref>[http://www.russiaprofile.org/page.php?pageid=Politics&articleid=a1248887565 A Never-Ending War]</ref>

On 23 August 2009, and in a controversial move, he was reportedly dismissed as prime minister by the Chairman of the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria parliament in exile, as he "transgressed his mandate and recognized the legitimacy of the Kremlin’s puppet regime",<ref>[http://www.waynakh.com/eng/2009/08/saralyapov-accused-and-dismissed-to-zakayev/ Saralyapov Accused and Dismissed to Zakayev] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029200058/http://www.waynakh.com/eng/2009/08/saralyapov-accused-and-dismissed-to-zakayev/ |date=29 October 2013 }} Waynakh.com, 23 August 2009 </ref> and shortly afterwards, he was [[Capital punishment|sentenced to death]] by [[Sharia]] Court of the [[Caucasus Emirate]], because he "professes democratic religion, propagates secularism, and prefers the laws established by men to the Shari'a law of Almighty and Great [[Allah]]."<ref>[http://www.rferl.org/content/North_Caucasus_Resistance_Sentences_Chechen_Leader_To_Death/1807205.html North Caucasus Resistance Sentences Chechen Leader To Death] [[Radio Free Europe]], 25 August 2009</ref>

== See also ==

* [[Chechenpress]]
* [[Lopota Gorge hostage crisis]]
== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

== External links ==

* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/today/reports/archive/international/zakayev.shtml Who is Akhmed Zakayev?], ''[[BBC Radio 4]]''
* [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/sep/12/russia Profile: Akhmed Zakayev, Chechnya's voice on UK stage], ''[[The Guardian]]'', September 2008
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070701000826/http://www.amnesty.org/russia/zakayev_case.html The Zakayev Case] at [[Amnesty International]]
* {{Worldcat id|lccn-n2005-58561}}
* {{NYTtopic|people/z/akhmed_zakayev}}
* {{ru icon}} [http://zakaev.ru/ Охота на Закаева] (about the British extradition case)

; Articles

* [http://www.independent.co.uk/opinion/commentators/corin-redgrave-a-great-actor-hled-prisoner-by-russias-dirty-war-603020.html Corin Redgrave: A great actor, held prisoner by Russia's dirty war]{{dead link|date=April 2016}}, ''[[The Independent]]'', 2 November 2002
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/2375233.stm Zakayev: Key Chechen figure], [[BBC News]], 6 December 2002
* [http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/chechen-actor-who-took-up-the-gun-to-fight-for-freedom-610181.html Chechen actor who took up the gun to fight for freedom]{{dead link|date=April 2016}}, ''[[The Independent]]'', 7 December 2002
* [https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D0CE2DD1F3BF93AA35751C1A9649C8B63 Chechen in Extradition Dispute: Criminal or Peacemaker?], ''[[The New York Times]]'', 9 December 2002
* [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2002/dec/13/russia.chechnya Let Mr Zakayev stay; Chechen leader should not be extradited], ''[[The Guardian]]'', 13 December 2002
* [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2002/dec/22/chechnya.johnsweeney Sharing a glass with the 'international terrorist'], ''[[The Guardian]]'', 22 December 2002
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/breakfast_with_frost/2629171.stm Breakfast with Frost | Redgrave Zakayev], [[BBC News]], 5 January 2003
* [http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/article858946.ece?token=null&offset=0&page=1 Why cast me as a criminal?], ''[[The Times]]'', 31 January 2003
* [http://www.independent.co.uk/opinion/leading-articles/the-courts-tell-the-truth-about-russian-democracy-that-mr-blair-dare-not-730405.html The courts tell the truth about Russian democracy that Mr Blair dare not]{{dead link|date=April 2016}}, ''[[The Independent]]'', 14 November 2003
* [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2004/sep/07/russia.chechnya2 Beslan was barbaric - so has been Russia's reign of terror in Chechnya], ''[[The Guardian]]'', 7 September 2004
* [http://www.chechenpress.co.uk/english/news/2006/10/02.shtml More false testimonies against Zakayev being extorted by torture], [[Chechenpress]], 6 October 2006
* [http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/this-britain/poisoned-spy-became-muslim-on-deathbed-says-chechen-dissident-427724.html Poisoned spy became Muslim on deathbed, says Chechen dissident], ''[[The Independent]]'', 9 December 2006
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/london/6175627.stm I will not be silenced, says Russia critic], [[BBC News]], 14 December 2006
* [http://www.russiatoday.com/news/news/2764 Akhmed Zakayev may face serious troubles], [[Russia Today]], 17 February 2007
* [http://www.cacianalyst.org/?q=node/4776/print Umarov's Caucasian Emirate: Where for now for Akhmed Zakayev?], [[Central Asia-Caucasus Institute]], 01/23/2008
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090502012555/http://www.sptimes.ru/index.php?action_id=2&story_id=26072 Mysterious Shifts in Chechnya], ''[[The St. Petersburg Times]]'', 23 May 2008 (by [[Thomas de Waal]])
* [http://www.watchdog.cz/?show=000000-000004-000001-000254&lang=1 Zakayev's appearance on the Chechen stage indefinitely postponed], [[Prague Watchdog]], February 17h 2009

{{Leaders of Chechnya}}
{{Chechen wars}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Zakayev, Akhmed}}
[[Category:1959 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Almaty Region]]
[[Category:Chechen field commanders]]
[[Category:Candidates for President of Chechnya]]
[[Category:Deputy prime ministers of Chechnya]]
[[Category:Fugitives wanted by Russia]]
[[Category:Moscow theater hostage crisis]]
[[Category:People of the Chechen wars]]
[[Category:Politicians of Ichkeria]]
[[Category:Prime ministers of Chechnya]]
[[Category:Chechen guerrillas]]
[[Category:Chechen nationalists]]
[[Category:Chechen warlords]]
[[Category:People sentenced to death in absentia]]

List of Uyghur detainees at Guantanamo Bay

2017-04-08T01:25:31Z

GreenC bot: Rescued 3 archive links; reformat 5 links. Wayback Medic 2.1

Starting in 2002, the [[United States government]] detained twenty-two [[Uyghur people|Uyghurs]] in the [[Guantanamo Bay detainment camp]]. The last three Uyghur detainees, [[Yusef Abbas]], [[Hajiakbar Abdulghupur]] and Saidullah Khalik, were not freed from Guantanamo until December 29, 2013, when they were transferred to Slovakia.<ref>
{{Cite news
| url=http://abcnews.go.com/International/story?id=1997083&page=1
| title=EXCLUSIVE: Guantanamo's Innocents: Newly Released Prisoners Struggle to Find a Home
| publisher=[[ABC News]]
| date=2006-05-23
| author=Lara Setrakian
| accessdate=2010-08-19
| quote=Their story may be the strangest one you'll hear out of Guantanamo Bay, Cuba. Even after being cleared of any wrongdoing, five innocent men were kept captive at the detention center at Guantanamo.
}} [http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fabcnews.go.com%2FInternational%2Fstory%3Fid%3D1997083%26page%3D1&date=2010-08-19 mirror]
</ref><ref>
{{Cite news
| url=http://www.boston.com/bostonglobe/editorial_opinion/oped/articles/2009/04/02/innocent_detainees_need_a_home/
| title=Innocent detainees need a home
| publisher=[[Boston Globe]]
| date=2009-04-01
| author=[[Bill Delahunt]], [[Sabin Willett]]
| accessdate=2010-08-19
| quote=Despite the Uighurs' innocence, they have remained in custody. The Uighurs will face almost certain torture if they are returned to China. While Albania previously resettled five men, as many as 100 countries have refused to accept the remaining Uighur detainees in the face of Chinese opposition.
}} [http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.boston.com%2Fbostonglobe%2Feditorial_opinion%2Foped%2Farticles%2F2009%2F04%2F02%2Finnocent_detainees_need_a_home%2F&date=2010-08-19 mirror]
</ref><ref>
{{Cite news
| url=http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/31358606/
| title=Freed Uighurs relish Bermuda's sun and sand
| publisher=[[MSNBC]]
| date=2009-06-14
| accessdate=2010-08-19
| quote=U.S. officials eventually declared the Uighurs innocent of any wrongdoing and authorized their release, but they couldn't be sent back to China because U.S. law forbids deporting someone to a country where they are likely to face torture or persecution.
}} [http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.msnbc.msn.com%2Fid%2F31358606%2F&date=2010-08-19 mirror]
</ref><ref>
{{Cite news
| url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/worldnews/article-1192302/From-Guantanamo-paradise-Idyllic-Pacific-island-agrees-17-detainees--Chinas-fury.html
| title=America WON'T take in freed Guantanamo detainees (but Obama still believes Europe should welcome them)
| publisher=[[Daily Mail]]
| date=2009-06-13
|author1=Tim Hall |author2=Sarah Titterton | accessdate=2010-08-19
| quote=
}} [http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailymail.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworldnews%2Farticle-1192302%2FFrom-Guantanamo-paradise-Idyllic-Pacific-island-agrees-17-detainees--Chinas-fury.html&date=2010-08-19 mirror]
</ref><ref>
{{Cite news
| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/01/us/us-frees-last-of-uighur-detainees-from-guantanamo.html
| title=U.S. Frees Last of the Chinese Uighur Detainees From Guantánamo Bay
| publisher=[[New York Times]]
| date=2013-12-31
| author=Savage, Charlie
| accessdate=2015-08-04
| quote=
}}</ref>

Uyghurs are an ethnic group from [[Central Asia]] and [[Xinjiang]] province in western [[China]].<ref name=AsiaTimes041104>[http://www.atimes.com/atimes/China/FK04Ad02.html China's Uighurs trapped at Guantanamo] {{webarchive |url=http://www.webcitation.org/5iiEnVC9Y?url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/China/FK04Ad02.html |date=2009-08-01 }}, ''[[Asia Times]]'', November 4, 2004.</ref>

''[[The Washington Post]]'' reported on August 24, 2005, that fifteen Uyghurs had been determined to be "[[No longer enemy combatant]]s" (NLECs).<ref name=Wapo050824>
{{Cite news
| url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/08/23/AR2005082301362_pf.html
| title=Chinese Detainees Are Men Without a Country: 15 Muslims, Cleared of Terrorism Charges, Remain at Guantanamo With Nowhere to Go
| publisher=[[Washington Post]]
| date=2005-08-24
| author=Robin Wright
| accessdate=2010-08-19
| quote=In late 2003, the Pentagon quietly decided that 15 Chinese Muslims detained at the military prison in Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, could be released.
| authorlink=Robin Wright (author)
}} [http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2005%2F08%2F23%2FAR2005082301362_pf.html&date=2010-08-19 mirror]
</ref>
The ''Post'' reported that detainees who had been classified as NLEC were, not only still being incarcerated, but one was shackled to the floor for reasons not disclosed by his attorney. Five of these Uyghurs, who had filed for writs of ''[[habeas corpus]]'', were transported to [[Albania]] on May 5, 2006, just prior to a scheduled judicial review of their petitions. The other seventeen obtained writs of [[habeas corpus]] in 2008.

==Common elements in the detainees' testimony==

===AK-47 training===
Several of the detainees admitted receiving training on the [[AK-47]], including Bahtiyar Mahnut, Yusef Abbas, and Abdul Hehim.<ref name="Joscelyn2009">
[[Thomas Joscelyn]], [http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2009/04/the_uighurs_in_their.php The Uighurs, in their own words], ''[[The Long War Journal]]'', April 21, 2009.</ref> They described being trained by East Turkestan Islamic Movement leaders Abdul Haq and [[Hassan Maksum]]. At least one described being trained on a pistol.

===Fleeing the camp after it was bombed===
The Uyghurs who were present at the alleged camp reported that they did not expect their camp to be bombed.{{Citation needed|date=July 2009}} Some of them acknowledged that they had heard of the [[September 11 attacks]] on the radio, but none of them knew that the Taliban were accused of involvement.{{Citation needed|date=July 2009}} They all acknowledged having fled the camp when it was bombed. They all stated that they were unarmed. One of the Uyghurs said Maksum was killed in the bombing.{{Citation needed|date=July 2009}}

===Motives===
None of the Uyghurs described seeing the United States as an enemy. All of the Uyghurs who mentioned the [[People's Republic of China]] described its government as an oppressive occupation. Some of the Uyghurs said that they sought out the training in order to go back to China and defend their fellow Uyghurs against their Chinese occupiers.{{Citation needed|date=July 2009}} Some of the other Uyghurs said they sought out the camp of fellow Uyghurs because they were waiting for a visa to Iran, one of the countries they had to pass through on their way to [[Turkey]].{{Citation needed|date=July 2009}} They had heard that Turkey would grant them political asylum.{{Citation needed|date=July 2009}}

==Combatant Status Review Tribunal results==
{{Wikisource|Information paper: Uighur Detainee Population at JTF-GTMO}}
{{Wikisource|Allegations against the East Turkistan Islamic Movement, from Nag Mohammed, captive 102's Tribunal}}
{{Wikisource|Legal Sufficiency Review of Combatant Status Review Tribunal for detainee ISN 250}}

From July 2004 through March 2005 all 568 of the detainees held at Guantanamo had their detention reviewed by [[Combatant Status Review Tribunal]]s. 38 of the detainees were determined to be NLEC. Five Uyghurs were among the 38 detainees determined not to have been enemy combatants, and were transferred from the main detention camp to [[Camp Iguana]].

This conclusion was remarked on by the [[A Profile of 517 Detainees through Analysis of Department of Defense Data|first Denbeaux study]], that pointed out that many of the detainees who remained incarcerated had faced much less serious allegations than the Uyghurs had faced.

On May 10, 2006, [[Radio Free Asia]] reported that the five Uyghurs transported to Albania were the only Uyghurs who had been moved to Camp Iguana.<ref name=Rfa060510>[http://www.rfa.org/english/news/2006/05/10/uyghur_guantanamo/ Guantanamo Uyghurs Try to Settle in Albania], ''[[Radio Free Asia]]'', May 10, 2006.</ref>

===Documents published in response to captives' habeas petitions===
In September 2007, the Department of Defense published dossiers prepared from the unclassified documents arising from the captives' Combatant Status Review Tribunals.<ref name=OardecPubliclyFiledDocuments20070910>
{{Cite web
| url=http://www.dod.mil/pubs/foi/detainees/csrt_arb/index_publicly_filed_CSRT_records.pdf
|format=PDF| title=Index for CSRT Records Publicly Files in Guantanamo Detainee Cases
| author=[[OARDEC]]
| publisher=[[United States Department of Defense]]
| date=August 8, 2007
| accessdate=2007-09-29
}}</ref>
Information paper: Uighur Detainee Population at JTF-GTMO

==Asylum in Albania==
None of the Uyghurs wanted to be returned to China. The United States declined to grant the Uyghurs political asylum, or to allow them parole, or even freedom on the Naval Base.

Some of the Uyghurs had lawyers who volunteered to help them pursue a writ of ''[[habeas corpus]]'', which would have been one step in getting them freed from U.S. detention.

In the case of ''[[Qassim v. Bush]]'', those Uyghurs argued for their writ of ''habeas corpus'' in [[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit]] was scheduled to hear arguments on Monday May 8, 2006. Five of the Uyghurs were transported to Albania, on Friday May 5, 2006; the United States filed an emergency motion to dismiss later that day. The court dismissed the case as moot.<ref>[http://www.scotusblog.com/movabletype/archives/8-14%20qassim%20order.pdf R:\ORDERPRP\05-5477CHMD.wpd]</ref>

Barbara Olshansky, one of the Uyghur's lawyers, characterized the sudden transfer as an attempt to: ''"...avoid having to answer in court for keeping innocent men in jail,<ref name=Bbc060506>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/4979466.stm Albania takes Guantanamo Uighurs], ''[[BBC]]'', May 6, 2006.</ref>"''

Some press reports state that the Uyghurs have been granted political asylum in Albania. But the U.S. government press release merely states that they are applying for asylum in Albania.

On May 9, 2006, the ''[[Associated Press]]'' reported that the People's Republic of China (PRC) denounced the transfer of custody.<ref name=ApNews060509>[http://apnews.myway.com/article/20060509/D8HG64683.html China Demands Return of Gitmo Detaniees], ''[[Associated Press]]'', May 9, 2006.</ref><ref name=Jurist060509>[http://jurist.law.pitt.edu/paperchase/2006/05/china-wants-gitmo-uighurs-back-says.php China wants Gitmo Uighurs back, says Albania transfer breaks international law], ''[[The Jurist]]'', May 9, 2006.</ref>
The PRC called the transfer of the Uyghurs to Albania a violation of international law. Albania agreed to examine the evidence against the men.

Radio Free Asia reports that the five were staying at a National Center for Refugees in a [[Tirana]] suburb.<ref name="Rfa060510"/>

On May 24, 2006, [[Abu Bakr Qasim]] told interviewers that he and his compatriots felt isolated in Albania.<ref name=Upi060524>[http://www.upi.com/NewsTrack/view.php?StoryID=20060524-090448-4618r 5 Guantanamo Uyghurs baffled in Albania], ''[[United Press International]]'', May 24, 2006.</ref> Qasim described his disappointment with the United States, who the Uyghurs had been hoping would support the Uyghurs quest for Uyghur autonomy. To the ''[[BBC]]'' he said that "Guantanamo was a five-year nightmare. We're trying to forget it".<ref name=Bbc110107>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6242891.stm Guantanamo Uighurs' strange odyssey], ''[[BBC]]'', January 11, 2007.</ref>"''

In an interview with ''[[ABC News]]'' Qasim said that members of the American-Uyghur community had come forward and assured the U.S. government that they would help him and his compatriots adapt to life in the United States, if they were given asylum there.<ref name=Abc060523>[http://abcnews.go.com/International/print?id=1997083 Guantanamo's Innocents: Newly Released Prisoners Struggle to Find a Home], ''[[ABC News]], May 23, 2006.</ref>

On June 19, 2008, the ''Associated Press'' reported that Adel Abdu Al-Hakim had been denied political asylum in [[Sweden]].<ref name=Whec20080619>
{{Cite news
| url=http://www.whec.com/article/stories/S482966.shtml?cat=10054
| title=Sweden denies asylum to former Guantanamo detainee
| publisher=[[WHEC-TV|WHEC]]
| date=June 19, 2008
| accessdate=2008-06-19
| quote=
}} [http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.whec.com%2Farticle%2Fstories%2FS482966.shtml%3Fcat%3D10054&date=2008-06-19 mirror]
</ref>
[[Sten De Geer]], his Swedish lawyer, plans to appeal the ruling, because Albania will not allow his wife and children to join him.

On February 9, 2009, Reuters reported that the five Uyghurs in Albania had heard from the seventeen Uyghurs left behind in Guantanamo, and that their conditions had improved.<ref name=Reuters2009-02-09>
{{Cite news
| url=http://blogs.reuters.com/global/2009/02/10/restarting-life-in-albania-after-guantanamo-bay/
| title=Restarting life in Albania after Guantanamo Bay
| publisher=[[Reuters]]
| date=2009-02-10
| accessdate=2009-02-10
| quote=
}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20090213154130/http://blogs.reuters.com:80/global/2009/02/10/restarting-life-in-albania-after-guantanamo-bay/ mirror]
</ref>

==Allegations of Sino-American deal==
An article in the December 5, 2006, edition of ''[[The Washington Post]]'' reported on a legal appeal launched on behalf of seven of the Uyghurs remaining in detention in Guantanamo.<ref name="White2006">
[[Josh White (journalist)|Josh White]], [http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/12/04/AR2006120401191.html Lawyers Demand Release of Chinese Muslims: Court Documents Allege Lengthy Detainment at Guantanamo Is Part of Deal With Beijing], ''[[The Washington Post]]'', December 5, 2006.</ref>
The article reports that the Uyghurs' lawyers argued that the evidence against their clients was essentially identical to that against the five Uyghurs who were released; that the process by which their "enemy combatant" status had been determined, and reviewed, was flawed.

The article went on to quote Washington officials, and former officials, about whether the group that the Uyghurs were accused of belonging to had been added to the State Department's list of Terrorist organizations largely to secure acquiescence from the PRC to the then imminent U.S. invasion of Iraq.<ref name=White2006/> It quoted the Uyghurs' lawsuit: "In the crisis atmosphere of the time, the interests of a few dozen refugees paled beside the urgency of the Administration's war plans," and [[Susan Baker Manning]], one of the Uyghurs' lawyers: "It is amazing to me that the US has agreed to in effect hold political prisoners for China in exchange for anything. That goes against everything that we, I thought, stood for in this country."<ref name=White2006/>

Guantanamo spokesman, [[Commander]] [[Jeffrey D. Gordon|Jeffrey Gordon]], responded to the appeal with the comment: "There is a significant amount of evidence, both unclassified and classified, which supports detention by U.S. forces,"<ref name=Ap061205>[http://apnews.myway.com/article/20061205/D8LQTRH00.html Lawyers Argue for Chinese at Guantanamo], ''[[Associated Press]]'', December 5, 2006.</ref> According to the ''[[Associated Press]]'' Gordon told reporters that "the seven had 'multiple' reviews and were properly classified as enemy combatants."

An article about the Uyghurs' appeal, in ''[[The Jurist]]'', citing the [[Fifth Denbeaux Report|Fifth Denbeaux Report: The no-hearing hearings]], called the Uighur's Combatant Status Review Tribunals "show trials".<ref name=TheJurist061206>[http://jurist.law.pitt.edu/paperchase/2006/12/chinese-guantanamo-detainees-file.php Chinese Guantanamo detainees file lawsuit seeking release], ''[[The Jurist]]'', December 6, 2006.</ref>

An article published on April 18, 2007, discussed the diplomatic problem posed by finding a new home for the Uyghurs in detail.<ref name=WorldPoliticsWatch20070418>
{{Cite news
| url=http://worldpoliticswatch.com/article.aspx?id=710
| title=Uighur Cases Highlight Legal Wrangling Over Guantanamo Detentions
| author=[[Guy Taylor]]
| date= April 18, 2007
| publisher=[[World Politics Watch]]
| accessdate=2007-04-18
}}</ref>
The article quotes their lawyer, Sabin Willett:
{{quotation|"No country will take them because either they've read all the newspapers printing claims by U.S. authorities that Guantanamo is a place where the worst of the worst are being held, and they believe that it's true, or, these countries say, 'Well if these guys are innocent, then why don't you, the United States, take them? Why won't you take them if they're not bad guys?'
 
"And the U.S. doesn't really have a good answer for that."}}

==Held in isolation, in Camp Six==
[[File:Guantanamo Bay David Hicks Cell, Reading Room Inset.jpg|thumb|300px|This is said to be David Hicks's cell, in Camp Six. The windows looks down on central common rooms, which are left vacant, as a change in policy, to turn the facility in a "supermax" facility, made common rooms redundant. The inset picture is of a "reading room". Captives are, occasionally taken to these "reading rooms", during their one-hour per day they are taken from their cell. However, they remain in isolation. Only one captive at a time is allowed in each reading room or exercise yard.]]

On March 11, 2007, the ''[[Boston Globe]]'' reported that the 17 remaining Uyghur captives had been transferred to the newly built [[Camp six (Guantanamo)|Camp Six]], in Guantanamo.<ref name=BostonGlobe070311>{{Cite news
| url=http://www.boston.com/news/globe/editorial_opinion/editorials/articles/2007/03/11/pawns_in_guantanamos_game/
| title=Pawns in Guantanamo's game
| publisher=[[Boston Globe]]
| date=March 11, 2007
}}</ref>
The Globe reports that the Uyghurs are held for 22 hours a day in cells without natural light.
The Globe points out that prior to their detention in Camp Six, they were able to socialize with one another, but that they couldn't speak to the prisoners in neighboring cells because none of them speak [[Arabic language|Arabic]] or [[Pashto language|Pashto]]. The Globe quotes [[Sabin Willett]], the Uyghur's lawyer, who reports that, consequently, there has been a serious decline in the Uyghur's mental health.

According to the Globe: ''"The military says the Uighurs were put there either because they attacked guards or trashed their quarters during the riot last May."<ref name="BostonGlobe070311"/>

The Globe quotes Sabin Willett's explanation for the Uyghur's new harsher detention. Willett: ''"...links their assignment to Camp Six to a filing he made seeking their release."<ref name="BostonGlobe070311"/>

==Passage of the Military Commissions Act and the Detainee Treatment Act==
In the Summer of 2006, the [[habeas corpus]] submissions known as ''[[Hamdan v. Rumsfeld]]'' reached the [[United States Supreme Court]].
The Supreme Court ruled the [[Executive Branch]] lacked the [[US Constitution|Constitutional authority]] to initiate [[Guantanamo military commission|military commissions]] to try Guantanamo captives.
However, it also ruled that the [[United States Congress]] did have the authority to set up military commissions. And, in the fall of 2006 the Congress passed the [[Military Commissions Act of 2006|Military Commissions Act]], setting up military commissions similar to those initially set up by the Executive Branch.

The Act also stripped captives of the right to file habeas corpus submissions in the US Court system.<ref name="WorldPoliticsWatch20070418"/> The earlier [[Detainee Treatment Act]], passed on December 31, 2005, had stripped captives of the right to initiate new habeas corpus submissions, while leaving existing habeas corpus motions in progress.

The Detainee Treatment Act had explicitly authorized an appeal process for Combatant Status Review Tribunals which failed to follow the military's own rules.<ref name=WorldPoliticsWatch20070418/>
And Sabin Willet, the Uyghur's lawyer, has chosen to initiate appeals of the Uyghur's Combatant Status Review Tribunals.
{{quotation|
"Each Uighurs' CSRT was inconsistent with the standards and procedures specified by the Secretary of Defense, because none appropriately applied the definition of 'Enemy Combatant'. The CSRT Procedures defined an 'enemy combatant' as: 'an individual who was part of or supporting the Taliban or al-Qaida forces, or associated forces that are engaged in hostilities against the United States or its coalition partners.'"}}

However, Willet argues, the Combatant Status Review Tribunals failed to consider the interrogator's conclusions that the Uyghurs were not enemies, had not supported the Taliban, and had not engaged in hostilities.<ref name=WorldPoliticsWatch20070418/>

[[Assistant Attorney General]] [[Peter D. Keisler]] led the response team. Keisler's team accused Willet of trying to:<ref name=WorldPoliticsWatch20070418/>
{{quotation|"...recreate the habeas regime that Congress recently abolished."}}

They said the argument boiled down to:<ref name=WorldPoliticsWatch20070418/>
{{quotation|"[Should] detainees captured on a battlefield during a time of war, be given unprecedented access to our nations courts and to classified information, even after Congress emphatically rejected such an approach?"}}

==Asylum negotiations==
The Uyghurs can not be repatriated to China because domestic U.S. law proscribes deporting individuals to countries where they are likely to be abused.<ref name=AsianTimes041104>
{{Cite news
| url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/China/FK04Ad02.html
| date=November 4, 2004
| accessdate=2007-03-14
| publisher=[[Asia Times]]
| title=China's Uighurs trapped at Guantanamo
| author=Adam Wolfe
}}</ref>

The Bush administration conducted bilateral negotiations with a number of other countries, to accept captives who had been cleared for release, with very limited success.
Frustrated British officials who were negotiating for the return of Guantanamo captives who had been granted UK residency permission prior to their capture leaked the conditions Bush administration officials were trying to insist upon. Bush officials were insisting that Britain either indefinitely incarcerate the men, upon their arrival—or they place them under round the clock surveillance.

===Early release discussions===
The [[Asia Times]] reported, on November 4, 2004, that there had been internal discussion over how the US could release Uyghurs, without putting their safety at risk.<ref name=AsianTimes041104/>

===Asylum in Canada===
On June 2, 2008, the ''[[Globe and Mail]]'' reported that recently released documents suggested that the Government of Canada had come close to offering asylum to the Uyghurs.<ref name=GlobeAndMail20080602>
{{Cite news
| url=http://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/LAC.20080602.CELIL02/TPStory/National
| title=Celil, Guantanamo Bay and the rejected refugees: Ottawa got cold feet about taking Uyghurs
| publisher=[[Globe and Mail]]
| author=[[Omar El Akkab]]
| date=June 2, 2008
| accessdate=2008-06-01
| quote=But Ottawa pulled back at the last minute, in large part, sources say, because of fears of what would happen to Mr. Celil, also a member of China's Uyghur minority, if the transfer went ahead - Beijing has lobbied furiously to keep any nation from accepting the Guantanamo Bay detainees.
}}</ref>
The ''Globe'' reports that Canadian officials held back from offering the Uyghur captives asylum out of fear that the PRC government would retaliate against [[Huseyin Celil]], a Canadian citizen of Uyghur background, who was in Chinese custody.

On February 4, 2009, the ''Globe and Mail'' reported that Hassan Anvar's refugee claim, and the refugee claims of two of his compatriots were close to completion.<ref name=GlobeAndMail2009-02-04>
{{Cite news
| url=http://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/LAC.20090204.GITMO04/TPStory/National
| title=Canada close to accepting three Gitmo detainees
| publisher=[[Globe and Mail]]
| author=Omar Al Akkab
| date=2009-02-04
| accessdate=2009-02-04
| quote=There was a positive consensus," Mr. Tohti said of his meeting with Immigration Minister Jason Kenney and senior advisers to Prime Minister Stephen Harper and Foreign Affairs Minister Lawrence Cannon. "They were not against it.
}}
</ref><ref name=OttawaCitizen2009-02-03>
{{Cite news
| url=http://www.ottawacitizen.com/story_print.html?id=1246440&sponsor=
| title=Six detainees look to Canada for asylum
| publisher=[[Canwest News Service]]
| author=Janice Tibbets
| date=2009-02-03
| accessdate=2009-02-04
| quote=
}} [http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ottawacitizen.com%2Fstory_print.html%3Fid%3D1246440%26sponsor%3D&date=2009-02-04 mirror]
</ref><ref name=OttawaCitizen2009-02-04>
{{Cite news
| url=http://www2.canada.com/kenney+ponders+special+permits+guantanamo+held+uyghurs/1255065/story.html?id=1255065
| title=Kenney ponders special permits for Guantanamo-held Uyghurs
| publisher=[[Canwest News Service]]
| author=Janice Tibbets
| date=2009-02-04
| accessdate=2009-02-04
| quote=
}} [http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.canada.com%2Fkenney%2Bponders%2Bspecial%2Bpermits%2Bguantanamo%2Bheld%2Buyghurs%2F1255065%2Fstory.html%3Fid%3D1255065&date=2009-02-06 mirror]
</ref>
The article quoted [[Mehmet Tohti]], a Uyghur human rights activist who stated that he had met with [[Minister of Citizenship and Immigration (Canada)|Immigration Minister]] [[Jason Kenney]].
According to the ''Globe'', Tohti claimed there had been a positive consensus to admit Anvar, and two men whose lawyers haven't authorized their names to be released.
According to the ''[[Canwest News Service]]'', Kenney is considering issuing special ministerial permits for the three Uyghurs.
According to ''[[Reuters]]'', Alyshan Velshi, from Kenney's office, disputed whether Canada was close to accepting any Uyghurs.<ref name=Reuters2009-02-10b>
{{Cite news
| title=Canada denies it is ready to take Guantanamo Uighurs
| publisher=Reuters
| author=David Ljunggren
| date=2009-02-10
| accessdate=2009-02-10
| quote="The reports that Canada is close to accepting three Uighur Guantanamo Bay detainees are false," said Kenney spokesman Alykhan Velshi.}}
</ref>
The other fourteen Uyghurs hadn't yet satisfied an obligation Canada expects of refugee claimants—that they establish their identity.

The [[Don Valley Refugee Resettlement Organization]] is sponsoring Hassan Anvar's refugee claim.<ref name=GlobeAndMail2009-02-04/>
The [[archdiocese of Montreal]] is sponsoring the other two men. Their sponsors will support the men with housing and clothing, if they are admitted.

===Role of American Uyghurs===
An article published by the ''[[Associated Press]]'' on October 10, 2008, quoted [[Elshat Hassan]] and [[Nury Turkel]], two leaders of the [[Uyghur American Association]], about plans for American-Uyghurs to help the Uyghur captives acclimatize, once they have been admitted to the USA.<ref name=Ap2008-10-10>
{{Cite news
| url=http://ap.google.com/article/ALeqM5j9OwKldyIxCvKdr8AWfS14UCzqtQD93NP2TG0
| title=D.C. Uighurs wait to take in Gitmo detainees
| publisher=[[Associated Press]]
| author=[[Matthew Baraket]]
| date=2008-10-10
| accessdate=2008-10-11
| quote=
}} [http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fap.google.com%2Farticle%2FALeqM5j9OwKldyIxCvKdr8AWfS14UCzqtQD93NP2TG0&date=2008-10-11 mirror]
</ref>
Turkel said the Uyghurs are as oppressed as the Tibetans, but they don't receive as much recognition because they lack a high profile leader, like the [[Dalai Lama]].

===Asylum in Munich===
In February 2009, the [[Munich]] city council passed a motion to invite the remaining seventeen Uyghurs to settle in Munich,<ref name=Sueddeutsche-2009-02-06>
{{Cite news
| url=http://www.sueddeutsche.de/muenchen/uigurische-guantanamo-haeftlinge-seltene-einigkeit-im-stadtrat-1.474486
| title=Seltene Einigkeit im Stadtrat
| publisher=[[Sueddeutsche Zeitung]]
| date=2009-02-06
}}
</ref> home to the largest community of Uyghurs outside of China.<ref name=HindustanTimes2009-02-07>
{{Cite news
| url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/StoryPage.aspx?sectionName=HomePage&id=43d959b2-15dd-428d-90e6-5c22010ee8f3&MatchID1=4922&TeamID1=4&TeamID2=2&MatchType1=1&SeriesID1=1244&PrimaryID=4922&Headline=Munich+says+it+will+accept+Guantanamo+Uighurs
| title=Munich says it will accept Guantanamo Uighurs
| publisher=[[Hindustan Times]]
| date=2009-02-07
| accessdate=2009-02-06
| quote=
}} [http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindustantimes.com%2FStoryPage%2FStoryPage.aspx%3FsectionName%3DHomePage%26id%3D43d959b2-15dd-428d-90e6-5c22010ee8f3%26MatchID1%3D4922%26TeamID1%3D4%26TeamID2%3D2%26MatchType1%3D1%26SeriesID1%3D1244%26PrimaryID%3D4922%26Headline%3DMunich%2Bsays%2Bit%2Bwill%2Baccept%2BGuantanamo%2BUighurs&date=2009-02-06 mirror]
</ref>

===Temporary asylum in Palau===
In June 2009, [[Palau]]an President [[Johnson Toribiong]] agreed to "temporarily resettle" up to seventeen of the Uyghur detainees, at the United States' request.<ref name=Bbc2009-06-10>
{{Cite news
| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/8092502.stm
| title=Palau to take Guantanamo Uighurs
| date=2009-06-10
| publisher=[[BBC News]]
| archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fasia-pacific%2F8092502.stm&date=2009-09-19
| archivedate=2009-06-11
}}</ref><ref name=Wtop2009-06-09>
{{Cite news
| url=http://wtop.com/?nid=116&sid=1692515
| title=US eyes Pacific to resettle Uighur detainees
| date=2009-06-09
|author1=Matthew Lee |author2=Devlin Barrett | publisher=[[WTOP-FM|WTOP]]
| archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwtop.com%2F%3Fnid%3D116%26sid%3D1692515&date=2009-06-11
| archivedate=2009-06-11
| accessdate=2009-06-11
}}</ref><ref name=TorStar2009-06-10>
{{Cite news
| url=http://www.thestar.com/news/world/article/648438
| title=Island nation of Palau to take Gitmo's Uighurs
| date=2009-06-10
| author=Ray Lilley
| publisher=[[Toronto Star]]
| archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestar.com%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Farticle%2F648438&date=2009-06-11
| archivedate=2009-06-11
| accessdate=2009-06-11
}}</ref><ref name=Ctv2009-06-10>
{{Cite news
| url=http://www.ctv.ca/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20090610/Palau_Uighur_090610/20090610?hub=World
| title=Pacific state Palau to take Uighur detainees
| date=2009-06-10
| publisher=[[CTV News]]
| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090703075109/http://www.ctv.ca:80/servlet/ArticleNews/story/CTVNews/20090610/Palau_Uighur_090610/20090610?hub=World
| archivedate=2009-07-03
| dead-url=yes
| accessdate=2009-06-11
}}</ref><ref name=ChinaDaily2009-06-11>
{{Cite news
| url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/world/2009-06/11/content_8272318.htm
| title=Palau to take 17 Uygur Guantanamo inmates
| date=2009-06-11
| publisher=[[China Daily]]
| archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chinadaily.com.cn%2Fworld%2F2009-06%2F11%2Fcontent_8272318.htm&date=2009-06-11
| archivedate=2009-06-11
| accessdate=2009-06-11
}}</ref><ref name=FoxNews2009-06-09>
{{Cite news
| url=http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2009/06/09/report-obama-administration-talks-palau-resettle-uighur-detainees/
| title=Palau Agrees to Take Uighur Gitmo Detainees
| date=2009-06-09
| author=Mike Levine
| publisher=[[Fox News]]
| archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.foxnews.com%2Fpolitics%2F2009%2F06%2F09%2Freport-obama-administration-talks-palau-resettle-uighur-detainees%2F&date=2009-06-11
| archivedate=2009-06-11
| accessdate=2009-06-11
}}</ref><ref name=Yahoo2009-06-10>
{{Cite news
| url=https://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20090610/ap_on_re_au_an/as_us_guantanamo_palau
| title=Palau to take Uighur detainees from Guantanamo Bay
| date=2009-06-10
| publisher=[[Yahoo News]]
| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090613013130/http://news.yahoo.com:80/s/ap/20090610/ap_on_re_au_an/as_us_guantanamo_palau
| archivedate=2009-06-13
| dead-url=yes
| accessdate=2009-06-11
}}</ref>

On September 10, 2009, ''[[The Times]]'' reported that three of the Uyghurs, [[Dawut Abdurehim]] and [[Anwar Assan]], and another man whose identity has not been made public, have accepted the invitation to be transferred to asylum in Palau.<ref name=TheTimes2009-09-10>
{{Cite news
| url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/us_and_americas/article6828668.ece
| title=Palau move imminent for Guantanamo Uighurs
| date=2009-09-10
| author=Anne Barrowclough
| publisher=[[The Times]]
| archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesonline.co.uk%2Ftol%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fus_and_americas%2Farticle6828668.ece&date=2009-09-19
| archivedate=2009-09-19
}}</ref>

On September 19, 2009, ''[[Fox News]]'' reported that in the week since the first announcement three further Uyghurs agreed to be transferred to Palau.<ref name=FoxNews2009>
{{Cite news
| url=http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,552465,00.html?test=latestnews
| title=2 More Uighur Detainees at Gitmo Heading to Palau
| date=2009-09-19
| publisher=[[Fox News]]
| archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.foxnews.com%2Fstory%2F0%2C2933%2C552465%2C00.html%3Ftest%3Dlatestnews&date=2009-09-19
| archivedate=2009-09-19
}}</ref>
Fox reported that five of the other Uyghurs had refused to speak with Palau officials.

On October 31, 2009, [[Ahmad Tourson]], [[Abdul Ghappar Abdul Rahman]], [[Edham Mamet]], [[Anwar Hassan]], [[Dawut Abdurehim]] and [[Adel Noori]] were reported to have been transferred to Palau.<ref name=Afp2009-10-31/><ref name=Pacific2009-10-31/><ref name=DoJ2009-10-31/><ref name=NYTimes2009-10-31/><ref name=Bbc2009-10-31/>

On June 29, 2015, Nathan Vanderklippe, reporting in the ''[[Globe and Mail]]'', wrote that all the Uyghurs had quietly left Palau.<ref name=GlobeAndMail2015-06-28>
{{cite news
| url = http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/after-guantanamo-life-on-pacific-island-was-difficult/article25172787/
| title = After Guantanamo, life on Pacific island was difficult
| publisher = [[Globe and Mail]]
| author = Nathan Vanderklippe
| date = 2015-06-28
| page =
| location = [[Beijing]]
| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20150630062759/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/after-guantanamo-life-on-pacific-island-was-difficult/article25172787/
| archivedate = 2015-06-30
| deadurl = No
| quote = In exchange for money from the U.S. – including $93,333 (U.S.) for each man – Palau allowed the Uyghurs to trade life behind barbed-wire fences for life in one of earth's most isolated places, an island chain with a local population of just 20,000.
}}
</ref>
The ''Globe'' confirmed that Palau's agreement to give refuge to the Uyghurs was reached after the USA agreed to various secret payments. Those payments included $93,333 to cover each Uyghurs living expenses. The ''Globe'' confirmed that controversy still surrounded former President [[Johnson Toribiong]] who had used some of those funds to billet the Uyghurs in houses belonging to his relatives.

Vanderklippe reported that the men had never felt they could fit in with the Palauns.<ref name=GlobeAndMail2015-06-28/>
Some of the men compared Palau with a lusher, larger Guantanamo. Some of the men were able to bring their wives to Palau. Attempts to hold most regular jobs failed, due to cultural differences. Attempts to use their traditional leather-working skills to be self-employed failed. Eventually, all six men were employed as night-time security guards, a job that did not require interaction with Palauns.

Tragically, one of the men's young toddler, conceived and born on Palau, died after he fell off a balcony.<ref name=GlobeAndMail2015-06-28/>
According to Vanderklippe, the men's departure from Palau was quietly arranged with cooperation with American officials. He reported they left, one or two at a time, on commercial flights. Palaun officials would not share the Uyghurs destination.

===Bermuda===
On June 11, 2009, [[Abdul Helil Mamut]], [[Huzaifa Parhat]], [[Emam Abdulahat]] and [[Jalal Jalaladin]]<ref name=AndyWorthington2009-06-11>
{{Cite news
| url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/andy-worthington/who-are-the-four-guantana_b_214606.html
| title=Who Are the Four Guantanamo Uighurs Sent to Bermuda?
| date=2009-06-11
| author=[[Andy Worthington]]
| publisher=[[Huffington Post]] 
| accessdate=2009-06-11
}}</ref> arrived in the [[British overseas territory]] of [[Bermuda]].<ref name=RadioFreeAsia2009-06-11>
{{Cite news
| url=http://www.rfa.org/english/news/uyghur/release-06112009074832.html
| title=Four Uyghur Detainees Released
| date=2009-06-11
| publisher=[[Radio Free Asia]]
| archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rfa.org%2Fenglish%2Fnews%2Fuyghur%2Frelease-06112009074832.html&date=2009-06-11
| archivedate=2009-06-11
| accessdate=2009-06-11
}}</ref>
The cost of the relocation will be borne by the United States, while the government of Bermuda would arrange documentation, residence and housing.<ref name=RoyalGazette2009-06-11a>
{{Cite news
| url=http://www.royalgazette.com/siftology.royalgazette/Article/article.jsp?articleId=7d965ba30030000&sectionId=60
| title=Breaking News: Premier's statement on Guantanamo Bay
| date=2009-06-11
| publisher=[[The Royal Gazette (Bermuda)|The Royal Gazette]]
| archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.royalgazette.com%2Fsiftology.royalgazette%2FArticle%2Farticle.jsp%3FarticleId%3D7d965ba30030000%26sectionId%3D60&date=2009-06-11
| archivedate=2009-06-11
| accessdate=2009-06-11
}}</ref>

According to their lawyers, the four men will be "[[guest workers]]" in Bermuda;<ref name=AssociatedPress2009-06-11>
{{Cite news
| url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5hXh3uNX3sav1yJUl6k1XFvjZaycgD98OG1R01
| title=4 Chinese Muslims released from Guantanamo
| date=2009-06-11
| author=Devlin Barrett
| publisher=[[Associated Press]]
| archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fhostednews%2Fap%2Farticle%2FALeqM5hXh3uNX3sav1yJUl6k1XFvjZaycgD98OG1R01&date=2009-06-11
| archivedate=2009-06-11
}}</ref> according to [[Premier of Bermuda]] [[Ewart Brown]], they will be given the opportunity to become naturalised "[[belonger status|citizens]]" — currently impossible under Bermudian law, and a right which many residents, locally born and raised, do not have<ref>Bermuda Immigration and Protection Act</ref> — with the ability to eventually travel freely.<ref name=RoyalGazette2009-06-11a/>
The decision was made without the knowledge of [[Richard Gozney]], the [[Governor of Bermuda]], responsible for foreign affairs and security matters, who only found out after their arrival.<ref name=RoyalGazette2009-06-11b>
{{Cite news
| url=http://www.royalgazette.com/siftology.royalgazette/Article/article.jsp?articleId=7d965be30030000&sectionId=60
| title=Breaking News update: Guantanamo decision taken "without permission" Governor to assess implications
| date=2009-06-11
| publisher=[[The Royal Gazette (Bermuda)|The Royal Gazette]]
| archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.royalgazette.com%2Fsiftology.royalgazette%2FArticle%2Farticle.jsp%3FarticleId%3D7d965be30030000%26sectionId%3D60&date=2009-06-11
| archivedate=2009-06-11
| accessdate=2009-06-11
}}</ref>
Brown's promise of "citizenship" was apparently made without the knowledge of the British government, whose citizenship is being offered. The offer of asylum was strongly criticised both within Bermuda and by the UK. This was not the first time that Bermuda hosted refugees; during the 1970s, five people from Vietnam were allowed into the country; only one remains there, following the emigration of three others and the death of the fifth.<ref name=BermudaPremier>[http://www.royalgazette.com/siftology.royalgazette/Article/article.jsp?articleId=7d965ba30030000&sectionId=60 Breaking News: Premier's statement on Guantanamo Bay]</ref> The following day, the [[opposition (parliamentary)|Opposition]] [[United Bermuda Party]] moved for a [[motion of no confidence]] against Brown,<ref>[http://www.royalgazette.com/siftology.royalgazette/Article/article.jsp?articleId=7d9664630030002&sectionId=60 Breaking News: UBP proposes motion of no confidence]</ref> while the British government declared its intentions to review its legal relationship with the territory.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/jun/12/guantanamo-bay-bermuda|title=Britain to review legal basis of relation with Bermuda over Guantánamo row|author=Julian Borger|work=the Guardian|accessdate=June 15, 2015}}</ref>

On September 29, 2011, the ''[[Antigua Observer]]'' quoted [[Henry Bellingham (Norfolk MP)|Henry Bellingham]] the United Kingdom's [[United Kingdom Minister of Overseas Territories|Overseas Territories Minister]] on the UK's expectation that the US would find a permanent home for the four Uyghurs in another country.<ref name=AntiguaObserver2011-09-29>
{{cite news
| url = http://www.antiguaobserver.com/?p=65202
| title = UK hopes US will settle four ex-Guantanamo Bay detainees
| publisher = [[Antigua Observer]]
| date = 2011-09-29
| accessdate = 2011-10-04
| quote = The US refused to resettle them within its borders, and a deal was struck with Brown, who quit as Premier last October before leaving politics altogether. Brown said he did it as a humanitarian gesture.
}}
[http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.antiguaobserver.com%2F%3Fp%3D65202&date=2011-10-04 mirror]
</ref>
<blockquote>
"This is something that we weren't consulted on by the last (Brown) administration. We have spoken to the United States about it — it's our understanding that the arrangement was not to be permanent and we're looking to the US State Department to find a permanent solution. We're working with them to try and achieve that."
</blockquote>

===El Salvador===

On April 19, 2012, the ''[[Associated Press]]'' reported that Abdul Razakah and Hammad Memet had been transferred to [[El Salvador]].<ref name=GlobeAndMail2012-04-21>
{{cite news
| url = http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/us-settles-two-chinese-uighurs-from-guantanamo-to-el-salvador/article2408329/?utm_medium=Feeds%3A%20RSS%2FAtom&utm_source=World&utm_content=2408329
| title = U.S. settles two Chinese Uighurs from Guantanamo to El Salvador
| publisher = [[Globe and Mail]]
| date = 2012-04-19
| accessdate = 2012-04-21
| quote = Two men from western China who had been held for nearly a decade without charge at the Guantanamo Bay prison amid a diplomatic struggle to find them homes, have been resettled in El Salvador, the U.S. military said Thursday.
| author = Ben Fox
}}
</ref>
[[Ben Fox]], writing for the ''Associated Press'' wrote that the men had already begun to learn Spanish.
El Salvador officials said the men had been given refuge because many El Salvador citizens had been allowed refuge in other countries when their country was hit by civil war.

In September 2013, El Salvador reported that both men quietly slipped out of El Salvador, and that their destination was unknown but presumed to be Turkey.<ref>{{cite web|title=2 former Guantanamo detainees have left El Salvador|url=http://www.mcclatchydc.com/2013/09/26/203384/2-former-guantanamo-detainees.html#storylink=cpy|publisher=McClatchy|accessdate=19 November 2016}}</ref>

==Slovakia==

On December 27, 2013, it was announced that the Government of [[Slovakia]] would give asylum to the three remaining Uyghurs.<ref>
{{cite news
| url = http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/12/31/slovakia-guantanamo-detainees_n_4522920.html
| title = Slovakia To Take Three Uighur Guantanamo Detainees
| publisher = [[Huffington Post]]
| date =
| page =
| location = [[Prague]]
| isbn =
| accessdate = 2014-01-02
| archivedate = 2013-12-31
| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20131231224711/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/12/31/slovakia-guantanamo-detainees_n_4522920.html
| deadurl = No
| quote = "As in the first case, this is about transporting people who have ," the ministry said in an emailed statement.
}}
</ref>
When making the announcement the Government of Slovakia said that the three men had "never been suspected of nor charged with a criminal act of terrorism". A long-standing sticking point in getting third countries to accept former captives is that US negotiators wanted those countries to agree to impose draconian and expensive security measures on the former captives.
[[Carol Rosenberg]], of the ''Miami Herald'', the journalist who has provided the most extensive coverage of the Guantanamo camp, described the announcement, following the releases of three other groups of men, earlier in December, marked a "significant milestone".<ref>
{{cite news
| url = http://www.miamiherald.com/2014/01/01/3847935/out-of-guantanamo-do-december.html
| title = Out of Guantánamo: December releases signal renewed effort
| publisher = [[Miami Herald]]
| author = [[Carol Rosenberg]]
| date = 2014-01-02
| page =
| location =
| isbn =
| archivedate = 2014-01-02
| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20140102212736/http://www.miamiherald.com/2014/01/01/3847935/out-of-guantanamo-do-december.html
| deadurl = No
| quote = In rapid succession, the U.S. in December sent Guantánamo prisoners home to Algeria, Saudi Arabia and Sudan, then capped the year with a "significant milestone" deal that resettled three long-held Uighur captives in Slovakia.
}}
</ref>

Rosenberg reported that the US military had transferred [[Yusef Abbas]], [[Hajiakbar Abdulghuper]], and [[Saidullah Khalik]], to Slovakia on December 30, 2013, in a ''"secret operation"''.<ref name=MiamiHeraldUyghurs2013-12-31>
{{cite news
| url = http://www.miamiherald.com/2013/12/31/3845422/last-3-uighurs-leave-guantanamo.html
| title = Last 3 Uighurs leave Guantánamo
| publisher = [[Miami Herald]]
| author = [[Carol Rosenberg]]
| date = 2013-12-31
| page =
| location =
| isbn =
| archivedate=2014-01-01
| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20140101135445/http://www.miamiherald.com/2013/12/31/3845422/last-3-uighurs-leave-guantanamo.html
| deadurl = No
| quote = Yusef Abbas, 38, Hajiakbar Abdulghuper, 39, and Saidullah Khalik, 36, left the remote U.S. Navy base in a secret operation on Monday, according to U.S. government sources. They had spent about a dozen years in U.S. military custody.
}}
</ref>
Rosenberg quoted from a press release [[US District Court Judge]] [[Ricardo Urbina]] had prepared to be made public after the last Uyghur was transferred, where he expressed his dissatisfaction with the Obama administration for not honoring his original release order.

==Supreme Court's ruling in ''Boumediene v. Bush''==
On June 12, 2008, the [[United States Supreme Court]] ruled on ''[[Boumediene v. Bush]]''.
Its ruling overturned aspects of the [[Detainee Treatment Act]] and [[Military Commissions Act of 2006|Military Commissions Act]], allowing Guantanamo captives to access the US justice system for habeas petitions.

==''Parhat v. Gates''==
On Monday, June 23, 2008, it was announced that a three judge Federal court of appeal had ruled, in ''[[Parhat v. Gates]]'', on Friday, June 20, 2008, that the determination of [[Hozaifa Parhat]]'s Combatant Status Review Tribunal was "invalid".<ref name=Wapo20080623>
{{Cite news
|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/06/23/AR2008062300844.html
|title=Appeals court rules for Guantanamo prisoner
|publisher=[[Washington Post]]
|author=[[James Vicini]]
|date=June 23, 2008
|accessdate=2008-06-23
|quote=
|deadurl=yes
|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5YnPfHvAa?url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/06/23/AR2008062300844.html
|archivedate=June 23, 2008
}} [http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2008%2F06%2F23%2FAR2008062300844.html&date=2008-06-23 mirror]
</ref><ref name=McClatchyParhat20080623>
{{Cite news
| url=http://www.mcclatchydc.com/homepage/story/41907.html
| title=In first, court rejects military's ruling in Guantanamo case
| publisher=[[McClatchy News Service]]
| date=June 23, 2008
| accessdate=2008-06-23
| quote=
}}
</ref><ref name=Iht20080623>
{{Cite news
| url=http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2008/06/23/america/NA-GEN-US-Guantanamo-Chinese-Muslim.php
| title=US appeals court rejects classification of Chinese Muslim as an enemy combatant
| publisher=[[International Herald Tribune]]
| date=June 23, 2008
| accessdate=2008-06-23
| quote=
}}
</ref>

==Motions following ''Boumediene v. Bush''==
On July 7, 2008, a petition was filed on behalf of the seventeen Uyghurs.<ref name=Cv08-0442Doc7>
{{Cite web
| url=http://docs.justia.com/cases/federal/district-courts/district-of-columbia/dcdce/1:2008mc00442/131990/7/0.pdf
|format=PDF| title=MOTION BY ALL 17 UIGHURS CURRENTLY DETAINED IN GUANTÁNAMO BAY FOR CONSOLIDATION OF THEIR PETITIONS FOR HABEAS CORPUS IN CIVIL ACTION NOS. 05-1509 (RMU), 05-1602 (ESH), 05-1704 (JR), 05-2370 (EGS), 05-2386 (RBW) AND 05-2398 (ESH) AND EXPEDITED CONSIDERATION THEREOF CONSISTENT WITH PARHAT V. GATES
| publisher=[[United States Department of Justice]]
| date=2008-07-07
| accessdate=2008-08-13
| quote=
}}
</ref>
On August 5, 2008, the [[United States Department of Justice]] opposed Parhat being released in the US, and to having a judgment made on his habeas petition.<ref name=Cv08-0442Doc243>
{{Cite web
| url=http://docs.justia.com/cases/federal/district-courts/district-of-columbia/dcdce/1:2008mc00442/131990/243/0.pdf
|format=PDF| title=Respondent's combined opposition to Parhat's motion for immediate release into the United States and to Parhat's motion for judgment on his habeas petition
| publisher=[[United States Department of Justice]]
| author=[[Gregory G. Katsas]], [[John C. O'Quinn]]
| date=2008-08-05
| accessdate=2008-08-13
| quote=
}}
</ref>
The Government's opposition filing was 22 pages long.

==Petition to be moved from solitary confinement==
In early August 2008, [[US District Court]] Judge [[Ricardo M. Urbina]] declined to rule in favor of transferring six of the Uyghurs from [[Camp 6]] where captives are held in solitary confinement to [[Camp 4 (Guantanamo)|Camp 4]] where they live in communal barracks with fellow captives.<ref name=TheJurist20080813>
{{Cite news
| url=http://jurist.law.pitt.edu/paperchase/2008/08/federal-court-denies-transfer-for.php
| title=Federal court denies transfer for Uighur Guantanamo detainees
| publisher=[[The Jurist]]
| author=[[Mike Rosen-Molina]]
| date= August 12, 2008
| accessdate=2008-08-13
| quote=
}}
</ref><ref name=Cv08-0442Doc218>
{{Cite web
| url=http://docs.justia.com/cases/federal/district-courts/district-of-columbia/dcdce/1:2008mc00442/131990/218/0.pdf
|format=PDF| title=PETITIONERS’ MOTION FOR TEMPORARY RESTRAINING ORDER AND PRELIMINARY INJUNCTION
| publisher=[[United States Department of Justice]]
| date=2008-07-31
| accessdate=2008-08-13
| quote=
}}
</ref><ref name=Cv08-0442Doc228>
{{Cite news
| url=http://docs.justia.com/cases/federal/district-courts/district-of-columbia/dcdce/1:2008mc00442/131990/228/0.pdf
|format=PDF| title=Respondent's response to motion to us CSRTs provided in DTA action in this case
| publisher=[[United States Department of Justice]]
| date=2008-08-01
| accessdate=2008-08-13
| quote=
}}
</ref><ref name=Cv08-0442Doc246>
{{Cite news
| url=http://docs.justia.com/cases/federal/district-courts/district-of-columbia/dcdce/1:2008mc00442/131990/246/0.pdf
|format=PDF| title=Uighur petitioners' reply to respondent's response to motion to us CSRTs provided in DTA action in this case
| publisher=[[United States Department of Justice]]
| date=2008-08-07
| accessdate=2008-08-13
| quote=
}}
</ref><ref name=CV08-0442Doc242>
{{Cite news
| url=https://ecf.dcd.uscourts.gov/cgi-bin/show_public_doc?2008cv1310-11
| title=Guantanamo Bay Detainee litigation: Memorandum Opinion
| publisher=[[United States Department of Justice]]
| date=August 2008
| accessdate=2008-08-13
| quote=
}}
</ref>
Urbina's nine-page [[memorandum opinion]] addressed the needs of [[Hammad Memet]], [[Khalid Ali]], [[Edham Mamet]], [[Bahtiyar Mahnut]], [[Arkin Mahmud]], [[Adel Noori]].
:{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|
:What is clear is that no court has ever ruled that detainees, designated as enemy combatants, have a right to challenge the conditions of their confinement pursuant to the constitutional writ of habeas corpus. Furthermore, courts are reluctant to second-guess day-to-day operations of domestic prison facilities, especially when doing so intrudes upon the military and national security affairs. This deference combined with the paucity of evidence of irreparable injury and the petitioners' failure to articulate a specific constitutional right and standard from which to analyze the facts of this case presses the court to deny the petitioners' motion for a TRO and a preliminary injunction.
|}

==No longer classed as "enemy combatants"==
{{Wikisource|Uyghur notice of status}}
{{Wikisource|The Justice Department statement on the U.S. District Court decision ordering release of the Uighurs detained at Guantanamo Bay -- 2008-10-07}}
{{Wikisource|No. 08-5424 -- Filed On: October 8, 2008 -- BEFORE: Henderson, Randolph, and Rogers, Circuit Judges}}

On September 30, 2008, [[Gregory Katsas]], [[Assistant Attorney General]] filed a ''"notice of status"'' for the remaining Uyghur captives—stating that they would no longer be classed as "enemy combatants".<ref name=AMLawDaily2008-10-02>
{{Cite news
| url=http://amlawdaily.typepad.com/amlawdaily/2008/10/in-advance-of-a.html
| title=Chinese Muslims No Longer Considered Enemy Combatants
| publisher=[[The AM Law Daily]]
| author=[[David Bario]]
| date=2008-10-02
| accessdate=2008-10-03
| quote=
}} [http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Famlawdaily.typepad.com%2Famlawdaily%2F2008%2F10%2Fin-advance-of-a.html&date=2008-10-08 mirror]
</ref><ref name=Cv08-0442Doc170>
{{Cite web
| url=http://amlawdaily.typepad.com/amlawdaily/files/Notice.pdf
|format=PDF| title=Guantanamo Bay Detainee Litigation: Doc 170 -- NOTICE OF STATUS
| publisher=[[United States Department of Justice]]
| author=[[Gregory Katsas]]
| date=2008-09-30
| accessdate=2008-10-03
| quote=
}} [http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Famlawdaily.typepad.com%2Famlawdaily%2Ffiles%2FNotice.pdf&date=2008-10-08 mirror]
</ref>
According to ''[[The AM Law Daily]]'' the Department of Justice was scheduled to appear before [[Ricardo M Urbina]] on October 7, 2008, to defend classifying the men as enemy combatants.

Although they were no longer considered "enemy combatants" camp authorities continued to hold six of the men in [[solitary confinement]].<ref name=AMLawDaily2008-10-02/>

On Tuesday October 7, 2008, [[US District Court Judge]] [[Ricardo Urbina]] ruled that the Uyghurs had to be brought to the US to appear in his court in Washington DC on Friday, 10 October 2008.<ref>
{{Cite news
| url = http://www.csmonitor.com/2008/1008/p99s01-duts.html
| title = US federal court orders Chinese Muslims in Guantánamo released
| date = 2008-10-08
| publisher=[[Christian Science Monitor]]
| accessdate=2008-10-08
| quote=
}} [http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.csmonitor.com%2F2008%2F1008%2Fp99s01-duts.html&date=2008-10-08 mirror]
</ref>

The [[United States Department of Justice]] filed an emergency motion to stay the Uyghurs' admission to the US.<ref name=Reuters2008-10-09>
{{Cite news
| url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idUKTRE497C0T20081008?sp=true
| title=U.S. court blocks Uighurs' release from Guantanamo
| publisher=[[Reuters]]
| author=[[James Vicini]]
| date=2008-10-09
| accessdate=2008-10-08
| quote=
}} [http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fuk.reuters.com%2Farticle%2FworldNews%2FidUKTRE497C0T20081008%3Fsp%3Dtrue&date=2008-10-08 mirror]
</ref>
On October 8, 2008, a three judge appeal panel granted the emergency motion to stay the Uyghur's transfer. The judges stay was to enable the appeals court to consider the merits of the parties' arguments. The parties to file briefs by October 16, 2008.

On October 16, 2008, [[Clint Williamson]], the [[United States Department of State|State Department]] official responsible for negotiating a new home for the captives, complained that the Justice Department's description of the Uyghurs had undermined his efforts.<ref name=NYTimes2008-10-16>
{{Cite news
| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/16/washington/16gitmo.html?_r=1&oref=slogin
| title=Release of 17 Guantánamo Detainees Sputters as Officials Debate the Risk
| publisher=[[New York Times]]
| author=[[William Glaberson]]
| date=2008-10-16
| accessdate=2008-10-16
| quote=
}} [http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2008%2F10%2F16%2Fwashington%2F16gitmo.html%3F_r%3D1%26oref%3Dslogin&date=2008-10-16 mirror]
</ref>
Williamson is the State Department's ambassador-at-large for war crimes issues.
The ''[[New York Times]]'' quoted Williamson's comment about cancelling his overseas trips following the Department of Justice claims:
:{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|
:"I was scheduled to depart on another round of negotiations early this week. It was impossible to resolve some concerns we had about going forward at the time. As a result I canceled the trip."
|}



==Supreme Court to rule on whether the judiciary can force captives to be released in the United States==
On October 20, 2009, the United States Supreme Court announced it would hear an appeal filed on behalf of the Uyghurs, as to whether Justice Leon had the authority to order the Uyghurs to be released in the United States.<ref name=HuffingtonPost2009-10-20>
{{Cite news
| url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/andy-worthington/justice-at-last-guantanam_b_327878.html
| title=Justice at Last? Guantanamo Uighurs Ask Supreme Court for Release Into U.S.
| publisher=[[Huffington Post]]
| date=2009-10-20
| author=[[Andy Worthington]]
| archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2Fandy-worthington%2Fjustice-at-last-guantanam_b_327878.html&date=2009-10-20
| archivedate=2009-10-20
}}</ref><ref name=Cnn2009-10-20>
{{Cite news
| url=http://edition.cnn.com/2009/US/10/20/scotus.uyghurs/
| title=High court accepts Guantanamo Uyghur case
| publisher=[[CNN]]
| date=2009-10-20
| author=Bill Mears
| accessdate=2009-10-20
}}</ref><ref name=Afp2009-10-20>
{{Cite news
| url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5hJHgeTaDuCr3u4Tho79Gd7n0tfmQ
| title=Top US court to hear Guantanamo Uighur case
| publisher=[[Agence France Presse]]
| date=2009-10-20
| archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fhostednews%2Fafp%2Farticle%2FALeqM5hJHgeTaDuCr3u4Tho79Gd7n0tfmQ&date=2009-10-20
| archivedate=2009-10-20
}}</ref><ref name=Csm2009-10-20>
{{Cite news
| url=http://www.csmonitor.com/2009/1020/p02s01-usju.html
| title=Supreme Court to hear appeal of Uighurs still at Guantánamo
| publisher=[[Christian Science Monitor]]
| date=2009-10-20
| author=Warren Richey
| archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.csmonitor.com%2F2009%2F1020%2Fp02s01-usju.html&date=2009-10-20
| archivedate=2009-10-20
}}</ref><ref name=Wsj2009-10-20>
{{Cite news
| url=https://online.wsj.com/article/SB125604792663196527.html?mod=WSJ_hpp_MIDDLTopStories
| title=Court to Decide on U.S. Release of Uighurs at Gitmo
| publisher=[[Wall Street Journal]]
| date=2009-10-21
| author=[[Jess Bravin]], Evan Perez
| archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fonline.wsj.com%2Farticle%2FSB125604792663196527.html%3Fmod%3DWSJ_hpp_MIDDLTopStories&date=2009-10-20
| archivedate=2009-10-20
}}</ref>
A panel of appeal court judges had overruled Leon.
The appeal was filed on behalf of Hazaifa Parhat and seven other of the Uyghur captives. But the court's ruling would apply to all the Uyghurs, and would affect the appeals of other captives whose habeas hearings have overturned their CSR Tribunals.

==Turkistan Islamic Party reaction==
The [[Turkistan Islamic Party]] in the 2nd issue of its magazine "Islamic Turkistan" discussed the situation of Uyghur Turkistan Islamic Party members in Guantanamo Bay which was getting media attention.<ref>{{cite magazine |last= |first= |author=|date= ذو القعدة 1429|title=الحزب الإسلامي التركستاني في الصحافة العالمية|url=https://azelin.files.wordpress.com/2012/04/e1b8a5izb-al-islc481mc4ab-al-turkistc481nc4abs-turkistan-islamic-party-22turkistc481n-al-islc481mc4abyyah-222.pdf|magazine=تركستان الإسلامية |issue= السنة الأولى: العدد الثاني|pages=25–29 |location= |publisher= |access-date= }}</ref>

==The Uyghur detainees==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! ISN || Name || Arrival date || Release date || Notes
|-
|-
| [[ISN 102|102]] || [[Edham Mamet]] || 2002-01-20 || 2009-10-31 ||
* Transferred to refugee status in [[Palau]] in October 2009.<ref name=Afp2009-10-31/><ref name=Pacific2009-10-31/><ref name=DoJ2009-10-31/><ref name=NYTimes2009-10-31/><ref name=Bbc2009-10-31/>
* His [[Summary of Evidence (CSRT)]] was drafted on November 5, 2004, six days after the "Information Paper" on the Uyghur captives.
* Did not attend his CSRT.
* Alleged to have participated in the [[Mazari Sharif prison uprising]].<ref name=SummaryOfEvidence373>
[http://www.dod.mil/pubs/foi/detainees/csrt_mar05.pdf Summary of Evidence memo (.pdf)] prepared for [[Nag Mohammed]]'s ''[[Combatant Status Review Tribunal]]'' - November 5, 2004
page 174</ref>
* CSR Tribunal did not convene in Guantanamo.
* Determined to have been an "enemy combatant", but there is no record that any annual Administrative Review Board hearings have been convened.<ref name=OardecArb1Factors>
{{cite web
| url=http://www.dod.mil/pubs/foi/detainees/csrt_arb/index_ARB_Round_1_Detention_Transfer_Factors.pdf
| title=Index to Summaries of Detention-Release Factors for ARB Round One
| author=[[OARDEC]]
| publisher=[[United States Department of Defense]]
| date=August 9, 2007
| accessdate=2007-09-29
|format=PDF}}</ref><ref name=OardecArb2Factors20070717>
{{cite web
| url=http://www.dod.mil/pubs/foi/detainees/csrt_arb/index_ARB_Round_2_Detention_Transfer_Factors.pdf
| title=Index of Summaries of Detention-Release Factors for ARB Round Two
| author=[[OARDEC]]
| publisher=[[United States Department of Defense]]
| date=July 17, 2007
| accessdate=2007-09-29
|format=PDF}}</ref>
|-
| [[ISN 103|103]] || [[Arkin Mahmud]] || 2002-06-18 || 2010-02-04 ||
* Transferred to [[Switzerland]] in February 2010.<ref name=AndyWorthington2010-02-04>
{{cite news
| url=http://www.andyworthington.co.uk/2010/02/04/swiss-take-two-guantanamo-uighurs-save-obama-from-having-to-do-the-right-thing/
| title=Swiss Take Two Guantánamo Uighurs, Save Obama from Having to Do the Right Thing
| author=[[Andy Worthington]]
| date=2010-02-04
| accessdate=2010-02-04
| quote = Not mentioned publicly was the fact that, until Jura accepted the men's asylum claims, one of them, Arkin Mahmud, appeared to stuck at Guantánamo, his only way out being to hope that the Supreme Court, which agreed to hear the Uighurs' case last year, would overturn last February's appeals court ruling, and allow cleared prisoners who cannot be repatriated into the United States.
}} [http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.andyworthington.co.uk%2F2010%2F02%2F04%2Fswiss-take-two-guantanamo-uighurs-save-obama-from-having-to-do-the-right-thing%2F&date=2010-10-05 mirror]
</ref><ref name=SwissRadio2010-10-04a>
{{cite news
| url = http://worldradio.ch/wrs/news/wrsnews/ex-guantanamo-detainees-thank-jura.shtml?21159
| title = Ex-Guantanamo detainees thank Jura
| publisher = [[World Radio Switzerland]]
| date = 2010-10-04
| accessdate = 2010-10-05
| quote = They say that six months after their arrival in Switzerland, they are gradually acclimating to their new lives, but that the trauma of their experiences is still present.
}} [http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fworldradio.ch%2Fwrs%2Fnews%2Fwrsnews%2Fex-guantanamo-detainees-thank-jura.shtml%3F21159&date=2010-10-05 mirror]
</ref><ref name=SwissRadio2010-10-04b>
{{cite news
| url = http://worldradio.ch/wrs/news/switzerland/uighur-brothers-in-jura-six-months-later.shtml?21161
| title = Uighur brothers in jura six months later
| publisher = [[World Radio Switzerland]]
| date = 2010-10-04
| accessdate = 2010-10-05
| quote = Switzerland granted Arkin and Bahtiyar Mahmud asylum on humanitarian grounds. The brothers now live in canton Jura and, a short while ago, met the media for the first time.
}} [http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fworldradio.ch%2Fwrs%2Fnews%2Fswitzerland%2Fuighur-brothers-in-jura-six-months-later.shtml%3F21161&date=2010-10-05 mirror]
</ref><ref name=SwissInfo2010-10-04>
{{cite news
| url = http://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/politics/Uighurs_adjusting_to_new_life_in_Switzerland.html?cid=28468058
| title = Uighurs adjusting to new life in Switzerland
| publisher = [[SwissInfo]]
| date = 2010-10-04
| page =
| accessdate = 2010-10-05
| quote = The two Uighurs arrived in canton Jura on March 23 with one living in the town of Delémont and the other in Courroux. They were admitted to Switzerland on humanitarian grounds.
}} [http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.swissinfo.ch%2Feng%2Fpolitics%2FUighurs_adjusting_to_new_life_in_Switzerland.html%3Fcid%3D28468058&date=2010-10-05 mirror]
</ref>
* His [[Summary of Evidence (CSRT)]] was drafted on November 9, 2004, ten days after the "Information Paper" on the Uyghur captives was drafted.
* Attended his CSRT.<ref name=CsrtMahmud>[http://www.dod.mil/pubs/foi/detainees/csrt_arb/Set_19_1561-1605.pdf Summarized transcripts (.pdf)], from [[Arkin Mahmud]]'s ''[[Combatant Status Review Tribunal]]'' - pages 22-24</ref>
* Attended his ARB hearing.<ref name=ArbMahmud>[http://www.dod.mil/pubs/foi/detainees/csrt_arb/ARB_Transcript_Set_5_20000-20254.pdf Summarized transcript (.pdf)], from [[Arkin Mahmud]]'s ''[[Administrative Review Board]] hearing'' - page 123.</ref>
* Mahmud is not accused of attending a training camp, or of engaging in hostilities, or of any association with Al Qaeda, the Taliban, or any group associated with terrorism.
* Mahmud traveled to Afghanistan to seek out his brother, who, he said he was surprised to learn, was attending a training camp.
* Mahmud's release or transfer was authorized on January 9, 2006.<ref name=ArbRecommendationIsn103>
{{cite web
| url=http://www.dod.mil/pubs/foi/detainees/csrt_arb/ARB_Round_1_Decision_memos_000001-000095.pdf#81
| title=Administrative Review Board assessment and recommendation ICO ISN 103
| date=January 9, 2006
| author=[[OARDEC]]
| publisher=[[United States Department of Defense]]
| accessdate=2007-12-18
| page=81
}}</ref><ref name=ArbBasisForRecommendationIsn103>
{{cite web
| url=http://www.dod.mil/pubs/foi/detainees/csrt_arb/ARB_Round_1_Decision_memos_000001-000095.pdf#82
| title=Classified Record of Proceedings and basis of Administrative Review Board recommendation for ISN 103
| date=December 15, 2005
| author=[[OARDEC]]
| publisher=[[United States Department of Defense]]
| accessdate=2007-12-18
| pages=82–88
}}</ref>
|-
| [[ISN 201|201]] ||
[[Ahmad Tourson]]
|| 2002-01-21 || 2009-10-31 ||
* Transferred to refugee status in [[Palau]] in October 2009.<ref name=Afp2009-10-31/><ref name=Pacific2009-10-31/><ref name=DoJ2009-10-31/><ref name=NYTimes2009-10-31/><ref name=Bbc2009-10-31/>
* Attended his CSRT.<ref name=CsrtTourson>[http://www.dod.mil/pubs/foi/detainees/csrt_arb/Set_38_2608-2628.pdf Summarized transcripts (.pdf)], from [[Ahmad Tourson]]'s ''[[Combatant Status Review Tribunal]]'' - pages 2-14</ref>
* Allegedly spent most of 2000 and 2001 working for a variety of militant groups.<ref name=CsrtSummaryOfEvidenceAhmadTourson>
{{cite web
| url=http://www.dod.mil/pubs/foi/detainees/csrt_arb/000201-000299.pdf#16
| title=Summary of Evidence for Combatant Status Review Tribunal -- Tourson, Ahmad
| date=September 18, 2004
| author=[[OARDEC]]
| pages=16–17
| publisher=[[United States Department of Defense]]
| accessdate=2007-12-09
}}</ref><ref name=ArbSummaryOfEvidenceAhmadTourson>
{{cite web
| url=http://www.dod.mil/pubs/foi/detainees/csrt_arb/ARB_Round_1_Factors_000197-000294.pdf#48
| title=Unclassified Summary of Evidence for Administrative Review Board in the case of Tourson, Ahmad
| date=August 11, 2005
| author=[[OARDEC]]
| pages=48–50
| publisher=[[United States Department of Defense]]
| accessdate=2007-12-14
}}</ref>
|-
| [[ISN 219|219]] ||
: [[Abdul Razak (Guantanamo detainee 219)|Abdul Razak]]
: [[Abdul Razakah]]<ref name=Cv08-0442Doc96/>
|| 2002-06-08 || 2012-04-18 ||
* Given refugee status in [[El Salvador]] in April 2012.<ref name=GlobeAndMail2012-04-21/>
* Alleged to have guarded an [[al Qaida safe house, Jalalabad|Al-Qaida safe house]] in [[Jalalabad]].<ref name=CsrtSummaryOfEvidenceAbdulRazak>
{{cite web
| url=http://www.dod.mil/pubs/foi/detainees/csrt_arb/000201-000299.pdf#37
| title=Summary of Evidence for Combatant Status Review Tribunal -- Razak, Abdul
| date=October 5, 2004
| page=37
| author=[[OARDEC]]
| publisher=[[United States Department of Defense]]
| accessdate=2007-12-18
}}</ref>
* Said he supported himself by catering. He catered the food for the camp. He catered food to Uyghurs in Afghan hospitals.<ref name=CsrtAbdulRazak219>
{{cite web
| url=http://www.dod.mil/pubs/foi/detainees/csrt_arb/Set_27_1901-1948.pdf#20
| title=Summarized Sworn Detainee Statement (ISN 219)
| pages=20–35
| publisher=[[United States Department of Defense]]
| author=[[OARDEC]]
| date=October 23, 2004
| accessdate=2007-12-18
}}</ref>
* Said he traveled to the camp, when the USA attacked, because he wanted to be with his countrymen.<ref name=CsrtAbdulRazak219/>
* Thirty-five pages of Tribunal documents were published in 2007.<ref name=GuantanamoHabeasAbdalRazakQadirvGeorgeWBush>
{{cite web
| url=http://www.dod.mil/pubs/foi/detainees/csrt_arb/publicly_filed_CSRT_records_1344-1475.pdf#63
| title=Abdal Razak Qadir v. George W. Bush
| date=July 4, 2007
| pages=63–98
| publisher=[[United States Department of Defense]]
| accessdate=2007-12-18
}}</ref>
* Allegedly recruited by [[Hassan Maksum]].<ref name=ArbSummaryOfEvidenceAbdalRazakQadir>
{{cite web
| url=http://www.dod.mil/pubs/foi/detainees/csrt_arb/ARB_Round_1_Factors_000197-000294.pdf#62
| title=Unclassified Summary of Evidence for Administrative Review Board in the case ofAbdal Razak Qadir
| date=October 24, 2005
| pages=62–63
| author=[[OARDEC]]
| publisher=[[United States Department of Defense]]
| accessdate=2007-12-18
}}</ref>
* His [[Administrative Review Board]] recommended transfer from Guantanamo on November 17, 2005.<ref name=ArbRecommendationIsn219>
{{cite web
| url=http://www.dod.mil/pubs/foi/detainees/csrt_arb/ARB_Round_1_Decision_memos_000196-000275.pdf#1
| title=Administrative Review Board assessment and recommendation ICO ISN 219
| date=December 16, 2005
| author=[[OARDEC]]
| publisher=[[United States Department of Defense]]
| accessdate=2007-12-18
| pages=1–2
}}</ref><ref name=ArbBasisForRecommendationIsn219>
{{cite web
| url=http://www.dod.mil/pubs/foi/detainees/csrt_arb/ARB_Round_1_Decision_memos_000196-000275.pdf#3
| title=Classified Record of Proceedings and basis of Administrative Review Board recommendation for ISN 219
| date=November 17, 2005
| author=[[OARDEC]]
| publisher=[[United States Department of Defense]]
| accessdate=2007-12-16
| pages=3–10
}}</ref>
* Attended his CSRT.<ref name=CsrtRazak>[http://www.dod.mil/pubs/foi/detainees/csrt_arb/Set_27_1901-1948.pdf Summarized transcripts (.pdf)], from [[Abdul Razaq (Guantanamo detainee 356)|Abdul Razak]]'s ''[[Combatant Status Review Tribunal]]'' - pages 20-35</ref>
* Said he was working as a driver, was not attending any training camps.
* Acknowledged making a couple of deliveries of food to the Uyghur camp.
|-
| [[ISN 250|250]] || [[Hassan Anvar]] || 2002-02-07 || 2009-10-31 ||
* Transferred to refugee status in [[Palau]] in October 2009.<ref name=Afp2009-10-31/><ref name=Pacific2009-10-31/><ref name=DoJ2009-10-31/><ref name=NYTimes2009-10-31/><ref name=Bbc2009-10-31/>
* Alleged to have traveled on a false passport.<ref name=CsrtSummaryOfEvidenceHassanAnvar>
{{cite web
| url=http://www.dod.mil/pubs/foi/detainees/csrt_arb/000201-000299.pdf#81
| title=Summary of Evidence for Combatant Status Review Tribunal -- Anvar, Hassan
| date=November 2, 2004
| page=81
| author=[[OARDEC]]
| publisher=[[United States Department of Defense]]
| accessdate=2007-12-18
}}</ref>
* Didn't attend his CSRT, but he did submit a statement.<ref name="No-hearing_hearings">
{{cite web
| url=http://law.shu.edu/news/final_no_hearing_hearings_report.pdf
| title=No-hearing hearings
| page=17
| author=[[Mark Denbeaux]], [[Joshua Denbeaux]], David Gratz, John Gregorek, Matthew Darby, Shana Edwards, Shane Hartman, Daniel Mann, Megan Sassaman and Helen Skinner
| publisher=[[Seton Hall University]] School of Law
| accessdate=April 2, 2007
|format=PDF}}</ref>
*Stated he only fired a handful of bullets when shown how to use an AK-47.<ref name=CsrtHassanAnvarsStatement>
{{cite web
| url=http://www.dod.mil/pubs/foi/detainees/csrt_arb/publicly_filed_CSRT_records_1731-1808.pdf#19
| title=Hassan Anvar's response to the CSRT allegations
| date=November 12, 2004
| pages=19–20
| publisher=[[United States Department of Defense]]
| accessdate=2007-12-18
}}</ref>
*His [[habeas corpus]] petition contained a seven-page memo containing otherwise unpublished information about all the Uyghurs.<ref name=GuantanamoHabeasHassanAnvarvGeorgeWBush>
{{cite web
| url=http://www.dod.mil/pubs/foi/detainees/csrt_arb/publicly_filed_CSRT_records_1731-1808.pdf#4
| title=Hassan Anvar v. George W. Bush
| date=September 8, 2006
| pages=4–37
| publisher=[[United States Department of Defense]]
| accessdate=2007-12-16
}}</ref>
*The Fifth Denbeaux study, the [[No-hearing hearings]], reported that Hassan Anvar's original Combatant Status Review Tribunal determined that he not an enemy combatant, but the DoD convened two further Tribunals in order to reverse that determination.<ref name="No-hearing_hearings"/>
*Although Anvar submitted a statement to the original Tribunal, the one he was allowed to attend, none of the transcripts of any of the unclassified sessions of any of his Tribunals were released.
* Determined to have been an "enemy combatant", but there is no record that any annual Administrative Review Board hearings have been convened.<ref name=OardecArb1Factors/><ref name=OardecArb2Factors20070717/>
|-
| [[ISN 260|260]] ||
[[Ahmed Adil]] 
Ahnad Adil
|| 2002-02-09 || 2006-05-05 ||
* Allegedly learned to "break down" an AK-47 in a construction camp in Afghanistan.<ref name=CsrtSummaryOfEvidenceAhmedAdil>
{{cite web
| url=http://www.dod.mil/pubs/foi/detainees/csrt_arb/000201-000299.pdf#95
| title=Summary of Evidence for Combatant Status Review Tribunal -- Adil, Ahmed
| date=November 9, 2004
| pages=95–96
| author=[[OARDEC]]
| publisher=[[United States Department of Defense]]
| accessdate=2007-12-19
}}</ref>
* Denied any association to terrorism during his CSRT.<ref name=CsrtAhmedAdil>
{{cite web
| url=http://www.dod.mil/pubs/foi/detainees/csrt/Set_12_1179-1239.pdf#56
| title=Summarized Statement
| date='''date redacted'''
| pages=56–61
| author=[[OARDEC]]
| publisher=[[United States Department of Defense]]
| accessdate=2008-04-23
}}</ref>
* CSRT determined that he was not an "enemy combatant".
* Wrote to [[Secretary of State]] [[Condoleezza Rice]], pleading for her intercession to get released.<ref name=Letter>[http://www.bradenton.com/multimedia/miami/news/0505gitmoletterp6.pdf Letter to Condoleezza Rice], January 19, 2006.</ref>
* Transported to [[Albania]] on May 5, 2006.<ref name="Rfa060510"/>
|-
| [[ISN 275|275]] ||
[[Yusef Abbas]] 
Abd Al Sabr Abd Al Hamid Uthman 
Abdu Supur 
Abdul Sabour
|| 2002-06-08 || 12-30-2013 ||
* Transferred to [[Slovakia]] on December 31, 2013.<ref name=MiamiHeraldUyghurs2013-12-31/><ref name=NYTdocket275>
{{cite news
| url=http://projects.nytimes.com/guantanamo/detainees/275-yusef-abbas
| title=Yusef Abbas
| publisher=[[New York Times]]
| date= December 31, 2013
| accessdate=2014-08-07
| quote=Yusef Abbas is a 33- or 34-year-old citizen of China. ... He was transferred to Slovakia on Dec. 31, 2013.
}}</ref>
* Allegedly wounded by the [[American aerial bombardment of Afghanistan]] in [[Tora Bora]].<ref name=CsrtSummaryOfEvidenceYusefAbbas>
{{cite web
| url=http://www.dod.mil/pubs/foi/detainees/csrt_arb/000300-000399.pdf#16
| title=Summary of Evidence for Combatant Status Review Tribunal -- Abbas, Yusef (published September 2007)
| date=November 3, 2004
| page=16
| author=[[OARDEC]]
| publisher=[[United States Department of Defense]]
| accessdate=2008-03-28
}}</ref>
* Pointed out in his testimony that travel from China to Afghanistan was not illegal.<ref name=CsrtYusefAbbas>
{{cite web
| url=http://www.dod.mil/pubs/foi/detainees/csrt/Set_20_1606-1644.pdf#18
| title=Summarized Statement
| date='''date redacted'''
| pages=18–25
| author=[[OARDEC]]
| publisher=[[United States Department of Defense]]
| accessdate=2008-03-28
}}</ref>
* Determined to have been an "enemy combatant", but there is no record that any annual Administrative Review Board hearings have been convened.<ref name=OardecArb1Factors/><ref name=OardecArb2Factors20070717/>
|-
| [[ISN 276|276]] || [[Akhdar Qasem Basit]] || 2002-06-10 || 2006-05-05 ||
* Alleged to be a [[Uighur fighter]].<ref name=CsrtSummaryOfEvidenceAkhdarQasemBasit>
{{cite web
| url=http://www.dod.mil/pubs/foi/detainees/csrt_arb/000300-000399.pdf#17
| title=Summary of Evidence for Combatant Status Review Tribunal -- Basit, Akhdar Qasem
| date=November 12, 2004
| page=17
| author=[[OARDEC]]
| publisher=[[United States Department of Defense]]
| accessdate=2008-04-16
}}</ref>
* Confirmed that he was shown how to fire an AK-47, and fired three or four bullets, at the construction camp in Afghanistan<ref name=CsrtAkhdarQasemBasit>
{{cite web
| url=http://www.dod.mil/pubs/foi/detainees/csrt_arb/Set_16_1363-1446.pdf#1
| title=Summarized Statement
| date='''date redacted'''
| pages=1–6
| author=[[OARDEC]]
| publisher=[[United States Department of Defense]]
| accessdate=2008-04-16
}}</ref>
* Transported to [[Albania]] on May 5, 2006.<ref name="Rfa060510"/><ref name=WapoNlec>{{cite web
|url=http://projects.washingtonpost.com/guantanamo/nlec/
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060811015712/http://projects.washingtonpost.com/guantanamo/nlec/
|archivedate=August 11, 2006
|title=Guantanamo Bay Detainees {{sic|nolink=y|Classifed}} as 'No Longer Enemy Combatants'
|publisher= ''[[Washington Post]]''
}}</ref>
|-
| [[ISN 277|277]] ||
[[Bahtiyar Mahnut]] 
Bahtiyar Mahnut 
Sadir Sabit
|| 2002-06-10 || 2010-02-04 ||
* Transferred to refugee status in [[Switzerland]].<ref name=AndyWorthington2010-02-04/><ref name=SwissRadio2010-10-04a/><ref name=SwissRadio2010-10-04b/>
* Accused of fleeing the [[American aerial bombardment of Afghanistan]].<ref name=CsrtSummaryOfEvidenceMahnutBahtiyar>
{{cite web
| url=http://www.dod.mil/pubs/foi/detainees/csrt_arb/000300-000399.pdf#19
| title=Summary of Evidence for Combatant Status Review Tribunal -- Bahtiyar, Mahnut
| date=September 29, 2004
| page=19
| author=[[OARDEC]]
| publisher=[[United States Department of Defense]]
| accessdate=2008-04-15
}}</ref>
* Attended his CSRT.<ref name=CsrtBahtiyarMahnut>
{{cite web
| url=http://www.dod.mil/pubs/foi/detainees/csrt_arb/Set_35_2458-2492.pdf#11
| title=Summarized Statement
| date=October 23, 2004
| pages=11–28
| author=[[OARDEC]]
| publisher=[[United States Department of Defense]]
| accessdate=2008-04-15
}}</ref>
* His [[Tribunal President (CSRT)|Tribunal President]] disputed that he had denied due process.<ref name=GuantanamoHabeasBahtiyarMahnutVGeorgeWBush>
{{cite web
| url=http://www.dod.mil/pubs/foi/detainees/csrt_arb/publicly_filed_CSRT_records_1893-2014.pdf#1
| title=Bahtiyar Mahnut v. George W. Bush
| date=September 20, 2005
| pages=1–39
| publisher=[[United States Department of Defense]]
| accessdate=2008-04-15
}}</ref>
*The Fifth Denbeaux study, the [[No-hearing hearings]], criticized Mahnut's [[Tribunal President (CSRT)|Tribunal's President]] for denying his witness requests because they might be "repetitive".<ref name="No-hearing_hearings"/> The study pointed out that witnesses could only be denied for not being [[relevant (CSRT)|relevant]], or for not being "[[reasonably available (CSRT)|reasonably available]]".
* Allegedly stayed at a [[Uyghur guest house in Jalalabad]].<ref name=ArbSummaryOfEvidenceBahtiyarMahnut>
{{cite web
| url=http://www.dod.mil/pubs/foi/detainees/csrt_arb/ARB_Round_1_Factors_000295-000393.pdf#51
| title=Unclassified Summary of Evidence for Administrative Review Board in the case of Mahnut, Bahtiyar
| date=August 23, 2005
| pages=51–53
| author=[[OARDEC]]
| publisher=[[United States Department of Defense]]
| accessdate=2008-04-15
}}</ref>
* Allegedly served with the Taliban near [[Mazari Sharif]].<ref name=ArbSummaryOfEvidenceBahtiyarMahnut/>
* Disputed that any Uyghur group would ally itself to the United States' enemies because the Uyghurs are counting on U.S. support.<ref name=ArbBahtiyarMahnut>
{{cite web
| url=http://www.dod.mil/pubs/foi/detainees/csrt_arb/ARB_Transcript_Set_6_20255-20496.pdf#43
| title=Summary of Administrative Review Board Proceedings for ISN 277
| date=August 29, 2005
| author=[[OARDEC]]
| pages=43–55
| publisher=[[United States Department of Defense]]
| accessdate=2008-04-15
}}</ref>
* Cleared for release or transfer in 2005.<ref name=ArbRecommendationIsn277>
{{cite web
| url=http://www.dod.mil/pubs/foi/detainees/csrt_arb/ARB_Round_1_Decision_memos_000196-000275.pdf#58
| title=Administrative Review Board assessment and recommendation ICO ISN 277
| date=October 19, 2005
| author=[[OARDEC]]
| publisher=[[United States Department of Defense]]
| accessdate=2008-04-15
| page=58
}}</ref><ref name=ArbBasisForRecommendationIsn277>
{{cite web
| url=http://www.dod.mil/pubs/foi/detainees/csrt_arb/ARB_Round_1_Decision_memos_000196-000275.pdf#60
| title=Classified Record of Proceedings and basis of Administrative Review Board recommendation for ISN 277
| date=August 29, 2005
| author=[[OARDEC]]
| publisher=[[United States Department of Defense]]
| accessdate=2008-04-15
| pages=60–65
}}</ref>
|-
| [[ISN 278|278]] ||
[[Abdul Helil Mamut]] 
Abd Al Nasir
|| 2002-06-10 || 2009-06-11 ||
* Transferred to guest worker status in [[Bermuda]].<ref name=AndyWorthington2009-06-11 /><ref name=RadioFreeAsia2009-06-11/><ref name=RoyalGazette2009-06-11a/><ref name=AssociatedPress2009-06-11/>
* Alleged to have been present in the Uyghur camp during the [[American aerial bombardment of Afghanistan]].<ref name=CsrtSummaryOfEvidenceAbdulHelilMamut>
{{cite web
| url=http://www.dod.mil/pubs/foi/detainees/csrt_arb/000300-000399.pdf#20
| title=Summary of Evidence for Combatant Status Review Tribunal -- Mamut, Abdul Helil
| date=September 16, 2004
| page=20
| author=[[OARDEC]]
| publisher=[[United States Department of Defense]]
| accessdate=2008-04-15
}}</ref>
* Testified he had studied at a technical college in [[Lahore]] for three years, and had only gone to stay at the Uyghur construction camp after he flunked out.<ref name=CsrtAbdulHelilMamut>
{{cite web
| url=http://www.dod.mil/pubs/foi/detainees/csrt_arb/Set_46_3096-3129.pdf#7
| title=Summarized Statement
| date= redacted
| pages=7–14
| author=[[OARDEC]]
| publisher=[[United States Department of Defense]]
| accessdate=2008-04-15
}}</ref>
<ref name=ArbSummaryOfEvidenceAbdulHelilMamut>
{{cite web
| url=http://www.dod.mil/pubs/foi/detainees/csrt_arb/ARB_Round_1_Factors_000295-000393.pdf#54
| title=Unclassified Summary of Evidence for Administrative Review Board in the case of Mamut, Abdul Helil
| date=August 31, 2005
| pages=54–56
| author=[[OARDEC]]
| publisher=[[United States Department of Defense]]
| accessdate=2008-04-15
}}</ref>
* His board recommended his transfer on November 18, 2005.<ref name=ArbRecommendationIsn278>
{{cite web
| url=http://www.dod.mil/pubs/foi/detainees/csrt_arb/ARB_Round_1_Decision_memos_000196-000275.pdf#66
| title=Administrative Review Board assessment and recommendation ICO ISN 278
| date=November 18, 2005
| author=[[OARDEC]]
| publisher=[[United States Department of Defense]]
| accessdate=2008-04-23
| page=66
}}</ref><ref name=ArbBasisForRecommendationIsn278>
{{cite web
| url=http://www.dod.mil/pubs/foi/detainees/csrt_arb/ARB_Round_1_Decision_memos_000196-000275.pdf#67
| title=Classified Record of Proceedings and basis of Administrative Review Board recommendation for ISN 278
| date=September 9, 2005
| author=[[OARDEC]]
| publisher=[[United States Department of Defense]]
| accessdate=2008-04-23
| pages=67–72
}}</ref>
|-
| [[ISN 279|279]] || Haji [[Mohammed Ayub]] || 2002-06-10 || 2006-05-05 ||
* Attended his CSRT.<ref name=CsrtAyub>[http://www.dod.mil/pubs/foi/detainees/csrt_arb/Set_12_1179-1239.pdf Summarized transcripts (.pdf)], from [[Haji Mohammed Ayub]]'s ''[[Combatant Status Review Tribunal]]'' - pages 49-55</ref>
* Transported to [[Albania]] on May 5, 2006.<ref name="Rfa060510"/><ref name="WapoNlec"/>
|-
| [[ISN 280|280]] ||
[[Saidullah Khalik]]
|| || 12-30-2013 ||
* Transferred to [[Slovakia]] on December 31, 2013.<ref name=MiamiHeraldUyghurs2013-12-31/><ref name=NYTdocket280>
{{cite news
| url=http://projects.nytimes.com/guantanamo/detainees/280-saidullah-khalik
| title=Saidullah Khalik
| publisher=[[New York Times]]
| date= December 31, 2013
| accessdate=2014-08-07
| quote=Saidullah Khalik is a 37-year-old citizen of China. ... He was transferred to Slovakia on Dec. 31, 2013.
}}</ref>
* No record that he attended his CSR Tribunal.
* Was wounded during the [[American aerial bombardment of Afghanistan]].<ref name=CsrtSummaryOfEvidenceSaidullahKhalik>
{{cite web
| url=http://www.dod.mil/pubs/foi/detainees/csrt_arb/000300-000399.pdf#22
| title=Summary of Evidence for Combatant Status Review Tribunal - Khalik, Saidullah
| date=October 29, 2004
| author=[[OARDEC]]
| page=22
| publisher=[[United States Department of Defense]]
| accessdate=2007-12-19
}}</ref>
* Determined to have been an "enemy combatant", but there is no record that any annual Administrative Review Board hearings have been convened.<ref name=OardecArb1Factors/><ref name=OardecArb2Factors20070717/>
|-
| [[ISN 281|281]] || [[Abdul Ghappar Abdul Rahman]] || 2002-06-10 || 2009-10-31 ||
* Given refugee status in [[Palau]] in October 2009.<ref name=Afp2009-10-31/><ref name=Pacific2009-10-31/><ref name=DoJ2009-10-31/><ref name=NYTimes2009-10-31/><ref name=Bbc2009-10-31/>
* Attended his CSRT.<ref name=CsrtRahman>[http://www.dod.mil/pubs/foi/detainees/csrt_arb/Set_43_2811-2921.pdf Summarized transcripts (.pdf)], from [[Abdul Ghappar Abdul Rahman]]'s ''[[Combatant Status Review Tribunal]]'' - pages 34-45</ref>
* Determined to have been an "enemy combatant", but there is no record that any annual Administrative Review Board hearings have been convened.<ref name=OardecArb1Factors/><ref name=OardecArb2Factors20070717/>
* A rare letter from "Abdulghappar Turkistani" was published on March 20, 2008.<ref name=Bbc20080320>
{{cite news
| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7306087.stm
| title=Uighur inmate in Guantanamo plea
| publisher=[[BBC]]
| date= March 20, 2008
| accessdate=2008-03-24
| quote=Abdulghappar Turkistani, 35, is one of a group of 17 Chinese Muslims who have been held at the US camp for six years.
}}</ref> According to Abdulghappar all the remaining Uyghurs were being held, in solitary confinement, in the high security [[Camp 6 Guantanamo|Camp 6]].
|-
| [[ISN 282|282]] ||
[[Hajiakbar Abdulghupur]]
|| || 12-30-2013 ||
* Transferred to [[Slovakia]] on December 31, 2013.<ref name=MiamiHeraldUyghurs2013-12-31/><ref name=NYTdocket282>
{{cite news
| url=http://projects.nytimes.com/guantanamo/detainees/282-hajiakbar-abdulghupur
| title=Hajiakbar Abdulghupur
| publisher=[[New York Times]]
| date= December 31, 2013
| accessdate=2014-08-07
| quote=Hajiakbar Abdulghupur is a 39- or 40-year-old citizen of China. ... He was transferred to Slovakia on Dec. 31, 2013.
}}</ref>
* Attended his CSRT.<ref name=CsrtAbdulghupur>[http://www.dod.mil/pubs/foi/detainees/csrt_arb/Set_2_0098-0204.pdf Summarized transcripts (.pdf)], from [[Hajiakbar Abdulghupur]]'s ''[[Combatant Status Review Tribunal]]'' - pages 65</ref>
* Determined to have been an "enemy combatant", but there is no record that any annual Administrative Review Board hearings have been convened.<ref name=OardecArb1Factors/><ref name=OardecArb2Factors20070717/>
|-
| [[ISN 283|283]] || [[Abu Bakr Qasim]] || 2002-06-10 || 2006-05-05 ||
* Alleged to have received a month of military training.<ref name=CsrtSummaryOfEvidenceAbuBakrQasim>
{{cite web
| url=http://www.dod.mil/pubs/foi/detainees/csrt_arb/000300-000399.pdf#26
| title=Summary of Evidence for Combatant Status Review Tribunal -- Qasim, Abu Bakr
| date=October 29, 2004
| page=26
| author=[[OARDEC]]
| publisher=[[United States Department of Defense]]
| accessdate=2008-034-23
}}</ref>
* Testified he did not receive any military training.<ref name=CsrtAbuBakkerQassim>
{{cite web
| url=http://www.dod.mil/pubs/foi/detainees/csrt_arb/Set_12_1179-1239.pdf#39
| title=Summarized Statement
| date= redacted
| pages=39–48
| author=[[OARDEC]]
| publisher=[[United States Department of Defense]]
| accessdate=2008-04-23
}}</ref>
* CSRT determined that he was not an "enemy combatant".
* Transported to [[Albania]] on May 5, 2006.<ref name="Rfa060510"/>
|-
| [[ISN 285|285]] ||
[[Abdullah Abdulqadirakhun]] 
Jalal Jalaldin
|| 2002-06-12 || 2009-06-11 ||
* Transferred to guest worker status in [[Bermuda]].<ref name=AndyWorthington2009-06-11/><ref name=RadioFreeAsia2009-06-11/><ref name=RoyalGazette2009-06-11a/><ref name=AssociatedPress2009-06-11/>
* Testified that [[Hassan Maksum]] showed him how to fire a couple of rifle bullets.<ref name=CsrtAbdullahAbdulqadirakhum/>
* Testified that the camp was incomplete, had no latrines, and that most of their time was spent in construction.<ref name=CsrtAbdullahAbdulqadirakhum/>
* Determined to have been an "enemy combatant", but there is no record that any annual Administrative Review Board hearings have been convened.<ref name=OardecArb1Factors/><ref name=OardecArb2Factors20070717/>
|-
| [[ISN 289|289]] ||
[[Dawut Abdurehim]]
|| 2002-06-12 || 2009-10-31 ||
* Transferred to refugee status in [[Palau]] in October 2009.<ref name=Afp2009-10-31/><ref name=Pacific2009-10-31/><ref name=DoJ2009-10-31/><ref name=NYTimes2009-10-31/><ref name=Bbc2009-10-31/>
* Attended his CSRT.<ref name=CsrtDawutAbdurehim>
{{cite web
| url=http://www.dod.mil/pubs/foi/detainees/csrt/Set_20_1606-1644.pdf#9
| title=Detainee Unsworn Statement
| date=November 19, 2004
| pages=9–17
| author=[[OARDEC]]
| publisher=[[United States Department of Defense]]
| accessdate=2008-04-23
}}</ref>
* Determined to have been an "enemy combatant", but there is no record that any annual Administrative Review Board hearings have been convened.<ref name=OardecArb1Factors/><ref name=OardecArb2Factors20070717/>
|-
| [[ISN 293|293]] || [[Adel Abdulhehim]] || 2002-06-10 || 2006-05-05 ||
* Attended his CSRT.<ref name=CsrtAbdulhehim>[http://www.dod.mil/pubs/foi/detainees/csrt_arb/Set_15_1318-1362.pdf Summarized transcripts (.pdf)], from [[Adel Abdulhehim]]'s ''[[Combatant Status Review Tribunal]]'' - pages 36-45</ref>
* Transported to [[Albania]] on May 5, 2006.<ref name="Rfa060510"/>
|-
| [[ISN 295|295]] ||
[[Emam Abdulahat]]
|| 2002-06-14 || 2009-06-11 ||
* Transferred to guest worker status in [[Bermuda]].<ref name=AndyWorthington2009-06-11/><ref name=RadioFreeAsia2009-06-11/><ref name=RoyalGazette2009-06-11a/><ref name=AssociatedPress2009-06-11/>
* Attended his CSRT.<ref name=CsrtAbdulahat>[http://www.dod.mil/pubs/foi/detainees/csrt_arb/Set_43_2811-2921.pdf Summarized transcripts (.pdf)], from [[Emam Abdulahat]]'s ''[[Combatant Status Review Tribunal]]'' - pages 99-111</ref>
* Determined to have been an "enemy combatant", but there is no record that any annual Administrative Review Board hearings have been convened.<ref name=OardecArb1Factors/><ref name=OardecArb2Factors20070717/>
|-
| [[ISN 320|320]] || [[Hozaifa Parhat]] || 2002-05-03 || 2009-06-11 ||
* Transferred to guest worker status in [[Bermuda]].<ref name=AndyWorthington2009-06-11/><ref name=RadioFreeAsia2009-06-11/><ref name=RoyalGazette2009-06-11a/><ref name=AssociatedPress2009-06-11/>
*Parhat acknowledged being shown how to use two different weapons while in Afghanistan.<ref name=CsrtHozaifaParhat>
{{cite web
| url=http://www.dod.mil/pubs/foi/detainees/csrt_arb/Set_18_1463-1560.pdf#43
| title=Summarized Statement
| date=redacted
| pages=43–54
| author=[[OARDEC]]
| publisher=[[United States Department of Defense]]
| accessdate=2008-04-08
}}</ref>
* Parhat disputed that the Taliban or al Qaida funded the camp.<ref name=CsrtHozaifaParhat/>
* Determined to have been an "enemy combatant", but there is no record that any annual Administrative Review Board hearings have been convened.<ref name=OardecArb1Factors/><ref name=OardecArb2Factors20070717/>
* On June 20, 2008, a three judge appeals court ruled that his classification as an enemy combatant was "invalid".<ref name="Wapo20080623"/><ref name="McClatchyParhat20080623"/><ref name="Iht20080623"/>
|-
| [[ISN 328|328]] ||
[[Hammad Memet]] 
Ahmad Muhamman Yaqub
|| 2002-05-03 || 2012-04-18 ||
* Given refugee status in [[El Salvador]] in April 2012.<ref name=GlobeAndMail2012-04-21/>
* Alleged to have spent over a year at the Uyghur camp.<ref name=CsrtAhmedMohamed>
{{cite web
| url=http://www.dod.mil/pubs/foi/detainees/csrt_arb/Set_47_3130-3248.pdf#22
| title=Summarized Statement
| date=redacted
| pages=22–30
| author=[[OARDEC]]
| publisher=[[United States Department of Defense]]
| accessdate=2008-04-23
}}</ref>
* Alleged to have been a weapons trainer at the Uyghur camp.<ref name=ArbSummaryOfEvidenceAhmedMohamed>
{{cite web
| url=http://www.dod.mil/pubs/foi/detainees/csrt_arb/ARB_Round_1_Factors_000295-000393.pdf#89
| title=Unclassified Summary of Evidence for Administrative Review Board in the case of Mohamed, Ahmed
| date=June 21, 2005
| pages=89–90
| author=[[OARDEC]]
| publisher=[[United States Department of Defense]]
| accessdate=2007-12-19
}}</ref>
* The detainee denied any knowledge of the Islamic Movement of Turkistan (IMT).<ref name=ArbSummaryOfEvidenceAhmedMohamed/>
* Allegedly fought against the Northern Alliance.<ref name=Arb2SummaryOfEvidenceMohamedAhmed>
{{cite web
| url=http://www.dod.mil/pubs/foi/detainees/csrt_arb/ARB_Round_2_Factors_399-498.pdf#98
| title=Unclassified Summary of Evidence for Administrative Review Board in the case of
| date=April 7, 2006
| pages=98–100
| author=[[OARDEC]]
| publisher=[[United States Department of Defense]]|accessdate=2007-12-19
}}</ref>
* The only Uyghur captive alleged to be a member of [[al Qaida]].<ref name=Arb2SummaryOfEvidenceMohamedAhmed/>
|-
| [[ISN 584|584]] || [[Adel Noori]] || 2002-05-05 || 2009-10-31 ||
* Transferred to refugee status in [[Palau]] in October 2009.<ref name=Afp2009-10-31/><ref name=Pacific2009-10-31/><ref name=DoJ2009-10-31/><ref name=NYTimes2009-10-31/><ref name=Bbc2009-10-31/>
* Alleged to have tried to hide his identity under a [[burqa|burka]].<ref name=CsrtSummaryOfEvidenceAdelNoori>
{{cite web
| url=http://www.dod.mil/pubs/foi/detainees/csrt_arb/000500-000599.pdf#4
| title=Summary of Evidence for Combatant Status Review Tribunal -- Noori, Adel
| date=September 18, 2004
| page=4
| author=[[OARDEC]]
| publisher=[[United States Department of Defense]]
| accessdate=2007-12-20
}}</ref>
* Attended his CSRT—at just half a page his summarized transcript was among the half dozen briefest.<ref name=CsrtAdelNoori>
{{cite web
| url=http://www.dod.mil/pubs/foi/detainees/csrt_arb/Set_1_0001-0097.pdf#45
| title=Summarized Statement
| date=redacted
| page=45
| author=[[OARDEC]]
| publisher=[[United States Department of Defense]]
| accessdate=2008-04-23
}}</ref>
* Denied receiving any weapons training.<ref name=CsrtAdelNoori/>
On July 18, 2008, [[George M. Clarke III]] informed the [[US District Court]] that<ref name=Cv08-0442Doc96>
{{cite web
| url=http://docs.justia.com/cases/federal/district-courts/district-of-columbia/dcdce/1:2008mc00442/131990/96/0.pdf
|format=PDF| title=Guantanamo Bay Detainee Litigation: Doc 96 -- UIGHUR PETITIONERS’ STATUS REPORT
| publisher=[[United States Department of Justice]]
| author=[[George M. Clarke III]]
| date=2008-08-18
| accessdate=2008-08-22
| quote=
}} [http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fdocs.justia.com%2Fcases%2Ffederal%2Fdistrict-courts%2Fdistrict-of-columbia%2Fdcdce%2F1%3A2008mc00442%2F131990%2F96%2F0.pdf&date=2008-08-22 mirror]
</ref>
:{|
|The government has refused to provide petitioner Adel Noori's CSRT record to his counsel.
|}
|}

''Radio Free Asia'' named the five released Uyghurs,<ref name="Rfa060510"/> but the report identified the Uyghurs with different transliterations than that used in the U.S. press release:
[[Abu Bakker Qassim|Ababehir Qasim]], [[Adel Abdulhehim|Adil Abdulhakim]], Ayuphaji Mahomet, Ahter, and [[Ahmed Adil|Ahmet]].

==See also==
* [[Uyghur guest houses suspected of ties to Islamist militancy]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2|refs=
<ref name=Afp2009-10-31>
{{cite news
| url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5j256OdOnArVNzoV0oVLD3PRaY-bQ
| title=Six Guantanamo Uighurs arrive in Palau: US
| publisher=[[Agence France Presse]]
| date=2009-10-31
| archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fhostednews%2Fafp%2Farticle%2FALeqM5j256OdOnArVNzoV0oVLD3PRaY-bQ&date=2009-10-31
| archivedate=2009-10-31
}}
</ref>
<ref name=Pacific2009-10-31>
{{cite news
| url=http://www.pacificnewscenter.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1343:6-muslim-uighurs-arrive-in-palau-from-guantanamo&catid=45:guam-news&Itemid=156
| title=6 Muslim Uighur Detainees From Guantanamo Arrive In Palau
| publisher=[[Pacific News Center]]
| date=2009-11-01
| archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pacificnewscenter.com%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26view%3Darticle%26id%3D1343%3A6-muslim-uighurs-arrive-in-palau-from-guantanamo%26catid%3D45%3Aguam-news%26Itemid%3D156&date=2009-10-31
| archivedate=2009-10-31
| accessdate=2009-09-26
}}
</ref>
<ref name=DoJ2009-10-31>
{{cite news
| url=http://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/2009/October/09-ag-1179.html
| title=United States Transfers Six Uighur Detainees from Guantanamo Bay to Palau
| publisher=[[United States Department of Justice]]
| date=2009-10-31
| archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.justice.gov%2Fopa%2Fpr%2F2009%2FOctober%2F09-ag-1179.html&date=2009-10-31
| archivedate=2009-10-31
}}
</ref>
<ref name=NYTimes2009-10-31>
{{cite news
| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/01/world/asia/01uighurs.html
| title=Uighurs Leave Guantánamo for Palau
| publisher=New York Times
| date=2009-10-31
| author=David Johnston
| archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2009%2F11%2F01%2Fworld%2Fasia%2F01uighurs.html&date=2009-10-31
| archivedate=2009-10-31
}}
</ref>
<ref name=Bbc2009-10-31>
{{cite news
| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/8336343.stm
| title=Guantanamo Uighurs sent to Palau
| publisher=BBC News
| date=2009-10-31
| archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fworld%2Fasia-pacific%2F8336343.stm&date=2009-10-31
| archivedate=2009-10-31
}}
</ref>
<ref name=CsrtAbdullahAbdulqadirakhum>
{{cite web
| url=http://www.dod.mil/pubs/foi/detainees/csrt/Set_20_1606-1644.pdf#26
| title=Summarized Statement
| date=redacted
| pages=26–39
| author=[[OARDEC]]
| publisher=[[United States Department of Defense]]
| accessdate=2008-04-23
}}
</ref>
}}

==External links==
* [http://www.royalgazette.com/article/20110613/NEWS/706139969 Arkley denies Uighurs here permanently] June 13, 2011
* [http://www.radioaustralia.net.au/pacbeat/stories/201006/s2916807.htm Palau urges Australia to allow permanent resettlement for six Uighurs] [[Radio Australia]] June 3, 2010
* [http://www.bangkokpost.com/news/asia/173885/uighurs-demand-release-on-us-soil Uighurs demand release on US soil] [[Bangkok Post]] April 7, 2010
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/newsnight/8371321.stm Guantanamo Uighurs start new life in Palau] [[BBC]] [[Newsnight]] January 14, 2010
* [http://www.thenational.ae/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20100106/FOREIGN/701059860/1015/NEWS Australia urged to accept Uighurs] [[The National (Abu Dhabi)|The National]] January 5, 2010
* [http://english.aljazeera.net/news/asia/2009/11/20091121132630212856.html Life after Guantanamo - Video]
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/7306087.stm Uighur inmate in Guantanamo plea], March 20, 2008, [[BBC]]
* {{Cite news
| url=http://washingtontimes.com/news/2008/nov/26/dusty-relics-of-yalta/
| title=Dusty relics of Yalta
| publisher=[[Washington Times]]
| date=2008-11-26
| accessdate=2008-11-26
| quote=
}} [http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwashingtontimes.com%2Fnews%2F2008%2Fnov%2F26%2Fdusty-relics-of-yalta%2F&date=2008-11-26 mirror]
*[http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2009/06/16/uighurs-us-let-chinese-ab_n_216332.html Uighurs: U.S. Let Chinese Abuse Us At Gitmo] by [[Ryan Grim]], ''The Huffington Post'', June 16, 2009
*Human Rights First; [http://www.humanrightsfirst.info/pdf/Habeas-Works-final-web.pdf Habeas Works: Federal Courts’ Proven Capacity to Handle Guantánamo Cases (2010)]
{{ListUyghurCaptives}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Uyghur Captives In Guantanamo}}
[[Category:Chinese extrajudicial prisoners of the United States|*]]
[[Category:Lists of Guantanamo Bay detainees by nationality|Uyghurs]]
[[Category:Uyghurs]]

Atyrau Region

2017-04-08T00:51:19Z

GreenC bot: Rescued 1 archive link; remove 1 link; reformat 1 link. Wayback Medic 2.1

{{refimprove|date=January 2015}}
{{Infobox settlement

| name = Atyrau Region
| native_name = Атырау облысы Атырауская область
| native_name_lang = kz
| settlement_type =
| image_skyline = Manjali mosque atyrau.JPG
| imagesize =
| image_alt =
| image_caption = Imangali mosque
| image_flag =
| flag_size =
| flag_alt =
| image_shield = Coat of arms of Atyrau.svg
| nickname =
| motto =
| image_map = Atyrau in Kazakhstan.svg
| mapsize =
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|47|07|0|N|51|53|0|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = Kazakhstan
| subdivision_type1 = Capital
| subdivision_name1 = [[Atyrau]]
| leader_party =
| leader_title = [[Akim]]
| leader_name = Nurlan Nogayev
| leader_title1 =
| leader_name1 =
| area_total_km2 = 118631
| elevation_m =
| population_footnotes = <ref>Agency of statistics of the Republic of Kazakhstan: [http://www.stat.kz/digital/naselsenie/2012/2013/%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82/01_2012_%D0%AD-14-05-%D0%9C.xls Численность населения Республики Казахстан по областям с началa 2013 года до 1 февраля 2013 года]{{dead link|date=July 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} 2012, 2013 (Russian; Excel; 55 kB).</ref>
| population_total = 556388
| population_as_of = 2013-02-01
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| timezone1 =
| utc_offset1 = +5
| timezone1_DST =
| utc_offset1_DST =
| postal_code_type = Postal code
| postal_code = 060000
| area_code_type =
| area_code = +7 (712)
| website = {{URL|http://atyrau.gov.kz}}
| footnotes =
| blank_name_sec1 = [[ISO 3166-2:KZ|ISO 3166-2]]
| blank_info_sec1 = KZ-ATY
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[Vehicle registration plate|Licence plate]]
| blank1_info_sec1 = 06, E
| blank2_name_sec1 =
| blank2_info_sec1 = 
| blank_name_sec2 = [[Districts of Kazakhstan|Districts]]
| blank_info_sec2 = 7
| blank1_name_sec2 = [[List of cities in Kazakhstan|Cities (inc towns)]]
| blank1_info_sec2 = 2
| blank2_name_sec2 = [[Township]]s
| blank2_info_sec2 = 10
| blank3_name_sec2 = [[Village]]s
| blank3_info_sec2 = 188

}}

'''Atyrau Region''' ({{lang-kk|Атырау облысы, ''Atıraw oblısı''}}, اتىراۋ وبلىسى) is one of the [[regions of Kazakhstan]], situated in the west of the country around the northeast of the [[Caspian Sea]]. Its capital is the town of [[Atyrau]], with a population of 142,500 people; the region itself has 480,000 people. [[Kazakhs]] make up more than 80% of population.

==History==
The [[Turan]] lowlands of Atyrau Region were the central homeland for the [[Malkar]] "Hun" dynasties of late antiquity.

==Geography==
With an area of 118,600 square kilometers, it is the second-smallest region in Kazakhstan ([[South Kazakhstan Region]] is the smallest). It borders [[Russia]] to the west, as well as the fellow Kazakh region [[Aktobe Region|Aktobe]] to the east, [[Mangystau Region|Mangystau]] to the south, and the [[West Kazakhstan Region]] to the north. The [[Ural River]] is the border between [[Asia]] and [[Europe]] and flows from Russia to the [[Caspian Sea]] through the region, meaning western Atyrau Region lies in Europe.

A large part of the region is situated in the [[petroleum|oil]]-rich [[Caspian Depression]]. Many oil wells have been drilled in the [[Tengiz Field]] and [[Kashagan Field]] areas. An [[oil pipeline]] runs from Atyrau to [[Samara, Russia]], where it joins the Russian pipeline system. A separate oil pipeline runs from the [[Tengiz field]] to the Russian Black Sea port of [[Novorossiisk]].

Atyrau is traversed by the northeasterly line of equal latitude and longitude.

==Administrative divisions==
The region is divided into seven districts and the city of [[Atyrau]]. The districts are<ref>{{cite web|url=http://atyrau.gov.kz/ru/apparat-akima-zhylyojskogo-rajona-1/ |archive-url=https://archive.is/20121219165732/http://atyrau.gov.kz/ru/apparat-akima-zhylyojskogo-rajona-1/ |dead-url=yes |archive-date=19 December 2012 |script-title=ru:Аппарат акима Жылыойского района |publisher=Электронный Акимат Атырауской области |accessdate=5 June 2012 |language=Russian }}</ref>
# [[Inder District]], with the administrative center in the urban-type settlement of [[Inderbor]];
# [[Isatay District]], the [[Village#Central and Eastern Europe|selo]] (village) of [[Akkystau]];
# [[Kurmangazy District]], the selo of [[Ganyushkino]];
# [[Kyzylkoga District]], the selo of [[Miyaly]];
# [[Makat District]], the urban-type settlement of [[Makat]];
# [[Makhambet District]], the selo of [[Makhambet]];
# [[Zhylyoi District]], the town of [[Kulsary]].

* Two localities in Atyrau Region have town status. These are Atyrau and [[Kulsary]].

==References==
{{reflist}}
* ''National Geographic Atlas of the World'', Eighth Edition.

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120607170705/http://www.atyrau.gov.kz/ Official website]

{{Geographic location
|Centre = Atyrau Region
|North = [[West Kazakhstan Region]]
|Northeast =
|East = [[Aktobe Region]]
|Southeast = [[Mangystau Region]]
|South = ''[[Caspian Sea]]'' [[Baku]], [[Khachmaz District|Khachmaz]], [[Khizi District|Khizi]], [[Shabran District|Shabran]], and [[Sumqayit]], {{flag|Azerbaijan}}
|Southwest = ''[[Caspian Sea]]'' {{flag|Dagestan}}, {{flag|Russia}}
|West = {{flag|Astrakhan Oblast}}, {{flag|Russia}}
|Northwest =
}}

{{Atyrau Region}}
{{Regions of Kazakhstan}}

{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Atyrau Region| ]]
[[Category:Regions of Kazakhstan]]

Youth Information Service of Kazakhstan

2017-04-07T22:30:18Z

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{{Orphan|date=April 2013}}

{{Infobox non-profit
| name = Youth Information Service of Kazakhstan
| image = [[File:Логотип Молодёжной информационной службы Казахстана.jpg|350px]]
| founded_date = {{Start date|1998|7}}
| founder =
| location = [[Kazakhstan]]
| coordinates = [[Almaty]]
| origins =
| key_people =
| area_served =
| product =
| mission = The development of civic initiatives among Kazakhstan youth
| focus = [[Youth]]
| method =
| homepage = [http://www.misk.org.kz/ misk.org.kz]
}}

'''The Public Fund Youth Information Service of Kazakhstan''' ('''YISK''') is a [[nonprofit organization]] that unites young initiative people who strive to contribute their knowledge, energy and intellect to the development and prosperity of [[Kazakhstan]].

Youth Information Service was organized by young citizens of Kazakhstan students of higher educational institutes in July 1998 in [[Almaty]].

The Public Fund has its branches and representative office in 9 regions of Kazakhstan: [[Almaty]], [[Astana]], [[Karaganda]], [[Taraz]], [[Oral, Kazakhstan|Oral]], [[Shimkent]], [[Kyzylorda]], [[Semey]], [[Kokshetau]].

==Mission==
The development of civic initiatives among Kazakhstan`s youth through education, information exchange and cooperation of young organizations and young people and their involvement in social activity.<ref>[http://www.comminit.com/democracy-governance/content/youth-information-service-kazakhstan-yisk-kazakhstan YISK]</ref>

==Principles==
[[Mobilization]] of the entire national internal [[resource]]s for [[country]] development requires a formation of the [[effective]] [[youth]] policy system. It is necessary to create mechanisms for the internal investments to the [[social sector]] of the country, when any citizen is able to contribute his or her expertise, energy and innovations to the development of Kazakhstan.
Nowadays, it is necessary to build a system of the [[education]] and [[Progress (history)|progress]] in order to bring up public managers of new formation that would correspond to the demands of the new century. At present, when knowledge and innovation are highly valuable, the youth is to be the main strategic resource for the prosperity of the country.

==Principal activities==

'''''[[Social project management|Social Projects]]'''''
*[[Advocacy|Advocacy Campaign]]
*[[Lobbying]]
*[[Civic Education]]
*[[Charity (practice)|Charity]]

'''''Information programs'''''
*[[Media monitoring]]
*Creating and maintaining databases
*Conduct ratings
*[[Youth-led media|Youth media and websites]]

'''''[[Education|Educational programs]]''''' <ref>[http://www.counterpart.org/blog/national-media-coverage-brings-acclaim-to-kazakh-youth-organization]</ref>
*Training seminars
*Training and workshops
*Workshops and Schools
*Assist in the development of voluntary movement

'''''Youth events'''''<ref>[http://en.trend.az/regions/casia/kazakhstan/1343211.html]</ref>
*Round tables
*Forums and discussion <ref>[https://archive.is/20130413141143/http://www.soros.kz/en/events/conference-zhascamp]</ref>
*Promotions and campaigns

'''''Research and Expertise'''''

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Non-profit organisations based in Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Kazakhstani society]]

Samruk-Kazyna

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{{Refimprove|date=February 2014}}
{{Infobox company
|name = Samruk-Kazyna
|logo = [[Image:Samruk-Kazyna Logo.svg|200px]]
|caption =
|type = Joint stock company
|genre =
|fate =
|predecessor = Samruk and Kazyna
|successor =
|foundation = 2008
|founder =
|defunct =
|location_city = Astana
|location_country = Kazakhstan
|location =
|locations =
|area_served =
|key_people = [[Umirzak Shukeyev]]
|industry =
|products =
|services =
|revenue =
|operating_income =
|net_income =
|aum =
|assets = $78 billion<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/scr/2011/cr11150.pdf |title=Republic of Kazakhstan: 2011 Article IV Consultation--Staff Report; Supplement; and Public Information Notice; IMF Country Report 11/150; June 1, 2011 |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=2014-02-02}}</ref>
|equity =
|owner = [[Government of Kazakhstan]]
|num_employees =
|parent =
|divisions =
|subsid =
|homepage = http://www.samruk-kazyna.kz/
|footnotes =
|intl =
}}

'''Samruk-Kazyna''' ({{lang-kk|Самұрық-Қазына}}, ''Samurıq-Qazına'', سامۇرىق-قازىنا; {{lang-ru|Самрук-Казына}}), officially known as the '''National Welfare Fund "Samruk-Kazyna"''', is a [[sovereign wealth fund]] and [[joint stock company]] in [[Kazakhstan]] which owns, either in whole or in part, many important companies in the country, including the national [[Kazakhstan Temir Zholy|rail]] and [[Kazpost|postal]] service, the state oil and gas company [[KazMunayGas]], the state uranium company [[Kazatomprom]], [[Air Astana]], and numerous financial groups. The state is the sole shareholder of the fund.<ref name=skhistory>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110209113937/http://samruk-kazyna.kz/page.php?page_id=2732&lang=3&parent_id=2731 ]</ref> It was created in October 2008 with the merger of two funds, "Samruk" and "Kazyna", by decree of the president of Kazakhstan, [[Nursultan Nazarbayev]].
Prime Minister of Kazakhstan [[Bakhytzhan Sagintayev]] was appointed as chairman of the board of directors at the National Wealth Fund Samruk-Kazyna JSC by a government resolution dated September 28, 2016.<ref>[http://kazworld.info/?p=59465 Samruk-Kazyna JSC Appoints Bakytzhan Sagintayev as Chairman of its Board of Directors]</ref> Chief Executive Officer and Chairman of the Management Board of «Samruk-Kazyna» JSC-[[Umirzak Shukeyev]].
Independent directors-Alexander Mirtchev, Sir Richard Harry Evans, Nigel John Stapleton.

The fund is a member of the [[International Forum of Sovereign Wealth Funds]]<ref name="IFSWF001">{{cite web |url=http://www.ifswf.org/members |title=IFSWF Our members |author=International Forum of Sovereign Wealth Funds |access-date=24 September 2016}}</ref> and are signed up to the 24 [[Santiago Principles]] which are a voluntary standard of best practice endorsed by the members for the management of the Sovereign Wealth Funds.<ref name="IFSWF002">{{cite web |url=http://www.ifswf.org/santiago_principles |title=IFSWF Santiago Principles |author=International Forum of Sovereign Wealth Funds |access-date=27 September 2016}}</ref>

==Organizations owned by Samruk-Kazyna==
The following is a partial list of organizations partly or wholly owned by the Samruk-Kazyna fund. The percentage of shares controlled by the fund is indicated in brackets.<ref>http://sk.kz/company/indicators</ref> 576 subsidiaries and associated companies are included in the Fund's group of companies (as of June 30, 2014).
{{Colbegin}}
* [[KazMunayGas|«KazMunayGas» NC]] (90%)
* [[KEGOC|«Kazakhstan Electricity Grid Operating Company» JSC]] (90%)
* [[Kazakhtelecom|«Kazakhtelecom» JSC]] (51%)
* [[Kazpost|«Kazpost» JSC]] (100%)
* [[Kazakhstan Engineering|«Kazakhstan Engineering» JSC]] (56,35%)
* [http://www.airport.pvl.kz/index.php?show=59&lang=2 «Pavlodar Airport»] (100%)
* [http://www.airport-aktobe.kz/en/ «Aktobe Airport»] (100%)
* [[Air Astana|«Air Astana» JSC]] (51%)
* [http://www.skc.kz/en/ «Samruk-Kazyna Contract» LLP] (100%)
* [http://www.skinvest.kz/en/ «Samruk-Kazyna Invest» LLP] (100%)
* [http://samruk-energy.kz/index.php?lang=en «Samruk-Energy» JSC] (100%)
* [http://fnsk.kz/?l=eng&p=start «Real Estate Fund Samruk-Kazyna» JSC] (100%)
* [[Kazakhstan Temir Zholy|«Kazakhstan Temir Zholy» JSC]] (100%)
* [[Kazatomprom|«Kazatomprom» JSC NC]] (100%)
* [[United Chemical Company|«United Chemical Company» LLP]] (100%)
* [http://tks.kz/en National Mining Company «Tau-Ken Samruk» JSC] (100%)
* [http://www.alb.kz/en/ «Alliance bank» JSC] (51%)
* «Shalkiya Zinc Ltd» JSC (100%)
*«KOREM» JSC (100%)
* KGF IM (100%)
* «Atyrau Airport» JSC (100%)
* «Karagandagiproshaht & K» LLP (90%)
* «Samruk-Kazyna Finance» LLP (100%)
{{Colend}}

== Transformation ==

=== How did the Program originate?===
In 2013 the Fund carried out a benchmarking (comparison study of the work) of the Fund and its Subsidiaries with foreign peers. Following the study it was determined that international peer companies obtained more income against the same level of invested capital. Have analyzed the data of carried out study the Fund initiated implementation of the Transformation Program in the same way as it was implemented by the Sovereign Wealth Funds of Malaysia [[Khazanah Nasional|Кhazanah Nasiоnal Berhad]] and [[Temasek Holdings|Temasek]], Singapore.

The initiative was supported by the Head of the State, who in April, 2014 instructed the Management of the Fund to elaborate the business transformation program before the end of September of the current year.

In September, 2014 the Board of Directors of “Samruk-Kazyna” JSC approved the Program supposing transition of the holding from current job model as the administrator of the assets transferred by the State to the role of active investor.

===What is the business transformation?===
Transformation Program – is a program of large-scale transformations of the Fund’s activities and the activities of controlled portfolio companies.

The Program covers three directions: adding of value of the portfolio companies, change of the portfolio structure and approach of the Fund to the investment activities, redistribution of the authorities and responsibility in the management system of the Fund and its portfolio companies. Implementation of the Program requires significant changes in the activities of the Fund, its portfolio companies as well as in mechanisms of interaction with public authorities involved in the activities of the Fund.

These directions suppose cardinal change of the Investment policy of the Group of the Companies of “Samruk-Kazyna” JSC aiming at implementation of highly profitable projects and diversification of the project portfolio with entry to new industries, to new international markets.

===Stages of the Transformation Program implementation===
The Transformation of the Fund and its portfolio companies will be carried out step-by-step during more than 5 years:

Stage I – in the Fund and 3 pilot portfolio companies.

Preparation to the implementation of the changes will be carried out in “Samruk-Kazyna” JSC, [[Kazakhstan Temir Zholy|«Kazakhstan Temir Zholy» JSC]], [[Kazpost|«Kazpost» JSC]] and [[KazMunayGas|«KazMunayGas» NC]]. The work will start in Q4 2014 and will be completed in 2015.

Stage II – all 12 portfolio companies.

The Fund plans to draw up the first results of the Transformation in 2015-2016. In general, the first stage of the Transformation program will be completed before the end of 2017. Then the Fund will launch the process of continuous improvement in all 12 portfolio companies. Upon completing of active stage of implementation of the Program activities, improvement of the activity on regular basis will be a corporate standard.

== Statistics ==

·
Total assets amounted to $100.5 billion.

·
90% of total assets account for eight largest companies

·
Equity - $49.3 billion

·
Liability - $51.2 billion

·
Income at the end of 2013 - $33.4 billion

·
Net profit for 2013 - $2.9 billion

·
ROE in 2013 - 5.9%

·
ROA in 2013 - 2.9%

·
The number of employees of the holding - 358 thousand people

== Ratings ==

* Credit rating on liabilities in foreign currency BBB / A-3
* Credit rating in local currency BBB + / A-2
* National scale rating - KzAAA
* Rating Outlook is «stable»

== See also ==
{{Portal|Companies}}
* [[WikiBilim|WikiBilim Public Foundation]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://sk.kz/?lang=en Official site]

[[Category:Companies based in Astana]]
[[Category:Companies of Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Government-owned companies of Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Economy of Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Foundations based in Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Sovereign wealth funds]]

Zhezkazgan Airport

2017-04-07T21:09:44Z

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{{Infobox airport
| name = Zhezkazgan Airport
| nativename =
| image =
| IATA = DZN
| ICAO = UAKD
| type = Public
| owner =
| operator = JSC "Zhezkazgan Air"
| city-served =
| location = {{Convert|8|km|abbr=on}} SE of [[Zhezkazgan]], Kazakhstan
| elevation-m = 381
| metric-elev = Y
| coordinates = {{coord|47|42|32|N|067|44|21|E|region:KZ|display=inline,title}}
| pushpin_map = Kazakhstan
| pushpin_label = UAKD
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kazakhstan
| website = [https://web.archive.org/web/20101104042533/http://www.zhezair.kz/eng www.zhezair.kz/eng]
| metric-rwy = Y
| r1-number = 04/22
| r1-length-m = 2,600
| r1-surface = Concrete
| footnotes = Source: [[Aeronautical Information Publication|AIP]] Kazakhstan<ref name="AIP">[https://archive.is/20130616030152/http://goszakup.ans.kz/AIP/AIRAC_AMDT_01_13/AIP/html/UA-frameset-en-KZ.html AIP Kazakhstan]</ref>
}}
'''Zhezkazgan Airport''' {{airport codes|DZN|UAKD}} is the [[airport]] of [[Zhezkazgan]], [[Kazakhstan]].

==Airlines and destinations==
{{Airport-dest-list
|[[Air Astana]] |[[Astana International Airport|Astana]] (suspended from 1 May 2015)<ref>http://ch-aviation.com/portal/news/36656-air-astana-to-suspend-zhezkazgan-flights-over-safety-concerns</ref>
|[[SCAT (airline)|SCAT]] | [[Almaty International Airport|Almaty]]
|[[Zhezkazgan Air|ZhezAir]]|[[Almaty International Airport|Almaty]], [[Sary-Arka Airport|Karagandy]], [[Balkhash Airport|Balkhash]]
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* {{GCM|UAKD|UAKD / DZN}}
* {{ASN|DZN}}

{{Airports in Kazakhstan}}

[[Category:Airports in Kazakhstan]]

{{Asia-airport-stub}}
{{Kazakhstan-geo-stub}}
{{Kazakhstan-transport-stub}}

2009 Taldykorgan fire

2017-04-07T20:13:36Z

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[[File:Alma-Kzl obl.svg|thumb|right|300px|Location of [[Almaty Region]] in Kazakhstan]]
The '''2009 Taldykorgan fire''' occurred on 13 September 2009, when at least 38 people were killed in a fire at a [[drug abuse]] clinic in [[Taldykorgan]], [[Almaty Region]], [[Kazakhstan]].<ref name="Kazakhstan News 13/Sept/09">{{cite news|url=http://www.kazakhstannews.net/story/542546|title=Drug clinic fire leads to deaths|date=13 September 2009|publisher=[[Kazakhstan News]]|accessdate=2009-09-13|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5jq7gdRXE?url=http://www.kazakhstannews.net/story/542546|archivedate=2009-09-16|deadurl=no}}</ref><ref name="AFP 13/Sept/2009">{{cite news|url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5hrJljl18Zvn6do8KN-NfJpBHUNXQ |title=Huge fire kills 37 at Kazakhstan drug rehab centre|date=13 September 2009|publisher=[[Agence France-Presse|AFP]]|accessdate=2009-09-13| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20090930005203/https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5hrJljl18Zvn6do8KN-NfJpBHUNXQ| archivedate= 30 September 2009 | deadurl= no}}</ref><ref name="RIA Novosti 13/Sept/2009">{{cite news|url=http://en.rian.ru/exsoviet/20090913/156110641.html|title=Drug abuse clinic fire kills 38 people in south Kazakhstan|date=13 September 2009|publisher=[[RIA Novosti]]|accessdate=2009-09-13|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5jq7h2xZ2?url=http://en.rian.ru/exsoviet/20090913/156110641.html|archivedate=2009-09-16|deadurl=no}}</ref> At least 10 others were re-hospitalised after the fire.<ref name="Dozens dead in Kazakhstan blaze"/> Two of the dead were staff, the other 36 were patients.<ref name="Fire at Kazakhstan health clinic kills 38"/>
The building dates from 1951.<ref name="38 die in Kazakh drug clinic blaze"/> The cause of the blaze is currently unknown.<ref name="Dozens dead in Kazakhstan blaze"/><ref name="Dozens killed in blaze at drug rehab clinic"/>

== Fire ==
{{wikinews|Fire at Kazakhstan hospital kills at least 38}}The fire started at 5:30 AM.<ref name="Dozens killed in blaze at drug rehab clinic"/><ref name="37 killed in fire at Kazakh drug rehab clinic"/> The fire quickly spread through the single story Soviet-era building. Locked doors and barred windows blocked many escape routes,<ref name="Dozens dead in Kazakhstan blaze"/><ref name="Kazakhstan clinic fire kills 37"/> and screams were heard coming from the building for over 20 minutes.<ref name="37 killed in fire at Kazakh drug rehab clinic"/> 40 people were evacuated from the building by rescuers.<ref name="38 die in Kazakh drug clinic blaze">{{cite web|url=http://www.rte.ie/news/2009/0913/kazakhstan.html|title=38 die in Kazakh drug clinic blaze|date=2009-09-13|accessdate=2009-09-13|publisher=[[Raidió Teilifís Éireann|RTÉ]]}}</ref><ref name="Dozens killed in blaze at drug rehab clinic"/> Ten people were taken to the hospital, where they were treated for severe burn injuries. Firefighters extinguished the fire after several hours.<ref name="Dozens killed in blaze at drug rehab clinic"/> The Bodies of 36 patients and 2 workers were recovered from the building, and taken to the city morgue where relatives were witnessed wailing.<ref name="37 killed in fire at Kazakh drug rehab clinic"/> One victim's sister criticised police for taking him away because "he was drinking too much. They said they were taking him away for six months to cure him of [[alcoholism]] but now he's dead".<ref name="37 killed in fire at Kazakh drug rehab clinic">{{cite web|author=Peter Leonard |url=http://www.chron.com/disp/story.mpl/ap/top/all/6617118.html |title=37 killed in fire at Kazakh drug rehab clinic |date=2009-09-13 |accessdate=2009-09-13 |publisher=''[[Houston Chronicle]]'' |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090916005456/http://www.chron.com/disp/story.mpl/ap/top/all/6617118.html |archivedate=September 16, 2009 }}</ref> Another woman, this one named Fatima, stated: "I heard them screaming for 20 minutes. They were screaming, 'Save us, save us'".<ref name="Dozens dead in Kazakhstan blaze"/> Relatives of the victims were warned by police not to talk to journalists, but a woman who lost her husband spoke to [[Al Jazeera]] on condition of anonymity. Journalists were not allowed to speak to victims in the hospital, but one patient whose bed was by the window told journalists that patients at the drug clinic had been locked in when the fire started before he was discovered by a police officer and pulled from the window.

== Reaction ==
[[Karim Massimov]], Kazakhstan's [[Prime Minister of Kazakhstan|Prime Minister]], asked for an investigation to take place.<ref name="Dozens dead in Kazakhstan blaze"/><ref name="Dozens killed in blaze at drug rehab clinic"/><ref name="Kazakhstan clinic fire kills 37">{{cite web|url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/accidents/news/article.cfm?c_id=13&objectid=10597141&ref=rss|title=Kazakhstan clinic fire kills 37|date=2009-09-14|accessdate=2009-09-13|publisher=''[[The New Zealand Herald]]''}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> The Emergencies Ministry later released a statement saying: "The fire had spread rapidly because fire fighters had been alerted late".<ref name="Fire at Kazakhstan health clinic kills 38">{{cite web|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/latestCrisis/idUSLD440583|title=Fire at Kazakhstan health clinic kills 38|date=2009-09-13|accessdate=2009-09-13|publisher=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> [[Serik Akhmetov]], the Deputy Prime Minister, is to fly to Taldykorgan.<ref name="Dozens dead in Kazakhstan blaze">{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/8252995.stm|title=Dozens dead in Kazakhstan blaze|date=2009-09-13|accessdate=2009-09-13|publisher=[[BBC]]| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20090913100732/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/8252995.stm| archivedate= 13 September 2009 | deadurl= no}}</ref><ref name="Dozens killed in blaze at drug rehab clinic">{{cite web|url=http://www.france24.com/en/20090913-kazakhstan-fire-kill-taldykorgan-drug-clinic-rehab|title=Dozens killed in blaze at drug rehab clinic|date=2009-09-13|accessdate=2009-09-13|publisher=[[France 24]]}}</ref>

A commission to investigate the fire was established. The building itself was visited by [[fire safety]] inspectors in May 2009.<ref name="Dozens dead in Kazakhstan blaze"/> A number of violations were discovered, and the building was found to have no [[Fire alarm|alarm system]].<ref name="Dozens dead in Kazakhstan blaze"/><ref name="37 killed in fire at Kazakh drug rehab clinic"/> Some violations had since been fixed, but an alarm system had still not been installed.<ref name="Dozens dead in Kazakhstan blaze"/><ref name="37 killed in fire at Kazakh drug rehab clinic"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord missing|Kazakhstan}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Taldykorgan Fire}}
[[Category:Disasters in Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:2009 fires]]
[[Category:2009 in Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Almaty Region]]

Ayah River

2017-04-07T19:54:24Z

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{{Orphan|date=June 2016}}
{{Geobox|River
|name = Ayah
|image =
|image caption =
|length = 117
|watershed = 13300
|parent = Tobol/Irtysh/Ob/Kara sea
|source = Kartalian/archagly-Ayat river
|Location source =
|Height of source =
|Coordinates of source = 53.004815/61.851916
|mouth = Cartomancie reservoir
|Location mouth = 1257 km on the left Bank of the river [[Tobol]]
|The height of the mouth =
|The coordinates of the mouth = 52.838591/62.737678
|country = Russia
|country1=Kazakhstan
|region = Chelyabinsk
|region1 = Kostanayskaya oblast

|District = Varna district/Taranovsky district/Fedorovskiy district (Kostanay oblast)/Kostanay district
}}

"'Verse"' is a river in [[Russia]]n and [[Kazakhstan]]e, takes place in [[Chelyabinsk oblast|Chelyabinsk region]] Russia and [[Kostanay province|Kostanay oblast]], Kazakhstan. The verse formed by the confluence of [[Karatalas-Verse]] and [[archagly-Ayat river|archagly-Ayat]]. The river flows into the river [[Tobol]] district in [[Cartomancie reservoir|reservoir Kurotomesode]]. The length of the river is 117 km, with a catchment area of 13 300 km2.<ref name='MNR'/>

== Hydrology ==
Much of the basin is formed by 383 drainless lakes (total area 208 km2.). Part of the river, located in the Chelyabinsk region has a length of 23 km and an 8571 km2. area of [[Drainage basin|watershed]].

The soils of the basin are mostly [[sandy loam|sandy]] and [[clay|loam]], occasionally [[salt]]. Laboissiere [[ples river|alluvial channels]] the channel is located in a well defined river valley.

In winter, the river often freezes to the bottom. [[Post Hydrological|hydrological post]] Varvarinka freezing was observed 5 times in 43 years.

== The settlements on the river ==
* [[Mykolaivka (Chelyabinsk oblast)|Nikolayevka]]
* [[Varvarinka (Kazakhstan)|Varvarinka]]
* [[Kyzylzhar (Kazakhstan)|Kyzylzhar]]
* [[Asenkritovka]]
* [[Aktobe]]
* [[Nikolaev (Kazakhstan)|Nikolaev]]
* [[Orenburg]]
* [[Zhuravlevka (Kostanay oblast)|zhuravlivka]]
* Taran
* Krasnoselsky
* Ayatskoe
* Perecentage
* May
* Voronezh
* Riverside
* Riverside
* D. A. Miner

== In art ==
* "Tobol and Ayat" — the poem [[Yevtushenko, Yevgeny Aleksandrovich|Yevtushenko]].

== Water of the registry data ==

According to [[Public registry of water|state water register of Russia]] refers to the [[Irtysh basin district|river basin Irtysh district]], [[water management area]] river [[Tobol river|Tobol]], from source to confluence with [[UI (tributary of the Tobol)|UY]], without the river [[Uvelka]], river sub — basin of river Tobol. River basin of the rivers — the [[Irtysh]].<ref name='MNR'>{{cite web|url=http://textual.EN/gvr/index.php?card=195274 |title=State water register of the Russian Federation: Verse |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6A8MAGtdZ?url=http%3A%2F%2Ftextual.ru%2Fgvr%2Findex.php%3Fcard%3D195274 |archivedate=2012-08-23 |deadurl=no |df= }}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
* [https://archive.is/20130417103552/http://voda.rkc-74.ru/p30aa1.html Water resources of the Chelyabinsk region]

{{coord missing|Kazakhstan}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Verse}}
[[Category:Rivers of Russia]]
[[Category:Rivers of Kazakhstan]]

Dmitriy Balandin

2017-04-07T19:16:34Z

GreenC bot: Rescued 1 archive link; remove 1 link. Wayback Medic 2.1

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2017}}
{{Infobox swimmer
| name = Dmitriy Balandin
| image = Dmitry Balandin Olympic champion - Men's 200 metre breaststroke Rio-2016.jpg
| imagesize=
| caption = Balandin in 2016
| fullname = Dmitriy Igorevich Balandin
| nicknames =
| national_team = {{KAZ}}
| strokes = [[Breaststroke swimming|Breaststroke]]
| club =
| coach = Vladimir Rybchenko<ref name=incheon2014/>
| collegeteam =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1995|4|4|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Almaty]], [[Kazakhstan]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| height = {{height|m=1.95|0|abbr=on}}
| weight = {{convert|85|kg|lb|0|abbr=on}}
| medaltemplates=
{{MedalCountry|{{KAZ}}}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Olympic Games]]}}
{{MedalGold| [[Swimming at the 2016 Summer Olympics|2016 Rio de Janeiro]] | [[Swimming at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Men's 200 metre breaststroke|200 m breaststroke]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Asian Games]]}}
{{MedalGold| [[Swimming at the 2014 Asian Games|2014 Incheon]] | [[Swimming at the 2014 Asian Games|50 m breaststroke]]}}
{{MedalGold| [[Swimming at the 2014 Asian Games|2014 Incheon]] | [[Swimming at the 2014 Asian Games|100 m breaststroke]]}}
{{MedalGold| [[Swimming at the 2014 Asian Games|2014 Incheon]] | [[Swimming at the 2014 Asian Games – Men's 200 metre breaststroke|200 m breaststroke]]}}
{{MedalCompetition | [[Universiade|Summer Universiade]]}}
{{MedalGold | [[2015 Summer Universiade|2015 Gwangju]] | [[Swimming at the 2015 Summer Universiade|100 m breaststroke]]}}
{{MedalBronze | [[2015 Summer Universiade|2015 Gwangju]] | [[Swimming at the 2015 Summer Universiade|50 m breaststroke]]}}
| show-medals = yes
| updated =
}}
[[File:Dmitriy Balandin 2016 stamp of Kazakhstan.jpg|thumb|235px|Balandin on a 2016 stamp of Kazakhstan]]
'''Dmitriy Igorevich Balandin''' ({{lang-ru|Дмитрий Игоревич Баландин}}; born 4 April 1995) is a Kazakh [[breaststroke]] swimmer. He won the 200 m breaststroke at the [[2016 Summer Olympics]], as well as the 50, 100 and 200 m breaststroke events at the [[2014 Asian Games]].<ref name=incheon2014>{{cite web|title=Dmitriy Balandin|url=http://www.incheon2014ag.org/Sports/Biographies/Athletes_Profile/?ParticCode=5105693&lang=en|publisher=[[Incheon 2014]]|accessdate=25 September 2014}}</ref>

==Career==
Balandin currently holds two Kazakh records in the 100 and 200 m breaststroke, and also set a historic milestone for his nation by striking the breaststroke triple at the [[2014 Asian Games]] in [[Incheon, South Korea]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Boring blown out of the water by Kazakhstan's speedy pair|url=http://www.thestandard.com.hk/news_detail.asp?we_cat=21&art_id=149862&sid=43056523&con_type=1&d_str=20140926&fc=7|publisher=[[Hong Kong Standard]]|accessdate=25 September 2014}}</ref>

In the 2016 Rio Olympics, Balandin won a gold medal in the 200 m breaststroke, setting up new national record with 2:07.46. This was his first Olympic medal, and Kazakhstan's first-ever medal in a swimming event.<ref>{{cite news|title=Olympic swimming results 2016: Dmitriy Balandin wins men's 200m breaststroke, first swimming medal for Kazakhstan|url=http://www.sbnation.com/2016/8/10/12432998/olympics-2016-swimming-results-200m-breaststroke-mens-gold-Dmitriy-Balandin|publisher=[[SB Nation]]|accessdate=10 August 2016}}</ref>

Balandin emerged as an unexpected medal contender at the [[2014 Asian Games]] in [[Incheon]], where he competed in all breaststroke events. In the [[Swimming at the 2014 Asian Games – Men's 200 metre breaststroke|men's 200 m breaststroke]], Balandin moved from a top seed in the prelims to stun the entire crowd and crush the twelve-year-old meet record set by Japanese swimmer and four-time Olympic champion [[Kosuke Kitajima]] in a time of 2:07.67 for the gold medal, jumping him into third in the world rankings.<ref>{{cite news|title=China Dominates Third Night of Swimming at Asian Games|url=http://www.swimmingworldmagazine.com/news/china-dominates-third-night-of-swimming-at-asian-games/|publisher=[[Swimming World Magazine]]|accessdate=23 September 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Xu |first=Haijing |title=China sweeps 6 more golds to lead swim tally |url=http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/xinhua-news-agency/140923/sports-focus-china-sweeps-6-more-golds-lead-swim-tally |archive-url=https://archive.is/20140926053224/http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/xinhua-news-agency/140923/sports-focus-china-sweeps-6-more-golds-lead-swim-tally |dead-url=yes |archive-date=26 September 2014 |publisher=[[GlobalPost]] |date=23 September 2014 |accessdate=25 September 2014 }}</ref> The following day, in the [[Swimming at the 2014 Asian Games|men's 100 m breaststroke]], Balandin threw down a Kazakh record in 59.92 to pick up his second gold of the meet. Additionally, he raced his stretch to overhaul a minute barrier for the first time in Asian Games history.<ref>{{cite news|title=China Sets Asian Record in 400 Free Relay to Close Night|url=http://www.swimmingworldmagazine.com/news/china-sets-asian-record-in-400-free-relay-to-close-night/|publisher=[[Swimming World Magazine]]|accessdate=24 September 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Linden|first=Julian|title=Hagino and Shen each collect fourth golds at Asiad|url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/2014/09/24/uk-games-asian-swimming-idUKKCN0HJ17Q20140924|publisher=[[Reuters]]|location=[[Incheon]]|date=24 September 2014|accessdate=25 September 2014}}</ref> On the final day of swimming, Balandin completed a remarkable meet with another Games record of 27.78 for his third straight gold of the meet in the 50 m breaststroke.<ref>{{cite news|title=China Caps Amazing Meet With Four More Golds at Asian Games|url=http://www.swimmingworldmagazine.com/news/china-caps-amazing-meet-with-four-more-golds-at-asian-games/|publisher=[[Swimming World Magazine]]|accessdate=26 September 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Kazakhstani swimmer Dmitriy Balandin wins 3 gold medals at Asian Games|url=http://en.tengrinews.kz/laws_initiatives/Kazakhstani-swimmer-Dmitriy-Balandin-wins-3-gold-medals-at-Asian-Games-256464/|publisher=[[Tengri]]|accessdate=27 September 2014}}</ref>

==Personal best times==

=== Long course ===
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Event
! Time
! Location
! Date
! Notes
|-
|50 m breaststroke
|'''27.24'''
|[[Kazan, Russia|Kazan]]
|4 August 2015
|
|-
|100 m breaststroke
|'''59.38'''
|[[Kazan, Russia|Kazan]]
|2 August 2015
|
|-
|200 m breaststroke
|'''2:07.46'''
|[[Rio de Janeiro]]
|10 August 2016
|[[List of Kazakhstani records in swimming|NR]]
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Dmitriy Balandin}}
*[http://www.aquatics.kz/en/federation/swimming/athletes/sports/balandin/?sid=23jc8906482pueht1575o3ufs4 Profile – Aquatics Kazakhstan]

{{Footer Olympic Champions 200 m Breaststroke Men}}
{{Footer Asian Games Champions 100m Breaststroke Men}}
{{Footer Asian Games Champions 200m Breaststroke Men}}
{{Footer Universiade Champions 100m Breaststroke Men}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Balandin, Dmitriy}}
[[Category:1995 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Kazakhstani male swimmers]]
[[Category:Swimmers at the 2014 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Asian Games medalists in swimming]]
[[Category:Male breaststroke swimmers]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Almaty]]
[[Category:Kazakhstani people of Russian descent]]
[[Category:Asian Games gold medalists for Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Swimmers at the 2016 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Olympic swimmers of Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Olympic gold medalists for Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 2016 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Olympic gold medalists in swimming]]

{{Kazakhstan-swimming-bio-stub}}
[[Category:Medalists at the 2014 Asian Games]]

Lake Alakol

2017-04-07T06:04:34Z

GreenC bot: Rescued 1 archive link; reformat 3 links. Wayback Medic 2.1

{{for|a lake in Kyrgyzstan|Ala-Kul}}
{{More footnotes|date=February 2014}}
{{Infobox lake
| name = Alakol Lake Алакөл
| image = Lake Alakol.jpg
| caption = Lake Alakol; north at top right
| image_bathymetry =
| caption_bathymetry =
| location = [[Almaty Province|Almaty]] and [[East Kazakhstan Province]], Kazakhstan
| coords = {{coord|46|10|N|81|35|E|type:waterbody_region:KZ|display=inline,title}}
| type = [[salt lake]]
| inflow =
| outflow =
| catchment =
| basin_countries = Kazakhstan
| length =
| width =
| area = {{convert|2,650|km2|abbr=on}}
| depth =
| max-depth = {{convert|54|m|abbr=on}}
| volume = {{convert|58.6|km3|acre.ft|abbr=on}}
| residence_time =
| shore =
| elevation = {{convert|347|m|abbr=on}}
| islands =
| cities =
}}

'''Alakol Lake''' ({{lang-kz| Алакөл}}, ''Turkic'' "motley lake") is a [[lake]] located in the [[Almaty Province|Almaty]] and [[East Kazakhstan Province|Shyghyz]] provinces, east central [[Kazakhstan]]. Its elevation is {{convert|347|m|ft|abbr=on}} above sea level.

The lake is the northwest extension of the region known as the [[Dzhungarian Gate]] ([[Alataw Pass]]), a narrow valley connects the southern uplands of Kazakhstan with [[arid]] northwest [[China]]. The [[Dzhungarian Gate]] is a fault-bounded valley (see vertical line on the image along the southwest side of the lake) where the elevation of the valley floor is between 350 and 450 m above [[sea level]] and the peaks of the [[Dzhungarsky Alatau]] range (lower left) reach {{convert|4463|m|ft|abbr=on}} above sea level. Two well-defined [[alluvial fan]]s are visible where mountain streams cut through the faulted landscape to the southwest of the lake.

The surface area of the lake is {{convert|2650|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}. It is {{convert|54|m|ft|abbr=on}} deep at its maximum depth, with a volume of 58.6 km3. A [[swamp]]y lowland (just above the center of the photo) connects the northwest end of Lake Alakol with the [[Lake Kosharkol|Kosharkol]] and
[[Lake Sasykkol|Sasykkol]] (the two lighter-colored lakes in the photo). From the southern tip of Lake Alakol a narrow swampy valley connects it to the freshwater [[Lake Zhalanashkol]] (at the bottom edge of the picture).

Alakol Lake, a [[salt lake (geography)|salt lake]], has a [[drainage basin]] of {{convert|65200|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} and receives water periodically from several streams flowing from the [[Tarbagatai Mountains]]. Among them are the southerly draining [[Urdzhar River]] at the north end of the lake, and the [[Emil River]], on the lake's north-eastern shore. During seasonal floods, surplus water drains from Lake Zhalanashkol to
Lake Alakol along the 10-km long slough called Zhaman-Otkel ({{lang-ru|Жаман-Откель}}).<ref name=birds>[https://web.archive.org/web/20131004212543/http://vseprogolub.net/index.php?id=677&page=1] </ref>

The Alakol State Sanctuary has been created to protect the area for the lake is an important breeding and nesting ground for various wetland birds, notably the very rare [[relict gull]]. Piski Island<ref>[http://land.worldcitydb.com/ostrov_piski]{{dead link|date=January 2014}}</ref> has flocks of [[flamingo]], and 40 species of other birds. [[UNESCO]] designated the [[Alakol Biosphere Reserve]] as part of its [[Man and the Biosphere Programme]] in 2013.<ref name="UNESCO">{{cite web|title=Alakol|website=World Network of Biosphere Reserves Directory|url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/natural-sciences/environment/ecological-sciences/biosphere-reserves/asia-and-the-pacific/kazakhstan/alakol/|publisher=UNESCO|accessdate=31 May 2016}}</ref>

The largest island in Alakol Lake is Ul'kun-Aral-Tyube. It is located in the center of the lake.<ref>[http://land.worldcitydb.com/ostrov_ulã¢â€â™kun-aral-tyube_3238803.html] {{Dead link|date=January 2014}}</ref>

Agricultural activity in this arid region is limited to areas where adequate [[moisture]] is available, mainly along [[ephemeral river|ephemeral streambeds]] and in the deltas and alluvial fans.

The Bronze Age [[Alakul culture]] is situated in the general region of the lake. In the middle of the 1st century BCE the Lake Alakol marked an eastern end of the [[Kangly|Kangar]] state, shown on Chinese maps of the Western territory.

==See also==
* [[Emin Valley]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.ilec.or.jp/database/asi/dsasi002.html Data summary: Alakol]
*[http://www.nasa.gov National Aeronautics and Space Administration]
*[http://birding.topcities.com/south-east/Lake-Alakol.htm Lake Alakol birds]

{{Lakes of Kazakhstan}}

[[Category:Lakes of Kazakhstan|Alakol]]

Astana Economic Forum

2017-04-07T00:05:45Z

GreenC bot: Rescued 1 archive link; remove 1 link. Wayback Medic 2.1

{{Infobox organization
| image = Astana Economic Forum.svg
| alt = 
| caption =
| map = 
| motto =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| formation = {{Start date |2008|06|28}}
| extinction = 
| status = 
| purpose = Extensive and democratic dialogue in solving global challenges
| headquarters = [[Astana]], [[Kazakhstan]]
| coords = 
| language =
{{ plainlist |
* [[English language|English]]
* [[Russian language|Russian]]
* [[Kazakh language|Kazakh]]
}}
| leader_title2 =
| leader_name2 =
| leader_name3 =
| leader_title3 =
| leader_title4 =
| leader_name4 =
| key_people =
| main_organ = Economic Research Institute (Economic Initiatives Fund of Kazakhstan)
| parent_organization =
{{ plainlist |
* Governed by the ''Coordination Council''
Ministry of National Economy
* [[Government of Kazakhstan]]
}}
| affiliations = 
| budget =
| remarks =
| name = Astana Economic Forum
| former name =
| bgcolor = #00308F
| fgcolor = white
| image_border =
| size = 150px
| msize = 
| malt = 
| mcaption = 
| map2 =
| abbreviation = AEF
| location = 
| region_served = Worldwide
| membership =
| general = 
| leader_title1 =
| leader_name1 =
| num_staff =
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| website = {{url|www.forum-astana.org}}
}}
The '''Astana Economic Forum''' ('''AEF''') is an international and regional [[wikt:platform#Noun|platform]] for dialogue and a [[non-profit organization]] headquartered in [[Astana]], [[Kazakhstan]]. It was organized by the Eurasian Economic Club of Scientists Association and the [[Government of Kazakhstan]] in 2008.<ref name="Kazakh Embassy 1">{{cite web|url=http://www.kazakhembus.com/page/astana-economic-forum |title=Astana Economic Forum |publisher=''[[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Kazakhstan)|Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Kazakhstan]]'' |accessdate=January 30, 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130202030247/http://www.kazakhembus.com:80/page/astana-economic-forum |archivedate=February 2, 2013 |df= }}</ref><ref name="AEF 1">{{cite web|url=http://www.aef.kz/en/about/aeeku/ |title=Astana Economic Forum - General Information |publisher=''Astana Economic Forum'' |accessdate=January 30, 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127134940/http://aef.kz:80/en/about/aeeku/ |archivedate=January 27, 2013 |df= }}</ref> Since 2015 the Forum is organized by the Economic Initiatives Fund of Kazakhstan, which is a part of the Economic Research Institute under the Ministry of National Economy. A meeting is held each year in Astana in which more than eight thousand delegates from one hundred countries are brought together: They include [[chief executive officer]]s of businesses, [[politicians]], [[journalists]], [[scientists]] and [[Nobel Prize]] laureates.<ref name="UN 1">{{cite web | url=http://www.unece.org/statshome/news/astana-economic-forum-may-2012.html | title=Astana Economic Forum to take place in May 2012 | publisher=''[[United Nations Economic Commission for Europe]]'' | accessdate=January 30, 2013}}</ref>

==Overview==
{| class="infobox" style="text-align: center; width:250px; font-size:90%;"
|+ Organizational Structure of the Astana Economic Forum
|-
| align=left |
<div class="NavFrame">
<div class="NavHead" style="background-color:#00308F;border:1px solid #00308F;padding: 0px 0px 0px 4px; font-size: 100%; text-align:center;margin:0px;color:white">'''Coordination Council'''</div>
<div class="NavContent" style="text-align:left;margin:0px 1px;border:none;text-weight:bold;">
* '''Chairman'''
: [[Timur Suleimenov]]

</div>
</div>
<div class="NavFrame">
<div class="NavHead" style="background-color:#00308F;border:1px solid #00308F;padding: 0px 0px 0px 4px; font-size: 100%; text-align:center;margin:0px;color:white">'''Executive Body'''</div>
<div class="NavContent" style="text-align:left;margin:0px 1px;border:none;text-weight:bold;">
* '''Chairman'''
: Serzhan Madiyev
</div>
</div>
|-
|}

===History===
The Astana Economic Forum traces its roots to a proposal for a series of Eurasian integration initiatives made in a 1994 speech at [[Moscow State University]] by [[President of Kazakhstan|Kazakhstan President]] [[Nursultan Nazarbayev]]. In June 2007, Nazarbayev suggested creating a Eurasian Club of Scientists to help with the economic integration of the Eurasian community and to develop international economic cooperation. The Eurasian Economic Club of Scientists Association was established on June 27, 2008, by Kazakhstan's [[Government of Kazakhstan|Ministry of Economy and Budget Planning]] and the Economic Research Institute.<ref name="AEF 1"/><ref name="EECSA 1">{{cite web | url=http://eecsa.kz/?page_id=53&lang=en | title=History of the Eurasian Economic Club of Scientists | publisher=''Eurasian Economic Club of Scientists'' | accessdate=January 30, 2013}}</ref><ref name="KBCC 1">{{cite web | url=http://kbcc.org.uk/en/news/kazakhstan-news/the-v-astana-economic-forum-has-started-its-work-in-astana/ | title=The V Astana Economic forum has started its work in Astana | publisher=''Kazakh-British Chamber Of Commerce'' | date=May 27, 2012 | accessdate=January 30, 2013}}</ref>

===Organizers===
The Astana Economic Forum is mainly organized by the Economic Initiatives Fund of Kazakhstan, Economic Research Institute and [[Government of Kazakhstan]] including 13 Ministries, the [[National Bank of Kazakhstan]] etc. Several countries and different organizations—such as the [[United Nations]], National Welfare Fund [[Samruk-Kazyna]], National Management Holding Baiterek, Reinventing Bretton-Woods Committee, UN, - aid Astana economic forum in organizing the events each year.

==Activities==

===Annual meetings===
[[File:Astana Economic Forum 1..jpg|240px|thumbnail|right|President Nursultan Nazarbayev of Kazakhstan speaking at the Astana Economic Forum 2012.]]
[[File:Astana Economic Forum 3..jpg|240px|thumbnail|right|World leaders at the Astana Economic Forum 2011.]]
The Astana Economic Forum is held annually in Astana, Kazakhstan. Its recommendations are presented each year to a [[G-20 Summit]].

# The first [[wikt:dialogue#Noun|dialogue]] was held on June 28, 2008, when the forum focused on topics regarding modern aspects of [[economic development]] under the conditions of [[globalization]], [[macroeconomic]] [[Regulatory economics|regulation of the economy]], [[globalization]] and the [[Competitiveness|global competitiveness]] of the countries of [[Eurasia]]. The dialogue was attended by 100 leading scientists, prominent political leaders, entrepreneurs from over 40 countries. International organizations such as the [[United Nations]], International Union of Economists, and [[European Economic Community]] also participated in the forum. Topics such as [[modern economics]], economic development, [[economic stability]] and [[economic security|security]], and Eurasian integration processes were discussed.<ref name="AEF 2">{{cite web|url=http://aef.kz/en/history/2008/resume2/ |title=Final Documents of the I Astana Economic Forum |publisher=''Astana Economic Forum'' |accessdate=February 1, 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117202840/http://aef.kz/en/history/2008/resume2/ |archivedate=January 17, 2013 |df= }}</ref>
# The second dialogue took place on March 11 and 12, 2009, when the forum focused on the economic security of Eurasia in the system of global risks.<ref name="AEF 3">{{cite web|url=http://aef.kz/en/history/2009/result/ |title=Final Documents of the II Astana Economic Forum |publisher=''Astana Economic Forum'' |accessdate=February 1, 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130117204039/http://aef.kz/en/history/2009/result/ |archivedate=January 17, 2013 |df= }}</ref> The recommendations of the forum were submitted to the [[2009 G-20 London Summit]] in April 2009.<ref name="RFEL 1">{{cite web | url=http://www.rferl.org/content/Nazarbaev_Addresses_Astana_Economic_Forum/1508594.html | title=Nazarbaev Addresses Astana Economic Forum | publisher=''[[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]]'' | date=March 11, 2009 | accessdate=February 1, 2013}}</ref> The forum was attended by [[List of Nobel laureates|Nobel laureates]] [[Robert Mundell]] and [[Edmund Phelps]], President Ahmad Muhammad Ali of the [[Islamic Bank of Development]], the [[European Bank for Reconstruction and Development]]'s former President Jean Lemier, officials of the [[United Nations]] and others.<ref name="AEF 3"/>
# During the third dialogue, July 1 and 2, 2010, the forum focused on the theme of "crisis lessons and post-crisis model of economic development in globalization conditions," which included topics on [[public-private partnerships]], development of innovative economy and other issues.<ref name="IUE 1">{{cite web|url=http://www.iuecon.org/eng/astana-III-forum-1-engl.html |title=Information letter №1 About the Internet-Forum |publisher=''International Union of Economists'' |accessdate=February 1, 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100121025249/http://www.iuecon.org:80/eng/astana-III-forum-1-engl.html |archivedate=January 21, 2010 |df= }}</ref><ref name="Grata ">{{cite web | url=http://www.gratanet.com/en/news/2010/July/19-07-10 | title=III Astana Economic Forum | publisher=''GRATA Law Firm'' | accessdate=February 1, 2013}}</ref><ref name="World Bank 1">{{cite web | url=http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/2010/07/02/record-crisis-management-kazakhstan-impressive | title=Kazakhstan: The Record of Crisis Management in Kazakhstan Is Impressive | publisher=''[[The World Bank]]'' | date=July 2, 2010 | accessdate=February 1, 2013}}</ref> Topics on [[efficient energy use|energy efficiency]] and developing [[renewable energy]] were also discussed.<ref name="UNIDO 1">{{cite web | url=http://www.unido.org/index.php?id=7881&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=490&cHash=15430c313b67ff4112564aaf994dcc9f | title=UNIDO Director-General urges Kazakhstan to invest in renewable energy | publisher=''[[United Nations Industrial Development Organization]]'' | date=July 2, 2010 | accessdate=February 1, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=35221#.UQrB8KL6Vhw | title=Investing in renewable energy could propel Kazakhstan’s development – UN | publisher=''[[United Nations|United Nations News Service]]'' | date=July 2, 2010 | accessdate=February 1, 2013}}</ref>
# The fourth dialogue, on May 3 and 4, 2011, focused on identifying new ways to develop the [[World economy|world’s economy]] in three key trends: [[global economy]] and [[finance]]; business and investment; and economy and [[social development|stable social development]]. Topics such as [[green economy|green economic]] development and environmental management were also included.<ref name="APAN 1">{{cite web | url=http://www.asiapacificadapt.net/events/international-initiatives-kazakhstan-climate-change | title=International Initiatives of Kazakhstan on Climate Change | publisher=''[[Asia Pacific Adaptation Network]]'' | date=May 3, 2012 | accessdate=February 2, 2013}}</ref> People from different fields, coming from more than eighty countries, participated. Notable attendees were former [[President of Croatia|President]] [[Stjepan Mesić]] of [[Croatia]], former [[President of Bolivia|President]] [[Jorge Quiroga]] of [[Bolivia]], former [[Prime Minister of Canada|Prime Minister]] Jean Chrétien of [[Canada]] and others. International organizations, including the [[Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations|Food and Agriculture Organization]] and the [[Club de Madrid]], were also represented.<ref name="Club Madrid 1">{{cite web | url=http://www.clubmadrid.org/en/noticia/iv_astana_economic_forum_a_step_toward_a_new_economic_decade | title=IV Astana Economic Forum: a step toward a New Economic Decade | publisher=''[[Club of Madrid]]'' | date=May 12, 2011 | accessdate=February 2, 2013}}</ref><ref name="Kazakhstan Live 2">{{cite web | url=http://www.kazakhstanlive.com/2.aspx?ProdID=300e78b7-a2b2-428c-b5fe-f70e8ff77e4b&CatID=9f9f8034-6dd6-4f7e-adcf-0f6a7c0406d9&sr=100 | title=IV Astana Economic Forum - For an Improved World Financial Architecture | publisher=''Kazakhstan Live'' | date=March 29, 2011 | accessdate=February 2, 2013}}</ref>
# The fifth dialogue took place from May 22 to 24, 2012. More than eight thousand delegates from one hundred different countries and international organizations attended.<ref name="CRI 1">{{cite web | url=http://english.cri.cn/6826/2012/05/23/191s701499.htm | title=Int'l Astana Economic Forum Starts in Kazakhstan | publisher=''[[China Radio International]]'' | date=May 23, 2012 | accessdate=February 3, 2013}}</ref> The agenda of the forum included discussion about reforming the world [[monetary system]], [[food security]], [[tourism|tourism development]], [[alternative energy]], implementation of [[innovation]] and attraction of [[investment]].<ref name="ISC 1">{{cite web | url=http://www.iscintelligence.com/event.php?id=51 | title=Fifth Astana Economic Forum (AEF), May, 22-24, 2012 in Astana | publisher=''Intelligence in Science'' | accessdate=February 3, 2013}}</ref> The [[Secretary-General of the United Nations]], [[Ban Ki-moon]], stressed the need for the [[world leaders]] to take action at the upcoming [[United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development]] in addressing the varied global issues.<ref name="Ban Ki-Moon 1">{{cite web | url=http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2012/sgsm14306.doc.htm | title=Secretary-General Says Rio Conference chance to build on what works, discard what does not, seeking fruitful exchange at economic forum in Kazakhstan | publisher=''[[United Nations]]'' | accessdate=February 3, 2013}}</ref><ref name="IISD 1">{{cite web | url=http://uncsd.iisd.org/news/astana-economic-forum-addresses-development-challenges-and-perspectives/ | title=Astana Economic Forum Addresses Development Challenges and Perspectives | publisher=''[[International Institute for Sustainable Development]]'' | date=May 24, 2012 | accessdate=February 3, 2013}}</ref>
# The sixth dialogue was held from May 22 to 24, 2013.<ref name="Tandem 1">{{cite web|url=http://www.tandempost.com/TPnews/6263-economy/kazakhstan-to-host-economic-forum |archive-url=https://archive.is/20130411220446/http://www.tandempost.com/TPnews/6263-economy/kazakhstan-to-host-economic-forum |dead-url=yes |archive-date=April 11, 2013 |title=Kazakhstan to host economic forum |publisher=''Tandem Post'' |date=January 22, 2013 |accessdate=February 3, 2013 }}</ref><ref name="Azernews 1">{{cite web | url=http://www.azernews.az/region/48685.html | title=Kazakh president meets foreign envoys | publisher=''AzerNews'' | date=January 18, 2013 | accessdate=February 3, 2013}}</ref> Over 10,000 participants attended the Forum, including representatives of international institutions (UN, IMF, WB, ADB, EBRD, etc.), government officials with huge managerial experience, leading scientists, Nobel Laureates, representatives of political, expert and the business communities.<ref name=AEF1>{{cite journal|title=Recommendations for G20 leaders|journal=VI Astana Economic Forum (May 22–24, 2013)}}</ref> The presentation of the Astana Economic Forum was held in the historical center of the Financial District of New York – Wall Street on April 10, 2014. A unique Kazakhstani project was presented to the heads of international financial and investment companies, as well as experts of world stock exchanges.<ref name="Presentation of the AEF in NYC">{{cite web|title=Presentation of the AEF in NYC this April |url=http://blog.astanaforum.org/en/russian-%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F-%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F-%D0%B0%D1%8D%D1%84 |publisher=www.astanaforum.org |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502074559/http://blog.astanaforum.org/en/russian-%d0%bc%d0%b8%d1%80%d0%be%d0%b2%d0%b0%d1%8f-%d0%bf%d1%80%d0%b5%d0%b7%d0%b5%d0%bd%d1%82%d0%b0%d1%86%d0%b8%d1%8f-%d0%b0%d1%8d%d1%84 |archivedate=2014-05-02 |df= }}</ref>
# The VII Astana Economic Forum and the II World Anti-Crisis Conference will be held on May 21–23, 2014; this year these events will be dedicated to the 70th anniversary of the Bretton Woods agreement.<ref name="AEF in 2014">{{cite web|title=Astana Economic Forum 2014 will be devoted to the 70th anniversary of the Bretton Woods Agreement|url=http://kznewsline.com/astana-economic-forum-2014-will-be-devoted-to-the-70th-anniversary-of-the-bretton-woods-agreement/|publisher=http://kznewsline.com/}}</ref>
# The VIII Astana Economic Forum was held on May 21–22, 2015.<ref name=aef1>{{cite web|title=Astana Economic Forum to Feature Sessions on Africa, KazAID|url=http://www.astanatimes.com/2015/05/astana-economic-forum-to-feature-sessions-on-africa-kazaid/|website=http://www.astanatimes.com}}</ref> The theme of the VIII AEF was “Infrastructure – a Driver of Economic Development.”<ref name="aef1"/> The 1st day of the forum was dedicated to Africa and was titled "Africa – the Next Driver of the Global Economy".<ref name=aef2>{{cite web|title=Kazakhstan Eyes New Opportunities in Africa|url=http://www.astanatimes.com/2015/05/kazakhstan-eyes-new-opportunities-in-africa/|website=http://www.astanatimes.com/}}</ref> Kazakhstan Minister of Foreign Affairs Erlan Idrissov noted: "A few years ago we started turning a keen eye on Africa. We believe it is a historic time when Africa should receive a full focus”.<ref name="aef2"/> Global co-organizers and partners of Astana Economic Forum 2015 included such organizations as the UN, OSCE, WEF, IMF, World Bank, UNDP and OECD.<ref>{{cite web|title=Astana Economic Forum 2015 to Include Nobel Prize-winning Speakers and Discussion of Reviving the Great Silk Road|url=http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/astana-economic-forum-2015-to-include-nobel-prize-winning-speakers-and-discussion-of-reviving-the-great-silk-road-503735191.html|website=www.prnewswire.com}}</ref>
# The IX Astana Economic Forum took place in May 25 - May 26, 2016. The main topic of the IX Forum is New Economic Reality: diversification, innovation and knowledge economy.<ref>{{cite web|title=Astana Economic Forum|url=http://forum-astana.org/en/|website=forum-astana.org/}}</ref> The Great Silk Road forum will be held as a part of the XIX Astana Economic Forum.<ref>{{cite web|title=Great Silk Road forum to be held in Astana within AEF|url=http://www.inform.kz/eng/article/2894806|website=inform.kz}}</ref> The IMF plans held its Regional Conference within the framework of the XIX Astana Economic Forum. The IMF Managing Director Christine Lagarde attended the Conference during her first-ever visit to Kazakhstan and the region.<ref>{{cite web|title=President Nazarbayev, IMF Chief Christine Lagarde to meet in Astana May 24|url=http://www.inform.kz/eng/article/2906369|website=inform.kz}}</ref>
# The X Astana Economic Forum is scheduled for June 15-16, 2017. The main topic of the meeting is New Energy - New Economy. During the Forum issues of sustainable economic growth, international trade and innovation will be discussed. The Forum will mark 25th anniversary of cooperation between Kazakhstan and the World Bank, as well as other events such as the Economist Innovation Forum, panel sessions organized by Boao Forum for Asia, UNDP, SAP, BCG, etc.

==See also==
* [[:Category:Global economic conferences|Global economic conferences]]
* [[G-20 Summit]]
* [[Astana|The city of Astana]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
;Official websites
* [http://www.forum-astana.org/en/ Astana Economic Forum Official Website]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130207042307/http://blog.astanaforum.org:80/ Astana Economic Forum Official Blog]
* [http://www.aef.kz/ Astana Economic Forum Archive Website]
* [http://www.eecsa.kz/ Eurasian Economic Club of Scientists Official Website]
{{col-break}}
;Social networks
* [https://www.facebook.com/pages/Astana-Economic-Forum/119952811388052 Astana Economic Forum] on [[Facebook]]
* [https://twitter.com/AstanaForum Astana Economic Forum] on [[Twitter]]
* [https://www.youtube.com/user/TheAstanaForum?feature=mhee Astana Economic Forum] on [[YouTube]]
{{col-break}}
{{col-end}}

[[Category:Global economic conferences]]
[[Category:Organizations based in Astana]]
[[Category:21st-century economic history]]
[[Category:Organizations established in 2008]]

Atyrau Airport

2017-04-06T23:24:01Z

GreenC bot: Rescued 1 archive link; reformat 1 link. Wayback Medic 2.1

{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2014}}
{{Infobox airport
| name = Atyrau International Airport
| nativename = Атырау халықаралық әуежайы
| nativename-a = Международный аэропорт Атырау
| nativename-r =
| image = Atma Atyrau Airport Terminal Building.jpg
| image-width = 250
| caption =
| IATA = GUW
| ICAO = UATG
| type =
| owner =
| operator = "ATMA - Atyrau International Airport"
| city-served = [[Atyrau]]
| location = 8 km NW of [[Atyrau]] Railway Station, [[Kazakhstan]]
| hub =
* [[Air Astana]]
* [[SCAT Airlines]]
| elevation-m = -22
| coordinates = {{coord|47|07|19|N|051|49|17|E|region:KZ|display=inline,title}}
| pushpin_map = Kazakhstan
| pushpin_label = UATG
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Kazakhstan
| website = [http://www.atyrauairport.com/ www.atyrauairport.com]
| metric-elev = Y
| metric-rwy = Y
| r1-number = 14/32
| r1-length-m = 3,000
| r1-surface = Asphalt/Concrete
| stat-year =
| stat1-header =
| stat1-data =
| stat2-header =
| stat2-data =
| footnotes = Source: [[Aeronautical Information Publication|AIP]] Kazakhstan<ref name="AIP">[https://archive.is/20130616030152/http://goszakup.ans.kz/AIP/AIRAC_AMDT_01_13/AIP/html/UA-frameset-en-KZ.html AIP Kazakhstan]</ref>
}}

'''ATMA Atyrau Airport''' ({{lang-kk|''Атырау халықаралық әуежайы''}}, {{lang-ru|link=no|''Международный аэропорт Атырау''}}) {{airport codes|GUW|UATG}} is an airport located {{convert|8|km|abbr=on}} northwest of [[Atyrau]], Kazakhstan.<ref name="AIP"/> It is the lowest commercial airport in the world at {{Convert|22|m|abbr=on}} below sea level.

== History ==
[[File:Atyrau_Airport.JPG|thumb|Check-in hall]]
ATMA obtained the operational rights of ATMA Atyrau Airport when the airport was privatized as a build and operate model in 1994. ATMA is a joint company between Mağdenli Yer Hizmetleri and [[Atyrau]] Regional Administration with both parties having a 50% share. It is the only airport in Atyrau and one of the thirteen international airports in Kazakhstan.

The region is crucial for Kazakhstan's economy as it is very close to oil exploration sites and platforms on the [[Caspian Sea]]. The city is the base town for many oil and construction companies.

In 2007 ATMA completed the construction of the new terminal building and a new longer runway. Enclosing a total area of {{Convert|2000 |m2|abbr=on}}, the new terminal can serve 600 passengers per hour. Passengers can also benefit from the modernized CIP and VIP lounges. There is [[Wi-Fi]] internet access all over the terminal including CIP and VIP lounges. As a result of the renovation project, conveyor belt system is installed in both international and domestic arrival terminals and computerized check in banks became operational for easier passenger ticket processing. Boarding is done by transporting passengers by bus from the terminal to the plane.

==Airlines and destinations==
===Passenger===
{{Airport-dest-list
| [[Aeroflot]] | [[Sheremetyevo International Airport|Moscow-Sheremetyevo]]<ref name=AeroflotToKZ>{{cite news|last1=L|first1=J|title=AEROFLOT Assumes Transaero Kazakhstan Operation from late-Oct 2015|url=http://airlineroute.net/2015/10/26/su-kazakhstan-w15/|accessdate=26 October 2015|publisher=Airline Route|date=26 October 2015}}</ref>
|[[Air Astana]]|[[Aktau Airport|Aktau]], [[Almaty International Airport|Almaty]], [[Amsterdam-Schiphol Airport|Amsterdam]], [[Astana International Airport|Astana]], [[Istanbul Atatürk Airport|Istanbul-Atatürk]], [[Sheremetyevo International Airport|Moscow-Sheremetyevo]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Эйр Астана. Новый рейс Атырау-Москва-Атырау|url=http://www.itplus.kz/news/avia/1187/|accessdate=4 February 2013|newspaper=International Travel plus|date=1 February 2013}}</ref>
|[[Bek Air]]|[[Almaty International Airport|Almaty]], [[Oral Ak Zhol Airport|Oral]]
|[[SCAT Airlines]]|[[Aktau Airport|Aktau]] '''Seasonal:''' [[Heydar Aliyev International Airport|Baku]], [[Mineralnye Vody Airport|Mineralnye Vody]]
|[[SkyBus International Airlines|SkyBus]]| '''Seasonal charter:''' [[Batumi International Airport|Batumi]]<ref name="SkyBusKaz">{{cite web|title=SkyBus International Airlines|url=http://skybus.kz/|website=Skybus.kz|accessdate=30 May 2016}}</ref>
| [[Qazaq Air]] | [[Aktau Airport|Aktau]], [[Aktobe Airport|Aktobe]], [[Oral Ak Zhol Airport|Oral]]
}}

===Cargo===
{{Airport-dest-list
|[[Coyne Airways]]|[[Oral Ak Zhol Airport|Oral]]
|[[Silk Way Airlines]]|[[Aktau Airport|Aktau]], [[Heydar Aliyev International Airport|Baku]]
}}

==See also==
{{Portal|Kazakhstan|Aviation}}
* [[Extreme points of Earth#Lowest attainable by transportation|Extreme points of Earth – Lowest attainable by transportation]]
* [[List of places on land with elevations below sea level]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.atyrauairport.com Atyrau Airport official website]

{{Airports in Kazakhstan}}

[[Category:Airports in Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Atyrau]]

Darkhan Bayakhmetov

2017-04-05T14:20:10Z

GreenC bot: Rescued 1 archive link; remove 1 link. Wayback Medic 2.1

{{Infobox sportsperson
| headercolor = lightblue
| name = Darkhan Bayakhmetov
| image =
| imagesize =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| fullname = Darkhan Argynuly Bayakhmetov
| nickname =
| nationality = Kazakstani
| residence =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1985|8|21|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Oskemen]], [[East Kazakhstan Province|Shygys Qazaqstan]], [[Kazakh SSR]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| height = {{height|m=1.72|0|abbr=on}}
| weight = {{convert|66|kg|lb|0|abbr=on}}
| website =
| country =
| sport = [[Wrestling]]
| event = [[Greco-Roman wrestling|Greco-Roman]]
| collegeteam =
| club = Dynamo Kazakhstan<ref name="london-2012"/>
| team =
| turnedpro =
| coach = Boranbek Konyratov<ref name="london-2012"/>
| retired =
| coaching =
| worlds =
| regionals =
| nationals =
| olympics =
| paralympics =
| highestranking =
| pb =
| medaltemplates =
{{MedalSport | Men's [[Greco-Roman wrestling]]}}
{{MedalCountry|{{KAZ}}}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Asian Games]]}}
{{MedalSilver|[[2010 Asian Games|2010 Guangzhou]]|[[Wrestling at the 2010 Asian Games|66 kg]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Asian Wrestling Championships|Asian Championships]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[2009 Asian Wrestling Championships|2009 Pattaya]]|66 kg}}
| show-medals = yes
}}

'''Darkhan Argynovich Bayakhmetov''' ({{lang-kk|Дархан Арғынұлы Баяхметов}}; born August 21, 1985 in [[Oskemen]], [[East Kazakhstan Province|Shyrgys Qazaqstan]]) is an amateur Kazakh Greco-Roman wrestler, who played for the men's welterweight category.<ref name="london-2012">{{cite web|title=Darkhan Bayakhmetov|url=http://www.london2012.com/athlete/bayakhmetov-darkhan-1133518/|work=London 2012|accessdate=31 December 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite sports-reference|Darkhan Bayakhmetov|http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/ba/darkhan-bayakhmetov-1.html|31 December 2012}}</ref> He won a gold medal for his division at the [[2009 Asian Wrestling Championships]] in [[Pattaya, Thailand]], and silver at the [[2010 Asian Games]] in [[Guangzhou, China]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Kazakhstan Wins Two More Gold Medals in Guangzhou |url=http://caspionet.kz/eng/sport/Kazakhstan_Wins_Two_More_Gold_Medals_in_Guangzhou_1290580608.html |archive-url=https://archive.is/20130219003215/http://caspionet.kz/eng/sport/Kazakhstan_Wins_Two_More_Gold_Medals_in_Guangzhou_1290580608.html |dead-url=yes |archive-date=19 February 2013 |publisher=Kazakh TV |date=23 November 2010 |accessdate=31 December 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Worlds preview: Greco-Roman 66kg/145.5 lbs.|url=http://preview.universalsports.com/news-blogs/article/newsid=273275.html|publisher=Universal Sports|date=18 September 2009|accessdate=31 December 2012}}</ref>

Bayakhmetov made his official debut for the [[2008 Summer Olympics]] in [[Beijing]], where he competed in the [[Wrestling at the 2008 Summer Olympics – Men's Greco-Roman 66 kg|men's 66 kg]] class. He defeated Germany's [[Markus Thätner]], and China's [[Li Yanyan]] in the preliminary rounds, before losing out the semi-final match to France's [[Steeve Guénot]], who was able to score four points in two straight periods, leaving Bayakhmetov with a single point.<ref>{{cite web|title=Men's Greco-Roman 66kg (145.5 lbs) Semifinal Official|url=http://www.2008.nbcolympics.com/wrestling/resultsandschedules/rsc=WRM166202/index.html|publisher=[[NBC Olympics]]|accessdate=31 December 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Guenot wins Greco-Roman gold|url=http://www.2008.nbcolympics.com/wrestling/news/newsid=207970.html#guenot+wins+greco+roman+gold|work=Associated Press|publisher=[[NBC Olympics]]|date=13 August 2008|accessdate=31 December 2012}}</ref> Because his opponent advanced further into the final match, Bayakhmetov automatically qualified for the bronze medal bout, where he was defeated by Belarus' [[Mikhail Siamionau]], with a three-set technical score (2–0, 1–1, 1–1), and a classification point score of 1–3.<ref>{{cite web|title=Men's Greco-Roman 66kg (145.5 lbs) Bronze Medal Official|url=http://www.2008.nbcolympics.com/wrestling/resultsandschedules/rsc=WRM166252/index.html|publisher=[[NBC Olympics]]|accessdate=31 December 2012}}</ref>

At the [[2012 Summer Olympics]] in [[London]], Bayakhmetov lost the preliminary round of sixteen match of the [[Wrestling at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Men's Greco-Roman 66 kg|men's 66 kg]] class to Lithuania's [[Edgaras Venckaitis]], with a technical score of 2–6.<ref>{{cite web|title=Men's 66kg Greco-Roman Round of 16 Final Official|url=http://www.london2012.com/wrestling/event/men-greco-roman-66kg/match=wrm166408/index.html|publisher=London 2012|accessdate=31 December 2012}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.iat.uni-leipzig.de/datenbanken/dbfoeldeak/daten.php?spid=A4ECC38332544D01836FA0AEEEA1A21E Profile – International Wrestling Database]
*[http://www.2012.nbcolympics.com/athletes/athlete=bayakhmetov-darkhan-1133518/index.html NBC Olympics Profile]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bayakhmetov, Darkhan}}
[[Category:1985 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Olympic wrestlers of Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Wrestlers at the 2008 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Wrestlers at the 2012 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Oskemen]]
[[Category:Asian Games medalists in wrestling]]
[[Category:Wrestlers at the 2010 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Kazakhstani male sport wrestlers]]
[[Category:Asian Games silver medalists for Kazakhstan]]

{{Kazakhstan-wrestling-bio-stub}}
[[Category:Medalists at the 2010 Asian Games]]

Yutaka Fukufuji

2017-04-05T02:57:02Z

GreenC bot: Rescued 1 archive link; remove 1 link. Wayback Medic 2.1

{{Infobox ice hockey player
| image = Yutaka Fukufuji.jpg
| image_size = 230px
| position = [[Goaltender]]
| catches = Left
| height_ft = 6
| height_in = 0
| weight_lb = 198
| team = [[Nikko Ice Bucks]]
| league = [[Asia League Ice Hockey]]
| former_teams = [[Bakersfield Condors (1998–2015)|Bakersfield Condors]] ([[ECHL]]) [[Manchester Monarchs (AHL)|Manchester Monarchs]] ([[American Hockey League|AHL]]) [[Los Angeles Kings]] ([[National Hockey League|NHL]]) [[Reading Royals]] (ECHL) [[Cincinnati Cyclones]] (ECHL) [[Seibu Prince Rabbits|Kokudo Tokyo]] ([[Asia League Ice Hockey|Asia League]]) [[Nikkō Ice Bucks]]([[Asia League Ice Hockey|Asia League]])
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1982|9|17|mf=y}}
| birth_place = [[Kushiro, Hokkaidō]], [[Japan|JPN]]
| career_start = 2002
| draft = 238th overall
| draft_year = 2004
| draft_team = [[Los Angeles Kings]]
| ntl_team = Japan
}}
{{MedalTableTop|name=}}
{{MedalSport | Men's [[ice hockey]]}}
{{MedalCountry | {{JPN}} }}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Asian Games]]}}
{{MedalSilver | [[2011 Asian Winter Games|2011 Astana-Almaty]]|[[Ice hockey at the 2011 Asian Winter Games|Ice hockey]]}}
{{MedalBottom}}
{{nihongo|'''Yutaka Fukufuji'''|福藤豊|Fukufuji Yutaka|extra=born September 17, 1982}} is a [[Japan]]ese ice hockey player currently with the [[Nikko Ice Bucks]] of the [[Asia League Ice Hockey]]. Fukufuji was the first Japanese player to appear in a [[National Hockey League]] game.<ref name="NHLInsider">{{cite news | last = Grossman | first = Evan | title = NHL Insider: When It Comes To Hockey, It's A Small World | publisher = [http://www.nhl.com National Hockey League] | date = 2007-03-14}}</ref> The first Japanese draft pick, [[Hiroyuki Miura]], was selected by the [[Montreal Canadiens]] in the [[1992 NHL Entry Draft|1992 NHL Draft]], but never played in an NHL game. A fictional Japanese player, [[Taro Tsujimoto]], was a name "plucked out of the Buffalo telephone book" and drafted as a joke in [[1974 NHL Amateur Draft#Round eleven|1974]] by [[Buffalo Sabres]] GM [[Punch Imlach]]. Fukufuji is the first Japanese [[citizen]] to be drafted as a [[goaltender]] in the NHL and second Japanese national to be drafted.

==Career==
Fukufuji was born in [[Kushiro, Hokkaidō]], [[Japan]].<ref name="Rafu">{{cite news | last = Matsuda | first = Gann | title = Fukufuji Proud Of Season As He Looks Forward | publisher = Rafu Shimpo | date = 2007-02-21 | page=2 |url=http://frozenroyalty.net/2007/02/21/la-kings-goalie-prospect-fukufuji-is-proud-of-season-as-he-looks-forward | accessdate = 2012-08-07}}</ref><ref name="Wigge">{{cite news | last = Wigge | first = Larry | title = Kings Goalie Is First Native Japanese Player In The NHL | publisher = [http://www.nhl.com National Hockey League] | date = 2007-01-16 | url = http://www.nhl.com/nhl/app/?service=page&page=NewsPage&articleid=287481 | accessdate = 2007-08-01}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> He played on the [[Seibu Prince Rabbits|Kokudo hockey team]] of [[Asia League Ice Hockey]] in 2001. He was drafted by the [[Los Angeles Kings]] in the 2004 entry draft in the 8th round, 238th overall.<ref name="Rafu"/> He made his North American debut on February 7, 2003 with the [[ECHL]] [[Cincinnati Cyclones]]. He was voted the ECHL rookie of the month in January 2003. He played for the [[Bakersfield Condors (1998–2015)|Bakersfield Condors]] of the [[ECHL]] in 2004–05 leading the team in wins, GAA, and shutouts.<ref name="Wigge"/> Fukufuji signed a two-year, entry-level contract with the [[Los Angeles Kings]] in August 2005. After starting the 2005–06 season with the [[Reading Royals]], the Kings ECHL franchise, Yutaka was the number 2 goalie on the [[American Hockey League|AHL]] [[Manchester Monarchs (AHL)|Manchester Monarchs]] for a time.

On December 15, 2006, Fukufuji was called up on to the Los Angeles Kings on emergency basis.<ref name="Rafu"/> He became the first Japanese player to dress for an NHL game, but he did not play.<ref name="Rafu"/>

When goaltender [[Mathieu Garon]] was placed on injured reserve with a broken finger, Fukufuji was again recalled and flew in from [[Cleveland, Ohio]] to dress as backup to goalie [[Barry Brust]].<ref name="Rafu"/> On January 13, 2007, Fukufuji made his first NHL appearance, the first by a Japanese player, when Kings head coach [[Marc Crawford]] decided to put him in to start the third period of a game against the [[St. Louis Blues]].<ref name="Rafu"/> Fukufuji entered the game with the Kings trailing 5-4. He allowed one goal in the period, and the Kings also scored one goal while he was in net. The final score of the game was 6-5 in favor of St. Louis; as Fukufuji was the goaltender who allowed the decisive sixth St. Louis goal, he was assessed the loss.<ref name="Rafu"/><ref name="Wigge"/>

On January 16, 2007, Fukufuji made history again when he became the first Japanese player to start in an NHL game, as he began the game in goal for the Kings against the [[Atlanta Thrashers]].<ref name="Rafu"/>

Fukufuji was not presented with a qualifying offer by the Kings before the 2007–08 season, but returned to the Condors on September 10, 2007 after signing a contract for the 2007–08 season.<ref name="CondorsDelighted">{{cite news|last=Griffith |first=Mike |title=Condors 'Delighted' At Fukufuji's Return |url=http://www.bakersfield.com/news/sports/condors/story/234328.html |publisher=[http://www.bakersfield.com Bakersfield Californian] |date=2007-09-11 |accessdate=2007-09-25 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080611095525/http://www.bakersfield.com/news/sports/condors/story/234328.html |archivedate=June 11, 2008 }}</ref>

On May 25, 2009, Fukufuji was signed by the [[Destil Trappers]] of the [[Eredivisie (ice hockey)|Eredivisie]], the top league in the [[Netherlands]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Trappers sign Japanese goalie |url=http://www.trappers.nl/0809/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=352&Itemid=2|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090623120437/http://www.trappers.nl:80/0809/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=352&Itemid=2|dead-url=yes|archive-date=2009-06-23|publisher=Destil Trappers|date=2009-05-25|accessdate=2009-05-31}} </ref> After one full season with [[Destil Trappers]] Fukufuji signed with [[Nikko Ice Bucks]] in July 2010.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.icebucks.jp/team/ |title=Team | Hc Nikko Ice Bucks |publisher=Icebucks.jp |date= |accessdate=2012-08-30 |deadurl=yes }}</ref>

==Career statistics==
{| BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="1" CELLSPACING="0" width="75%" style="text-align:center"
|- bgcolor="#e0e0e0"
! [[Season (sports)|Season]]
! Team
! League
! GP !! MIN !! GA !! EN !! [[Shutout|SO]] !! [[Goals against average|GAA]] !! W !! L !! T !! SV !! Pct
|-
|2002-03||Cincinnati Cyclones||ECHL||9||403||21||1||0||3.13||4||3||0||226||0.915
|-
|2004-05||Bakersfield Condors||ECHL||44||2517||104||1||3||2.48||27||9||5||1182||0.919
|-
|2005-06||Manchester Monarchs||AHL||2||120||6||0||0||3.00||1||1||0||72||0.923
|-
|2005-06||Reading Royals||ECHL||29||1691||82||3||1||2.91||15||9||4||909||0.917
|-
|2006-07||Los Angeles Kings||NHL||4||96||7||0||0||4.37||0||3||0||36||0.837
|-
|2006-07||Reading Royals||ECHL||28||1522||75||2||1||2.96||13||10||0||718||0.905
|-
|2006-07||Manchester Monarchs||AHL||5||261||4||0||1||0.92||3||1||0||111||0.965
|-
|2007-08||Bakersfield Condors||ECHL||46||2427||137||3||1||3.39||18||18||1||1219||0.899
|-
|2008-09||Bakersfield Condors||ECHL||35||1821||100||2||0||3.29||18||12||1||917||0.902
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Eliteprospects}}
*{{nhlprofile|8470534}}
*{{hockeydb|70188}}
*{{legendsofhockey|21496}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Fukufuji, Yutaka}}
[[Category:1982 births]]
[[Category:People from Kushiro, Hokkaido]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Bakersfield Condors (1998–2015) players]]
[[Category:Cincinnati Cyclones players]]
[[Category:Japanese ice hockey players]]
[[Category:Los Angeles Kings draft picks]]
[[Category:Los Angeles Kings players]]
[[Category:Manchester Monarchs (AHL) players]]
[[Category:Reading Royals players]]
[[Category:Asian Games silver medalists for Japan]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 2011 Asian Winter Games]]
[[Category:Ice hockey players at the 2017 Asian Winter Games]]

Tom Clancy's Ghost Recon: Shadow Wars

2017-04-03T13:37:39Z

GreenC bot: Rescued 1 archive link; remove 1 link. Wayback Medic 2.1

{{Infobox video game
| title = Tom Clancy's Ghost Recon: Shadow Wars
| image = Tom Clancy’s Ghost Recon - Shadow Wars cover art.jpg
| developer = [[Ubisoft Sofia]]
| publisher = [[Ubisoft]]
| director =
| producer = [[Julian Gollop]]
| designer = Andrey Velkov Yavor Mihaylov
| programmer = Stefan Dyulgerov
| artist = Borislav Bogdanov
| writer = Daniel Greenberg (story) Martin Capel Bozhidar Grozdanov
| composer = Elitsa Yovcheva
| series = ''[[Tom Clancy's Ghost Recon]]''
| engine =
| platforms = [[Nintendo 3DS]]
| released = {{Video game release|EU|March 25, 2011<ref name="gr3dsrelease">{{cite web |last=George |first=Richard |url=http://www.ign.com/articles/2011/02/22/nintendo-3ds-launch-day-titles-announced |title=Nintendo 3DS Launch Day Titles Announced |publisher=[[IGN]] |date=February 22, 2011 |accessdate=August 6, 2014}}</ref>|NA|March 27, 2011<ref name="gr3dsrelease"/>|AU|March 31, 2011<ref name="gr3dsrelease"/>|JP|May 19, 2011}}
| genre = [[Turn-based tactics]]
| modes = [[Single-player video game|Single-player]], [[Multiplayer video game|multiplayer]]
}}

'''''Tom Clancy's Ghost Recon: Shadow Wars''''' is a [[turn-based tactics]] video game for the [[Nintendo 3DS]] developed and published by [[Ubisoft]] in 2011. The game is part of the ''[[Tom Clancy's Ghost Recon|Ghost Recon]]'' series of the [[Tom Clancy]] games. First images of the game were leaked by [[IGN]] in 2010.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ign.com/images/games/tom-clancys-ghost-recon-shadow-wars-3ds-77796 |title=Ghost Recon: Shadow Wars Screenshots, Pictures, Wallpapers |publisher=IGN |accessdate=August 6, 2014}}</ref> The game was released on March 25, 2011 in Europe, March 27 in North America, and March 31 in Australia as a launch title for Nintendo's new console. It was later released in Japan on May 19, 2011.

==Gameplay==
The battle system is similar to other turn-based tactics video games, such as ''[[Advance Wars]]'' and ''[[Fire Emblem]]'', but elevation and cover play a critical tactical role and its support fire system makes the combat system distinctive. The battle system is similar to Gollop's previous video games ''[[Rebelstar: Tactical Command]]'' and ''[[UFO: Enemy Unknown]]''.

Completing objectives in missions gives the player points which can be used to upgrade the rank of each unit. Units have a predetermined development tree, with each new level granting a mix of Hit Point (HP) bonuses, new abilities and alternative equipment. Players choose which points to spend on each unit.

The game can be played in three modes:
*Campaign Game: The single player campaign has 37 missions for a total playing time of around 35–45 hours, depending on difficulty level selected. The player controls a team of up to six Ghosts through the story based campaign, leveling them up and upgrading their equipment as the story progressed.
*Skirmish Missions: There are 20 skirmish missions which are standalone missions with fixed teams and deployments.
*Multiplayer Missions: There are 10 multiplayer missions which are played using a single 3DS console.

The game features several playable characters:
*Commando: The Commando (Duke) is equipped with an assault rifle and a hi-tech shoulder mounted missile launcher. The commando is effectively like human artillery, but very mobile. They come in two types: anti-vehicle or anti-personnel.<ref>{{cite web |last=George |first=Richard |url=http://www.ign.com/articles/2011/03/11/ghost-recon-meets-advance-wars-and-fire-emblem?page=2 |title=Ghost Recon Meets Advance Wars and Fire Emblem |publisher=IGN |date=March 10, 2011 |page=2 |accessdate=August 6, 2014}}</ref>
*Sniper: The sniper (Haze) is a long range specialist. He has a choice between heavy sniper rifles, with good armor penetration, or light sniper rifles, which give better mobility. His secondary weapons include a choice of either AP or EMP grenades.
*Gunner: The gunner (Richter) is equipped with a high-powered automatic weapon with excellent damage and return fire, but limited maneuverability. He has a choice of grenades for his secondary weapon.
*Medic: The Medic (Saffron) has effective personal defense weapons and a choice of medi-kits, including a 'stim kit', which can allow characters to act again, or a 'boost kit', which provides power points.
*Recon: The Recon (Banshee) is equipped with a special camouflage system that prevents any direct attacks against her unless she is revealed by an adjacent enemy. She is equipped with silenced carbines for a main weapon, and a choice of EMP grenades or knife for secondary weapon.
*Engineer: The engineer (Mint) is equipped with an assault rifle as his main weapon. His secondary equipment is either a deployable gun turret or an armed, mobile drone. He can also repair vehicles and drones.

In addition to these there are other units which join the player's squad as part of the story and can be issued instructions during missions.

==Reception==
{{Video game reviews
| GR = 78.88%<ref name=GR>{{cite web |url=http://www.gamerankings.com/3ds/997780-tom-clancys-ghost-recon-shadow-wars/index.html |title=Tom Clancy's Ghost Recon: Shadow Wars for 3DS |publisher=[[GameRankings]] |accessdate=August 6, 2014}}</ref>
| MC = 77/100<ref name=MC>{{cite web |url=http://www.metacritic.com/game/3ds/tom-clancys-ghost-recon-shadow-wars |title=Tom Clancy's Ghost Recon: Shadow Wars for 3DS Reviews |publisher=[[Metacritic]] |accessdate=August 6, 2014}}</ref>
| Edge = 7/10<ref>{{cite web |author=Edge staff |url=http://www.edge-online.com/review/tom-clancys-ghost-recon-shadow-wars-review/ |title=Tom Clancy's Ghost Recon: Shadow Wars Review |publisher=''[[Edge (magazine)|Edge]]'' |date=March 24, 2011 |accessdate=August 6, 2014}}</ref>
| EuroG = 7/10<ref>{{cite web |last=Donlan |first=Christian |url=http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2011-03-24-ghost-recon-shadow-wars-review |title=Ghost Recon: Shadow Wars |publisher=[[Eurogamer]] |date=March 25, 2011 |accessdate=March 28, 2011}}</ref>
| Fam = 29/40<ref>{{cite web|last=Gifford |first=Kevin |url=http://www.1up.com/news/japan-review-check-portal-2 |archive-url=https://archive.is/20120720070417/http://www.1up.com/news/japan-review-check-portal-2 |dead-url=yes |archive-date=July 20, 2012 |title=Japan Review Check: Portal 2, Ghost Recon |publisher=[[1UP.com]] |date=April 19, 2011 |accessdate=November 14, 2014}}</ref>
| GI = 8.25/10<ref>{{cite web |last=Biessener |first=Adam |url=http://www.gameinformer.com/games/ghost_recon_shadow_wars/b/3ds/archive/2011/03/26/a-pleasant-turn-based-surprise.aspx |title=Ghost Recon Shadow Wars: A Pleasant Turn-Based Surprise |publisher=''[[Game Informer]]'' |date=March 26, 2011 |accessdate=August 6, 2014}}</ref>
| GamePro = {{Rating|4|5}}<ref>{{cite web |last=Bailey |first=Kat |url=http://www.gamepro.com/article/reviews/218709/review-tom-clancys-ghost-recon-shadow-wars/ |title=Review: Tom Clancy's Ghost Recon: Shadow Wars |publisher=''[[GamePro]]'' |date=April 1, 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110402232722/http://www.gamepro.com/article/reviews/218709/review-tom-clancys-ghost-recon-shadow-wars/ |archivedate=April 2, 2011 |deadurl=yes |accessdate=August 6, 2014}}</ref>
| GameRev = B<ref>{{cite web |last=Laddin |first=Josh |url=http://www.gamerevolution.com/review/tom-clancys-ghost-recon-shadow-wars |title=Tom Clancy's Ghost Recon: Shadow Wars Review |publisher=[[Game Revolution]] |date=April 29, 2011 |accessdate=August 6, 2014}}</ref>
| GSpot = 8/10<ref name=GSpot>{{cite web |last=Watters |first=Chris |url=http://www.gamespot.com/reviews/tom-clancys-ghost-recon-shadow-wars-review/1900-6305975/ |title=Tom Clancy's Ghost Recon: Shadow Wars Review |publisher=[[GameSpot]] |date=March 27, 2011 |accessdate=August 6, 2014}}</ref>
| GT = 8.1/10<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gametrailers.com/reviews/7tppwr/tom-clancy-s-ghost-recon--shadow-wars-review |title=Tom Clancy's Ghost Recon: Shadow Wars Review |publisher=[[GameTrailers]] |date=April 5, 2011 |accessdate=August 6, 2014}}</ref>
| IGN = 7/10<ref name="ds.ign.com">{{cite web |last=Gallegos |first=Anthony |url=http://www.ign.com/articles/2011/03/27/ghost-recon-shadow-wars-3ds-review |title=Ghost Recon: Shadow Wars 3DS Review |publisher=IGN |date=March 26, 2011 |accessdate=August 6, 2014}}</ref>
| NP = 8/10<ref>{{cite journal |title=Tom Clancy's Ghost Recon: Shadow Wars |magazine=[[Nintendo Power]] |volume=263 |date=April 2011 |page=77}}</ref>
| rev1 = [[Common Sense Media]]
| rev1Score = {{Rating|4|5}}<ref>{{cite web |last=Bell |first=Erin |url=https://www.commonsensemedia.org/game-reviews/tom-clancys-ghost-recon-shadow-wars |title=Tom Clancy's Ghost Recon: Shadow Wars Game Review |publisher=[[Common Sense Media]] |year=2011 |accessdate=August 6, 2014}}</ref>
| rev2 = ''[[Digital Spy]]''
| rev2Score = {{Rating|3|5}}<ref>{{cite web |last=Martin |first=Liam |url=http://www.digitalspy.com/gaming/review/a311675/tom-clancys-ghost-recon-shadow-wars-3ds.html#~oMcz5AhBF6X7ey |title='Tom Clancy's Ghost Recon: Shadow Wars' (3DS) |publisher=[[Digital Spy]] |date=March 29, 2011 |accessdate=August 6, 2014}}</ref>
}}

Reviews for the game were generally favorable. [[GameRankings]] gave it a score of 78.88%,<ref name=GR/> while [[Metacritic]] gave it 77 out of 100.<ref name=MC/> [[GameSpot]] scored the game 8 out of 10, but called the story one-dimensional.<ref name=GSpot/> ''[[Official Nintendo Magazine]]'' praised the game's accessibility and gave it an 80%.<ref name=ONM>{{cite journal |last=Blyth |first=Jon |url=http://www.officialnintendomagazine.co.uk/24857/ghost-recon-shadow-wars-review/ |title=Ghost Recon: Shadow Wars Review |magazine=[[Official Nintendo Magazine]] |date=April 2011 |page=84 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141007235317/http://www.officialnintendomagazine.co.uk/24857/ghost-recon-shadow-wars-review/ |archivedate=October 7, 2014 |deadurl=yes |accessdate=November 14, 2014}}</ref> Anthony Gallegos of [[IGN]] criticized the game's multiplayer component, repetitiveness of the campaign and clichéd characters but stated that the game was still fun enough for him to recommend to turn-based game fans, ending with scoring it a 7 out of 10.<ref name="ds.ign.com"/>

{{clear}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}

== External links ==
* {{moby game|id=/3ds/tom-clancys-ghost-recon-shadow-wars}}

{{Tom Clancy games}}

[[Category:2011 video games]]
[[Category:Multiplayer and single-player video games]]
[[Category:Nintendo 3DS games]]
[[Category:Nintendo 3DS-only games]]
[[Category:Tom Clancy games]]
[[Category:Tom Clancy's Ghost Recon games]]
[[Category:Turn-based tactics video games]]
[[Category:Ubisoft games]]
[[Category:Video games developed in Bulgaria]]
[[Category:Video games set in Kazakhstan]]

Alain Bono

2017-04-03T13:31:54Z

GreenC bot: Rescued 1 archive link; remove 1 link. Wayback Medic 2.1

{{Infobox football biography
| image =
| name = Alain Bono
| fullname = Mack Mboune Alain Elvis Bono
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1983|12|19}}
| birth_place = [[Douala]], [[Cameroon]]
| height = {{height|meters =1.78}}
| clubnumber =
| position = [[Midfielder]]
| youthyears1 = –2000
| youthclubs1 = [[Paris Saint-Germain]]
| years1 = 2002–2003
| years2 = 2003–2004
| years3 = 2004–2006
| years4 = 2007
| years5 = 2007–2008
| years6 = 2008–2009
| years7 = 2010–2011
| years8 = 2011
| clubs1 = [[U.S. Alessandria Calcio 1912|U.S. Alessandria]]
| clubs2 = [[A.C. Paternò 2004|A.C. Paternò]]
| clubs3 = [[Ternana]]
| clubs4 = [[Teramo Calcio|Teramo]]
| clubs5 = [[Widzew Łódź]]
| clubs6 = [[Paris FC]]
| clubs7 = [[FC Aktobe]]
| clubs8 = [[Kuopion Palloseura|KuPS]]
| caps1 = 26 | goals1 = 0
| caps2 = 6 | goals2 = 0
| caps3 = 58 | goals3 = 0
| caps4 = 12 | goals4 = 1
| caps5 = 5 | goals5 = 0
| caps6 = 8 | goals6 = 0
| caps7 = 28 | goals7 = 0
| caps8 = 9 | goals8 = 1
}}

'''Alain Bono''' (born 19 December 1983) is a [[Cameroon]]ian [[Association football|football]] player. He last played for [[Kuopion Palloseura|KuPS Kuopio]] in the Finnish premier division [[Veikkausliiga]].

Bono has previously played for [[Ternana Calcio]] in the Italian [[Serie B]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.tuttocalciatori.net/index.php?mod=cc1&stag=2005-2006&par=967&cl=36&ncl=TERNANA%20CALCIO |title=Bono Alain Mback Mboune |website=TuttoCalciatori.net |accessdate=25 August 2013}}</ref> for [[Widzew Łódź]] in the Polish [[Ekstraklasa]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.widzew.pl/pl/wiadomosci/informacje/4528.html |archive-url=https://archive.is/20130825124629/http://www.widzew.pl/pl/wiadomosci/informacje/4528.html |dead-url=yes |archive-date=25 August 2013 |title=Kiedyś w Widzewie, a następnie…? – część trzynasta |language=Polish |trans_title=Once with Widzew, and now...? part 13 |publisher=RTS Widzew Łódź |date=30 March 2011 |accessdate=25 August 2013 }}</ref> and for [[Kazakhstan Premier League]] champions [[FC Aktobe]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.uefa.com/news/newsid=1508770.html |title=Smakov hits the spot for Aktobe |author=Sharov, Dmitriy |publisher=UEFA |date=28 July 2010 |accessdate=25 August 2013}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bono, Alain}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1983 births]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Douala]]
[[Category:Cameroonian footballers]]
[[Category:Serie B players]]
[[Category:Ekstraklasa players]]
[[Category:Championnat National players]]
[[Category:Veikkausliiga players]]
[[Category:Kazakhstan Premier League players]]
[[Category:U.S. Alessandria Calcio 1912 players]]
[[Category:A.C. Paternò 2004 players]]
[[Category:Ternana Calcio players]]
[[Category:Teramo Calcio players]]
[[Category:Widzew Łódź players]]
[[Category:Paris FC players]]
[[Category:FC Aktobe players]]
[[Category:Kuopion Palloseura players]]
[[Category:Cameroonian expatriate footballers]]
[[Category:Expatriate footballers in Italy]]
[[Category:Expatriate footballers in France]]
[[Category:Expatriate footballers in Poland]]
[[Category:Expatriate footballers in Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Expatriate footballers in Finland]]

{{Cameroon-footy-bio-stub}}

FC Bolat

2017-04-03T13:30:18Z

GreenC bot: Rescued 1 archive link; reformat 1 link. Wayback Medic 2.1

{{Infobox football club
| clubname = FC Bolat
| image = Logo_of_FC_Bolat.png
| fullname = Football Club Bolat
| nickname =
| founded = {{Start date|1969}}
| dissolved = {{Start date and age|11|12|2015}}
| ground = Metallurg Stadium [[Temirtau]], [[Kazakhstan]]
| capacity = 12,000
| chairman =
| manager =
| league = [[Kazakhstan First Division]]
| season = [[2015 Kazakhstan First Division|2015]]
| position = 3rd
}}
'''FC Bolat''' is a [[Kazakhstan]]i [[Football (soccer)|football]] club based in [[Temirtau]]. Previously known as '''FC Bolat CSKA''' (2004) and '''FC Bolat MSK'''(2005).

==History==
Formed as Metallurg, the club was known as Stroitel between 1969 and 1977 before adopting their current name. They were a leading side in the Soviet-era game, winning the Kazakh SSR Cup seven times, including five consecutive triumphs between 1972 and 1976. Initially the club transferred their status to the independent Kazakhstan, and were founding member of the [[Kazakhstan Super League]]. However, barring a 7th-place finish in 1994, they were one of the weaker sides and were relegated to the [[Kazakhstan First Division]] in 1998. The club returned to the top flight in 2005 but set an unwanted record by drawing a single match and losing 29 to set a record low for points gained in the Kazakh premier league. They are current First Division members.

On 11 December 2015, Bolat announced they would not be taking part in the [[2016 Kazakhstan First Division]], and would fold.<ref>{{cite web|title=Темиртауский Булат АМТ решено закрыть|url=http://www.sports.kz/news/temirtauskiy-bulat-amt-resheno-zakryit|website=www.sports.kz/|publisher=sports.kz|accessdate=11 December 2015|language=Russian|date=11 December 2015}}</ref>

==League results==
<timeline>
ImageSize = width:600 height:60
PlotArea = left:10 right:10 bottom:30 top:10
TimeAxis = orientation:horizontal format:yyyy
DateFormat = dd/mm/yyyy
Period = from:01/01/1991 till:01/07/2011
ScaleMajor = unit:year increment:1 start:1992
Colors =
id:bl1 value:rgb(0.5,0.8,0.5)
id:bl2 value:rgb(0.9,0.9,0.3)
id:rs value:rgb(0.8,0.6,0.6)
id:rn value:rgb(0.9,0.1,0.1)

PlotData=
bar:Position width:15 color:white align:center

from:01/07/1991 till:01/07/1992 shift:(0,-4) text:17
from:01/07/1992 till:01/07/1993 shift:(0,-4) text:13
from:01/07/1993 till:01/07/1994 shift:(0,-4) text:7
from:01/07/1994 till:01/07/1995 shift:(0,-4) text:15
from:01/07/1995 till:01/07/1996 shift:(0,-4) text:17
from:01/07/1996 till:01/07/1997 shift:(0,-4) text:13
from:01/07/1997 till:01/07/1998 shift:(0,-4) text:13
from:01/07/1998 till:01/07/1999 shift:(0,-4) text:
from:01/07/1999 till:01/07/2000 shift:(0,-4) text:
from:01/07/2000 till:01/07/2001 shift:(0,-4) text:3
from:01/07/2001 till:01/07/2002 shift:(0,-4) text:
from:01/07/2002 till:01/07/2003 shift:(0,-4) text:3
from:01/07/2003 till:01/07/2004 shift:(0,-4) text:1
from:01/07/2004 till:01/07/2005 shift:(0,-4) text:16
from:01/07/2005 till:01/07/2006 shift:(0,-4) text:3
from:01/07/2006 till:01/07/2007 shift:(0,-4) text:8
from:01/07/2007 till:01/07/2008 shift:(0,-4) text:11
from:01/07/2008 till:01/07/2009 shift:(0,-4) text:6
from:01/07/2009 till:01/07/2010 shift:(0,-4) text:14
from:01/07/2010 till:01/07/2011 shift:(0,-4) text:6

from:01/07/1991 till:01/07/1998 color:bl1 shift:(0,13) text:[[Kazakhstan Premier League|Premier League]]
from:01/07/1998 till:01/07/2000 color:rs shift:(0,13) text:Non league
from:01/07/2000 till:01/07/2001 color:bl2 shift:(0,13) text:"[[Kazakhstan First Division|D1]]"
from:01/07/2001 till:01/07/2002 color:rs shift:(0,13) text:Non
from:01/07/2002 till:01/07/2004 color:bl2 shift:(0,13) text:"[[Kazakhstan First Division|First Division]]"
from:01/07/2004 till:01/07/2005 color:bl1 shift:(0,13) text:[[Kazakhstan Premier League|PL]]
from:01/07/2005 till:01/07/2011 color:bl2 shift:(0,13) text:"[[Kazakhstan First Division|First Division]]"

</timeline>

== Current squad ==

{{Fs start}}
{{Fs player|no=1|nat=Kazakhstan|name=Khamit Mataev|pos=GK}}
{{Fs player|no=2|nat=Kazakhstan|name=Konstantin Surovtsev|pos=MF}}
{{Fs player|no=5|nat=Kazakhstan|name=Yevgeny Gashin|pos=DF}}
{{Fs player|no=7|nat=Kazakhstan|name=Vladimir Kashtanov|pos=MF}}
{{Fs player|no=28|nat=Kazakhstan|name=Marat Rakishev|pos=DF}}
{{Fs player|no=31|nat=Kazakhstan|name=Timur Narkesken|pos=FW}}
{{Fs player|no=10|nat=Kazakhstan|name=Yevgeny Nesterov|pos=MF}}
{{Fs player|no=11|nat=Kazakhstan|name=Timur Zhakupov|pos=DF}}
{{Fs player|no=12|nat=Kazakhstan|name=Damir Mehbaliev|pos=GK}}
{{Fs player|no=13|nat=Kazakhstan|name=Talgat Kabdulov|pos=DF}}
{{Fs mid}}
{{Fs player|no=14|nat=Kazakhstan|name=Aleksandr Fedorov|pos=FW}}
{{Fs player|no=15|nat=Kazakhstan|name=Vitali Artyomov|pos=DF}}
{{Fs player|no=16|nat=Kazakhstan|name=Nursultan Ganiyev|pos=MF}}
{{Fs player|no=17|nat=Kazakhstan|name=Baurzhan Nauryzbayev|pos=DF}}
{{Fs player|no=18|nat=Kazakhstan|name=Nursultan Zhusupov|pos=MF}}
{{Fs player|no=19|nat=Kazakhstan|name=Sergey Lunev|pos=DF}}
{{Fs player|no=20|nat=Kazakhstan|name=Stanislav Tarasov|pos=MF}}
{{Fs player|no=30|nat=Kazakhstan|name=Vladislav Akhmeyev|pos=MF}}
{{Fs player|no=22|nat=Kazakhstan|name=Vitali Genze|pos=FW}}
{{Fs player|no=23|nat=Kazakhstan|name=Zhasulan Kusainov|pos=MF}}
{{Fs player|no=27|nat=Kazakhstan|name=Konstantin Bernatski|pos=MF}}
{{Fs end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website|http://bulatamt.kz}}
*[https://archive.is/20110719074621/http://klisf.info/numeric/index.app?cmd=comm_tst&lang=en&id=821602663473366765441025689744 Statistical record]

{{Kazakhstan First Division teamlist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bulat, FC}}
[[Category:Football clubs in Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:1969 establishments in the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic]]

2012 Astana season

2017-04-03T09:46:36Z

GreenC bot: Rescued 1 archive link; remove 1 link. Wayback Medic 2.1

{{Infobox cycling team season
| team = Astana
| season = 2012
| men = yes
| image = [[File:Étape 13 - astana.jpg|300px]]
| image_caption = The team car at the [[2012 Tour de France]]
| ucicode = AST
| status = [[UCI ProTeam]]
| wtrank = 10th (645 points)
| chairman =
| owner =
| manager = [[Giuseppe Martinelli]]
| sponsor = [[Samruk-Kazyna]]
| base = [[Kazakhstan]]
| bikes = [[Specialized Bicycle Components|Specialized]]
| groupset = [[SRAM Corporation|SRAM]]?
| onedaywins = 2
| stageraceoverall = 3{{refn|name=Dyachenko|group=N|[[Alexsandr Dyachenko]] gained a stage win as well as the overall victory in the [[2012 Tour of Turkey|Tour of Turkey]], after initial winner [[Ivailo Gabrovski]] tested positive for [[erythropoietin]] (EPO) during the event.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.uci.ch/Modules/ENews/ENewsDetails.asp?id=ODQ3OQ&MenuId=MTI2Mjc |archive-url=https://archive.is/20130101115651/http://www.uci.ch/Modules/ENews/ENewsDetails.asp?id=ODQ3OQ&MenuId=MTI2Mjc |dead-url=yes |archive-date=1 January 2013 |title=Ivailo Gabrovski provisionally suspended |date=18 July 2012 |accessdate=9 October 2012 |work=UCI.ch |publisher=[[Union Cycliste Internationale]] }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.velonation.com/News/ID/12858/Tour-of-Turkey-winner-Gabrovski-faces-disqualification-with-B-sample-also-positive-for-EPO.aspx|title=Tour of Turkey winner Gabrovski faces disqualification with B sample also positive for EPO|first=Shane|last=Stokes|date=14 September 2012|accessdate=9 October 2012|work=VeloNation|publisher=VeloNation LLC}}</ref>}}
| stageracestages = 10{{refn|name=Dyachenko|group=N}}
| natcwins = 6
| mostwins =
| bestrider = [[Roman Kreuziger]] ([[2012 UCI World Tour|20th]])
| kitimage =
| previous = [[2011 Astana season|2011]]
| next = [[2013 Astana season|2013]]
}}

The 2012 season for the {{ct|AST|2012}} cycling team began in January with the [[2012 Tour Down Under|Tour Down Under]]. As a [[UCI ProTeam]], they were automatically invited and obligated to send a squad to every event in the [[2012 UCI World Tour|UCI World Tour]].

==2012 roster==
Ages as of 1 January 2012.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uciworldtour.com/Modules/SUCI/TEAMS/TeamDetails.asp?id=MTAz&RefDate=01.01.2012&MenuId=MTYzMDE&LangId=1&BackLink=%2Ftemplates%2FUCI%2FUCI2%2Flayout%2Easp%3FMenuId%3DMTYzMDE%26LangId%3D1|title=Astana Pro Team (AST) – KAZ|accessdate=16 January 2012|work=[[UCI World Tour]]|publisher=[[Union Cycliste Internationale]]}}</ref>

{{Cycling squad start}}
{{Cycling squad rider|name=[[Fabio Aru]]{{#tag:ref|Aru joined the team on 1 August, as a stagiaire, from Palazzago-Elledent-RAD Logistica.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cyclismactu.fr/news-saison-2012-fabio-aru-stagiaire-chez-astana-26389.html|language=French|title=Fabio Aru stagiaire chez Astana|trans_title=Fabio Aru an intern at Astana|date=25 July 2012|accessdate=1 August 2012|first=Renaud|last=Breban|work=Cyclism'Actu|publisher=Swar-Agency}}</ref>|group="N"}}|nat=ITA|birthdate={{birth date and age2|df=yes|2012|1|1|1990|7|3}}}}
{{Cycling squad rider|name=[[Assan Bazayev]]|nat=KAZ|birthdate={{birth date and age2|df=yes|2012|1|1|1981|2|22}}}}
{{Cycling squad rider|name=[[Borut Božič]]|nat=SLO|birthdate={{birth date and age2|df=yes|2012|1|1|1980|8|8}}}}
{{Cycling squad rider|name=[[Janez Brajkovič]]|nat=SLO|birthdate={{birth date and age2|df=yes|2012|1|1|1983|12|18}}}}
{{Cycling squad rider|name=[[Alexsandr Dyachenko]]|nat=KAZ|birthdate={{birth date and age2|df=yes|2012|1|1|1983|10|17}}}}
{{Cycling squad rider|name=[[Dmitry Fofonov]]|nat=KAZ|birthdate={{birth date and age2|df=yes|2012|1|1|1976|8|15}}}}
{{Cycling squad rider|name=[[Enrico Gasparotto]]|nat=ITA|birthdate={{birth date and age2|df=yes|2012|1|1|1982|3|22}}}}
{{Cycling squad rider|name=[[Francesco Gavazzi]]|nat=ITA|birthdate={{birth date and age2|df=yes|2012|1|1|1984|8|1}}}}
{{Cycling squad rider|name=[[Dmitriy Gruzdev]]|nat=KAZ|birthdate={{birth date and age2|df=yes|2012|1|1|1986|3|13}}}}
{{Cycling squad rider|name=[[Jacopo Guarnieri]]|nat=ITA|birthdate={{birth date and age2|df=yes|2012|1|1|1987|8|14}}}}
{{Cycling squad rider|name=[[Andriy Hryvko]]|nat=UKR|birthdate={{birth date and age2|df=yes|2012|1|1|1983|8|7}}}}
{{Cycling squad rider|name=[[Maxim Iglinskiy]]|nat=KAZ|birthdate={{birth date and age2|df=yes|2012|1|1|1981|4|18}}}}
{{Cycling squad rider|name=[[Valentin Iglinskiy]]|nat=KAZ|birthdate={{birth date and age2|df=yes|2012|1|1|1984|5|12}}}}
{{Cycling squad rider|name=[[Tanel Kangert]]|nat=EST|birthdate={{birth date and age2|df=yes|2012|1|1|1987|3|11}}}}
{{Cycling squad mid}}
{{Cycling squad rider|name=[[Andrey Kashechkin]]|nat=KAZ|birthdate={{birth date and age2|df=yes|2012|1|1|1980|3|21}}}}
{{Cycling squad rider|name=[[Fredrik Kessiakoff]]|nat=SWE|birthdate={{birth date and age2|df=yes|2012|1|1|1980|5|17}}}}
{{Cycling squad rider|name=[[Robert Kišerlovski]]|nat=CRO|birthdate={{birth date and age2|df=yes|2012|1|1|1986|8|9}}}}
{{Cycling squad rider|name=[[Roman Kreuziger]]|nat=CZE|birthdate={{birth date and age2|df=yes|2012|1|1|1986|5|6}}}}
{{Cycling squad rider|name=[[Francesco Masciarelli]]{{#tag:ref|Masciarelli left the team on 6 June.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cyclingnews.com/news/masciarelli-quits-astana-over-health-problems|title=Masciarelli quits Astana over health problems|date=6 June 2012|accessdate=7 June 2012|work=Cycling News|publisher=Future Publishing Limited}}</ref>|group="N"}}|nat=ITA|birthdate={{birth date and age2|df=yes|2012|1|1|1986|5|5}}}}
{{Cycling squad rider|name=[[Dimitry Muravyev]]|nat=KAZ|birthdate={{birth date and age2|df=yes|2012|1|1|1979|11|2}}}}
{{Cycling squad rider|name=[[Yevgeniy Nepomnyachshiy]]|nat=KAZ|birthdate={{birth date and age2|df=yes|2012|1|1|1987|3|12}}}}
{{Cycling squad rider|name=[[Evgeni Petrov (cyclist)|Evgeni Petrov]]|nat=RUS|birthdate={{birth date and age2|df=yes|2012|1|1|1978|5|25}}}}
{{Cycling squad rider|name=[[Simone Ponzi]]|nat=ITA|birthdate={{birth date and age2|df=yes|2012|1|1|1987|1|17}}}}
{{Cycling squad rider|name=[[Sergey Renev]]|nat=KAZ|birthdate={{birth date and age2|df=yes|2012|1|1|1985|1|3}}}}
{{Cycling squad rider|name=[[Kevin Seeldraeyers]]|nat=BEL|birthdate={{birth date and age2|df=yes|2012|1|1|1986|9|12}}}}
{{Cycling squad rider|name=[[Egor Silin]]|nat=RUS|birthdate={{birth date and age2|df=yes|2012|1|1|1988|6|25}}}}
{{Cycling squad rider|name=[[Paolo Tiralongo]]|nat=ITA|birthdate={{birth date and age2|df=yes|2012|1|1|1977|7|8}}}}
{{Cycling squad rider|name=[[Alexander Vinokourov]]|nat=KAZ|birthdate={{birth date and age2|df=yes|2012|1|1|1973|9|16}}}}
{{Cycling squad rider|name=[[Andrey Zeits]]|nat=KAZ|birthdate={{birth date and age2|df=yes|2012|1|1|1986|12|14}}}}
{{Cycling squad end}}

{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
;Riders who joined the team for the 2012 season
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Rider
!2011 team
|-
|[[Andrey Kashechkin]]||{{ct|LAM|2011}}<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.velonation.com/News/ID/10559/Kashechkin-rejects-suggestions-hell-be-with-RusVelo-rather-than-Astana-in-2012.aspx|title=Kashechkin rejects suggestions he’ll be with RusVelo rather than Astana in 2012|date=3 December 2011|accessdate=16 January 2012|work=VeloNation|publisher=VeloNation LLC}}</ref>
|-
|[[Dimitry Muravyev]]||{{ct|RSH|2011}}<ref>{{cite news|url=http://astana.lu/news_x.php?ID_news=419|title="Pro Team Astana" signed Dmitriy Muravyev|date=8 August 2011|accessdate=16 January 2012|work=astana.lu|publisher={{ct|AST|2012}}}}</ref>
|-
|[[Jacopo Guarnieri]]||{{ct|LIQ|2011}}<ref name="Silin">{{cite news|url=http://astana.lu/news_x.php?ID_news=437|title=Egor Silin, Francesco Gavazzi and Jacopo Guarnieri will join the team for 2012 & 2013 seasons|date=22 August 2011|accessdate=16 January 2012|work=astana.lu|publisher={{ct|AST|2012}}}}</ref>
|-
|[[Egor Silin]]||{{ct|KAT|2011}}<ref name="Silin"/>
|-
|[[Francesco Gavazzi]]||{{ct|LAM|2011}}<ref name="Silin"/>
|-
|[[Kevin Seeldraeyers]]||{{ct|QST|2011}}<ref name="Bozic">{{cite news|url=http://www.velonation.com/News/ID/9837/Astana-signs-Borut-Bozic-and-Kevin-Seeldraeyers.aspx|title=Astana signs Borut Božič and Kevin Seeldraeyers|date=19 September 2011|accessdate=16 January 2012|work=VeloNation|publisher=VeloNation LLC}}</ref>
|-
|[[Borut Božič]]||{{ct|VCD|2011}}<ref name="Bozic"/>
|-
|[[Janez Brajkovič]]||{{ct|RSH|2011}}<ref>{{cite news|url=http://velonews.competitor.com/2011/09/news/brajkovic-joins-astana_194058|title=Brajkovic joins Astana|date=30 September 2011|accessdate=16 January 2012|work=VeloNews|publisher=Competitor Group, Inc.|agency=[[Agence France-Presse]]}}</ref>
|-
|[[Dmitriy Gruzdev]]||''stagiaire'' ({{ct|AST|2011}})<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.velonation.com/News/ID/10692/Vinokourov-to-lead-strong-Astana-team-at-the-Tour-de-Langkawi.aspx|first=Shane|last=Stokes|title=Vinokourov to lead strong Astana team at the Tour de Langkawi|date=20 December 2011|accessdate=16 January 2012|work=VeloNation|publisher=VeloNation LLC}}</ref>
|-
|[[Simone Ponzi]]||{{ct|LIQ|2011}}<ref name="Velochrono">{{cite news|url=http://www.velochrono.fr/actu/transferts-cyclisme-2011-2012/|title=Transferts 2011-2012|language=French|trans_title=Transfers 2011-2012|accessdate=16 January 2012|work=Velochrono.fr|publisher=Velochrono}}</ref>
|}
{{col-2}}
;Riders who left the team during or after the 2011 season
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Rider
!2012 team
|-
|[[Rémy Di Gregorio]]||{{ct|COF|2012}}<ref>{{cite news|url=http://velonews.competitor.com/2011/08/news/transfer-season-di-gregorio-joins-cofidis-quick-step-hires-polish-riders_187011|title=Di Gregorio joins Cofidis; Quick Step hires Polish riders|date=5 August 2011|accessdate=16 January 2012|work=VeloNews|publisher=Competitor Group, Inc.}}</ref>
|-
|[[Simon Clarke (cyclist)|Simon Clarke]]||{{ct|GEC|2012a}}<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cyclingnews.com/news/clarke-bound-for-greenedge|first=Jane|last=Aubrey|title=Clarke bound for GreenEdge|date=23 August 2011|accessdate=16 January 2012|work=Cycling News|publisher=Future Publishing Limited}}</ref>
|-
|[[Tomas Vaitkus]]||{{ct|GEC|2012a}}<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cyclingnews.com/news/versatile-vaitkus-leaves-astana-for-greenedge|title=Versatile Vaitkus leaves Astana for GreenEdge|first=Jane|last=Aubrey|date=29 August 2011|accessdate=16 January 2012|work=Cycling News|publisher=Future Publishing Limited}}</ref>
|-
|[[Allan Davis]]||{{ct|GEC|2012a}}<ref>{{cite news|url=http://velonews.competitor.com/2011/09/news/davis-joins-greenedge-with-london-games-in-sights_192988|title=Davis joins GreenEdge, with London Games in sights|date=20 September 2011|accessdate=16 January 2012|work=VeloNews|publisher=Competitor Group, Inc.|agency=[[Agence France-Presse]]}}</ref>
|-
|[[Mirco Lorenzetto]]||Retired<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cyclingnews.com/news/lorenzetto-calls-time-on-career|work=Cycling News|publisher=Future Publishing Limited|date=2 December 2011|accessdate=16 January 2012|title=Lorenzetto calls time on career}}</ref>
|-
|[[Gorazd Štangelj]]||Retired<ref>{{cite news|url=http://velonews.competitor.com/2011/11/news/inside-cycling-with-john-wilcockson-this-year’s-retirees-just-faded-away_197318|title=Inside Cycling with John Wilcockson: This year’s retirees just faded away|work=VeloNews|publisher=Competitor Group, Inc.|date=7 November 2011|accessdate=16 January 2012|first=John|last=Wilcockson}}</ref>
|-
|[[Roman Kireyev]]||Retired<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cyclingnews.com/news/astana-reduces-roster-thanks-to-kireyev-retirement|first=Barry|last=Ryan|title=Astana reduces roster thanks to Kireyev retirement|date=24 August 2011|accessdate=16 January 2012|work=Cycling News|publisher=Future Publishing Limited}}</ref>
|-
|[[Maxim Gourov]]||None
|-
|[[Josep Jufré]]||Retired<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.velonation.com/News/ID/10900/Josep-Jufre-calls-it-a-career-at-age-36.aspx|first=Kyle|last=Moore|title=Josep Jufré calls it a career at age 36|date=16 January 2012|accessdate=16 January 2012|work=VeloNation|publisher=VeloNation LLC}}</ref>
|-
|[[Andrey Mizurov]]||[[Tabriz Petrochemical Cycling Team]]<ref name="Velochrono"/>
|}
{{col-end}}


==Season victories==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Date !! Race !! Competition !! Rider !! Country !! Location
|-
| {{dts|format=dmy||March|21}} || [[2012 Volta a Catalunya|Volta a Catalunya]], Stage 3 || [[2012 UCI World Tour|UCI World Tour]] || {{flagathlete|{{sortname|Janez|Brajkovič}}|SLO}} || {{ESP}} || [[:ca:Canturri|Canturri]]
|-
| {{dts|format=dmy||April|15}} || [[2012 Amstel Gold Race|Amstel Gold Race]] || [[2012 UCI World Tour|UCI World Tour]] || {{flagathlete|{{sortname|Enrico|Gasparotto}}|ITA}} || {{NED}} || [[Valkenburg aan de Geul|Valkenburg]]
|-
| {{dts|format=dmy||April|22}} || [[2012 Liège–Bastogne–Liège|Liège–Bastogne–Liège]] || [[2012 UCI World Tour|UCI World Tour]] || {{flagathlete|{{sortname|Maxim|Iglinsky}}|KAZ}} || {{BEL}} || [[Liège]]
|-
| {{dts|format=dmy||April|24}} || [[2012 Tour of Turkey|Presidential Cycling Tour of Turkey]], Stage 3{{refn|name=Dyachenko|group=N}} || [[2012 UCI Europe Tour|UCI Europe Tour]] || {{flagathlete|{{sortname|Alexsandr|Dyachenko}}|KAZ}} || {{TUR}} || [[Elmalı]]
|-
| {{dts|format=dmy||April|29}} || [[2012 Tour of Turkey|Presidential Cycling Tour of Turkey]], Overall{{refn|name=Dyachenko|group=N}} || [[2012 UCI Europe Tour|UCI Europe Tour]] || {{flagathlete|{{sortname|Alexsandr|Dyachenko}}|KAZ}} || {{TUR}} ||
|-
| {{dts|format=dmy||April|29}} || [[2012 Tour of Turkey|Presidential Cycling Tour of Turkey]], Teams classification || [[2012 UCI Europe Tour|UCI Europe Tour]] ||align="center"| <ref group="N">The riders on the squad were [[Alexander Vinokourov]], [[Assan Bazayev]], [[Alexsandr Dyachenko]], [[Dmitriy Gruzdev]], [[Jacopo Guarnieri]], [[Valentin Iglinsky]], [[Yevgeniy Nepomnyachshiy]] and [[Andrey Zeits]]</ref> || {{TUR}} ||
|-
| {{dts|format=dmy||May|12}} || [[2012 Giro d'Italia|Giro d'Italia]], Stage 7 || [[2012 UCI World Tour|UCI World Tour]] || {{flagathlete|{{sortname|Paolo|Tiralongo}}|ITA}} || {{ITA}} || [[Rocca di Cambio]]
|-
| {{dts|format=dmy||May|25}} || [[2012 Giro d'Italia|Giro d'Italia]], Stage 19 || [[2012 UCI World Tour|UCI World Tour]] || {{flagathlete|{{sortname|Roman|Kreuziger}}|CZE}} || {{ITA}} || [[:it:Passo di Pampeago|Alpe di Pampeago]]
|-
| {{dts|format=dmy||June|14}} || [[Tour of Slovenia]], Stage 1 || [[2012 UCI Europe Tour|UCI Europe Tour]] || {{flagathlete|{{sortname|Simone|Ponzi}}|ITA}} || {{SLO}} || [[Novo Mesto]]
|-
| {{dts|format=dmy||June|15}} || [[2012 Tour de Suisse|Tour de Suisse]], Stage 7 || [[2012 UCI World Tour|UCI World Tour]] || {{flagathlete|{{sortname|Fredrik|Kessiakoff}}|SWE}} || {{SUI}} || [[Gossau, Zürich|Gossau]]
|-
| {{dts|format=dmy||June|17}} || [[2012 Tour de Suisse|Tour de Suisse]], Stage 9 || [[2012 UCI World Tour|UCI World Tour]] || {{flagathlete|{{sortname|Tanel|Kangert}}|EST}} || {{SUI}} || [[Flühli|Sörenberg]]
|-
| {{dts|format=dmy||June|17}} || [[2012 Tour de Suisse|Tour de Suisse]], Teams classification || [[2012 UCI World Tour|UCI World Tour]] ||align="center"| <ref group="N">The riders on the squad were [[Jacopo Guarnieri]], [[Assan Bazayev]], [[Tanel Kangert]], [[Francesco Gavazzi]], [[Dimitry Muravyev]], [[Fredrik Kessiakoff]], [[Robert Kišerlovski]] and [[Roman Kreuziger]]</ref> || {{SUI}} ||
|-
| {{dts|format=dmy||June|17}} || [[Tour of Slovenia]], Overall || [[2012 UCI Europe Tour|UCI Europe Tour]] || {{flagathlete|{{sortname|Janez|Brajkovič}}|SLO}} || {{SLO}} ||
|-
| {{dts|format=dmy||August|29}} || [[2012 Vuelta a España|Vuelta a España]], Stage 11 || [[2012 UCI World Tour|UCI World Tour]] || {{flagathlete|{{sortname|Fredrik|Kessiakoff}}|SWE}} || {{ESP}} || [[Pontevedra]]
|-
| {{dts|format=dmy||October|11}} || [[2012 Tour of Beijing|Tour of Beijing]], Stage 3 || [[2012 UCI World Tour|UCI World Tour]] || {{flagathlete|{{sortname|Francesco|Gavazzi}}|ITA}} || {{CHN}} || [[Badaling|Badaling Great Wall]]
|-
| {{dts|format=dmy||October|26}} || [[Tour of Hainan]], Stage 7 || [[2012–2013 UCI Asia Tour|UCI Asia Tour]] || {{flagathlete|{{sortname|Dmitriy|Gruzdev}}|KAZ}} || {{CHN}} || [[Wuzhi Mountain|Wuzhishan]]
|-
| {{dts|format=dmy||October|28}} || [[Tour of Hainan]], Overall || [[2012–2013 UCI Asia Tour|UCI Asia Tour]] || {{flagathlete|{{sortname|Dmitriy|Gruzdev}}|KAZ}} || {{CHN}} ||
|-
| {{dts|format=dmy||October|28}} || [[Tour of Hainan]], Teams classification || [[2012–2013 UCI Asia Tour|UCI Asia Tour]] ||align="center"| <ref group="N">The riders on the squad were [[Valentin Iglinsky]], [[Dmitriy Gruzdev]], [[Yevgeniy Nepomnyachshiy]], [[Sergey Renev]], [[Andrey Zeits]] and [[Alexsandr Dyachenko]]</ref> || {{CHN}} ||
|}

==Footnotes==
{{reflist|group=N}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{2012 road cycling season by team}}
{{Astana seasons}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Astana 2012}}
[[Category:2012 road cycling season by team]]
[[Category:Astana Pro Team]]
[[Category:2012 in Kazakhstani sport]]

Baikal bullfinch

2017-04-03T09:12:10Z

GreenC bot: Rescued 1 archive link; remove 1 link. Wayback Medic 2.1

{{Taxobox
| name = Baikal bullfinch
| status =
| status_system =
| status_ref =
| image =Pyrrhula cineracea8.jpg
| image_caption = In Russia
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
| phylum = [[Chordate|Chordata]]
| classis = [[bird|Aves]]
| ordo = [[Passeriformes]]
| familia = [[Fringillidae]]
| genus = ''[[Pyrrhula]]''
| species = ''[[Eurasian bullfinch|P. pyrrhula]]''
| subspecies = '''''P. p. cineracea'''''
| trinomial = ''Pyrrhula pyrrhula cineracea''
| trinomial_authority = [[Jean Cabanis|Cabanis]] 1872<ref>[http://www.catalogueoflife.org/col/browse/tree/id/11928292 Catalogueoflife.org]</ref>
| synonyms = *''Pyrrhula cineracea''
}}

The '''Baikal bullfinch''' (''Pyrrhula pyrrhula cineracea''), also known as the '''grey bullfinch''', is a small [[passerine]] [[bird]] in the [[finch]] family Fringillidae. It is found in eastern [[Kazakhstan]],<ref name="birds1">[https://web.archive.org/web/20110722142639/http://www.birds.kz/Pyrrhula%20cineracea/indexe.html Birds.kz]</ref> [[Mongolia]]<ref>[http://birdsmongolia.blogspot.com/2007_10_01_archive.html Birds Mongolia.]</ref> and adjacent areas of [[Russia]] and [[China]]. Although sometimes considered a full species ''Pyrrhula cineracea'', most authorities treat it a [[subspecies]] of the [[Eurasian bullfinch]].<ref>[http://avibase.bsc-eoc.org/species.jsp?lang=EN&avibaseid=1E0E4DC4A136FE1B Avibase.bsc-eoc.org]</ref><ref>[http://taxonomicon.taxonomy.nl/TaxonTree.aspx?id=638364 Taxonomicon.taxonomy]</ref> It migrates altitudinally from its summer [[Range (biology)|breeding range]] in the [[Altai Mountains]] to its winter range in the adjacent foothills and plains.

==Description==
The male differs from that of the nominate subspecies by having completely grey underparts.<ref name="BirdForum">{{cite web |url= http://www.birdforum.net/opus/Pyrrhula_cineracea |title=Eurasian Bullfinch |accessdate=2012-07-01 |work=BirdForum |publisher= BirdForum Ltd |date=2011-06-27 }}</ref>

==Taxonomy==
The taxonomy was described in 2001 by Arnaiz-Villena et al. All birds belonging to Genus Pyrrhula have a common ancestor: Pinicola enucleator.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Arnaiz-Villena|first=A|title= Phylogeography of crossbills, bullfinches, grosbeaks,and rosefinches| journal=Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences|year=2001|volume=58| pages=1159–1166| url=http://chopo.pntic.mec.es/~biolmol/publicaciones/crossbills.pdf| doi=10.1007/PL00000930| pmid=11529508|display-authors=etal}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Arnaiz-Villena|first=A|author2=Gómez-Prieto P|author3=Ruiz-de-Valle V|title= Phylogeography of finches and sparrows|journal=Nova Science Publishers|year=2009|ISBN=978-1-60741-844--3|url=https://www.novapublishers.com/catalog/downloadOA.php?order=1&access=true&osCsid=578391717583ba2180ffa42bf304e1f6}}</ref>

==Distribution and habitat==
[[File:Pyrrhula cineracea6.jpg|left|thumb|In Russia]]
In Kazakhstan the bullfinch is a rare resident and common winter visitor.<ref name=aw>{{cite web|url=http://birdsofkazakhstan.com/eurasian-bullfinch-pyrrhula-pyrrhula/ |archive-url=https://archive.is/20130118032933/http://birdsofkazakhstan.com/eurasian-bullfinch-pyrrhula-pyrrhula/ |dead-url=yes |archive-date=2013-01-18 |title=Eurasian Bullfinch |accessdate=2012-07-01 |work=The Birds of Kazakhstan |publisher=Arend Wassink |year=2010 }}</ref> It breeds in the western [[Altai Mountains]], including the Belaya [[Uba River|Uba]] valley, and the [[Sayan Mountains]] (eastern Altai) of western Mongolia; in the southern Altai it breeds in the upper reaches of the [[Bukhtarma River]], around [[Lake Markakol]], and in the Kara-Kaba valley (where it intergrades with the nominate subspecies).<ref name=aw/> On post-breeding dispersal and in winter it occurs mainly in the foothills and plains of eastern Kazakhstan, sometimes as far west as [[Semey|Semipalatinsk]], Kurgaldzhino Reserve and [[Astana]], [[Almaty]], the Chu-Iliyskiye Mountains and at [[Kyzylorda]] in the [[Syr Darya]] valley.<ref name="birds1"/>

The bullfinch inhabits [[fir]] forests with some [[deciduous]] trees, fir-[[larch]] and [[spruce]]-[[birch]] forest in river valleys and [[lake]] shores at altitudes of 1400–1800 m. On dispersal, the bullfinches visit [[deciduous forests]] with a [[shrub]]by understorey, [[riparian forest]]s and thickets of tall weeds.<ref name="birds1"/>

==Behaviour==

===Breeding===
The birds breed in the Altai from May, with scattered pairs nesting some distance from one another. A nest recorded in early May in a birch tree was built 5 m above the ground of thin twigs and dry grass lined with thin rootlets and hair. Fledglings and independent juvenile birds have been recorded from mid-July to early August. Dispersal from the breeding range begins in August and September, with birds appearing in south-eastern Kazakhstan from the end of October to early November, and remaining there until mid May.<ref name="birds1"/>

==References==
{{reflist}}
* Gavrilov, E. I., & A. E. Gavrilov (2005). "The Birds of Kazakhstan". Almaty.

{{taxonbar}}

[[Category:Pyrrhula|cineracea]]
[[Category:Birds of Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Birds of Mongolia]]
[[Category:Animals described in 1872]]

Denis Ten

2017-04-03T02:44:43Z

GreenC bot: Rescued 1 archive link; remove 1 link. Wayback Medic 2.1

{{Eastern Slavic name|Yuryevich|Ten}}
{{Infobox figure skater
|name= Denis Ten
|image= 2012 Rostelecom Cup 01d 618 Denis TEN.JPG
|caption= Ten at the 2012 Rostelecom Cup
|fullname= Denis Yuryevich Ten
|country= [[Kazakhstan]]
|birth_date= {{birth date and age|1993|6|13|df=yes}}
|birth_place= [[Almaty]], Kazakhstan
|residence=
|height= {{convert|1.68|m|ftin|0|abbr=on}}
|coach= [[Frank Carroll (figure skater)|Frank Carroll]], [[Nikolai Morozov (figure skater)|Nikolai Morozov]]
|formercoach= [[Rafael Arutyunyan]], [[Elena Buianova]], [[Tatiana Tarasova]]
|choreographer= [[Nikolai Morozov (figure skater)|Nikolai Morozov]]
|formerchoreographer= [[Stéphane Lambiel]], [[Lori Nichol]], [[Elena Buianova]], [[Tatiana Tarasova]], Irina Tagaeva, Mikhail Pochitalin
|skating club= Kiyal Almaty
|former skating club=
|currenttraininglocations= [[Hackensack, New Jersey]], [[El Segundo, California]], [[Almaty]], Novogorsk
|formertraininglocations= [[Moscow]]
|beganskating= 1998
|retired=
|worldranking= 7 (''{{As of|2016|12|17}}'')<ref name=isuws/>
|pbrankings= '''1''' (''[[2014–15 figure skating season|2014–15]]'') '''7''' (''[[2013–14 figure skating season|2013–14]]'')<ref name=1314ts/> '''4''' (''[[2012–13 figure skating season|2012–13]]'')<ref name=1213ts/> '''12''' (''[[2011–12 figure skating season|2011–12]]'')<ref name=1112ts/> '''21''' (''[[2010–11 figure skating season|2010–11]]'')<ref name=1011ts/> '''26''' (''[[2009–10 figure skating season|2009–10]]'')<ref name=0910ts/> '''17''' (''[[2008–09 figure skating season|2008–09]]'')<ref name=0809ts/>
|combined total= 289.46
|combined date= [[2015 Four Continents Figure Skating Championships|2015 Four Continents]]
|SP score= 97.61
|SP date= 2015 Four Continents
|FS score= 191.85
|FS date= 2015 Four Continents
|show-medals= yes
|medaltemplates=
{{MedalCountry | {{KAZ}} }}
{{MedalSport | [[Figure skating]]: [[Single skating|Men's singles]]}}
{{MedalOlympic}}
{{MedalBronze| [[Figure skating at the 2014 Winter Olympics – Men's singles|2014 Sochi]] | Men's singles}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[World Figure Skating Championships|World Championships]]}}
{{MedalSilver| [[2013 World Figure Skating Championships|2013 London]] |Men's singles}}
{{MedalBronze| [[2015 World Figure Skating Championships|2015 Shanghai]] |Men's singles}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Four Continents Figure Skating Championships|Four Continents Championships]]}}
{{MedalGold| [[2015 Four Continents Figure Skating Championships|2015 Seoul]]|Men's singles}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Figure skating at the Winter Universiade|Winter Universiade]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[Figure skating at the 2017 Winter Universiade|2017 Almaty]]|Men's singles}}
{{MedalCompetition|[[Figure skating at the Asian Winter Games|Asian Winter Games]]}}
{{MedalGold|[[Figure skating at the 2011 Asian Winter Games|2011 Astana-Almaty]]|Men's singles}}
}}
'''Denis Yuryevich Ten''' ({{lang|ru|Денис Юрьевич Тен}}; born 13 June 1993) is a Kazakhstani [[figure skater]]. He is the [[Figure skating at the 2014 Winter Olympics – Men's singles|2014 Olympic]] bronze medalist, a two-time World medalist (silver in [[2013 World Figure Skating Championships|2013]], bronze in [[2015 World Figure Skating Championships|2015]]), the [[2015 Four Continents Figure Skating Championships|2015 Four Continents]] champion, the [[Figure skating at the 2017 Winter Universiade|2017 Winter Universiade]] champion, and a five-time national champion of Kazakhstan.

Ten is the first skater from Kazakhstan to stand on the podium at the World Championships, Four Continents Championships, Asian Winter Games, and Olympic Games. At the [[2008–09 ISU Junior Grand Prix]] event in Belarus, he became the first skater from Kazakhstan to win an [[International Skating Union]] competition. His other accomplishments include qualifying two spots for his country in the men's event at the 2010 and 2014 Winter Olympics.

Ten was the official ambassador for the [[Almaty bid for the 2022 Winter Olympics|Olympic Bidding Committee "Almaty 2022"]]. He is a member of the [[Astana Presidential Sports Club]]<ref name=astana130704/> and the Political Party "[[Nur Otan]]". In 2013, he began producing his own ice show, "Denis Ten and Friends". In summer 2014, he announced his co-operation with All That Sports management company established by [[Kim Yuna]].

==Personal life==
Denis Ten was born on 13 June 1993 in [[Almaty]], Kazakhstan.<ref name="ISU-1415"/><ref name="sochi-DT"/> He is a member of the [[Koryo-saram|Korean minority in Kazakhstan]]. His great-great-grandfather, Min Geung-ho,<ref name=IN120521/><ref name=chosun100507/> was a famous [[Righteous Army|Korean independence fighter general]] during the time of the [[Korean Empire]] when Korea fought for independence from Japan.

Ten attended music school for five years and competed as part of a [[choir]].<ref name=GS090628/> In 2002, his team won the silver medal at the [[World Choir Games]], held in [[Busan]], [[South Korea]].<ref name=GS090628/> This was Ten's first trip to that country.<ref name=chosun100507/> He also tried [[taekwando]], [[karate]], [[tennis]], [[Swimming (sport)|swimming]] and [[acrobatics]].<ref name=FSO090705/>

Ten moved with his mother to [[Moscow]], [[Russia]] in 2004 while his father and older brother, Alexei, remained in Kazakhstan.<ref name=chosun100507/><ref name=GS090628/> Ten already knew [[Russian language|Russian]] — it is co-official in Kazakhstan and Ten's first language.<ref name=GS090628/> In 2010, he moved with his mother to [[California]].<ref name=IN101109/>

In May 2014, Ten graduated from the Kazakh Academy of Sports and Tourism with a [[Latin honors|Red Diploma]].{{citation needed|date=March 2015}} He currently works on his MBA program (Oil and Gas) at the Business School of the Kazakh-British Technical University.<ref name=AS150326/>

In July 2015, the media reported on Ten's interest in photography. He has a separate social media page, where he posts the photos he takes. Celebrities who have modeled for or collaborated with him include Dinara Baktybayeva, Aissulu Azimbayeva, Aliya Telebarisova (Kazakhstani actresses), [[Sabina Altynbekova]], and [[Serik Sapiyev]].<ref name=TENTENGRI/>

==Career==

===Early career===
Ten began skating at an open-air rink in [[Almaty]] in winter and later practiced at an indoor rink in a shopping mall.<ref name=GS090628/><ref name=FSO090705/> In 2003, he traveled to [[Omsk]] in southwest [[Siberia]], [[Russia]], for a skating competition which he won.<ref name=GS090628/> The head judge, Alexander Kogan, invited him to another competition in [[Odintsovo]], [[Moscow Oblast|Moscow region]], where Ten met coach [[Elena Vodorezova|Elena Buianova (Vodorezova)]].<ref name=FSO090705/> Ten began training camps with her at [[CSKA Moscow]] and was later invited to join her group full-time.<ref name=GS090628/>

===2006–07 season===
Ten began competing internationally in the 2006–07 season at the age of 13, which was the first year he was age-eligible for [[International Skating Union]] (ISU) junior-level competition. On October 5, 2006, he debuted on the [[ISU Junior Grand Prix]] (JGP) at the [[2006–07 ISU Junior Grand Prix|2006–07 JGP]] event in [[The Hague]], Netherlands. Ten placed 14th in the short program and 7th in the free skate to place 10th overall.<ref name=jgpned06/> In November, he competed at the [[2006 Coupe Internationale de Nice]] in [[Nice]], France on the novice level. He won the event by 4.18 ahead of silver medalist [[Artur Gachinski]].<ref name=nice06/>

In February 2007, Ten competed at the [[Dragon Trophy]] in [[Ljubljana, Slovenia]]. He won the junior men's event by 34.36 points over silver medalist [[Jason Thompson (figure skater)|Jason Thompson]].<ref name=DT2007res/> Later that month, Ten competed at the [[2007 World Junior Figure Skating Championships|2007 World Junior Championships]] in [[Oberstdorf]], [[Germany]]. He placed 26th in the short program and did not advance to the free skating portion of the event. He had placed 0.44 points below the final qualifier.<ref name=wjc07/> Ten finished the season at the Haabersti Cup in [[Tallinn, Estonia]], where he won the junior men's event by 16.34 points ahead of silver medalist [[Viktor Romanenkov]].<ref name=est07/>

===2007–08 season===
Ten began the 2007–08 season on the [[2007–08 ISU Junior Grand Prix|2007–08 JGP]] circuit. In September 2007, he competed at the JGP event in [[Miercurea Ciuc]], [[Romania]]. He placed 3rd in the short program, 2.42 behind second-place finisher [[Ivan Bariev]] and 2.22 ahead of fourth-place finisher Andrew Lum.<ref name=jgprou07/> In the free skate, Ten placed 6th, and finished the event in 6th place overall, 5.09 points behind bronze medalist [[Takahito Mura]].<ref name="jgprou07-2"/> At Ten's second event two weeks later in [[Tallinn]], he placed 10th in the short program and 10th in the free skate to place 10th overall. He finished the ISU Junior Grand Prix in 31st place to qualify for the Junior Grand Prix Final.<ref name=jgp07/>

In November, Ten competed at the [[NRW Trophy]] on the junior level. He won both segments of the competition to win the gold medal by 22.59 points over silver medalist [[Gordei Gorshkov]].<ref name=nrw07/>

In February 2008, Ten competed at the [[2008 World Junior Figure Skating Championships|2008 World Junior Championships]]. He placed 8th in the short program, 3.36 points behind third-place finisher [[Brandon Mroz]] and 9.35 points behind first-place finisher [[Adam Rippon]].<ref name=wjc08/> In the short program, Ten was credited with a [[lutz jump|triple lutz]]–[[toe loop jump|triple toe loop]] combination and received a level 4 on his [[figure skating spins|change foot combination spin]].<ref name="wjc08-2"/> In the free skate, Ten placed 19th after falling twice, once on a [[axel jump|triple axel]] attempt, and the second time on his triple lutz. However, he was credited with rotating the triple axel.<ref name="wjc08-3"/> He placed 16th overall.<ref name="wjc08-4"/> Because of his placement at the World Junior Championships, Ten earned Kazakhstan the right to send one men's entry to every JGP event for the following season.<ref name="isu-jgp0809"/>

===2008–09 season===
[[File:Denis TEN Four Continents Championships 2009.jpg|thumb|right|Ten at the 2009 Four Continents.]]

Ten began the 2008–09 season competing in the [[2008–09 ISU Junior Grand Prix|2008–09 JGP]]. At his first event in [[Courchevel]], France, he placed 5th in the short program and in the free skate to place 4th overall, placing 7.82 behind bronze medalist [[Florent Amodio]].<ref name=jgpfra08/> In his free skate, Ten landed a clean triple axel.<ref name=jgpfra08fs/> By placing 4th in his first event, Ten entered into contention to potentially qualify for the Junior Grand Prix Final. A month later, Ten competed at his second JGP event, the event in [[Gomel]], [[Belarus]]. In the short program, Ten landed four triples, including a triple axel,<ref name=jgpblr08sp/> to win the short program by a 5.19 point margin of victory over second-place finisher Stanislav Kovalev.<ref name=jgpblr08sp/> In the free skate, Ten landed six triple jumps to place 2nd in that segment of the competition by 3.88 points behind [[Yang Chao]].<ref name=jgpblr08fs/> Ten won the competition by 4.60 total points ahead of silver medalist Yang.<ref name=jgpblr08total/> By winning this competition, Ten simultaneously became the first skater from Kazakhstan to medal at an ISU competition and to win an ISU competition.{{Citation needed |date=December 2014}} Following the eighth and final Junior Grand Prix event, Ten became the first skater from Kazakhstan to qualify for the ISU Junior Grand Prix Final, for which he was the seventh qualifier.{{Citation needed |date=December 2014}}

Ten was originally scheduled to make his senior international debut at the [[2008 Ondrej Nepela Memorial]] in late November 2008. However, he officially withdrew following the short program draw and did not compete.{{Citation needed |date=December 2014}}

Later, Ten mentioned in the interviews that he had landed the quad jump at the end of 2008 but an injury forced him to scale down training of the jump.<ref name=GS090628/><ref name=FSO090705/>

Ten competed at the [[2008–09 Grand Prix of Figure Skating Final|2008–09 JGP Final]] in [[Seoul]], [[South Korea]], in December 2008. In the short program, he landed a triple axel, but fell on his combination jump and did not complete the combination<ref name=gpf0809/> to place 7th in that segment of the competition.<ref name="gpf0809-2"/> In the free skating segment, Ten landed a triple axel-double toe loop combination and six other triple jumps<ref name="gpf0809-3"/> to place 3rd in that segment of the competition.<ref name="gpf0809-4"/> He placed 5th overall, 0.31 points behind 4th-place finisher [[Ivan Bariev]], and 3.59 points behind bronze medalist [[Richard Dornbush]].<ref name="gpf0809-5"/>

In February 2009, Ten made his senior international debut at the [[2009 Four Continents Figure Skating Championships|2009 Four Continents]] in [[Vancouver|Vancouver, British Columbia]], Canada at the age of 15, the first year for which he was age-eligible for senior ISU championships. He placed 10th in the short program<ref name=fc09/> after landing a triple axel and a triple lutz, but missing his triple flip combination.<ref name="fc09-2"/> He placed 8th in the free skate<ref name="fc09-3"/> after landing six triples, including a triple axel-triple toe loop combination, but popping a solo triple axel and a triple flip.<ref name="fc09-4"/> He placed 9th overall.<ref name="fc09-5"/>

Two weeks later, Ten competed at the [[2009 World Junior Figure Skating Championships|2009 Junior Worlds]]. He placed 5th in the short program<ref name=wjc09/> after being downgraded on the second jump in his triple-triple combination.<ref name="wjc09-2"/> In the free skate, Ten was credited with six triple jumps, including two triple axels, and received another downgrade on the second jump of his triple-triple combination.<ref name="wjc09-3"/> He placed 4th in that segment of the competition, placing 0.32 points behind third-place finisher [[Artem Grigoriev]] in that segment of the competition.<ref name="wjc09-4"/> Ten placed 4th overall, ending the competition 0.63 points behind bronze medalist Grigoriev.<ref name="wjc09-5"/>

Ten finished the season at the [[2009 World Figure Skating Championships|2009 World Championships]], where he was the youngest male skater at the competition.<ref name=AP090326/> He placed 17th in the short program<ref name=wc09/> after being credited with four triples, including his triple axel and triple-triple combination.<ref name="wc09-2"/> In the free skate, Ten was credited with eight triple jumps,<ref name="wc09-3"/> the maximum number of triple jumps allowed, to place 6th in that segment of the competition.<ref name="wc09-4"/> He placed 8th overall<ref name="wc09-5"/> and qualified two spots for Kazakhstan to the Olympics for the first time in history.

===2009–10 season===
Ten won the [[2009 Golden Spin of Zagreb]] and placed fourth overall in the [[2009 NRW Trophy]]. After he made his Senior debut in the [[2009–10 ISU Grand Prix of Figure Skating|2009–10 Grand Prix]] series, where he was assigned to the [[2009 Cup of China]] and the [[2009 Skate Canada International]]. He placed tenth at the 2009 Cup of China with 182.63 points and seventh at the 2009 Skate Canada scoring 193.33 overall.

At the [[2010 Four Continents Figure Skating Championships|2010 Four Continents]], he earned 70.50 points in the short program, where he placed fourth. He came in fourteenth position in the free skate scoring 102.15 after falling on two of his jumps. He finished tenth with a combined score of 172.65 points.

At the [[Figure skating at the 2010 Winter Olympics – Men's singles|2010 Winter Olympics]], Ten received a score of 76.24 points in the short program, placing tenth. He was fourteenth in the free skate with 135.01 points to finish eleventh overall with a total score of 211.25.<ref name=espnoly/>

At the [[2010 World Figure Skating Championships|2010 World Championships]], Ten was in ninth place after the short program and placed fifteenth in the free skate with a score of 125.06 points. He finished 13th with 202.46 points overall. Following the World Championship, he announced a coaching change to [[Frank Carroll (figure skater)|Frank Carroll]] and relocated with his mother to [[California]].<ref name=IN101109/><ref name=IFS111002/> Ten also works with [[Rafael Arutyunyan]].<ref name=AS110919/>

===2010–11 season===
During the [[2010–11 ISU Grand Prix of Figure Skating|2010–11 Grand Prix]] season, Ten competed at the [[2010 NHK Trophy]] and the [[2010 Skate America]]. At NHK, he placed 6th in the short program but his long program saw him fall to 11th overall. At Skate America, he also placed sixth in the short program but dropped to 12th overall after the long program.

Ten won the gold medal at the [[Figure skating at the 2011 Asian Winter Games – Men's singles|2011 Asian Winter Games]] with a first place in the short program and third in the long.

===2011–12 season===
Ten was assigned to [[2011 Skate America]] and [[2011 Skate Canada International]].<ref name=IFS111002/> He placed 5th in both events. At the [[2012 World Figure Skating Championships|2012 Worlds]] in [[Nice]], France, Ten finished 7th, his best result at a World Championships until this season.

===2012–13 season===
Ten placed 6th at [[2012 Skate Canada International]], 9th at [[2012 Rostelecom Cup]] and 12th at the [[2013 Four Continents Figure Skating Championships|2013 Four Continents Championships]]. Later he explained that he had a series of injuries during the earlier part of the season, which prevented him from performing to his capacity.<ref name=IN130314/>

At the [[2013 World Figure Skating Championships|2013 World Championships]], he scored a personal best of 91.56 points in the short program — second only to [[Patrick Chan]] — and received a small silver medal for the segment. Another personal best, 174.92 points, saw him place first in the long program and win a small gold medal. Overall, Ten won the silver medal with a total score of 266.48 points — just 1.3 points less than Chan. He became the first person from [[Kazakhstan]] to stand on a World podium in figure skating.

In June 2013, Carroll and Ten moved to the Toyota Sports Center in [[El Segundo, California]].<ref name=IN130522/>

===2013–14 season===
Ten withdrew from his first [[2013–14 ISU Grand Prix of Figure Skating|2013–14 Grand Prix]] assignment, the [[2013 Skate America]], due to an infection causing black spots on his ankles and an infection in his jaw.<ref name=IN131025/><ref name=OCR140214/> He competed at the [[2013 Cup of China]] and placed fourth.

In February 2014, Ten competed at the [[Figure skating at the 2014 Winter Olympics|2014 Winter Olympics]] in [[Sochi]]. He placed ninth in the short program, third in the free skate, and won the bronze medal<ref name="sochi-DT"/> — it was the first ever Olympic medal for Kazakhstan in figure skating. He wore unmatched boots after having tried six pairs.<ref name=AFP140215/><ref name=Reuters140214/> Ten was named Breakthrough of the Year by the Agency of Sport and Physical Education of Kazakhstan and awarded a car by the mayor of [[Almaty]].<ref name=TN140228/><ref name=TN140306/> He did not participate in the [[2014 World Figure Skating Championships|2014 World Championships]].<ref name=TN141029/>

During the summer, Ten's ice show ''Olympic Energy'' brought international skaters, including twelve Olympic medalists, to Kazakhstan, with the proceeds supporting the sport's development in the country and the treatment of a child with neuroleukemia.<ref name=AS140820/>

===2014–15 season===
For the [[2014–15 figure skating season|2014–15 season]], Ten was assigned to the [[2014 Skate America]] and [[2014 Trophée Éric Bompard]]. At the Skate America event, he fell on the opening quadruple jumps in both the short program and the free skating, and earned fourth.<ref name=TN141029/><ref name=NBC141024/> At the Trophée Éric Bompard competition, he placed first in the short program, then won bronze after the free skating.<ref name=TN141202/> In December, at the 2014 [[Golden Spin of Zagreb]] event, he won gold.<ref name=AS150217/>

At the [[2015 Four Continents Figure Skating Championships|2015 Four Continents Championships]] in Seoul, Korea, Ten set personal best scores of 97.61 and 191.85 points in the short program and free skating, respectively. He placed first in both segments of the competition and won the title with total points of 289.46, the third highest score at an [[International Skating Union|ISU]] championship.<ref name=AS150217/>

At the [[2015 World Figure Skating Championships|2015 World Championships]], Ten was in third place after the short program and first in the free skate. He won the bronze medal.

===2015–16 season===
For the [[2015–16 figure skating season|2015–16 season]], Ten was assigned to the [[2015 Skate America]] and [[2015 Trophée Éric Bompard]].<ref name=GP1516/> Ten planned to start the season at the [[2015 Skate Canada Autumn Classic]], but had to withdraw due to an injury.<ref name=FB151001/> With the lower back and hip injury, he placed 9th at the [[2015 Skate America]].<ref name=IN151025/> At the [[2015 Trophée Éric Bompard]], he placed 4th at the short program segment of the competition, but the event got cancelled after the first day.

Ten withdrew from the [[2016 Four Continents Figure Skating Championships]], again due to an injury. After that, he placed 2nd at the 2016 [[Coupe du Printemps]] competition with a new free skating program, [[Romeo and Juliet (Tchaikovsky)|Romeo and Juliet]]. At the competition, he tried the [[Quad (figure skating)|quad salchow]] jump in his free skating,<ref name=IN160328/> but it was not successful.

==Skating style==
He has a charismatic presence on the ice, which is noted by skating critiques.<ref name=GS090628/><ref name=IN161111/>

==Programs==
[[File:Denis Ten at the 2010 Olympics.jpg|thumb|right|Ten at the [[2010 Winter Olympics]].]]
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
! Season
! [[Short program (figure skating)|Short program]]
! [[Free skating]]
! Exhibition
|-
! 2016–2017 <ref name="ISU-1617"/>
|
* [[Romeo and Juliet (Prokofiev)|Romeo and Juliet]] {{small| by [[Sergei Prokofiev]] choreo. by [[Nikolai Morozov (figure skater)|Nikolai Morozov]] }}
|
* [[Tosca]] {{small| by [[Giacomo Puccini]] choreo. by Nikolai Morozov }}
|
* [[Lose Yourself|Lose Yourself (Remix)]] <ref name=AS160503/> {{small| by [[Eminem]] choreo. by [[Shae-Lynn Bourne]]}}
|-
! 2015–2016 <ref name=FB151001/><ref name="ISU-1516a"/><ref name="ISU-1516b"/>
|
* Misa Tango {{small| by [[Luis Bacalov]] choreo. by [[Lori Nichol]] }}
|
* [[Romeo and Juliet (Tchaikovsky)|Romeo and Juliet]] {{small| by [[Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky]] choreo. by Lori Nichol }}
----
* Misa Tango {{small| by [[Luis Bacalov]] choreo. by Lori Nichol }}
|
* [[Love in the Future|Made to Love]] {{small| performed by [[John Legend]] }}
----
* Lose Yourself (Remix)<ref name=AS160503/> {{small| by Eminem choreo. by Shae-Lynn Bourne<ref name=Insta161115/> }}
|-
! 2014–2015 <ref name="ISU-1415"/><ref name=AS150326/><ref name=GS150323/><ref name=SA141215/>
|
* [[Caruso (song)|Caruso]] {{small| by [[Lucio Dalla]] performed by [[Joseph Calleja]] choreo. by Lori Nichol }}
|
* [[Ambush from Ten Sides]] for Pipa, Sheng, Guitar, Cello and Orchestra {{small| (from "New Impossibilities") performed by [[Yo-Yo Ma]] and [[Silk Road Project|the Silk Road Ensemble]] }}
* Vocussion {{small| (from "New Impossibilities") by [[Sandeep Das]], [[Joseph Gramley]], Dong-Won Kim, Shane Shanahan, Mark Suter choreo. by Lori Nichol }}
|
* Mi Mancherai {{small| by [[Josh Groban]] choreo. by Denis Ten and [[Stéphane Lambiel]]<ref name=AS140820/> }}
----
* [[Money on My Mind]] {{small| by [[Sam Smith (singer)|Sam Smith]] }}
|-
! 2013–2014 <ref name=AS140820/><ref name="ISU-1314"/>
|
* [[Danse macabre (Saint-Saëns)|Danse Macabre]] {{small| by [[Camille Saint-Saëns]] choreo. by Lori Nichol }}
|
* The Lady and the Hooligan {{small| by [[Dmitri Shostakovich]] choreo. by Lori Nichol }}
|
* Money on My Mind {{small| by Sam Smith }}
----
* Mi Mancherai {{small| by [[Josh Groban]] choreo. by Denis Ten and [[Stéphane Lambiel]]<ref name=AS140820/> }}
|-
! 2012–2013 <ref name="ISU-1213"/><ref name=AS121026/>
| [[The Artist (film)|The Artist]] {{small| by [[Ludovic Bource]]: }}
* The Artist Overture
* Waltz for Peppy
* The Sound of Tears
* L'ombre des larmes {{small| choreo. by Lori Nichol, [[Stéphane Lambiel]] }}
| The Artist {{small| by Ludovic Bource: }}
* Happy Ending
* George Valentin
* Happy Ending
* My Suicide
* Peppy and George {{small| choreo. by Lori Nichol, Stéphane Lambiel }}
|
* [[Singin' in the Rain (song)|Singin' in the Rain]] {{small| choreo. by Stéphane Lambiel }}
|-
! 2011–2012 <ref name="ISU-1112"/>
|
* Elegie Op. 3 No. 1 {{small| by [[Sergei Rachmaninoff]] }}
|
* Adios Nonino {{small| by [[Ástor Piazzolla]] }}
|
* Per Te {{small| by [[Josh Groban]] }}
----
* [[Cinema Paradiso]] {{small| by [[Ennio Morricone]] }}
|-
! 2010–2011 <ref name="ISU-1011"/>
|
* Primavera Porteño {{small| by [[Ástor Piazzolla]] choreo. by [[Stéphane Lambiel]] }}
|
* [[Totentanz (Liszt)|Totentanz]] {{small| by [[Franz Liszt]] choreo. by [[Lori Nichol]] }}
|
|-
! 2009–2010 <ref name="ISU-0910"/>
|
* [[Sing, Sing, Sing]] {{small|by [[Louis Prima]] choreo. by [[Tatiana Tarasova]] }}
|
* [[Pasodoble]]
* [[Concierto de Aranjuez]] {{small| by [[Joaquín Rodrigo]] choreo. by [[Tatiana Tarasova]] }}
|
* [[You Are Not Alone]]
* [[Black Or White]] {{small| by [[Michael Jackson]] }}
|-
! 2008–2009 <ref name="ISU-0809"/>
|
* Flamenco
* [[Once Upon a Time in Mexico]] {{small| by [[Brian Setzer]] choreo. by Tatiana Tarasova }}
|
* [[Piano Concerto No. 2 (Rachmaninoff)|Piano Concerto No. 2]] {{small| by [[Sergei Rachmaninov]] choreo. by Tatiana Tarasova }}
|
* You Are Not Alone
* Black Or White {{small| by Michael Jackson }}
----
* [[Swan Lake]]
* Techno Music
|-
! 2007–2008 <ref name="ISU-0708"/>
|
* Flamenco
* [[Once Upon a Time in Mexico]] {{small| by [[Brian Setzer]] choreo. by Tatiana Tarasova }}
|
* [[Peer Gynt Suite]] {{small| by [[Edvard Grieg]] choreo. by Tatiana Tarasova }}
|
|-
! 2006–2007 <ref name="ISU-0607"/>
|
* Fantasy on the theme of ''[[Faust (opera)|Faust]]'' {{small| by [[Charles Gounod]] }}
|
* [[The Mask (film)#Soundtracks|The Mask]] {{small| by [[Randy Edelman]] }}
* [[Moonlight Serenade]] {{small| by [[Glenn Miller]] }}
----
* Chattanooga Choo Choo
* [[Summertime (George Gershwin song)|Summertime]] {{small| by [[George Gershwin]] }}
|
|}

==Competitive highlights==
[[File:2013 World Championships Men Podium.jpg|thumb|Ten on the 2013 World Championships podium]]
[[File:Призеры по фигурному катанию.JPG|thumb|Ten on the 2014 Winter Olympics podium]]

''GP: [[ISU Grand Prix of Figure Skating|Grand Prix]]; CS: [[ISU Challenger Series|Challenger Series]]; JGP: [[ISU Junior Grand Prix|Junior Grand Prix]]''

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! style="background-color: #ffdead; " colspan=14 align=center | International<ref name="ISU-DT"/>
|-
! Event
! 04–05
! 05–06
! 06–07
! 07–08
! [[2008–09 figure skating season|08–09]]
! [[2009–10 figure skating season|09–10]]
! [[2010–11 figure skating season|10–11]]
! [[2011–12 figure skating season|11–12]]
! [[2012–13 figure skating season|12–13]]
! [[2013–14 figure skating season|13–14]]
! [[2014–15 figure skating season|14–15]]
! [[2015–16 figure skating season|15–16]]
! [[2016–17 figure skating season|16–17]]
|-
| align=left | [[Figure skating at the Olympic Games|Olympics]] || || || || || || 11th || || || || bgcolor=cc9966 | 3rd || || ||
|-
| align=left | [[World Figure Skating Championships|Worlds]] || || || || || 8th || 13th || 14th || 7th || bgcolor=silver | 2nd || || bgcolor=cc9966 | 3rd || 11th || 16th
|-
| align=left | [[Four Continents Figure Skating Championships|Four Continents]] || || || || || 9th || 10th || || 6th || 12th || 4th || bgcolor=gold | 1st || WD || WD
|-
| align=left | {{small|GP}} [[Cup of China]] || || || || || || 10th || || || || 4th || || ||
|-
| align=left | {{small|GP}} [[NHK Trophy]] || || || || || || || 12th || || || || || ||
|-
| align=left | {{small|GP}} [[Cup of Russia|Rostel. Cup]] || || || || || || || || || 9th || || || ||
|-
| align=left | {{small|GP}} [[Skate America]] || || || || || || || 11th || 5th || || WD || 4th || 9th || WD
|-
| align=left | {{small|GP}} [[Skate Canada International|Skate Canada]] || || || || || || 7th || || 5th || 6th || || || ||
|-
| align=left | {{small|GP}} [[Trophée Éric Bompard|Trophée]] || || || || || || || || || || || bgcolor=cc9966 | 3rd || 4th || bgcolor=silver | 2nd
|-
| align=left | {{small|CS}} [[Golden Spin of Zagreb|Golden Spin]] || || || || || || bgcolor=gold | 1st || || bgcolor=silver | 2nd || || || bgcolor=gold | 1st || bgcolor=gold | 1st ||WD
|-
| align=left | {{small|CS}} [[Nebelhorn Trophy|Nebelhorn]] || || || || || || || || || || || WD || ||
|-
| align=left | [[Figure skating at the Asian Winter Games|Asian Games]] || || || || || || || bgcolor=gold | 1st || || || || || || 10th
|-
| align=left | [[Ice Challenge]] || || || || || || || || || || bgcolor=gold | 1st || || ||
|-
| align=left | [[Istanbul Cup (figure skating)|Istanbul Cup]] || || || || || || || || bgcolor=gold | 1st || || || || ||
|-
| align=left | [[Merano Cup]] || || || || || || || || || || bgcolor=gold | 1st || || ||
|-
| align=left | [[Nebelhorn Trophy]] || || || || || || || || 9th || 7th || || || ||
|-
| align=left | [[NRW Trophy]] || || || || || || 4th || || || || || || bgcolor=silver | 2nd ||
|-
| align=left | [[Coupe du Printemps|Printemps]] || || || || || || || || || || || || bgcolor=silver | 2nd ||
|-
| align=left | [[Autumn Classic International|Autumn Classic]] || || || || || || || || || || || || WD ||
|-
| align=left | [[Volvo Open Cup]] || || || || || || || || || bgcolor=gold | 1st || || || ||
|-
| align=left | [[Figure skating at the Winter Universiade|Universiade]] || || || || || || || || || || WD || || || bgcolor=gold | 1st
|-
! style="background-color: #ffdead; " colspan=14 align=center | International: Junior<ref name="ISU-DT"/>
|-
| align=left | [[World Junior Figure Skating Championships|Junior Worlds]] || || || 26th || 16th || 4th || 9th || || 4th || || || || ||
|-
| align=left | {{small|JGP}} [[ISU Junior Grand Prix Final|Final]] || || || || || 5th || || || || || || || ||
|-
| align=left | {{small|JGP}} [[ISU Junior Grand Prix in Belarus|Belarus]] || || || || || bgcolor=gold | 1st || || || || || || || ||
|-
| align=left | {{small|JGP}} [[ISU Junior Grand Prix in Estonia|Estonia]] || || || || 10th || || || || || || || || ||
|-
| align=left | {{small|JGP}} [[ISU Junior Grand Prix in France|France]] || || || || || 4th || || || || || || || ||
|-
| align=left | {{small|JGP}} [[ISU Junior Grand Prix in the Netherlands|Netherlands]] || || || 10th || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
| align=left | {{small|JGP}} [[ISU Junior Grand Prix in Romania|Romania]] || || || || 6th || || || || || || || || ||
|-
| align=left | [[Mentor Nestle Nesquik Cup|Nestle Cup]] || || || || || || || bgcolor=gold | 1st J || || || || || ||
|-
| align=left | [[NRW Trophy]] || || || || bgcolor=gold | 1st J || || || || || || || || ||
|-
| align=left | [[Seibt Memorial]] || || || || bgcolor=gold | 1st J || || || || || || || || ||
|-
| align=left | Haabersti Cup || || || bgcolor=gold | 1st J || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
| align=left | [[Dragon Trophy]] || || || bgcolor=gold | 1st J || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
| align=left | [[International Cup of Nice|Cup of Nice]] || || || bgcolor=gold | 1st N || || || || || || || || || ||
|-
! style="background-color: #ffdead; " colspan=14 align=center | National<ref name="ISU-DT"/>
|-
| align=left | [[Kazakhstani Figure Skating Championships|Kazakhstani]] || 4th || bgcolor=gold | 1st || bgcolor=silver | 2nd || || || bgcolor=gold | 1st || || bgcolor=gold | 1st || bgcolor=gold | 1st || bgcolor=gold | 1st || || ||
|-
! style="background-color: #ffdead; " colspan=14 align=center | Team events
|-
| align=left| [[2016 Team Challenge Cup|Team Challenge Cup]] || || || || || || || || || || || || bgcolor=cc9966 | 3rd T 7th P ||
|-
| colspan=14 align=center | Levels: N = Novice; J = Junior TBD = Assigned, WD = Withdrew T = Team result; P = Personal result. Medals awarded for team result only. 
|}

==Detailed results==
{| class="wikitable"
! colspan=5 align=center | [[2016–17 figure skating season|2016–17 season]]
|-
! Date
! Event
! [[Short program (figure skating)|SP]]
! [[Free skating|FS]]
! Total
|-
| March 29–April 2, 2017
| [[2017 World Figure Skating Championships]]
| align=center | 9 90.18
| align=center | 20 144.13
| align=center | 16 234.31
|-
| February 23–26, 2017
| [[Figure skating at the 2017 Asian Winter Games|2017 Asian Winter Games]]
| align=center | 9 72.98
| align=center | 13 125.90
| align=center | 10 198.88
|-
| February 1–5, 2017
| [[Figure skating at the 2017 Winter Universiade|2017 Winter Universiade]]
| align=center | 1 94.91
| align=center | 1 172.06
| align=center bgcolor=gold | 1 266.97
|-
| November 11–13, 2016
| [[2016 Trophée de France]]
| align=center | 3 89.21
| align=center | 3 180.05
| align=center bgcolor=silver | 2 269.26
|-
! colspan=5 align=center | [[2015–16 figure skating season|2015–16 season]]
|-
! Date
! Event
! [[Short program (figure skating)|SP]]
! [[Free skating|FS]]
! Total
|-
| March 28 – April 3, 2016
| [[2016 World Figure Skating Championships|2016 World Championships]]
| align=center | 12 78.55
| align=center | 12 151.58
| align=center | 11 230.13
|-
| March 11–13, 2016
| 2016 [[Coupe du Printemps]]
| align=center | 1 86.95
| align=center | 2 133.09
| align=center bgcolor=silver| 2 220.04
|-
| December 3–5, 2015
| [[2015 Golden Spin of Zagreb]]
| align=center | 1 94.03
| align=center | 1 182.36
| align=center bgcolor=gold | 1 276.39
|-
| November 24–29, 2015
| [[2015 NRW Trophy]]
| align=center | 3 82.63
| align=center | 2 159.28
| align=center bgcolor=silver | 2 241.91
|-
| November 13–15, 2015
| [[2015 Trophée Éric Bompard]]
| align=center | 4 80.10
| align=center colspan=2| ''cancelled''
|-
| October 23–25, 2015
| [[2015 Skate America]]
| align=center | 6 79.02
| align=center | 11 122.50
| align=center | 9 201.52
|-
! colspan=5 align=center | [[2014–15 figure skating season|2014–15 season]]
|-
! Date
! Event
! [[Short program (figure skating)|SP]]
! [[Free skating|FS]]
! Total
|-
| March 23–29, 2015
| [[2015 World Figure Skating Championships|2015 World Championships]]
| align=center bgcolor=cc9966| 3 85.89
| align=center bgcolor=gold| 1 181.83
| align=center bgcolor=cc9966| 3 267.72
|-
| February 9–15, 2015
| [[2015 Four Continents Figure Skating Championships|2015 Four Continents Championships]]
| align=center bgcolor=gold | 1 '''97.61'''
| align=center bgcolor=gold | 1 '''191.85'''
| align=center bgcolor=gold | 1 '''289.46'''
|-
| December 4–7, 2014
| 2014 [[Golden Spin of Zagreb]]
| align=center | 1 92.50
| align=center | 2 157.43
| align=center bgcolor=gold | 1 249.94
|-
| November 21–23, 2014
| [[2014 Trophée Éric Bompard]]
| align=center | 1 91.78
| align=center | 5 144.50
| align=center bgcolor=cc9966 | 3 236.28
|-
| October 24–26, 2014
| [[2014 Skate America]]
| align=center | 4 77.18
| align=center | 4 147.56
| align=center | 4 224.74
|-
! colspan=5 align=center | [[2013–14 figure skating season|2013–14 season]]
|-
! Date
! Event
! [[Short program (figure skating)|SP]]
! [[Free skating|FS]]
! Total
|-
| February 6–22, 2014
| [[Figure skating at the 2014 Winter Olympics – Men's singles|2014 Winter Olympics]]
| align=center | 9 84.06
| align=center | 3 171.04
| align=center bgcolor=cc9966 | 3 255.10
|-
| January 20–25, 2014
| [[2014 Four Continents Figure Skating Championships|2014 Four Continents Championships]]
| align=center | 5 76.34
| align=center | 4 150.03
| align=center | 4 226.37
|-
| November 19–24, 2013
| 2013 [[Ice Challenge]]
| align=center | 1 88.19
| align=center | 1 173.19
| align=center bgcolor=gold | 1 261.38
|-
| November 14–17, 2013
| 2013 [[Merano Cup]]
| align=center | 1 82.21
| align=center | 2 148.91
| align=center bgcolor=gold | 1 231.12
|-
| November 1–3, 2013
| [[2013 Cup of China]]
| align=center | 4 77.05
| align=center | 3 147.75
| align=center | 4 224.80
|-
! colspan=5 align=center | [[2012–13 figure skating season|2012–13 season]]
|-
! Date
! Event
! [[Short program (figure skating)|SP]]
! [[Free skating|FS]]
! Total
|-
| March 10–17, 2013
| [[2013 World Figure Skating Championships|2013 World Championships]]
| align=center bgcolor=silver | 2 '''91.56'''
| align=center bgcolor=gold | 1 '''174.92'''
| align=center bgcolor=silver | 2 '''266.48'''
|-
| February 6–11, 2013
| [[2013 Four Continents Figure Skating Championships|2013 Four Continents Championships]]
| align=center | 7 78.05
| align=center | 17 119.21
| align=center | 12 197.26
|-
| January 1–10, 2013
| 20th [[Volvo Open Cup]]
| align=center | 1 79.21
| align=center | 2 125.12
| align=center bgcolor=gold | 1 204.33
|-
| November 9–11, 2012
| [[2012 Rostelecom Cup]]
| align=center | 9 59.42
| align=center | 9 118.35
| align=center | 9 177.77
|-
| October 26–28, 2012
| [[2012 Skate Canada International]]
| align=center | 4 75.26
| align=center | 8 128.44
| align=center | 6 203.70
|-
| September 27–29, 2012
| [[2012 Nebelhorn Trophy]]
| align=center | 4 67.88
| align=center | 8 130.51
| align=center | 7 198.39
|-
! colspan=5 align=center | [[2011–12 figure skating season|2011–12 season]]
|-
! Date
! Event
! [[Short program (figure skating)|SP]]
! [[Free skating|FS]]
! Total
|-
| March 26 – April 1, 2012
| [[2012 World Figure Skating Championships|2012 World Championships]]
| align=center | 8 76.00
| align=center | 6 153.70
| align=center | 7 229.70
|}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em|refs=

<ref name="ISU-DT">{{cite web |url= http://www.isuresults.com/bios/isufs_cr_00008858.htm |title= Competition Results: Denis TEN |publisher= International Skating Union }}</ref>

<ref name="ISU-0607">{{cite web |url= http://www.isufs.org/bios/isufs00008858.htm |title= Denis TEN: 2006/2007 |publisher= International Skating Union |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20070812120649/http://www.isufs.org/bios/isufs00008858.htm |archivedate= August 12, 2007 |deadurl= yes }}</ref>

<ref name="ISU-0708">{{cite web |url= http://www.isufs.org/bios/isufs00008858.htm |title= Denis TEN: 2007/2008 |publisher= International Skating Union |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20080608234925/http://www.isufs.org/bios/isufs00008858.htm |archivedate= June 8, 2008 |deadurl= yes }}</ref>

<ref name="ISU-0809">{{cite web |url= http://www.isufs.org/bios/isufs00008858.htm |title= Denis TEN: 2008/2009 |publisher= International Skating Union |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20090629171410/http://www.isufs.org/bios/isufs00008858.htm |archivedate= June 29, 2009 |deadurl= yes }}</ref>

<ref name="ISU-0910">{{cite web |url= http://www.isuresults.com/bios/isufs00008858.htm |title= Denis TEN: 2009/2010 |publisher= International Skating Union |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20100316181548/http://www.isuresults.com/bios/isufs00008858.htm |archivedate= March 16, 2010 |deadurl= yes }}</ref>

<ref name="ISU-1011">{{cite web |url= http://www.isufs.org/bios/isufs00008858.htm |title= Denis TEN: 2010/2011 |publisher= International Skating Union |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20110906110519/http://www.isufs.org/bios/isufs00008858.htm |archivedate= September 6, 2011 |deadurl= yes }}</ref>

<ref name="ISU-1112">{{cite web |url= http://www.isuresults.com/bios/isufs00008858.htm |title= Denis TEN: 2011/2012 |publisher= International Skating Union |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20120513204017/http://www.isuresults.com/bios/isufs00008858.htm |archivedate= May 13, 2012 |deadurl= yes }}</ref>

<ref name="ISU-1213">{{cite web |url= http://www.isuresults.com/bios/isufs00008858.htm |title= Denis TEN: 2012/2013 |publisher= International Skating Union |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20130420152429/http://www.isuresults.com/bios/isufs00008858.htm |archivedate= April 20, 2013 |deadurl= yes }}</ref>

<ref name="ISU-1314">{{cite web |url= http://www.isuresults.com/bios/isufs00008858.htm |title= Denis TEN: 2013/2014 |publisher= International Skating Union |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20140604200706/http://www.isuresults.com/bios/isufs00008858.htm |archivedate= June 4, 2014 |deadurl= yes }}</ref>

<ref name="ISU-1415">{{cite web |url= http://www.isuresults.com/bios/isufs00008858.htm |title= Denis TEN: 2014/2015 |publisher= International Skating Union |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20150323171434/http://www.isuresults.com/bios/isufs00008858.htm |archivedate= March 23, 2015 |deadurl= yes }}</ref>

<ref name="ISU-1516a">{{cite web |url= http://www.isuresults.com/bios/isufs00008858.htm |title= Denis TEN: 2015/2016 |publisher= International Skating Union |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20151024032815/http://www.isuresults.com/bios/isufs00008858.htm |archivedate= October 24, 2015 |deadurl= yes }}</ref>

<ref name="ISU-1516b">{{cite web |url= http://www.isuresults.com/bios/isufs00008858.htm |title= Denis TEN: 2015/2016 |publisher= International Skating Union |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20160329044917/http://www.isuresults.com/bios/isufs00008858.htm |archivedate= March 29, 2016 |deadurl= yes }}</ref>

<ref name="ISU-1617">{{cite web|url=http://www.isuresults.com/bios/isufs00008858.htm |title=Denis TEN: 2016/2017 |publisher=International Skating Union |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160929160902/http://www.isuresults.com/bios/isufs00008858.htm |archivedate=September 29, 2016 |deadurl=yes |df= }}</ref>

<ref name=isuws>{{cite web |url=http://www.isuresults.com/ws/ws/wsmen.htm |title=ISU World Standings for Single & Pair Skating and Ice Dance : Men |date=December 17, 2016 |publisher=International Skating Union |accessdate=December 27, 2016 }}</ref>

<ref name=1314ts>{{cite web |url=http://www.isuresults.com/isujsstat/sb2013-14/sbtsmto.htm |title=ISU Judging System – Season Bests Total Scores 2013/2014: Men |date=24 January 2013 |publisher=International Skating Union}}</ref>

<ref name=1213ts>{{cite web |url=http://www.isuresults.com/isujsstat/sb2012-13/sbtsmto.htm |title=ISU Judging System – Season Bests Total Scores 2012/2013: Men |date=13 April 2013 |publisher=International Skating Union}}</ref>

<ref name=1112ts>{{cite web |url=http://www.isuresults.com/isujsstat/sb2011-12/sbtsmto.htm |title=ISU Judging System - Season Bests Total Scores 2011/2012 : Men |date=April 21, 2012 |publisher=International Skating Union |accessdate=December 11, 2014}}</ref>

<ref name=1011ts>{{cite web |url=http://www.isuresults.com/isujsstat/sb2010-11/sbtsmto.htm |title=ISU Judging System – Season Bests Total Scores 2010/2011 : Men |date=April 28, 2011 |publisher=International Skating Union |accessdate=June 18, 2011 }}</ref>

<ref name=0910ts>{{cite web |url=http://www.isuresults.com/isujsstat/sb2009-10/sbtsmto.htm |title=ISU Judging System – Season Bests Total Scores 2009/2010 : Men |date=March 25, 2010 |publisher=International Skating Union |accessdate=June 18, 2011 }}</ref>

<ref name=0809ts>{{cite web |url=http://www.isuresults.com/isujsstat/sb2008-09/sbtsmto.htm |title=ISU Judging System - Season Bests Total Scores 2008/2009 : Men |date=April 18, 2009 |publisher=International Skating Union |accessdate=December 11, 2014}}</ref>

<ref name="sochi-DT">{{cite web |url= http://www.sochi2014.com/en/athlete-denis-ten |title= Denis TEN |publisher= Organizing Committee of the XXII Olympic Winter Games |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20140320055737/http://www.sochi2014.com/en/athlete-denis-ten |archivedate= March 20, 2014 |deadurl= yes }}</ref>



<ref name=jgpfra08>{{cite web |url= http://www.isufs.org/results/jgpfra2008/CAT001RS.HTM |title= ISU JGP Courchevel - Junior Men |publisher= [[International Skating Union]] }}</ref>

<ref name=jgpfra08fs>{{cite web |url= http://www.isufs.org/results/jgpfra2008/jgpfra2008_JuniorMen_FS_Scores.pdf |format= pdf |title= ISU JGP Courchevel JUNIOR MEN FREE SKATING JUDGES DETAILS PER SKATER |publisher= [[International Skating Union]] }}</ref>

<ref name=jgpblr08sp>{{cite web |url= http://www.isuresults.com/results/jgpblr2008/jgpblr08_JuniorMen_SP_Scores.pdf |format= pdf |title= ISU JGP Golden Lynx JUNIOR MEN SHORT PROGRAM JUDGES DETAILS PER SKATER |publisher= [[International Skating Union]] }}</ref>

<ref name=jgpblr08fs>{{cite web |url= http://www.isuresults.com/results/jgpblr2008/jgpblr08_JuniorMen_FS_Scores.pdf |format= pdf |title= ISU JGP Golden Lynx JUNIOR MEN FREE SKATING JUDGES DETAILS PER SKATER |publisher= [[International Skating Union]] }}</ref>

<ref name=jgpblr08total>{{cite web |url= http://www.isufs.org/results/jgpblr2008/CAT001RS.HTM |title= ISU JGP Golden Lynx - Junior Men Result |publisher= [[International Skating Union]]}}</ref>

<ref name=jgpned06>{{cite web |url= http://www.isufs.org/results/jgpned2006/CAT001RS.HTM |title= ISU Junior Grand Prix The Hague - Men |publisher= [[International Skating Union]]}}</ref>

<ref name=wjc07>{{cite web |url= http://www.isufs.org/results/wjc2007/SEG001.HTM |title= ISU World Junior Figure Skating Championships - Junior Men |publisher= [[International Skating Union]]}}</ref>

<ref name=jgprou07>{{cite web |url= http://www.isufs.org/results/jgprou2007/SEG001.HTM |title= ISU JGP Harghita Cup 2007 - Junior Men |publisher= [[International Skating Union]]}}</ref>

<ref name="jgprou07-2">{{cite web |url= http://www.isufs.org/results/jgprou2007/CAT001RS.HTM |title= ISU JGP Harghita Cup 2007 - Junior Men |publisher= [[International Skating Union]]}}</ref>

<ref name=jgp07>{{cite web |url= http://www.isufs.org/events/jgp2007/jgpsmen1.htm |title= Junior Grand Prix of Figure Skating 2007 / 2008 Final Result |publisher= [[International Skating Union]]}}</ref>

<ref name=wjc08>{{cite web |url= http://www.isufs.org/results/wjc2008/SEG001.HTM |title= ISU World Junior Figure Skating Championships - Junior Men |publisher= [[International Skating Union]]}}</ref>

<ref name="wjc08-2">{{cite web|url=http://www.isufs.org/results/wjc2008/WJC08_JuniorMen_SP_Scores.pdf |format=pdf |title=ISU World Junior Figure Skating Championships JUNIOR MEN SHORT PROGRAM JUDGES DETAILS PER SKATER |publisher=[[International Skating Union]] |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080514184922/http://www.isufs.org/results/wjc2008/WJC08_JuniorMen_SP_Scores.pdf |archivedate=2008-05-14 |df= }}</ref>

<ref name="wjc08-3">{{cite web |url= http://www.isufs.org/results/wjc2008/WJC08_JuniorMen_FS_Scores.pdf |format= pdf |title= ISU World Junior Figure Skating Championships JUNIOR MEN FREE SKATING JUDGES DETAILS PER SKATER |publisher= [[International Skating Union]] }}</ref>

<ref name="wjc08-4">{{cite web|url=http://www.isufs.org/results/wjc2008/CAT001RS.HTM |title=ISU World Junior Figure Skating Championships - Junior Men |publisher=[[International Skating Union]] |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090302014438/http://www.isufs.org:80/results/wjc2008/CAT001RS.HTM |archivedate=2009-03-02 |df= }}</ref>

<ref name=gpf0809>{{cite web |url= http://www.isuresults.com/results/gpf0809/gpf0809_JuniorMen_SP_Scores.pdf |format= pdf |title= SBS ISU Grand Prix and Junior Grand Prix Final JUNIOR MEN SHORT PROGRAM JUDGES DETAILS PER SKATER |publisher= [[International Skating Union]] }}</ref>

<ref name="gpf0809-2">{{cite web |url= http://www.isuresults.com/results/gpf0809/SEG001.HTM |title= SBS ISU Grand Prix and Junior Grand Prix Final - Junior Men Short Program Result Details |publisher= [[International Skating Union]]}}</ref>

<ref name="gpf0809-3">{{cite web |url= http://www.isuresults.com/results/gpf0809/gpf0809_JuniorMen_FS_Scores.pdf |format= pdf |title= SBS ISU Grand Prix and Junior Grand Prix Final JUNIOR MEN FREE SKATING JUDGES DETAILS PER SKATER |publisher= [[International Skating Union]] }}</ref>

<ref name="gpf0809-4">{{cite web |url= http://www.isuresults.com/results/gpf0809/SEG002.HTM |title= SBS ISU Grand Prix and Junior Grand Prix Final - Junior Men Free Skating Result Details |publisher= [[International Skating Union]]}}</ref>

<ref name="gpf0809-5">{{cite web |url= http://www.isuresults.com/results/gpf0809/CAT001RS.HTM |title= SBS ISU Grand Prix and Junior Grand Prix Final - Junior Men Result |publisher= [[International Skating Union]]}}</ref>

<ref name=fc09>{{cite web |url= http://www.isuresults.com/results/fc2009/SEG001.HTM |title= ISU Four Continents Figure Skating Championships - Men Short Program Result Details |publisher= [[International Skating Union]]}}</ref>

<ref name="fc09-2">{{cite web |url= http://www.isuresults.com/results/fc2009/FC09_Men_SP_Scores.pdf |format= pdf |title= 2009 Four Continents Men Short Program JUDGES DETAILS PER SKATER |publisher= [[International Skating Union]] }}</ref>

<ref name="fc09-3">{{cite web |url= http://www.isuresults.com/results/fc2009/SEG002.HTM |title= ISU Four Continents Figure Skating Championships - Men Free Skating Result Details |publisher= [[International Skating Union]]}}</ref>

<ref name="fc09-4">{{cite web |url= http://www.isuresults.com/results/fc2009/FC09_Men_FS_Scores.pdf |format= pdf |title= 2009 Four Continents Men Free Skating JUDGES DETAILS PER SKATER |publisher= [[International Skating Union]] }}</ref>

<ref name="fc09-5">{{cite web |url= http://www.isuresults.com/results/fc2009/CAT001RS.HTM |title= ISU Four Continents Figure Skating Championships - Men Result |publisher= [[International Skating Union]]}}</ref>

<ref name=wjc09>{{cite web |url=http://www.isuresults.com/results/wjc2009/SEG001.HTM |title= ISU World Junior Figure Skating Championships 2009 - Junior Men - Short Program Result Details |publisher= [[International Skating Union]] }}</ref>

<ref name="wjc09-2">{{cite web |url= http://www.isuresults.com/results/wjc2009/wjc09_JuniorMen_SP_Scores.pdf |format= PDF |title= ISU World Junior Figure Skating Championships 2009 JUNIOR MEN SHORT PROGRAM JUDGES DETAILS PER SKATER |publisher= [[International Skating Union]] }}</ref>

<ref name="wjc09-3">{{cite web |url= http://www.isuresults.com/results/wjc2009/wjc09_JuniorMen_FS_Scores.pdf |format= pdf |title= ISU World Junior Figure Skating Championships 2009 JUNIOR MEN FREE SKATING JUDGES DETAILS PER SKATER |publisher= [[International Skating Union]] }}</ref>

<ref name="wjc09-4">{{cite web |url= http://www.isuresults.com/results/wjc2009/SEG002.HTM |title= World Junior Figure Skating Championships 2009 - Junior Men - Free Skating Result Details |publisher= [[International Skating Union]] }}</ref>

<ref name="wjc09-5">{{cite web |url= http://www.isuresults.com/results/wjc2009/CAT001RS.HTM |title= ISU World Junior Figure Skating Championships 2009 - Junior Men Result |publisher= [[International Skating Union]] }}</ref>

<ref name=wc09>{{cite web |url= http://www.isuresults.com/results/wc2009/SEG001.HTM |title= ISU World Figure Skating Championships 2009 - Men - Short Program - Result Details|publisher= [[International Skating Union]] }}</ref>

<ref name="wc09-2">{{cite web |url= http://www.isuresults.com/results/wc2009/wc09_Men_SP_Scores.pdf |format= PDF |title= ISU World Figure Skating Championships 2009 MEN SHORT PROGRAM JUDGES DETAILS PER SKATER |publisher= [[International Skating Union]] }}</ref>

<ref name="wc09-3">{{cite web |url= http://www.isuresults.com/results/wc2009/wc09_Men_FS_Scores.pdf |format= PDF |title=ISU World Figure Skating Championships 2009 MEN FREE SKATING JUDGES DETAILS PER SKATER |publisher= [[International Skating Union]] }}</ref>

<ref name="wc09-4">{{cite web |url= http://www.isuresults.com/results/wc2009/SEG002.HTM |title= ISU World Figure Skating Championships 2009 - Men - Free Skating - Result Details |publisher= [[International Skating Union]] }}</ref>

<ref name="wc09-5">{{cite web |url= http://www.isuresults.com/results/wc2009/CAT001RS.HTM |title= ISU World Figure Skating Championships 2009 - Men - Result |publisher= [[International Skating Union]] }}</ref>



<ref name=nice06>{{cite web |url= http://www.eiskunstlauf-ecke.de/archiv/2006-07/coupe_internationale_de_la_ville_de_nice_2006.shtml |title= 11ème Coupe Internationale de la Ville de Nice}}</ref>

<ref name=est07>{{cite web |url= http://www.uisukool.edu.ee/UISK/novice-junior/index.htm |title= HC2007 Novice-Junior Results}}</ref>

<ref name=nrw07>{{cite web|url=http://www.lev-nrw.org/lev/docs/event/0479/NJS/index.htm |title=NRW Trophy for Figure Skating |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091216113107/http://www.lev-nrw.org:80/lev/docs/event/0479/NJS/index.htm |archivedate=2009-12-16 |df= }}</ref>

<ref name=DT2007res>{{cite web |url= http://www.drsanje.com/dragon2007/dragon/ |title= Dragon Trophy 2007 |publisher= drsanje.com |date= 4 February 2007 |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20090621224519/http://www.drsanje.com/dragon2007/dragon/ |archivedate= 21 June 2009 |deadurl= no }}</ref>

<ref name=espnoly>{{cite web |url= http://espn.go.com/olympics/winter/2010/results/_/sport/18/event/22#260 |title= 2010 Winter Olympics Results - Figure Skating |publisher= [[ESPN]] }}</ref>



<ref name="isu-jgp0809">{{cite web|url=http://isu.sportcentric.net/db//files/serve.php?id=938 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090211105115/http://isu.sportcentric.net:80/db/files/serve.php?id=938 |dead-url=yes |archive-date=2009-02-11 |title=Junior Grand Prix of Figure Skating Junior Grand Prix of Figure Skating Final 2008 / 2009 ANNOUNCEMENT INTERNATIONAL SKATING UNION |publisher=[[International Skating Union]] }}</ref>

<ref name=AP090326>{{cite news |url= https://www.google.com/hostednews/ap/article/ALeqM5gRDm0gwWHXr5P67KtN8laHCJCn9AD97663R80 |title= Abbott, Mroz of US struggle in men's free skate |first= BETH |last= HARRIS |publisher= [[Associated Press]] |date= March 26, 2009 |accessdate= April 11, 2009}}</ref>

<ref name=GS090628>{{cite news |url= http://www.goldenskate.com/2009/06/denis-ten-the-surprise-from-kazakhstan/ |title= Denis Ten: The surprise from Kazakhstan |first= Paula |last= Slater |date= June 28, 2009 |accessdate= July 18, 2009 |publisher= GoldenSkate.com }}</ref>

<ref name=FSO090705>{{cite news |url= http://www.figureskating-online.com/denis-ten.html |title= Interview with Denis Ten |date= July 5, 2009 |accessdate= June 24, 2011 |publisher= FigureSkating-Online |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20120316223750/http://www.figureskating-online.com/denis-ten.html |archivedate= March 16, 2012}}</ref>


<ref name=chosun100507>{{cite news |url= http://english.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2010/05/07/2010050700406.html |title= Young Korean Kazakhstani Aims to Become World Figure Skating Star |publisher= [[The Chosun Ilbo]] |date= May 7, 2010 |accessdate= September 19, 2011 }}</ref>

<ref name=IN101109>{{cite news |url= http://web.icenetwork.com/news/article.jsp?ymd=20101109&content_id=16046184&vkey=ice_news |title= The Inside Edge with Sarah and Drew - Nov. 9 |first= Sarah S. |last= Brannen |first2= Drew |last2= Meekins |date= November 9, 2010 |work= [[U.S. Figure Skating|IceNetwork.com]] }}</ref>

<ref name=AS110919>{{cite news |url= http://www.absoluteskating.com/index.php?cat=interviews&id=2011denisten |title= Denis Ten is growing up |first= Reut |last= Golinsky |date= September 19, 2011 |accessdate= September 19, 2011 |publisher= Absolute Skating }}</ref>

<ref name=IFS111002>{{cite news |url= http://www.ifsmagazine.com/articles/7485-denis-ten |title= Denis Ten: Focused on Consistency |first= Tatjana |last= Flade |date= October 2, 2011 |accessdate= October 3, 2011 |publisher= IFS Magazine }}</ref>

<ref name=IN120521>{{cite news |url= http://web.icenetwork.com/news/article.jsp?ymd=20120521&content_id=31888288&vkey=ice_news |title= The Descendant: Ten skates for famous ancestor |first= Vladislav |last= Luchianov |work= [[U.S. Figure Skating|IceNetwork]] |date= May 21, 2012 }}</ref>

<ref name=AS121026>{{cite news |url= http://www.absoluteskating.com/index.php?cat=interviews&id=2012denisten |title= It's an Artist's season for Denis Ten |first= Reut |last= Golinsky |work= Absolute Skating |date= October 26, 2012 }}</ref>

<ref name=IN130314>{{cite news |url= http://web.icenetwork.com/news/article.jsp?ymd=20130314&content_id=42762692&vkey=ice_news |title= London calling: Perfect Ten, Wagner talks triple |first= Amy |last= Rosewater |work= [[U.S. Figure Skating|IceNetwork]] |date= March 14, 2013 }}</ref>

<ref name=IN130522>{{cite news |url= http://web.icenetwork.com/news/article.jsp?ymd=20130522&content_id=48315836&vkey=ice_news |title= Lysacek, Ten will move with Carroll to L.A. facility |first= Amy |last= Rosewater |work= [[U.S. Figure Skating|IceNetwork]] |date= May 22, 2013 }}</ref>

<ref name=astana130704>{{cite web|work=The Astana Times|title=Astana Presidential Sports Club Launched|author=Ilyas Omarov |url=http://www.astanatimes.kz/index.php?uin=1290951500&pg=1373470400 |date=July 4, 2013|accessdate=October 31, 2013}}</ref>

<ref name=IN131025>{{cite news |url= http://web.icenetwork.com/news/2013/10/25/63359426/gold-overcomes-travel-troubles-jumps-into-lead |title= Gold overcomes travel troubles, jumps into lead |first= Amy |last= Rosewater |work= [[U.S. Figure Skating|IceNetwork]] |date= October 25, 2013 }}</ref>

<ref name=Reuters140214>{{cite news |url= http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/02/15/us-olympics-figureskating-kazkhstan-idUSBREA1E00M20140215 |title= Ten skates from ninth to third |work= [[Reuters]] |date= February 14, 2014 }}</ref>

<ref name=OCR140214>{{cite news |url= http://www.ocregister.com/articles/hanyu-601883-medal-gold.html |title= Japan's Hanyu wins gold in men's figure skating |first= Scott M. |last= Reid |work= OC Register |date= February 14, 2014 }}</ref>

<ref name=AFP140215>{{cite news |url= http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/afp/140215/olympics-odd-boots-key-denis-skating-bronze |title= Odd boots key to Denis skating bronze |work= [[Agence France-Press]] |publisher= Global Post |date= February 15, 2014 }}</ref>

<ref name=TN140228>{{cite news |url= http://en.tengrinews.kz/sport/Almaty-Mayor-awards-Denis-Ten-with-car-for-Olympic-bronze-26299/ |title= Almaty Mayor awards Denis Ten with car for Olympic bronze |work= Tengri News |date= February 28, 2014 }}</ref>

<ref name=TN140306>{{cite news |url= http://en.tengrinews.kz/sport/Breakthrough-of-the-year-Denis-Ten-26473/ |title= Breakthrough of the year Denis Ten |work= Tengri News |date= March 6, 2014 }}</ref>

<ref name=AS140820>{{cite news |url= http://www.absoluteskating.com/index.php?cat=articles&id=2014denistenfriends |title= Denis Ten and Friends 2014 |first= Reut |last= Golinsky |work= Absolute Skating |date= August 20, 2014 }}</ref>

<ref name=NBC141024>{{cite news |url= http://olympictalk.nbcsports.com/2014/10/24/tatsuki-machida-leads-skate-america-jeremy-abbott-jason-brown-figure-skating-olympics/ |title= Tatsuki Machida leads Skate America over Jeremy Abbott, Jason Brown |first= Nick |last= Zaccardi |work= [[NBC Sports]] |date= October 24, 2014 }}</ref>

<ref name=TN141029>{{cite news |url= http://en.tengrinews.kz/sport/Denis-Ten-takes-4th-place-at-Skate-America-257172/ |title= Denis Ten takes 4th place at Skate America |first= Gyuzel |last= Kamalova |work= Tengri News |date= October 29, 2014 }}</ref>

<ref name=TN141202>{{cite news |url= http://en.tengrinews.kz/sport/Denis-Ten-wins-bronze-at-2014-Trophe-ric-Bompard-in-France-257641/ |title= Denis Ten wins bronze at 2014 Trophée Éric Bompard in France |first= Gyuzel |last= Kamalova |work= Tengri News |date= December 2, 2014 }}</ref>

<ref name=SA141215>{{cite news |url= http://www.snowalps.com/sport/figureskating/interviste/news/denis-ten-provero-ad-essere-della-partita-fino-ai-giochi-olimpici-del-2018 |title= Denis Ten: "I want to try to make it to the 2018 Olympic Games" |first= Laura |last= Sciarrillo |work= Snowalps |date= December 15, 2014 }}</ref>

<ref name=AS150217>{{cite news |url= http://www.astanatimes.com/2015/02/denis-ten-takes-gold-four-continents-figure-skating-championship/ |title= Denis Ten Takes Gold at Four Continents Figure Skating Championship |first= Dmitry |last= Lee |work= The Astana Times |date= February 17, 2015 }}</ref>

<ref name=GS150323>{{cite news |url= http://www.goldenskate.com/2015/03/denis-ten/ |title= Ten aims high for Shanghai |first= Wei |last= Xiong |work= Golden Skate |date= March 23, 2015 }}</ref>

<ref name=AS150326>{{cite news |url= http://www.absoluteskating.com/index.php?cat=interviews&id=2015denisten |title=Denis Ten: putting everything together |first= Reut |last= Golinsky |work= Absolute Skating |date= March 26, 2015 }}</ref>

<ref name=GP1516>{{cite web |title= ISU Grand Prix of Figure Skating 2015/16 - Men |url= http://static.isu.org/media/1001/gp_men_15-10-07.pdf |publisher= [[International Skating Union]] |date= October 7, 2015 }}</ref>

<ref name=FB151001>{{cite web |author= Denis Ten [ten.denis] |title= More about programs. |url= https://www.facebook.com/ten.denis/posts/866666610068531 |type=Facebook |date= October 1, 2015}}</ref>

<ref name=IN151025>{{cite news |url= http://web.icenetwork.com/news/2015/10/25/155505794/ |title= Aaron wins first Grand Prix title behind stellar free |first= Lynn |last= Rutherford |work= [[U.S. Figure Skating|IceNetwork]] |date= October 25, 2015 }}</ref>

<ref name=TENTENGRI>{{cite news |url=http://en.tengrinews.kz/people/Denis-Ten-tells-about-his-new-hobby-261458/|title=Denis Ten has told about his new hobby |first= Tengri |last= News|work= Tengrinews|date= August 10, 2015 }}</ref>

<ref name=IN160328>{{cite news |url= http://web.icenetwork.com/news/2016/03/28/169408430 |title= Ten ready to compete at worlds after bumpy season |first= Wei |last= Xiong |work= [[U.S. Figure Skating|IceNetwork]] |date= March 28, 2016 }}</ref>

<ref name=AS160503>{{cite news |url= http://www.absoluteskating.com/index.php?cat=reports&id=2016teamchallengecup-gala |title= DTeam Challenge Cup 2016 - Skating Spectacular |first= Anna |last= Zeitlin |work= Absolute Skating |date= May 3, 2016 }}</ref>

<ref name=IN161111>{{cite news |url= http://web.icenetwork.com/news/2016/11/11/208664820/s-quad-goals-chen-jumps-back-into-history-books |title= S-quad goals: Chen jumps back into history books |first= Jean-Christophe |last= Berlot |work= [[U.S. Figure Skating|IceNetwork]] |date= November 11, 2016 }}</ref>

<ref name=Insta161115>{{cite web |url= https://www.instagram.com/p/BM1brJaFE5L/ |title= The EX program "Lose Yourself" was choreographed by the magnificent Shae Lynn Bourne. |first= Denis |last= Ten |type= Instagram |date= November 15, 2016 }}</ref>

}}

==External links==
{{commons category inline|Denis Ten}}
* {{isu name | id=00008858 | name= Denis Ten }}

{{NavigationFourContinentChampionsFigureSkatingMen}}
{{Astana Presidential Sports Club}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ten, Denis}}
[[Category:1993 births]]
[[Category:Kazakhstani male single skaters]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Almaty]]
[[Category:Koryo-saram]]
[[Category:Figure skaters at the 2010 Winter Olympics]]
[[Category:Figure skaters at the 2014 Winter Olympics]]
[[Category:Olympic figure skaters of Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Olympic bronze medalists for Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Olympic medalists in figure skating]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 2014 Winter Olympics]]
[[Category:Kazakhstani people of Korean descent]]
[[Category:Asian Games medalists in figure skating]]
[[Category:Figure skaters at the 2011 Asian Winter Games]]
[[Category:Astana Presidential Sports Club]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 2011 Asian Winter Games]]
[[Category:Asian Games gold medalists for Kazakhstan]]

Tamas Aitmukhambetov

2017-04-02T02:19:55Z

GreenC bot: Rescued 2 archive links; remove 1 link; reformat 1 link. Wayback Medic 2.1

{{Infobox president| name=Tamas Aitmukhambetov Тамас Айтмұхамбетов
| nationality=[[Kazakhs|Kazakh]]
| image=
| imagesize=208px
| order= 1st Chairman of the [[Supreme Court of Kazakhstan]]
| term_start= 1992
| term_end= 1993 <ref name="Toragarlary">{{citation |publisher=Supreme Court of the Republic of Kazakhstan |url=http://www.supcourt.kz/kz/history/detail.php?ID=2343 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090204003204/http://supcourt.kz:80/kz/history/detail.php?ID=2343 |dead-url=yes |archive-date=2009-02-04 |date=2008-08-20 |accessdate=2011-12-16 |title=Қазақстанның Жоғарғы Сотының Төрағалары}}</ref>
| predecessor= Position Established
| successor= [[Mikhail Fedorovich Malakhov|Mikhail Makalov]]
| birth_date={{Birth date and age|1939|12|13|mf=y}}
| birth_place=
| dead=
| death_date=
| death_place=
| profession= [[Jurist]]
| religion=
| spouse=
| party=
| vicepresident=
}}

'''Tamas Qalmykhambetuly Aitmukhambetov''' ({{lang-kk|Тамас Қалмұхамбетұлы Айтмұхамбетов}}); is a [[Kazakhs|Kazakh]] [[jurist]] who served as the first chairman of the supreme court of Kazakhstan.

== References ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110510050116/http://biografia.kz:80/famous/3170]
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Aitmukhambetov, Tamasl}}
[[Category:1939 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Kazakhstani jurists]]

Central Asia–Center gas pipeline system

2017-04-01T01:30:04Z

GreenC bot: Reformat 1 archive link. Wayback Medic 2.1

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2013}}
{{Infobox pipeline
| name = Central Asia–Center gas pipeline system
| type = natural gas
| map = Казахстан и СредАзия газопроводы.png
| map_caption = Location of Central Asia–Center gas pipeline system
| country = [[Turkmenistan]], [[Uzbekistan]], [[Kazakhstan]], [[Russia]]
| coordinates =
| photo =
| caption =
| operator =
| partners = [[Gazprom]] [[Türkmengaz]] [[Uzbekneftegas]] [[KazMunayGas]]
| length_km = 2000
| discharge = 90 billion cubic meters
| direction = south–north-east
| start = [[Dauletabad gas field]] and Okarem, [[Turkmenistan]]
| finish = [[Alexandrov Gay]], [[Russia]]
| est = 1969
| through = Shatlyk gas field, [[Khiva]], [[Kungrad]], Cheleken, [[Beyneu]]
| par = [[Amu Darya]]
}}
The '''Central Asia – Center gas pipeline system''' is a [[Gazprom]] controlled system of natural gas pipelines, which run from [[Turkmenistan]] via [[Uzbekistan]] and [[Kazakhstan]] to [[Russia]]. The eastern branch includes the Central Asia - Center (CAC) 1, 2, 4 and 5 pipelines, which start from the south-eastern gas fields of Turkmenistan. The western branch consists of the CAC-3 pipeline and a project to build a new parallel Caspian pipeline. The western branch runs from the [[Caspian Sea]] coast of Turkmenistan to north.<ref name=csrc>
{{Cite journal
|author=Michael Fredholm
|url=http://www.defac.ac.uk/colleges/csrc/document-listings/russian/05(41)-MF.pdf
|title=The Russian Energy Strategy & Energy Policy: Pipeline Diplomacy or Mutual Dependence?
|publisher=Conflict Studies Research Centre
|format=PDF
|date=September 2005
|accessdate=2007-12-21
|deadurl=yes
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071129125042/http://www.defac.ac.uk/colleges/csrc/document-listings/russian/05(41)-MF.pdf
|archivedate=29 November 2007
|df=dmy
}}
</ref> The branches meet in western Kazakhstan. From there the pipelines run to north where they are connected to the Russian natural gas pipeline system.<ref name=oies>
{{Cite journal
| author= Shamil Midkhatovich Yenikeyeff
| url = http://www.oxfordenergy.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2010/11/NG25-KazakhstansgasExportMarketsandExportRoutes-ShamilYenikeyeff-2008.pdf
|title= Kazakhstan's Gas: Export Markets and Export Routes
| publisher=[[Oxford Institute for Energy Studies]]
| format=PDF
| date = November 2008
| accessdate=2008-11-12}}
</ref>

==History==
The system was built between 1960 and 1988. Construction began after discovery of Turkmenistan's Dzharkak field in the [[Amu Darya]] Basin, and the first section of the pipeline was completed in 1960.<ref>{{cite web|year=2015|publisher=silkroadreporters.com|title=Uzbekistan’s Unlikely Dream to Supply Europe with Gas|url=http://www.silkroadreporters.com/2015/05/22/uzbekistans-unlikely-dream-to-supply-europe-with-gas/}}</ref><ref name=wp28>
{{Cite journal
| author= Martha Brill Olcott
| url = http://www.rice.edu/energy/publications/docs/GAS_InternationalGasTradeinCentralAsia.pdf
| title=International Gas Trade in Central Asia: Turkmenistan, Iran, Russia and Afghanistan. Working Paper #28
| publisher=Stanford Institute for International Studies
| format=PDF
| date = May 2004
| accessdate=2007-12-20}}
</ref> CAC-1 and 2 were commissioned in 1969 and CAC-4 was commissioned in 1973.<ref name=worldbank/> In 1976, two parallel lines were laid between Shatlyk compressor station and [[Khiva]]. CAC-5 was commissioned in 1985 and in 1986-88 the Dauletabad–Khiva line was connected.<ref name=iea-caspia/> The western branch (CAC-3) was constructed in 1972-1975.<ref name=worldbank>
{{Cite journal
| url = http://www-wds.worldbank.org/servlet/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2000/01/25/000094946_00011205340794/Rendered/PDF/multi_page.pdf
| title = Privatization of the Power and Natural Gas Industries in Hungary and Kazakhstan
| publisher=World Bank
| format=PDF
| id=WTP451
| date = December 1999
| accessdate=2007-12-21}}
</ref>

In 2003, the late President of Turkmenistan [[Saparmurat Niyazov]] proposed to renovate existing systems and construct a new parallel pipeline to the western branch.<ref name=kz>
{{cite news
| url=http://en.government.kz/site/news/052007/16
| title= Kazakhstan, Russia and Turkmenistan agree to renovate the Caspian gas pipeline
| agency = Kazinform
| date= 14 May 2007
| accessdate=2007-12-21}}
</ref><ref name=caci040809>
{{cite news
| url= http://cacianalyst.org/?q=node/5080
| title= Moscow and Ashgabat fail to agree over the Caspian Coastal Pipeline
| publisher = [[Central Asia-Caucasus Institute]]
| author = Robert M. Cutler
| date= 4 August 2009
| accessdate=2007-12-21}}
</ref> On 12 May 2007, [[Vladimir Putin]] of Russia, [[Nursultan Nazarbayev]] of Kazakhstan and [[Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow]] of Turkmenistan signed a memorandum for renovation and expansion of the western branch of the pipeline.<ref>
{{cite news
|url=http://www.neurope.eu/view_news.php?id=73862
|title=Putin deal torpedoes Trans-Caspian gas pipeline plans
|publisher=[[Centre for the New Europe|New Europe (Belgium)]]
|date=17 May 2007
|accessdate=2007-05-19
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927225724/http://www.neurope.eu/view_news.php?id=73862
|archivedate=27 September 2007
|deadurl=yes
|df=dmy
}}
</ref><ref>
{{cite news
| url=http://www.forbes.com/business/feeds/afx/2007/05/13/afx3715292.html
| title=Russia, Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan agree landmark gas pipeline deal
| publisher=[[Forbes]]
| date=13 May 2007
| accessdate=2007-05-19|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080220050555/http://www.forbes.com/business/feeds/afx/2007/05/13/afx3715292.html|archivedate=2008-02-20}}
</ref> On 20 December 2007, Russia, Turkmenistan and Kazakhstan finalized agreement on construction of the Caspian Coastal Pipeline parallel to the existing CAC-3 pipeline (known as [[Garabogaz, Turkmenistan|Bekdash]]–Europe pipeline or Okarem–Beineu pipeline).

==Technical features==
Almost all Uzbek and Turkmen natural gas is delivered through the CAC pipeline system, mainly through the eastern branch due to location of production sites and poor technical condition of the western branch. CAC-1, 2, 4 and 5 pipelines are supplied from gas fields in the South-East of Turkmenistan, mainly from the [[Dauletabad gas field]].<ref name=wp28/> The eastern branch starts from the Dauletabad field and continues through the Shatlyk gas field east of [[Tejen]] to Khiva, Uzbekistan. From there the pipeline system transports gas north-west along [[Amu Darya]] to the [[Kungrad]] compressor station in Uzbekistan. From Kungrad, most of the gas is carried via Kazakhstan to the [[Alexandrov Gay]] gas metering station in Russia.<ref name=iea-caspia>
{{cite book
| url = http://www.iea.org/textbase/nppdf/free/1990/caspian_oil_gas98.pdf
|title= Caspian Oil and Gas
| publisher= [[International Energy Agency]]
| format=PDF
| isbn = 92-64-16095-7
| year = 1998
| accessdate=2007-12-21}}
</ref> At [[Alexandrov Gay]] CAC pipelines meet with Soyuz and Orenburg–Novopskov pipelines. From there two lines run northwest to [[Moscow]], and two others proceed across the Volga river to the North Caucasus-Moscow transmission system.<ref name=wp28/> The diameter of most pipelines varies from {{convert|1020|to|1420|mm|in}}. Current capacity of the system is 44 billion cubic meters (bcm) per year. An agreement is in place to increase capacity to 55 bcm per year by 2010 and through modernization there is potential to increase capacity to 90 bcm per year.

The western branch originates at Okarem near the Turkmenistan–Iran border and runs north. It is supplied by gas from fields scattered along the Caspian coast between Okarem and [[Balkanabat]]. It continues via [[Uzen, Kazakhstan|Uzen]] in Kazakhstan to the [[Beyneu]] compressor station, where it meets the eastern branch of the CAC. South of [[Hazar, Turkmenistan|Hazar]], the western system consists of {{convert|710|mm|in|-1}} diameter pipeline, and between Hazar and Beyneau {{convert|1220|mm|in|-1}} diameter pipeline.<ref name=iea-caspia/>

==Caspian coastal pipeline==
On 20 December 2007, Russia, Turkmenistan and Kazakhstan agreed to construct a new Caspian pipeline parallel to the existing CAC-3 pipeline. The pipeline is planned be built between Belek compressor station in Turkmenistan and Alexandrov Gay compressor station.<ref name=edm>
{{Cite news
| url = http://www.jamestown.org/single/?no_cache=1&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=33246
| first = John C. K. | last = Daly
| title = Turkmenistan, Natural Gas, and the West
| newspaper = Eurasia Daily Monitor
| publisher = [[Jamestown Foundation]]
| date = 14 December 2007
| accessdate = 2010-10-28}}
</ref> Capacity of the new pipeline will be 20–30 bcm per year and it would be supplied from the planned [[East–West pipeline]].<ref name=ft>
{{cite news
| author= Isabel Gorst
| url = http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/674201a6-aefe-11dc-880f-0000779fd2ac.html
| title= Russia seals Central Asian gas pipeline deal
| publisher=[[Financial Times]]
| date= 20 December 2007
| accessdate=2007-12-20}}
</ref><ref name=nca231209>
{{cite news
| url= http://www.newscentralasia.net/moreNews.php?nID=508
| title= Turkmenistan-Russia Breakthrough: Resuming Gas Supplies, Building Pipelines
| agency = News Central Asia
| date=23 December 2009
| accessdate=2010-05-29}}
</ref> Construction of the pipeline was to start in the second half of 2009.<ref name=downstream111108>
{{cite news
| url = http://www.downstreamtoday.com/News/Articles/200811/Putin_Okays_Caspian_Gas_Pipe_Accord_for__13734.aspx
| title = Putin Okays Caspian Gas Pipe Accord for Ratification
| publisher = Downstream Today
| date = 11 November 2008
| accessdate = 2008-11-22}}
</ref> However, the project was mothballed.<ref name=reuters231010>
{{cite news
| url= http://uk.reuters.com/article/idUKLDE69M02I20101023
| title= Russia, Turkmenistan extend Caspian gas link freeze-paper
| agency = [[Reuters]]
| date=23 October 2010
| accessdate=2010-10-28}}
</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Kazakhstan|Russia|Energy}}
* [[Central Asia–China gas pipeline]]
* [[Bukhara–Tashkent–Bishkek–Almaty pipeline]]
* [[Trans-Caspian Gas Pipeline]]
* [[Kazakhstan–China oil pipeline]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==Further reading==
*Chow, Edward, "Central Asia’s Pipelines: Field of Dreams and Reality," in [http://www.nbr.org/publications/element.aspx?id=456 Pipeline Politics in Asia: The Intersection of Demand, Energy Markets, and Supply Routes] ([[National Bureau of Asian Research]], 2010)

{{Pipeline Systems of Russia}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Central Asia - Center Gas Pipeline System}}
[[Category:Natural gas pipelines in Russia]]
[[Category:Natural gas pipelines in Turkmenistan]]
[[Category:Natural gas pipelines in Uzbekistan]]
[[Category:Natural gas pipelines in Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Energy in the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures built in the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:1969 establishments in the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:Energy in Central Asia]]
[[Category:Gazprom pipelines]]
[[Category:Kazakhstan–Russia relations]]
[[Category:Kazakhstan–Turkmenistan relations]]
[[Category:Kazakhstan–Uzbekistan relations]]
[[Category:Russia–Turkmenistan relations]]
[[Category:Russia–Uzbekistan relations]]
[[Category:Turkmenistan–Uzbekistan relations]]
[[Category:Soviet Central Asia]]

Tengiz Field

2017-04-01T00:07:45Z

GreenC bot: Rescued 1 archive link; reformat 2 links. Wayback Medic 2.1

{{Update|date=February 2015}}

{{Infobox oil field
| name = Tengiz Field
| location_map = Caspian Sea
| location_map_width =
| location_map_text = Location of the Tengiz Field on the coast of Caspian Sea
| coordinates = {{coord|46|9|10|N|53|23|0|E|type:landmark_source:ruwiki_region:KZ|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_ref =
| country = [[Kazakhstan]]
| locblock =
| offonshore = Onshore
| operator = [[Tengizchevroil]]
| partners = [[Chevron Corporation]] (50%), [[ExxonMobil]] (25%), [[KazMunayGas]] (20%)
| image =
| caption =
| discovery = 1979
| start_production = 1993
| peak_year = 2010{{citation needed|date=June 2012}}{{dubious|date=June 2012}}
| expectedabandonment =
| oil_production_bbl/d = 450000
| production_gas_mmcuft/d =
| production_gas_mmscm/d =
| production_gas_bcm/y =
| est_oil_bbl = 6000
| est_gas_bft =
| est_gas_bcm =
| formations =
}}

'''Tengiz field''' (Tengiz is Turkic for "sea") is an [[oil field]] located in northwestern [[Kazakhstan]]'s low-lying wetlands along the northeast shores of the [[Caspian Sea]]. It covers a {{convert|2500|km2|mi2|abbr=on}} project license area which also includes a smaller [[Korolev field]] as well as several exploratory prospects.

Sizewise, Tengiz reservoir is {{convert|19|km|mi|abbr=on}} wide and {{convert|21|km|mi|abbr=on}} long<ref name=Tengiz1>{{cite web|url=http://www.tengizchevroil.com/en/about/the_tco_field.asp |title=About TCO |publisher=Tengizchevroil.com |date= |accessdate=2015-06-01}}</ref> Discovered in 1979, Tengiz [[oil field]] is one of the largest discoveries in recent history.<ref name="SP Times">
{{cite news
|url=http://www.sptimes.ru/index.php?action_id=2&story_id=5705
|title=Kazakhstan Field's Riches Come With a Price
|publisher=The St. Petersburg Times
|author=Christopher Pala
|date=2001-10-23
|volume=82
|issue=715
|accessdate=2009-10-12
|deadurl=yes
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131228125654/http://www.sptimes.ru/index.php?action_id=2&story_id=5705
|archivedate=2013-12-28
|df=
}}</ref> The city of [[Atyrau]], {{convert|350|km|mi|-1}} north of Tengiz, is the main transport hub of Tengiz oil. Many nations are involved in a large [[geopolitics|geopolitical]] competition to secure access to this source of oil.

Tengiz is operated by [[Tengizchevroil]], a 40-year partnership planning to produce billions of barrels of oil from the field. The Tengizchevroil (TCO) consortium has developed the Tengiz field since its founding in April 1993. The partners in Tengizchevroil are [[Chevron Corporation|Chevron]]<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2012/02/15/chevron-tengiz-idUSL2E8DF2D020120215 | work=Reuters | title=Chevron to spend $6-$8 bln on new Tengiz project | date=2012-02-15|accessdate=2015-06-01}}</ref> (50%), [[Exxon Mobil]] (25%), the Kazakhstan government through [[KazMunayGas|Kazakhstan Petroleum]] (20%) and Lukoil (5%)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hydrocarbons-technology.com/projects/tengiz/ |title=Tengiz Oilfield |publisher=Hydrocarbons-technology.com |date= |accessdate=2015-06-01}}</ref>

In 2001, the partners opened a US$2.7 billion, {{convert|1505|km|adj=on}} [[Caspian Pipeline Consortium]] pipeline to export oil from Tengiz to the [[Black Sea]] port of [[Novorossiysk]] in [[Russia]]. The pipeline which was inaugurated in March 2001 (and loaded its first tanker in October 2001) carried {{convert|600000|oilbbl/d}} with planned output of {{convert|700000|oilbbl/d}} for 2010 and an eventual maximum output of {{convert|1.5|Moilbbl/d}}.

[[Kashagan Field|Kashagan]], which is located approximately {{convert|130|km}} west of Tengiz and is world's largest discovery in the last 30 years, and Tengiz combined, compete with the {{convert|22|Goilbbl}} of the US oil reserves.<ref name="autogenerated1">
{{cite book
|last1= Johnston|first1=Daniel
|last2= |first2=
|title= International Exploration. Economics, Risk, and Contract Analysis
|volume= 1st ed.
|ISBN=0-87814-887-6
|year= 2003
|publisher= PennWell Corporation
|page=199}}
</ref> Kazakhstan also considers building new export routes such as [[Trans-Caspian Oil Pipeline]] through [[Azerbaijan]], [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]], [[Turkey]] or through [[Iran]] to reduce dependence on Russia.<ref>
{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/03/27/business/oil-begins-flowing-through-kazakh-pipeline.html|title=Oil Begins Flowing Through Kazakh Pipeline|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|author=Lucky Lopez|date=2001-03-27|accessdate=2009-12-10}}</ref>

==History==
Kazakhstan finalized the consortium agreement with Chevron in 1993.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.petroleumjournal.kz/index.php?p=press-more&owner_id=39&id=169&outlang=3|title=Tengizchevroil Fact Sheet 1H 2015|work=Petroleum Kazakhstan Analytical Journal|accessdate=14 November 2015}}</ref> In 1997, Lukoil purchased 5% in the Tengiz project from Chevron,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.latimes.com/1997-01-17/business/fi-19405_1_chevron-shares|title=Russia's Lukoil Buys 5% of Chevron Project|work=Los Angeles Times|accessdate=14 November 2015}}</ref> and in 2000, Chevron built up its interest in the project to 50% by acquiring additional shares<ref name=Tengiz9>{{cite web|url=http://abarrelfull.wikidot.com/tengiz-oil-field|title=Tengiz Oil Field|work=A Barrel Full|accessdate=14 November 2015}}</ref> from Kazakhstan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://caspianenergy.co.uk/en/2013-06-06-19-42-06/73/1641-horizons-of-kazakhstan-s-oil-production |title=Horizons of Kazakhstan's Oil Production |work=Caspian Energy |accessdate=14 November 2015 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117032918/http://caspianenergy.co.uk/en/2013-06-06-19-42-06/73/1641-horizons-of-kazakhstan-s-oil-production |archivedate=17 November 2015 |df= }}</ref> In 2003, Fluor was awarded the rights<ref name=Tengiz9/> to develop the Second Generation Plant (SGP) and Sour Gas Injection (SGI) project, which were expected to double production.<ref name=Tengiz11>{{cite web|url=http://www.fluor.com/projects/onshore-oil-gas-epcm-project-management|title=TengizChevroil SGI/SGP Onshore Oil and Gas Projects - Project Management & Engineering|work=Fluor|accessdate=14 November 2015}}</ref> In 2004, the Tengiz Consortium raised $1.1 billion in senior secured bonds to finance these two projects. These two projects were expected to finish in 2006. <ref>{{cite web|url=http://cbonds.com/news/item/303193|title=Fitch Assigns Tengizchevroil Expected ‘BBB-’ Rating|work=Financial CBonds Information|accessdate=14 November 2015}}</ref> The SGP and SGI expansion projects (worth over $6.9 billion) were completed in the second part of 2008.<ref name=Tengiz11/> In 2012, TengizChevroil began a new project, called the Future Growth Project (FGP), whose aim is to continue to increase the field's production.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.petroleumjournal.kz/index.php?p=article&aid1=23&aid2=100&id=226&outlang=3|title=Tengizchevroil at the Start of the Future Growth Project|work=Petroleum Kazakhstan Analytical Journal|accessdate=14 November 2015}}</ref>
In 2014, Chevron and its partners, KazMunaiGas, ExxonMobil and Lukoil began the process of selecting engineering companies to work on the engineering, procurement and construction (EPC) contract for the Future Growth Project, which will further expand the TCO oil field.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.2b1stconsulting.com/chevron-and-kmg-align-offers-on-kazakhstan-future-growth-project/|title=Chevron and KMG align offers on Kazakhstan Future Growth Project|work=2B1st Consulting|accessdate=14 November 2015}}</ref>

==Reserves and production==
Estimated at up to {{convert|25|Goilbbl}} of oil originally in place, Tengiz is the sixth largest oil field in the world; recoverable crude [[oil reserves]] from Tengiz and [[Korolev fields]] combined have been estimated at {{convert|6|to|9|Goilbbl}}. Korolev field alone holds {{convert|1.5|Goilbbl}} of oil making it one-sixth the size of Tengiz.<ref name=Tengiz1/> Like many other oil fields, the Tengiz also contains large reserves of [[natural gas]]. The field is one of the world's largest oil fields, rivaling the [[Gulf of Mexico]] in reserves of oil.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150610110252/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/07/23/business/global/23chevron.html?_r=1&scp=1&sq=Tengiz%20field&st=cse] </ref>

Since the oil from Tengiz contains a high amount of [[sulfur]] (up to 17%), an estimated 6 million tons of sulfur byproduct were stored in the form of large sulfur blocks as of December 2002. At the time, about 4,000 tonnes a day was being added.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://business.guardian.co.uk/story/0,3604,853310,00.html | work=The Guardian | location=London | title=Byproduct that blights Caspian life | first=Paul | last=Brown | date=2002-12-04 | accessdate=2010-05-25}}</ref> On 3 October 2007, the Kazakh environment ministry was reported to be considering imposing fines against TCO for alleged breaches in the way the sulfur is stored.<ref>[http://www.forbes.com/feeds/ap/2007/10/03/ap4183238.html] {{Dead link|date=April 2011|bot=RjwilmsiBot}}</ref>

In 2002, TCO produced {{convert|285000|oilbbl/d}}, or one third of Kazakhstan's daily production. In January 2003, after contentious negotiations with the government of Kazakhstan, the TCO consortium members initiated a $3 billion expansion project designed to boost production to approximately {{convert|450000|oilbbl/d}} by 2006. In September 2008, [[Chevron Corporation]] announced that the major expansion of Tengiz field was completed and it would boost the production capacity to {{convert|540000|oilbbl/d}}.<ref>
{{cite news
| url= http://www.oilvoice.com/n/Chevron_Achieves_Full_Production_from_Tengiz_Expansion_Projects/3a2b54ca.aspx
| title= Chevron Achieves Full Production from Tengiz Expansion Projects
| publisher= OilVoice
| date=2008-09-25
| accessdate=2010-10-24
}}</ref> In 2012 Chevron announced the field will see its total daily production increase by 250,000-300,000 barrels,<ref>{{cite news
|url=http://www.tengizchevroil.com/en/news/2012/2011_review.asp
|title=2011 Year in Review
|publisher=Tengizchevroil
|date=2012-02-13
|accessdate=2012-10-02
|deadurl=yes
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120707161449/http://www.tengizchevroil.com/en/news/2012/2011_review.asp
|archivedate=2012-07-07
|df=
}}</ref> bringing production above 500,000 barrels per day.

An area of major geopolitical competition involves the [[Pipeline transport|routing]] of oil out of this oil field. Oil from the Tengiz field is primarily routed to the Russian Black Sea port of [[Novorossiysk]] through the [[Caspian Pipeline Consortium]] (CPC) project. The [[Baku–Tbilisi–Ceyhan pipeline]] is an alternative pipeline developed by U.S. and UK interests originating in the Southern Caspian which is the principal export route for crude from Azerbaijan and bypasses dependence on the Russian pipeline. In addition, [[Total S.A.]] is interested in developing a pipeline south through Iran, which is theoretically the cheapest route<ref name=Oxford>
{{cite journal
| url = http://www.oxfordenergy.org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2010/11/NG25-KazakhstansgasExportMarketsandExportRoutes-ShamilYenikeyeff-2008.pdf
| title = Kazakhstan's Gas: Export Markets and Export Routes
|date=November 2008
| page = 18
| journal = [[Oxford Institute for Energy Studies]]
| first = Shamil | last = Yenikeyeff
| accessdate = 2011-11-17 }}
</ref> due to the geopolitical climate involving Iran, however, the United States does not favor this route.

==Environmental concerns==
The oil from Tengiz field comes out of the wells hot and at a very high pressure, believed to be the highest in the world. It also contains large proportion of gas which is rich in the compound hydrogen sulfide yielding poisonous sulfur. A 1985 explosion in which one man was killed caused a {{convert|200|m|ft|adj=on}}-high column of fire visible from {{convert|140|km}}. The deadly gas made it impossible for Soviet firefighters to quickly extinguish the fire. The well burned for a period of one year and was finally capped<ref name="SP Times"/>

The government of the Kazakhstan imposed stricter guidelines for handling the sulfur.{{citation needed|date=June 2012}}{{specify|date=June 2012}} In 2006, Kazakh government threatened TengizChevroil with imposing fines. In 2007, the government imposed a $609 million (74.4 billion [[Kazakhstani tenge|tenge]]) fine on TengizChevroil. The violations included a slow progress in dealing with vast sulfur stocks at Tengiz. The company had reportedly been fined $71 million in 2003 for open air sulfur storage as well, which was then reduced to $7 million on an appeal.<ref>
{{cite news
| url= http://www.upstreamonline.com/live/article141698.ece
| title= Chevron hit with $609m Tengiz fine
| newspaper = [[Upstream (newspaper)|Upstream Online]]
| publisher = NHST Media Group
| date=2007-10-03
| accessdate=2009-12-10
}}</ref> According to the Environmental Protection Ministry, over 10 million tonnes of sulfur was accumulated near Tengiz oil field as a by-product of crude oil production.

Government had also set a requirement to relocate the village of [[Sarykamys]] which had 3,500 residents to new homes in the vicinity of Atyrau. The relocation program was funded by TengizChevroil and was done in 2004-2006. It cost the company $73 million.<ref name="ENS">
{{cite news
| url= http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/aug2006/2006-08-23-02.html
| title= Environmental Charges Unlikely to Derail Kazakstan's Chevron Contract
| publisher= Environment News Service
| author =
| date=2006-08-23
| accessdate=2009-12-10
}}</ref>

In his book ''Poor People'', published in 2007, [[William T. Vollmann]] dedicates a significant amount of his attention to the native peoples living in Sarykamys and Atyrau and the effects of TengizChevroil's presence in these towns. Vollmann's account suggests that serious and widespread health risks were imposed upon the people of Sarykamys. Vollmann also suggests that in the corporation's efforts to displace the natives, many were not compensated fairly, so that upon being forced to move from their existing homes, they were unable to find or afford comparable housing in a new town.<ref>Vollmann, William T. ''Poor People''. Ecco, 2007. pp. 173-196.</ref>

==Geology==
The sedimentary section of the pre-Caspian [[Sedimentary basin|basin]] varies between 5 km to 24 km and is dominated by the [[Permian]] Kungurian salt, which is overlain by the later (post-salt) deposits of [[Upper Permian]], [[Mesozoic]] and [[Cenozoic]] all deformed by [[salt tectonics]] and earlier (pre-salt) [[Paleozoic]] and upper [[Proterozoic]] [[carbonate minerals|carbonates]] and [[terrigenous sediment]]s.<ref name=Lisovsky>Lisovsky, N.N., Gogonenkov, G.N., and Petzoukha, Y.A., 1992, The Tengiz Oil Field in the Pre-Caspian Basin of Kazakhstan (Former USSR) - Supergiant of the 1980s, inGiant Oil and Gas Fields of the Decade, 1978-1988, AAPG Memoir 54, Halbouty, M.T., editor, Tulsa: American Association of Petroleum Geologists, ISBN 0891813330</ref>{{rp|102}} [[Reflection seismology]] in 1975 revealed the Karaton [[tectonic uplift]], which was 400 km2 in area and 1 km in relief, at a depth of 4 km.<ref name=Lisovsky/>{{rp|104}} An exploratory well was drilled in 1979, discovering "significant oil flow" from the middle [[Carboniferous]] carbonates overlain by Lower Permian clays and the massive Permian salt.<ref name=Lisovsky/>{{rp|106}}

[[Stratigraphy]] starts with the [[Upper Devonian]] Famennian [[Stage (stratigraphy)|Stage]] consisting of homogeneous biogenic [[limestone]] and some thin [[dolomite]] [[interbedding]], followed by Lower Carboniferous deposits consisting of Tournaisian, Visean and Namurian Stage limestones.<ref name=Lisovsky/>{{rp|108–109}} Next comes the Middle Carboniferous Bashkirian Stage limestones, and then the Lower Permian Artinksian Stage [[argillaceous minerals|argillaceous]] sediments.<ref name=Lisovsky/>{{rp|108–109}} The carbonate buildup is up to 4 km thick and form an [[angular unconformity]] to the overlying Permian sediments.<ref name=Lisovsky/>{{rp|110}}

==In pop culture==
The Tengiz oil field was mentioned in the film ''[[Syriana]]'' (2005) starring [[George Clooney]].

==See also==
{{Portal|Kazakhstan|Energy}}
*[[Kashagan Field]]
*[[Kazakhstan-China oil pipeline]]
*[[Oil and gas basins of Kazakhstan]]
*[[Trans-Caspian Oil Pipeline]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20131228125654/http://www.sptimes.ru/index.php?action_id=2&story_id=5705 Kazakstan Field's Riches Come With a Price - The St. Petersburg Times October 23rd 2001]
* [http://www.searchanddiscovery.com/documents/2008/08044weber/index.htm Stratigraphy, facies, and reservoir distribution, Tengiz Field, Kazakhstan] - (2003) L. James Weber, Brent P. Francis, P.M. (Mitch) Harris, and Michael Clark. In: SEPM Special Publication 78: Permo-Carboniferous Carbonate Platforms and Reefs, Edited By: Wayne M. Ahr, Paul M. (Mitch) Harris, William A. Morgan, and Ian D. Somerville.
* [http://bbs.keyhole.com/ubb/download.php?Number=699927 Sulfur Pads in Google Earth]
{{Resources in Kazakhstan}}

[[Category:Oil fields of Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Natural gas fields in Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Chevron Corporation oil and gas fields]]
[[Category:ExxonMobil oil and gas fields]]
[[Category:Lukoil oil and gas fields]]

Daniil Nikolayev

2017-03-31T02:39:47Z

GreenC bot: Rescued 1 archive link; remove 1 link. Wayback Medic 2.1

{{Infobox football biography
| name = Daniil Nikolayev
| fullname = Daniil Nikolayev
| image =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1991|10|14|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Moscow]], [[Russian SFSR]]
| height = {{height|meters=1.83}}
| currentclub =
| clubnumber =
| position = [[Striker (association football)|Striker]]
| youthyears1 = | youthclubs1 = [[FC Academia Chişinău]]
| years1 = 2009–2011 | clubs1 = [[FC Academia Chişinău]] | caps1 = 48 | goals1 = 19
| years2 = 2011 | clubs2 = [[FC Vostok]] | caps2 = 8 | goals2 = 1
| years3 = 2011–2013 | clubs3 = [[FC Zimbru Chişinău]] | caps3 = 19 | goals3 = 3
| years4 = 2013 | clubs4 = [[FC Dolgoprudny]] | caps4 = 8 | goals4 = 0
| years5 = 2014 | clubs5 = [[FC Khimki]] | caps5 = 3 | goals5 = 0
| pcupdate = 27 February 2015
| ntupdate =
}}

''' Daniil Aleksandrovich Nikolayev''' ({{lang-ru|Даниил Александрович Николаев}}; born 14 October 1991) is a [[Russia]]n [[association football|football]] [[Forward (association football)|forward]] who last played for [[FC Khimki]].

He made his debut in the [[Russian Second Division]] for [[FC Dolgoprudny]] on 4 September 2013 in a game against [[FC Dnepr Smolensk]].<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Russian Football Union]] |url=http://rfspro.ru/cgi-bin/player/script2.cgi?par1=119977 |archive-url=https://archive.is/20130922162752/http://rfspro.ru/cgi-bin/player/script2.cgi?par1=119977 |dead-url=yes |archive-date=22 September 2013 |title=Career Summary |date=22 September 2013 }}</ref>

==Club statistics==
*''Total matches played in Moldavian First League:'' '''67 matches - 22 goals'''

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Soccerway|daniel-nicolaev/83427}}
*[http://ru.uefa.com/uefaeuropaleague/season=2013/clubs/player=250030347/index.html Profile at UEFA]
*[http://www.sports.ru/tags/75615389.html Profile at sports.ru]
* [http://news.sportbox.ru/Vidy_sporta/Futbol/stats/man_1263734062/turnir_9007 Career summary by sportbox.ru]
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2012}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nikolayev, Daniil}}
[[Category:1991 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Moscow]]
[[Category:Russian footballers]]
[[Category:Russian expatriate footballers]]
[[Category:Expatriate footballers in Moldova]]
[[Category:Expatriate footballers in Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:FC Zimbru Chișinău players]]
[[Category:FC Vostok players]]
[[Category:FC Khimki players]]

{{Russia-footy-forward-1990s-stub}}

Dombyra Party

2017-03-30T23:47:30Z

GreenC bot: Rescued 1 archive link; reformat 1 link. Wayback Medic 2.1

[[File:DОМБЫРА PARTY.jpg|thumb|150px|Popular logo of Dombyra Party used on Facebook]]

'''Dombyra Party''' ({{lang-kk|Домбыра Party, Домбыра пати}}) — is a [[flash mob]]-like movement of [[Kazakhs|Kazakh]] youth to popularize Kazakh national [[musical instruments]], especially [[dombyra]]. The movement is non-political.<ref>[http://yvision.kz/post/354949 Домбыра party: «Күй ойнайды қазағымның қанында»]</ref>

Dombyra Parties are usually held on weekdays in crowded alleys or at parks. They have occurred in [[Astana]], [[Almaty]], [[Shymkent]] and [[Atyrau]] and others. At the weekly events, attendants mainly play dombyra and sing dombyra-accompanied songs. One of the features of dombyra parties is to prove that anyone can learn to play the instrument without studying at music schools.<ref>[http://talgam.kz/?p=282 Домбыра Рarty!] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140314060100/http://talgam.kz/?p=282 |date=March 14, 2014 }}</ref>

Invitations to Dombyra parties are sent via [[social networks]]. Video recordings are shared via video portals and social media. A Facebook group allows users to discuss issues related to organizational staff.<ref>{{facebook |id=319847841473949}}</ref>

== History ==

The Dombyra party was initiated by Kazakh [[blog]]gers, using the "KerekInfo" platform in 2012. The first event took place on August 12 in Astana. Since then, Dombyra Parties have been held in almost every big city, as well as in [[Istanbul]], [[London]], [[Berlin]] and [[Porto]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130726223104/http://www.aikyn.kz:80/news/view/26245 «Домбыра party» халықаралық шараға айналды - Dombyra Party has become an international trend]</ref>

== References ==

<references />

== External links ==

* {{cite web|author=droidsimple pascal |url=http://simpledroidy.blogspot.com/ |title=Beautify Your Android Devices |publisher=Simpledroidy.blogspot.com |date= |accessdate=2014-05-04}}

[[Category:Flash mob]]
[[Category:Culture jamming techniques]]
[[Category:Kazakhstani musical instruments]]
[[Category:Kazakhstani culture]]

Chardara Dam

2017-03-30T22:00:57Z

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{{Infobox dam
| name = Chardara Dam
| name_official =
| image = Коксарайское водохранилище.jpg
| image_size =
| image_caption = Chardara Reservoir (center)
| image_alt =
| location_map = Kazakhstan
| location_map_size =
| location_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|41|14|43.14|N|67|57|37.94|E|type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
| country = Kazakhstan
| location = [[Shardara District]]
| purpose = Irrigation, power
| status = O
| construction_began = 1964
| opening = 1968
| demolished =
| cost =
| owner =
| dam_type = Embankment, earth-fill
| dam_height = {{Convert|28.5|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| dam_height_thalweg =
| dam_height_foundation=
| dam_length = {{Convert|5300|m|ft|abbr=on}}
| dam_width_crest =
| dam_width_base =
| dam_volume =
| dam_elevation_crest =
| dam_crosses = [[Syr Darya River]]
| spillway_count =
| spillway_type = Gate-controlled
| spillway_capacity =
| res_name =
| res_capacity_total = {{Convert|5700000000|m3|acre.ft|abbr=on}}
| res_capacity_active = {{Convert|4700000000|m3|acre.ft|abbr=on}}<ref name=WATER/>
| res_capacity_inactive=
| res_catchment =
| res_surface = {{Convert|900|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}
| res_elevation =
| res_max_depth = {{Convert|6.3|m|ft|abbr=on}} (average)
| res_max_length ={{Convert|80|km|mi|abbr=on}}
| res_max_width ={{Convert|15|km|mi|abbr=on}} (average)<ref>{{cite web|title=Sustainability Assessment – Shardara, Kazakhstan|url=http://www.h4sd.info/Contact-Us/H4SD_PRESS_Shardara-Case-Study_31-03-2011_Final.aspx60,d.dmQ|publisher=Hydropower for Sustainable Development|accessdate=24 June 2013|year=2011}}</ref>
| res_tidal_range =
| plant_name = Chardara (Shardara) Hydroelectric Power Station
| plant_coordinates =

| plant_operator =
| plant_commission = 1968
| plant_decommission =
| plant_type =
| plant_turbines = 4 x 25 [[megawatt|MW]] [[Kaplan-type]]
| plant_capacity = 100 MW
| plant_annual_gen =
| website =
| extra =
}}
The '''Chardara Dam''', also known as '''Chardarin Dam''', is an earth-fill [[embankment dam]] on the [[Syr Darya River]] in [[Shardara District]], [[Kazakhstan]]. It was constructed between 1964 and 1968 with the primary purpose of irrigation. The dam has an associated 100 MW [[hydroelectric]] plant named '''Shardarinsk Hydroelectric Power Station'''. The dam provides water to the [[Kyzyl-Kum]] channel for crop irrigation. The reservoir created by the dam has a maximum storage capacity of {{Convert|5700000000|m3|acre.ft|abbr=on}} and a surface area of {{Convert|900|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}.<ref name=WATER>{{cite web|title=Chardara reservoir |url=http://mail.icwc-aral.uz/analysis/water/chardara_e.htm |archive-url=https://archive.is/20130624225300/http://mail.icwc-aral.uz/analysis/water/chardara_e.htm |dead-url=yes |archive-date=24 June 2013 |publisher=CAWATERinfo |accessdate=24 June 2013 }}</ref> The dam has been undergoing structural rehabilitation and a power station upgrade is currently in planning. The power station's four 25 MW [[Kaplan turbine]]-generators are scheduled to be upgraded to 31.5 MW each.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kazakhstan resets site visit for upgrade at 100-MW Shardarinskaya|url=http://www.hydroworld.com/articles/2012/10/kazakhstan-resets-site-visit-for-upgrade-at-100-mw-shardarinskaya.html|publisher=HydroWorld|accessdate=24 June 2013|date=16 October 2012}}</ref>

==See also==
{{stack|{{Portal|Kazakhstan|Water|Renewable energy}}}}
*[[Farkhad Dam]] – upstream
*[[List of reservoirs by surface area]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Dams in Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Hydroelectric power stations in Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Earth-filled dams]]
[[Category:Dams completed in 1968]]
[[Category:Hydroelectric power stations built in the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:1968 establishments in the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic]]
[[Category:Energy infrastructure completed in 1968]]
[[Category:Dams on the Syr Darya River]]

Lake Zhalanashkol

2017-03-30T15:32:16Z

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{{Refimprove|date=May 2016}}
{{Infobox lake
| name = Zhalanashkol Жалаңашкөл<ref>[https://archive.is/20131002172834/http://elibrary.ru/contents.asp?issueid=436676] </ref>
| image =
| caption =
| image_bathymetry =
| caption_bathymetry =
| location =
| coords = {{coord|45|34|00|N|81|10|00|E|type:waterbody_region:KZ|display=inline,title}}
| type =
| inflow =
| outflow =
| catchment =
| basin_countries = Kazakhstan, China
| length = {{convert|9|km|abbr=on}}
| width = {{convert|5.6|km|abbr=on}}
| area = {{convert|38|km2|abbr=on}}
| depth = {{convert|3|m|abbr=on}}
| max-depth = {{convert|5.5|m|abbr=on}}
| volume =
| residence_time =
| shore =
| elevation = {{convert|368|m|abbr=on}}
| islands =
| cities =
}}
'''Lake Zhalanashkol''' ({{lang-kz|Жалаңашкөл}}, literally "Bare Lake", or "Exposed Lake"; {{lang-ru|Жаланашколь}}) is a freshwater [[lake]] in the eastern part of [[Kazakhstan]], on the border of [[Almaty Province]] ([[Alakol District]]) and [[East Kazakhstan Province]] ([[Urzhar District]]). It is the smallest out of the four major lakes of the Alakol depression (the other three being the [[Lake Alakol|Alakol]], the [[Lake Sasykkol|Sasykkol]], and the [[Lake Koshkarkol|Koshkarkol]]). It is also the southernmost of the four, the one closest to the [[Dzungarian Gate]] and the [[Aibi Lake]] on the other, Chinese, side of the Gate.

On the maps compiled in the 18th and 19th century the Zhalanashkol is labeled '''Taskol''' (literally "Stone Lake"); this name is now obsolete.<ref name=birds/>

In its geological past, the Zhalanashkol may have been the southernmost bay of the larger [[Lake Alakol]]. However, now the valley that connects the two lakes has been filled with sediment. Seasonally (when the water level in the Zhalanashkol is at its highest), water drains from the Zhalanashkol to the Alakol along the 10-km long slough called Zhaman-Otkel ({{lang-ru|Жаман-Откель}}).<ref name=birds>
{{citation|author=Березовиков Н.Н., Гаврилов Э.И., Хроков В.В.,
|url=http://vseprogolub.net/index.php?id=677&page=1
|title=Орнитофауна озера Жаланашколь и Джунгарских ворот (The bird fauna of Lake Zhalanashkol and the Dzhungarian Gate),
|journal=Русский орнитологический журнал (''The Russian Ornithological Journal'')
|volume=16|issue=348|year=2007|pages=295–333 }} {{ru icon}}</ref>

No rivers reach the Zhalanashkol. (The [[Terekty River]] flows toward Zhalanashkol from the mountains of China's [[Yumin County]], but reaches the lake only in the form of a usually dry [[alluvial fan]].) The lake is fed by ground water, and by seasonal runoff of rainwater or snow meltwater from the surrounding area.<ref name=birds/>

The lake is usually frozen until late March.<ref name=birds/>

Lake Zhalanashkol is part of the [[Alakol Nature Reserve]].

The [[Aktogay, East Kazakhstan Province|Aktogay]]-[[Dostyk]] (Kazakhstan's connector between the [[Turkestan–Siberia Railway]] and China's [[Lanzhou–Xinjiang Railway]]) runs along the lake's eastern shore. The Zhalanashkol Railway Station is located there ({{coord|45|36|00|N|82|11|00|E|region:CN-62_type:landmark}}); a Kazakhstan border patrol station of the same name is nearby.

The highway to Dostyk runs on the lake's west side.

A Sino-Soviet [[Tielieketi|border conflict]], which took place in August 1969 in the hills east of the lake, has been known in the USSR and post-Soviet states as the "Lake Zhalanashkol incident". In China it is known as the [[Tielieketi]] incident, based on the name of a locality on the Chinese side on the border, itself coming from the [[Terekty River]].

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Lakes of Kazakhstan}}

[[Category:Lakes of Kazakhstan|Zhalanashkol]]

{{kazakhstan-geo-stub}}

Almaty bid for the 2022 Winter Olympics

2017-03-30T13:34:18Z

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{{Olympic bid|2022|Winter|
| Paralympics = yes
| logo = Almaty 2022 Olympic bid logo.png
| logo-size = 200px
| shortlisted1 = Beijing|
| fullname = [[Almaty]], [[Kazakhstan]]
| chair =
| committee = [[National Olympic Committee of the Republic of Kazakhstan]] (KAZ)
| history = None{{•}}Bid for [[Bids for the 2014 Winter Olympics|2014]]
| website = [http://almaty-2022.org/#/ almaty-2022.org]
}}

'''Almaty 2022''' was an unsuccessful bid for the [[2022 Winter Olympics]] by the city of [[Almaty]] and the National Olympic Committee of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The [[IOC]] selected the host city for the 2022 Winter Olympics at the [[128th IOC Session|128th]] [[IOC Session]] in [[Kuala Lumpur]], [[Malaysia]] on July 31, 2015, in which [[Beijing]] won. Under the slogan “Keeping it Real,” Almaty had emphasized their traditional winter setting with tall mountains and plenty of natural snow coverage as well as compactness — most venues are within half an hour’s travel through Alpine scenery.<ref>[http://www.washingtonpost.com/sports/olympics/almaty-offers-traditional-winter-setting-in-2022-olympic-bid/2015/07/28/d2de145a-3505-11e5-b835-61ddaa99c73e_story.html Almaty offers traditional winter setting in 2022 Olympic bid], [[Washington Post]], 2015/7/28</ref><ref>[http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2015/jul/26/almaty-2022-winter-olympic-bid-at-a-glance/?page=all Almaty 2022 Winter Olympic bid at a glance], [[Washington Times]], 2015/7/26</ref>
Almaty is the only contender to have never hosted the Olympics before. Almaty will host the [[2017 Winter Universiade]]. Almaty was a potential bid for [[2026 Winter Olympics|the 2026 Winter Olympics]].

==History==
[[File:Medeobanen1.jpg|thumb|230px|right|[[Medeo]], a probable location near Almaty for skating.]]
[[File:Shimbulak1.JPG|thumb|230px|right|[[Shymbulak]], planned venue for alpine skiing.]]
[[File:AlmatySkiJump.jpg|thumb|230px|right|Sunkar Ski Jumping Hills Complex.]]

On 29 November 2011, Almaty was chosen to host the [[2017 Winter Universiade]]. The city also co-hosted the [[2011 Asian Winter Games]] with [[Astana]], the capital since 1997. It can be seen as preparation for hosting the Winter Olympic Games in the future.

Kazakhstan had been considering a bid for these games since 2011. On 17 August 2013, [[Almaty]], the former [[capital city]] and still the largest city and financial centre of the country,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.tengrinews.kz/kazakhstan_news/445/|title=Kazakhstan to bid for 2022 winter Olympic Games|publisher=En.tengrinews.kz|date=28 March 2011|accessdate=5 March 2012}}</ref> confirmed their bid for the 2022 Winter Olympic Games. They were the first city to do so.<ref>[http://www.gamesbids.com/eng/winter_olympic_bids/future_winter_bids/1216136727.html Almaty Bids For 2022 Winter Olympic Games]</ref><ref>[http://espn.go.com/olympics/story/_/id/9581262/kazakhstan-almaty-bids-host-2022-winter-games Kazakhstan bids to host 2022 Games]</ref>

===Previous bids===
Almaty bid to host the [[2014 Winter Olympics]] but failed to become a candidate city. [[Sochi]] was ultimately elected at the host city on July 4, 2007.

==Venues==
The venue plan comprises:<ref>[http://doc.rero.ch/record/209614/files/ALMATY_2022_Applicant_City.pdf Applicant city questionnaire ]</ref><ref>http://web.archive.org/web/20150110013750/http://almaty-2022.org/static/img/Almaty2022_BidBook_Volume2.pdf</ref>

=== City venues ===

==== Olympic City ====
*Almaty Olympic Ice Arena - Figure skating, short track
*Non-competitive venues: Olympic Village, Main Press Centre, International Broadcast Centre, Media Village, Olympic Family Accommodations

====Central Cluster====
*[[Almaty Central Stadium]] - Opening and closing ceremonies
*[[Baluan Sholak Sports Palace]] - Ice hockey (women)
*Independence Square - Medal ceremonies

=====Sunkar Precinct=====
*[[Sunkar International Ski Jumping Complex|Sunkar Jumping Hills]] - Ski jumping, Nordic combined
*Sunkar Skiing Centre - Nordic combined
*Sunkar Sliding Centre - Bobsleigh, luge, skeleton

==== Stand-alone venues ====
*[[Almaty Ice Palace]] - Ice hockey (men)
*Curling Arena - Curling

===Mountain venues===

====Ak–Bulak Cluster====
*[[Soldatskoe Valley Cross Country Skiing and Biathlon Stadium|Ak Bulak Nordic Arena]] - cross country, biathlon
*Non-competitive venues: Olympic Village

==== Medeo Cluster====
*[[Medeo]] Skating Oval - speed skating
*[[Shymbulak]] ski resort - alpine skiing (downhill, super g, super combined)
*Tau Park Snowboard Freestyle - freestyle (ski-cross, slopestyle), snowboarding (parallel slalom, parallel giant slalom, snowboard cross, slopestyle)
*Non-competitive venues: Olympic Village, Mountain Media Sub Centre

====Tabagan Cluster====
*Tabagan Ski Park - freestyle (aerial, mogul, half-pipe), snowboarding (half-pipe)
*Tau Park Alpine - alpine skiing (slalom, giant slalom)

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20140707091411/http://almaty-2022.org:80/ Official website]

{{Bids for the 2022 Winter Olympics}}

[[Category:2022 Winter Olympics bids]]
[[Category:Sport in Almaty]]
[[Category:Kazakhstan at the Olympics]]

Chicago Convention on International Civil Aviation

2017-03-30T10:10:41Z

GreenC bot: Rescued 1 archive link; reformat 1 link. Wayback Medic 2.1

{{redirect|Chicago Convention|science fiction conventions using the abbreviated term Chicon|Chicon (Worldcon)}}
{{Infobox treaty
| name =Chicago Convention
| long_name =Convention on International Civil Aviation
| image =Signature-OACI-Max-Hymans.JPG
| image_width =
| caption =Signature of the Chicago Convention
| type =
| date_drafted =
| date_signed = 7 December 1944
| location_signed =Chicago
| date_sealed =
| date_effective = 4 April 1947
| condition_effective =26 ratifications
| date_expiration =
| signatories =
| parties =191<ref name = ratifications>[http://www.icao.int/secretariat/legal/List%20of%20Parties/Chicago_EN.pdf Signatories to the Convention] ICAO</ref> (Cook Islands as well as all United Nations members except Liechtenstein, Dominica, and Tuvalu)
| ratifiers =
| depositor =Government of the United States of America
| language =
| languages =English, French, Spanish and Russian
| wikisource =
}}

The '''Convention on International Civil Aviation''', also known as the '''Chicago Convention''', established the [[International Civil Aviation Organization]] (ICAO), a specialized agency of the [[UN]] charged with coordinating and regulating international air travel.<ref>[http://www.icao.int/publications/pages/doc7300.aspx Convention on International Civil Aviation (on ICAO Website)]</ref> The Convention establishes rules of [[airspace]], [[aircraft registration]] and safety, and details the rights of the signatories in relation to [[air travel]]. The Convention also exempts air fuels in transit from (double) taxation.<ref>{{cite web
|author=House of Commons Library
|title=Taxing aviation fuel. Standard Note SN00523 (2012)
|url=http://www.parliament.uk/briefing-papers/SN00523.pdf
|p=3, note 11
|accessdate=4 Nov 2016}}</ref>

The document was signed on December 7, 1944 in [[Chicago]] by 52 signatory states. It received the requisite 26th ratification on March 5, 1947 and went into effect on April 4, 1947, the same date that ICAO came into being. In October of the same year, ICAO became a specialized agency of the [[United Nations Economic and Social Council]] (ECOSOC). The Convention has since been revised eight times (in 1959, 1963, 1969, 1975, 1980, 1997, 2000 and 2006).

As of 2013, the Chicago Convention has 191 state parties, which includes all member states of the [[United Nations]] except [[Dominica]], [[Liechtenstein]], and [[Tuvalu]] as well as the [[Cook Islands]].<ref name = ratifications/> The convention has been extended to cover [[Liechtenstein]] by the ratification of [[Switzerland]].<ref>Switzerland made the following declaration upon ratification: "My Government has instructed me to notify you that the authorities in Switzerland have agreed with the authorities in the Principality of Liechtenstein that this Convention will be applicable to the territory of the Principality as well as to that of the Swiss Confederation, as long as the Treaty of 29 March 1923 integrating the whole territory of Liechtenstein with the Swiss customs territory will remain in force": [http://www.icao.int/publications/Documents/chicago.pdf Convention on International Civil Aviation: Treaty status].</ref>

==Main Articles==
Some important articles are:

''Article 1'': Every state has complete and exclusive sovereignty over airspace above its territory.

''Article 3 bis'': Every other State must refrain from resorting to the use of weapons against civil aircraft in flight.

''Article 5'': The aircraft of states, other than scheduled [[international flight|international air services]], have the right to make flights across state's territories and to make stops without obtaining prior permission. However, the state may require the aircraft to make a landing.

''Article 6'': (Scheduled air services) No scheduled international air service may be operated over or into the territory of a contracting State, except with the special permission or other authorization of that State.

''Article 10'': (Landing at customs airports): The state can require that landing to be at a designated customs airport and similarly departure from the territory can be required to be from a designated customs airport.

''Article 12'': Each state shall keep its own rules of the air as uniform as possible with those established under the convention, the duty to ensure compliance with these rules rests with the contracting state.

''Article 13'': (Entry and Clearance Regulations) A state's laws and regulations regarding the admission and departure of passengers, crew or cargo from aircraft shall be complied with on arrival, upon departure and whilst within the territory of that state.

''Article 16'': The authorities of each state shall have the right to search the aircraft of other states on landing or departure, without unreasonable delay...

''Article 24'': Aircraft flying to, from or across, the territory of a state shall be admitted temporarily free of duty. Fuel, Oil, spare parts, regular equipment and aircraft stores retained on board are also exempt custom duty, inspection fees or similar charges.

''Article 29'': Before an international flight, the pilot in command must ensure that the aircraft is airworthy, duly registered and that the relevant certificates are on board the aircraft. The required documents are:
:[[Aircraft registration|Certificate of Registration]]
:Certificate of Airworthiness
:Passenger names, place of boarding and destination
:Crew licences
:Journey Logbook
:Radio Licence
:Cargo manifest

''Article 30'': The aircraft of a state flying in or over the territory of another state shall only carry radios licensed and used in accordance with the regulations of the state in which the aircraft is registered. The radios may only be used by members of the flight crew suitably licensed by the state in which the aircraft is registered.

''Article 32'': the pilot and crew of every aircraft engaged in international aviation must have certificates of competency and licences issued or validated by the state in which the aircraft is registered.

''Article 33'': (Recognition of Certificates and Licences) Certificates of Airworthiness, certificates of competency and licences issued or validated by the state in which the aircraft is registered, shall be recognised as valid by other states. The requirements for issue of those Certificates or Airworthiness, certificates of competency or licences must be equal to or above the minimum standards established by the Convention.

''Article 40'': No aircraft or personnel with endorsed licenses or certificate will engage in international navigation except with the permission of the state or states whose territory is entered. Any license holder who does not satisfy international standard relating to that license or certificate shall have attached to or endorsed on that license information regarding the particulars in which he does not satisfy those standards".

== Annexes ==
The Convention is supported by nineteen annexes containing standards and recommended practices ([[Standards And Recommended Practices|SARPs]]). The annexes are amended regularly by ICAO and are as follows:

*Annex 1 – Personnel Licensing
:Licensing of flight crews, air traffic controllers & aircraft maintenance personnel. Including Chapter 6 containing medical standards.
*Annex 2 – Rules of the Air
*Annex 3 – Meteorological Service for International Air Navigation
:Vol I – Core SARPs
:Vol II – Appendices and Attachments
*Annex 4 – Aeronautical Charts
*Annex 5 – Units of Measurement to be used in Air and Ground Operations
*Annex 6 – Operation of Aircraft
:Part I – International Commercial Air Transport – Aeroplanes
:Part II – International General Aviation – Aeroplanes
:Part III – International Operations – Helicopters
*Annex 7 – Aircraft Nationality and Registration Marks
*Annex 8 – Airworthiness of Aircraft
*Annex 9 – Facilitation
*Annex 10 – Aeronautical Telecommunications
:Vol I – Radio Navigation Aids
:Vol II – Communication Procedures including those with PANS status
:Vol III – Communication Systems
::Part I – Digital Data Communication Systems
::Part II – Voice Communication Systems
:Vol IV – Surveillance Radar and Collision Avoidance Systems
:Vol V – Aeronautical Radio Frequency Spectrum Utilization
*Annex 11 – Air Traffic Services – Air Traffic Control Service, Flight Information Service and Alerting Service
*Annex 12 – Search and Rescue
*Annex 13 – [[Aviation accidents and incidents|Aircraft Accident and Incident]] Investigation
*Annex 14 – Aerodromes
:Vol I – Aerodrome Design and Operations
:Vol II – Heliports
*Annex 15 – [[Aeronautical Information Service]]s
*Annex 16 – Environmental Protection
:Vol I – Aircraft Noise
:Vol II – Aircraft Engine Emissions
*Annex 17 – Security: Safeguarding International Civil Aviation Against Acts of Unlawful Interference
*Annex 18 – The Safe Transport of Dangerous Goods by Air
*Annex 19 – Safety Management (Since 14 November 2013)
Annex 5, ''[[Units of measurement|Units]] of Measurement to be Used in Air and Ground Operations'', named in its Table 3-3 three "non-[[International System of Units|SI]] alternative units permitted for temporary use with the SI": the [[Foot (length)|foot]] (for vertical [[distance]] = [[altitude]]), the [[Knot (unit)|knot]] (for [[speed]]), and the [[nautical mile]] (for long distance).

==See also==
[[Aviation fuel#Tax|Taxation of Aviation Fuel]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography ==
Paul Michael Krämer, Chicago Convention, 50th Anniversary Conference, Chicago, October 31 – November 1, 1994. Zeitschrift für Luft- und Weltraumrecht 1995, S. 57.

==External links==
* [http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20131202190406/http://www.thepep.org/ClearingHouse/docfiles/taxflight_final.pdf An Investigation into the Origins and Developments of the Exemption from various kinds of Taxation of International Aviation] Meijers, Daniël (2005) ''International Centre for Integrative Studies'' (Includes the history of the Convention's development)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120208065644/http://dcaa.slv.dk:8000/icaodocs/Annex%205%20-%20Units%20of%20Measurement%20to%20be%20Used%20in%20Air%20and%20Ground%20Operations/ Annex 5: Units of Measurement to be Used in Air and Ground Operations]
* [http://www.icao.int/secretariat/PostalHistory/the_chicago_convention.htm The Postal History of ICAO : The Chicago Convention]

{{Commercial air travel}}

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Alik Haýdarow

2017-03-30T08:23:46Z

GreenC bot: Rescued 1 archive link; reformat 1 link. Wayback Medic 2.1

{{Infobox football biography
| image = 
| name= Alik Haýdarow
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1981|4|27}}
| birth_place = [[Soviet Union]]
| height = {{height|m=1.82|precision=0}}
| position = [[Defender (football)|defender]]
| currentclub = [[FC Ashgabat]]
| clubnumber = 27
| years1 = 2002–2003 | years2 = 2004 | years3 = 2004–2007 | years4 = 2008 | years5 =2009–2010 | years6 = 2011–2013| years7 = 2014| years8 = 2015–
| clubs1 = [[Kopetdag Asgabat]] | clubs2 = [[Nisa Asgabat]] | clubs3 = [[FC Okzhetpes]] | clubs4 = [[FC Zhetysu]] | clubs5 =[[FC Taraz]] | clubs6 =[[Mash'al Mubarek]] | clubs7 = [[Altyn Asyr FK]]| clubs8 = [[FC Ashgabat]]
| caps1 = | goals1 = | caps2 = | goals2 = | caps3 = 80 | goals3 = 1 | caps4 = 4 | goals4 = 0| caps5 = 42 | goals5 = 0 | caps6 = 39 | goals6 = 0
| nationalyears1= 2001–present
| nationalteam1= [[Turkmenistan national football team|Turkmenistan]]
| nationalcaps1= | nationalgoals1 =
|pcupdate = August 15, 2015
|ntupdate = July 15, 2007
}}

'''Alik Haýdarow''' (born 27 April 1981) is an [[Turkmenistan]] [[football (soccer)|footballer]] who plays as a defender for [[Altyn Asyr FK]] in the [[Ýokary Liga]]. He previously played for [[Ýokary liga]] club [[FC Ashgabat]].

He is a member of the [[Turkmenistan national football team]].

==Club career==
Won the gold medal in the [[2014 Ýokary Liga]] with [[Altyn Asyr FK]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20150131152014/http://www.zamantm.com/tm/newsDetail_getNewsById.action?newsId=58705 “Altyn asyr” — ýurdumyzyň çempiony]</ref> In 2015 moved to [[FC Ashgabat]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.turkmenportal.com/tm/blog/6115|title=“Altyn Asyr” üçünji aýlawy ýeňişden başlady-Sport-Turkmenportal.com|first=|last=ihyzmatlary.com|date=|work=turkmenportal.com|accessdate=19 January 2017}}</ref>

==Club career stats==
Last update: '''15 March 2008'''
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
!Season!!Team!!Country!!Division!!Apps!!Goals
|-
|2002||align="left"|[[Köpetdag Aşgabat]]||align="left"|{{TKM}}||1||??||??
|-
|2003||align="left"|[[Köpetdag Aşgabat]]||align="left"|{{TKM}}||1||??||??
|-
|2004||align="left"|[[Nisa Aşgabat]]||align="left"|{{TKM}}||1||??||??
|-
|2004||align="left"|[[FC Okzhetpes]]||align="left"|{{KAZ}}||1||15||0
|-
|2005||align="left"|[[FC Okzhetpes]]||align="left"|{{KAZ}}||1||25||0
|-
|2006||align="left"|[[FC Okzhetpes]]||align="left"|{{KAZ}}||1||24||1
|-
|2007||align="left"|[[FC Okzhetpes]]||align="left"|{{KAZ}}||1||16||0
|-
|2008||align="left"|[[FC Zhetysu]]||align="left"|{{KAZ}}||1||4||0
|-
|2009||align="left"|[[FC Taraz]]||align="left"|{{KAZ}}||1|| ||
|-
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{NFT player|pid=6847}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Haydarow, Alik}}
[[Category:1981 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
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{{Turkmenistan-footy-bio-stub}}

Ruslana Korshunova

2017-03-29T16:42:55Z

GreenC bot: Rescued 1 archive link; remove 1 link. Wayback Medic 2.1

{{Infobox model
| name = Ruslana Korshunova
| image = Ruslana Korshunova.jpg
| imagesize = 280px
| caption =
| birth_name = Руслана Серге́евна Коршунова Ruslana Sergeyevna Korshunova
| other_names = Russian Rapunzel
| birth_date = {{birth date|df=yes|1987|07|02}}
| birth_place = [[Almaty]], [[Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic|Kazakh SSR]], [[Soviet Union]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|df=yes|2008|06|28|1987|07|02}}
| death_place = [[Manhattan, New York]], U.S.
| resting_place = Khovanskoye, [[Moscow, Russia]]
| death_cause = Suicide by jumping
| occupation = [[Fashion model]]
| parents = Sergey Korshunov † Valentina Kutenkova
| height = {{convert|1.73|m|ftin|0|abbr=on}}
| haircolor = Blonde
| eyecolor = Grey
}}

'''Ruslana Sergeyevna Korshunova''' ({{lang-ru|Руслана Серге́евна Коршунова}}; 2 July 1987 – 28 June 2008) was a [[Kazakhstan]]i [[model (person)|model]] of [[Russians in Kazakhstan|Russian descent]].<ref name="FMD">{{cite web|url=http://www.fashionmodeldirectory.com/models/ruslana_korshunova |title=Profile of fashion model Ruslana Korshunova |accessdate=2007-12-11 |date=2005-02-10 |publisher=Fashion Model Directory}}</ref> She established herself as a rising figure in the fashion industry by posing for magazines including [[Vogue (magazine)|''Vogue'']] and designers such as [[Vera Wang]] and [[Nina Ricci (designer)|Nina Ricci]].
Korshunova's unexpected death, which was ruled a [[suicide]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,373604,00.html#ixzz1AbVLDm1Q|title=Suicide Model Said to Be Confused About Life, Lonely|date=2008-06-30|publisher=foxnews.com|accessdate=10 January 2011}}</ref> became a longtime controversial subject of international attention.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2228868/Model-Ruslana-Korshunovas-suicide-conspiracy-theories.html|title=Model Ruslana Korshunova's 'suicide' conspiracy theories|date=2008-07-01|publisher=telegraph.co.uk|accessdate=10 January 2011}}</ref>

==Early life and career==
Ruslana Korshunova was born in [[Almaty]], [[Kazakh SSR]].<ref name="vogue">{{cite web|url=http://www.vogue.co.uk/vogue_daily/story/story.asp?stid=23447 |title=A FACE TO BE EXCITED ABOUT |accessdate=2007-12-11 |date=2005-02-10 |publisher=[[Vogue (magazine)|vogue.co.uk]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090303153304/http://www.vogue.co.uk/news/daily/2005-02/050210-a-face-to-be-excited-about.aspx |archivedate=2009-03-03}}</ref> Her father, Sergey Korshunov, died in 1992 when she was 5 years old.<ref name="NYDN"/> Her mother, Valentina ([[married and maiden names|née]] Kutenkova) and her elder brother, Ruslan, live in [[Kazakhstan]].<ref name="NYP"/> With different degrees of fluency she spoke Russian, Kazakh, English and German.<ref name="FMD"/>

She was discovered in 2003, when ''All Asia'' magazine printed a story on Almaty's local German language club, which Korshunova was then attending. Her photograph, which was featured in the article, caught the attention of Debbie Jones of [[Models 1]]; Jones tracked down and signed up the then 15-year-old Korshunova,<ref name="NYDailyNews">{{cite news |first=Paul |last=McNamara |author2=Xana O'Neill|author3= Carrie Melago |title=Russian supermodel with 'fairytale' beauty, age 20, plummets to her death |url=http://www.nydailynews.com/news/2008/06/28/2008-06-28_russian_supermodel_with_fairytale_beauty.html |publisher=Daily News |location=New York |date=2008-06-29 |accessdate=2008-06-29 |quote=The nearly 5-foot-9 model's interest in German led to her discovery in 2003. A journalist from All Asia magazine visited her German language club and featured her photo in a story, according to an article in Continent, a Kazakh magazine.}}</ref> who was nicknamed the Russian [[Rapunzel]] for her knee–length chestnut hair in her early work.<ref name="NYDN">{{cite news|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/news/2008/06/30/2008-06-30_camera_loved_russian_rapunzel_from_first.html |title=Camera loved 'Russian Rapunzel' from first shoot, photographer says |date=2008-07-01 |accessdate=2008-07-03 |publisher=[[New York Daily News]] | first1=Veronika | last1=Belenkaya | first2=Corky | last2=Siemaszko}}</ref><ref name="NYP">{{cite news|url=http://www.nypost.com/seven/06292008/news/regionalnews/supermodels_death_plunge_117767.htm |title=SUPERMODEL'S DEATH PLUNGE |accessdate=2008-07-01 |date=2008-06-30 |publisher=New York Post}}</ref> Korshunova was represented by [[IMG Models|IMG]] (New York, Paris, London and [[Milan]]),<ref name="img">{{cite web |url=http://www.imgmodels.com/details.asp?ar=3404&im=&sl=&modelid=164279&agencyid=9050&sexid=2&careerid=1&subnameid=3403 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080702071841/http://www.imgmodels.com:80/details.asp?ar=3404&im=&sl=&modelid=164279&agencyid=9050&sexid=2&careerid=1&subnameid=3403 |dead-url=yes |archive-date=2008-07-02 |title=Ruslana |accessdate=2007-12-11 |publisher=[[IMG Models]] }}</ref> [[Beatrice Model agency|Beatrice]] (Milan), Traffic Models ([[Barcelona]]), [[Marilyn Model Agency]] and iCasting Moscow, which was her mother agency. British Vogue hailed Korshunova as "a face to be excited about" in 2005.<ref name="vogue"/> Korshunova modeled for the covers of French ''[[Elle (magazine)|Elle]]'' and the Polish and Russian versions of ''[[Vogue (magazine)|Vogue]]''. She also modeled in print-ads for [[Nina Ricci (brand)|Nina Ricci]], [[Blufin|Blugirl by Blumarine]], [[Clarins]], Ghost, [[Marithé François Girbaud|Girbaud]], Kenzo Accessories, Marithé & François, [[Leon Max|Max Studio]], [[Moschino]], Old England, [[Pantene]] Always Smooth, [[Paul Smith (fashion designer)|Paul Smith]] and [[Vera Wang]] lingerie.<ref name="FMD"/>

==Death==
On 28 June 2008, at around 2:30 p.m., Korshunova died after falling from the ninth-floor balcony of her apartment at 130 Water Street in the [[Financial District, Manhattan|Financial District of Manhattan]], USA. Police stated there were no signs of a struggle in her apartment and concluded that Korshunova's death was an apparent [[suicide]], although no suicide note was found. One of Korshunova's friends stated that she had just returned from a modeling job in [[Paris]], noting that she seemed to be "on top of the world" with no apparent reason why she would commit suicide.<ref name="death">{{cite web|url=http://www.efluxmedia.com/news_Kazah_Model_Ruslana_Korshunova_Dies_In_Apparent_Suicide_19654.html |title=Kazah Model Ruslana Korshunova Dies In Apparent Suicide |accessdate=2008-06-29 |date=2008-06-29 |publisher= |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090624131546/http://www.efluxmedia.com/news_Kazah_Model_Ruslana_Korshunova_Dies_In_Apparent_Suicide_19654.html |archivedate=2009-06-24}}</ref> Korshunova planned to celebrate her 21st birthday on Wednesday in [[Pennsylvania]]. Korshunova's former boyfriend, Artem Perchenok, stated that he dropped Korshunova off at her apartment several hours before her death after they watched the [[Patrick Swayze]] and [[Demi Moore]] film ''[[Ghost (1990 film)|Ghost]]'' together.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/celebritynews/2218274/Ruslana-Korshunova-plunges-to-her-death-in-New-York.html|title=Ruslana Korshunova plunges to her death in New York |accessdate=2008-06-29 |date=2008-06-30 |publisher=Telegraph.co.uk | location=London | first=Catherine | last=Elsworth}}</ref> "I feel that she came to say goodbye", said Perchenok.<ref>[http://www.nydailynews.com/news/2008/06/30/2008-06-30_untitled__2fall30m-4-1.html?page=1#ixzz0I1rfTOFx&D Model's suicide shocks boyfriend] NY Daily News. (06/30/2008). Retrieved June 10, 2009.</ref> "She was a good person", he added to ''[[The New York Post]]''. However, Korshunova appeared brokenhearted and angry in some of her postings on a social networking site. Korshunova's most telling message came in March 2008: "I'm so lost. Will I ever find myself?".<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nydailynews.com/news/2008/06/28/2008-06-28_models_web_rants_pined_for_love.html|title=Model's Web rants pined for love |accessdate=2008-06-29 |date=2008-06-29 |publisher=NY Daily News | location=New York | first1=Veronika | last1=Belenkaya | first2=Brian | last2=Harmon}}</ref>

Friends said Korshunova had a stomach ache before her death. Police said that some prescription pill bottles with Russian labels were found in her apartment .<ref>{{cite web|url=
http://abcnews.go.com/Entertainment/Story?id=5293003&page=3 |title=Ruslana Korshunova's Suicide Hints at Underbelly of Fashion Industry |accessdate=2008-06-29 |date=2008-12-02 |publisher=ABC News}}</ref> Experts did not find traces of someone else's skin underneath her nails. Korshunova's mother, Valentina Kutenkova does not believe in her daughter's suicide. "She told me about her work problems about a year ago. She said that she wanted to quit the modeling business. Everything was fine with her recently though. If she had problems at work, she would have told me", she said.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.pravda.ru/society/stories/105743-0/ |title=Russian model Ruslana Korshunova died because of 500,000-dollar lawsuit|accessdate=2008-07-09 |date=2009-01-20 |publisher=Pravda.ru}}</ref>

Muhammad Naqib, a concierge who worked in Korshunova's building stated, "I was shocked when I saw her on the pavement. She was on the road, small and pitiful, in a puddle of blood, surrounded by a crowd. Her arms and neck were broken", the man said. Muhammad was immediately suspicious. "Only next day I realized what was wrong. It was her hair! It was much shorter than when I last saw her that night, lively and happy. It seemed like it was cut in a hurry since the ends were uneven." [[Moscow]] mortician Sergey, who worked on her makeup in a Moscow morgue, stated "All I got is a polite 'thank you'. But nobody called me for an interview ... [t]he hair could fall out because of a strong impact, but it could not become shorter. When I was preparing the body for a funeral, I noticed that the hair was in a very poor condition. I even offered to find her a wig, but her relatives refused. The ends were uneven, as if someone had cut it with scissors." According to the testimony of many witnesses, no strangers or suspicious people were noticed on the day of Korshunova's death in her building on Water Street. The back exit in the yard is visible to the concierge, and nobody could pass by the reception unnoticed. During her last visit, Korshunova's mother stopped at the apartment. According to Korshunova's friends, Valentina spent several hours at the door of the apartment. She is still hoping to find the answer from the local police.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://english.pravda.ru/society/stories/22-09-2009/109425-korshunova-0/|title=Russian Model Ruslana Korshunova Was Killed Because of Her Hair|accessdate=2009-09-21 |date=2009-09-21 |publisher=Pravda.ru}}</ref> On July 7, 2008, Korshunova was buried at [[Khovanskoye Cemetery]] in Moscow.<ref name="KomsomolskayaPravda">{{cite news |first=Elena |last=Sheremetova |title=Ruslana Korshunova buried at Khovanskoye Cemetery in Moscow |url=http://www.kp.ru/daily/24125.5/347037/ |publisher=Komsomolskaya Pravda |location=Moscow |date=2008-07-07 |accessdate=2008-07-21 |language=Russian |quote=Как мы уже рассказывали, поначалу предполагалось, что модель похоронят на Митинском кладбище – этот вопрос обсуждался еще в Америке во время прощания с Русланой. Однако уже в Москве все "перерешили" – место для могилы «Русской русалки» выбрали на Хованском кладбище.}}</ref> Her mother stated to Russian newspaper ''[[Komsomolskaya Pravda]]'' that the Russian capital was one of her daughter's favorite cities, and that "[She] would want her beloved Moscow to be her last resting place."<ref name="Belenkaya">{{cite news |first=Veronika |last=Belenkaya |author2=Oren Yaniv |title=
Model Ruslana Korshunova will be buried in Moscow Monday |url=http://www.nydailynews.com/news/us_world/2008/07/06/2008-07-06_model_ruslana_korshunova_will_be_buried_.html |publisher=Daily News |location=New York |date=2008-07-06 |accessdate=2008-07-07 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first= |last= |title=Heartbreak drove Kazakh supermodel to suicide|url=http://entertainment.oneindia.in/hollywood/top-stories/scoop/2008/ruslana-heartbreak-caused-suicide-040708.html |publisher=Entertainment.OneIndia.in |location=India|date=2008-07-05 |accessdate=2008-07-04 }}</ref>

British TV producer and filmmaker [[Peter Pomerantsev]] has theorised that Korshunova's suicide was related to her involvement with Rose of the World, a controversial Moscow-based organisation which describes itself as "training for personality development". While researching for a documentary into Korshunova's death, Pomerantsev learned that the model spent three months attending training session at Rose of the World. These sessions—which encourage participants to share their worst experiences and recall repressed memories—are modelled after [[Lifespring]], whose controversial methods were the subject of multiple lawsuits for mental damages in the US during the 1980s. Korshunova attended training sessions with a friend, Ukrainian model Anastasia Drozdova, who committed suicide under similar circumstances in 2009. Friends of the two women reported changes in behaviour after several months at the Rose. Korshunova became aggressive, while Drozdova experienced violent mood swings and grew reclusive; both lost weight. After three months of training, Korshunova returned to New York to look for work, where she wrote of feeling lost and doubting herself. Rick Ross, head of the Cult Education Forum, argues that organisations such as Rose of the World "work like drugs: giving you peak experiences, their adherents always coming back for more. The serious problems start when people leave. The trainings have become their lives—they come back to emptiness. The sensitive ones break." Only months after leaving the Rose, Korshunova was found dead.<ref>{{cite news |first=Peter |last=Pomerantsev |title=The Lost Girl |url=http://www.newsweek.com/2011/05/01/the-lost-girl.html |publisher=Newsweek |date=2011-05-01 |accessdate=2011-05-21 |authorlink=Peter Pomerantsev}}</ref>

==References==

{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{wikiquote}}
* {{Fashionmodel}}
* [http://www.chicagotribune.com/entertainment/chi-ruslana-korshunova-080630-ht,0,5643244.story Ruslana Korshunova's death ruled a suicide]
* {{find a Grave|31842902}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Korshunova, Ruslana}}
[[Category:Kazakhstani female models]]
[[Category:Russian female models]]
[[Category:Female models who committed suicide]]
[[Category:Suicides by jumping in the United States]]
[[Category:Suicides in New York City]]
[[Category:People from Almaty]]
[[Category:People from Moscow]]
[[Category:Kazakhstani people of Russian descent]]
[[Category:1987 births]]
[[Category:2008 deaths]]

Alexander Vinokourov

2017-03-29T00:43:37Z

GreenC bot: Wayback Medic 2.1

{{Redirect|Vinokourov|the Ukrainian track cyclist|Andriy Vynokurov}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2012}}

{{Infobox cyclist
| name = Alexander Vinokourov Алексaндр Винокуров
| image = Alexander Vinokourov - Criterium du Dauphiné 2012 - 1ere étape (cropped).jpg
| caption = Vinokourov at the [[2012 Critérium du Dauphiné]]
| fullname = Alexander Nikolaivich Vinokourov Алексaндр Николаевич Винокуров
| nickname = Vino
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age |df=yes|1973|9|16}}
| birth_place = [[Petropavl]], [[Kazakhstan]]
| currentteam = {{ct|AST}}
| height = {{height|m=1.76|precision=0}}
| weight = {{convert|69|kg|lb st|abbr=on}}
| discipline = [[Road bicycle racing|Road]]
| role = Rider (retired) General manager
| ridertype = All-rounder
| amateuryears1 = 1997
| amateurteam1 = EC Saint-Étienne Loire
| proyears1 = 1998–1999
| proteam1 = {{ct|ALM|1998}}
| proyears2 = 2000–2005
| proteam2 = {{ct|THR|2000}}
| proyears3 = 2006
| proteam3 = {{ct|ONC|2006a}}
| proyears4 = 2007
| proteam4 = {{ct|AST|2007}}
| proyears5 = 2009–2012
| proteam5 = {{ct|AST|2009}}
| manageyears1 = 2013–
| manageteam1 = {{ct|AST|2013}}
| majorwins = '''[[Grand Tour (cycling)|Grand Tours]]'''
:'''[[Tour de France]]'''
::4 individual stages ([[2003 Tour de France|2003]], [[2005 Tour de France|2005]], [[2010 Tour de France|2010]])
:'''[[Vuelta a España]]'''
::'''[[General classification in the Vuelta a España|General classification]]''' ([[2006 Vuelta a España|2006]])
::[[Combination classification in the Vuelta a España|Combination classification]] (2006)
::4 individual stages ([[2000 Vuelta a España|2000]], [[2006 Vuelta a España|2006]])
'''[[Race stage|Stage races]]'''
:[[Critérium du Dauphiné|Critérium du Dauphiné Libéré]] (1999)
:[[Paris–Nice]] (2002, 2003)
:[[Tour de Suisse]] (2003)
:[[Deutschland Tour]] (2001)
:[[Giro del Trentino]] (2010)
'''[[Classic cycle races|One-day races and Classics]]'''
:{{nowrap|[[Kazakhstan National Road Race Championships|National Road Race Championships]] (2005)}}
:[[Cycling at the Summer Olympics|Olympic Road Race]] ([[Cycling at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Men's road race|2012]])
:[[Liège–Bastogne–Liège]] ([[2005 Liège–Bastogne–Liège|2005]], [[2010 Liège–Bastogne–Liège|2010]])
:[[Amstel Gold Race]] (2003)
| updated = 1 January 2014
| show-medals = no
| medaltemplates =
{{Medal|Country|{{KAZ}}}}
{{Medal|Sport|Men's [[road bicycle racing]]}}
{{Medal|Competition|[[Olympic Games]]}}
{{Medal|Gold|[[2012 Summer Olympics|2012 London]]|[[Cycling at the 2012 Summer Olympics|Road Race]]}}
{{Medal|Silver|[[2000 Summer Olympics|2000 Sydney]]|[[Cycling at the 2000 Summer Olympics|Road Race]]}}
{{Medal|Competition|[[UCI Road World Championships]]}}
{{Medal|Bronze |[[2004 UCI Road World Championships|2004 Verona]]|[[2004 UCI Road World Championships|Individual Time Trial]]}}
{{Medal|Bronze |[[2006 UCI Road World Championships|2006 Salzburg]]|[[2006 UCI Road World Championships – Men's time trial|Individual Time Trial]]}}
{{Medal|Competition|[[Asian Games]]}}
{{Medal|Gold|[[1994 Asian Games|1994 Hiroshima]]|[[Cycling at the 1994 Asian Games|Team Time Trial]]}}
{{Medal|Silver|[[1994 Asian Games|1994 Hiroshima]]|[[Cycling at the 1994 Asian Games|Road Race]]}}
{{Medal|Silver|[[2002 Asian Games|2002 Busan]]|[[Cycling at the 2002 Asian Games|Road Race]]}}
{{Medal|Competition|[[Asian Cycling Championships]]}}
{{Medal|Gold|[[Asian Cycling Championships|2009 Tenggarong]]|[[Individual Time Trial]]}}
{{Medal|Silver|[[Asian Cycling Championships|2009 Tenggarong]]|[[Road bicycle racing|Road Race]]}}
}}

'''Alexander Nikolayevich Vinokourov''' ({{lang-ru|Александр Николаевич Винокуров}}; born 16 September 1973) is a [[Kazakhstan|Kazakh]] former professional [[road bicycle racer]] and current general manager of UCI ProTeam {{ct|AST}}. As a competitor, his achievements include two bronze medals at the World Championships, four stage wins in the [[Tour de France]], four in the [[Vuelta a España]] plus the overall title in 2006, two [[Liège–Bastogne–Liège]] monuments, one Amstel Gold Race, and most recently, the gold medal at the [[Cycling at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Men's road race|2012 London Olympics Men's Road Race]]. Vinokourov is a past national champion of Kazakhstan, and a dual-medalist at the Summer Olympics.

Vinokourov began cycling in 1984 as an 11-year-old, competing within the former Soviet Union.<ref name="astanafans1">{{cite web| url=http://astanafans.com/vino%E2%80%99s-parents-recall-his-childhood.html |title=Vino’s Parents Recall His Childhood |publisher=astanafans.com |accessdate=27 November 2011}}</ref> He moved to France in 1997 to finish his amateur career, and then turned professional there in 1998. After almost a decade as a professional, Vinokourov was caught [[blood doping]] during the [[2007 Tour de France]], which triggered the withdrawal of the entire Astana team from that year's race. After a 2-year suspension from competition, he returned to cycling in August 2009, riding first for the national team of Kazakhstan and then for his beloved Astana. A serious crash during the 2011 Tour de France threatened to prematurely end Vinokourov's career for a second time, but he announced he would continue for one more season in 2012 – with an eye towards competing in the Olympic Games in London. There, Vinokourov played the role of ultimate spoiler when he dramatically won the gold medal in the men's road race after breaking-away in the closing miles with Colombian [[Rigoberto Urán]].<ref name="Vino spoils British road race party">{{cite web|last=Pretot|first=Julien|title=Vino spoils British road race party|url=http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2012-07-28/sports/sns-rt-us-oly-cycl-crmrr-medals-day1bre86r12a-20120728_1_mark-cavendish-swiss-fabian-cancellara-chris-froome|publisher=Chicago Tribune|accessdate=30 July 2012}}</ref>

Vinokourov retired after the Olympics and assumed management duties with {{ct|AST}} for 2013. He is an honorary colonel in the [[Armed Forces of the Republic of Kazakhstan|Kazakh army]] but lives in France with his wife and children.

==Racing career==

===1984–1996: Early amateur career===
According to his father Nikolay, Vinokourov began cycling at age 11 when he joined a branch of the Petropavl’s Children and Youth Sports School.<ref name="astanafans1"/> The Frenchman [[Vincent Lavenu]], who would later offer Vinokourov his first professional contract, reported that the young Kazakhstani was training on the road every day at age 11, and also competing in [[cyclo-cross]].<ref name="lavenu">{{cite web|url=http://tour-de-france.france2.fr/2005/tour-de-france_journal.php3?id_rubrique=106 |title=Lavenu: "On est le Auxerre du cyclisme" |publisher=France 2 |accessdate=27 July 2007 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061205230356/http://tour-de-france.france2.fr/2005/tour-de-france_journal.php3?id_rubrique=106 |archivedate=5 December 2006 |deadurl=no |df=dmy }}</ref> In 1986 at age 13, Vinokourov became an athlete at a sports school in [[Almaty]], then the capital of Kazakhstan, where he would train for the next five years.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailypeloton.com/displayarticle.asp?pk=5935|title=Alexander the great|publisher=Daily Peloton|accessdate=28 July 2007}}</ref><ref name="invino">{{cite web|url=http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/riders/2003/interviews/?id=alexandre_vinokourov03|title=In Vino Vertas|publisher=cyclingnews.com|accessdate=28 July 2007}}</ref> While fulfilling his compulsory two-year military service requirement, Vino also trained as part of the Soviet national team.<ref name="marie">{{cite web|url=http://ecsel.free.fr/Archives/pro/alexandre_vinokourov.htm|title=Échappée n°5 . Été 1997 Rencontre avec Alexandre Vinokourov et Andrei Kivilev par Marie Line GONLON|publisher=Espoir cycliste St Etienne Loire|accessdate=27 July 2007}}</ref> Like most top cyclists, Vino would train in Southern California during the winter months

After Kazakhstan declared independence from the Soviet Union on 16 December 1991, Vinokourov continued to train and race, though as a member of the Kazakhstani national team. He placed third behind [[Pascal Hervé]] of [[France]] in the Regio Tour amateur stage race in [[Germany]] in 1993 (Vinokourov later would win this race as a professional in 2004).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.velo-club.net/article.php?sid=18162|title=Palmarès du Regio-Tour International|publisher=velo-club.net|accessdate=27 July 2007}}</ref> Other notable performances during these early years include winning two stages at the 1995 Tour of Ecuador and the overall GC at the 1996 Tour of Slovenia. Vinokourov also competed in the [[1996 Olympic Games]] in Atlanta, where he finished 53rd in the men's road race – an event he won 16 years later.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/results/archives/jul96/ogmrr1.html|title=Men’s Olympic road race|publisher=cyclingnews.com|accessdate=28 July 2007}}</ref>

===1997: Amateur career at Espoir cycliste St-Etienne Loire===
In the winter of 1996, Gilles Mas, [[directeur sportif]] of the Agrigel-La Creuse team, received a letter from the coach of the Kazakhstani national team, inquiring about the possibility of placing six Kazakhstani cyclists in European professional teams. Mas agreed to take-on the best two, but only on condition they first rode for the amateur Espoir Cycliste Saint-Etienne Loire (ECSEL) clube for a year. Mas and Pierre Rivory of ECSEL chose [[Andrey Mizurov]] and Vinokourov.

Vinokourov arrived in France on 22 March 1997, after a sub-par performance due to illness in the [[Tour de Langkawi]] as a member of Kazakhstan's national team.<ref>{{cite web|last=Callahan|first=Ron|title=Astana to ride Tour de Langkawi|url=http://www.bikeworldnews.com/2011/12/21/astana-ride-tour-de-langkawi/|publisher=Bike World News|accessdate=30 July 2012|date=21 December 2011}}</ref> While Vino readily adapted to Europe, Mizurov – who had won the inaugural time trial in the [[1997 Tour de Langkawi]] – struggled with homesickness and contemplated a return to Kazakhstan.<ref name="marie" /> Ultimately, in May 1997, Mizurov was replaced by Vinokourov's former classmate [[Andrei Kivilev]], who was then racing with an amateur team in [[Burgos]] in [[Spain]] after having placed 29th in the previous year's Olympic road race.<ref name="marie" /> Mizurov would later turn professional in 1999 with {{ct|UNI|1999}}, and he reunited with Vinokourov in 2007 at {{ct|AST|2007}}.

Vinokourov came second in a stage of the Tour of Auvergne two weeks after he arrived in Europe, and was best climber in a Coupe de France race a week later. Then, during a trial for the Casino professional team at the Tour of Saône et Loire, Vino won three of the four stages.<ref name="marie" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.velo101.com/actualite/default.asp?Id=8958&Section=Elites2|title=Interview de Jean Niger, directeur d'organisation de l'Essor Breton|publisher=velo101.com|accessdate=27 July 2007}}</ref> In total, Vinokourov would win ten races for his amateur club, leading [[Vincent Lavenu]] to offer him a two-year professional contract to ride for Casino in 1998–1999.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.humanite.fr/journal/1997-07-19/1997-07-19-783598 |title=Article paru le 19 juillet 197 |publisher=l’Humanite |accessdate=27 July 2007 |df=dmy }}{{dead link|date=January 2017|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

===1998–2002===
Vinokourov won six races in 1998, his first year as a professional, including the [[Four Days of Dunkirk]], the Tour de l'Oise, and stages in both the [[Tour of Poland]] and Circuit des Mines.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/news/2002/mar02/mar18news.php |title=2002 Paris–Nice winner biography |publisher=Cyclingnews |accessdate=9 June 2007}}</ref> In early-1999, he won the [[Volta a la Comunitat Valenciana]] stage race, and three months later took two stages of the [[Midi Libre]]. Vinokourov also won the [[Critérium du Dauphiné|Critérium du Dauphiné Libéré]], beating the American [[Jonathan Vaughters]] along the way. (Vino lost the yellow jersey to Vaughters after the [[Mont Ventoux]] [[time trial]] but regained it on the following mountain stage.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/results/1999/jun99/dauphine997.html |title=51st Critérium du Dauphiné Libéré |publisher=Cyclingnews |accessdate=5 April 2007}}</ref>)

In 2000, Vinokourov joined {{ct|THR|2000}}. He won the combination competition in [[Paris–Nice]] and finished third in the [[Critérium International]].<ref name="invino" /> He came 15th in the Tour de France after working for captain [[Jan Ullrich]]. His first win for the German team was stage 18 in the [[Vuelta a España]], in which he caught the two riders in the breakaway and sprinted past [[Roberto Laiseka]] and [[Vicente Garcia Acosta]] in the last 300 metres.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/results/2000/aug00/vuelta00/stages/vueltalivecomp18.shtml |title=Complete live report, Stage 18 Veulta |publisher=Cyclingnews |accessdate=5 April 2007}}</ref> He came second several weeks later in the [[2000 Olympic Games|Olympic Games]] behind Ullrich and in front of another Telekom teammate, [[Andreas Kloden]].<ref>{{cite web| url=http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/results/2000/sep00/oly00/results/roadmen.shtml |title=2000 Men's Olympic Road Race results and report |publisher=Cyclingnews |accessdate=9 June 2007}}</ref>

Vinokourov time-trialed to a stage win in the 2001 [[Deutschland Tour]] and took the yellow jersey from his Telekom teammate [[Erik Zabel]]. The dominance of the Telekom team was evident the following day when [[Rolf Aldag]] won and Vinokourov gained a minute and a half over the peloton to ensure victory.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/results/2001/may01/tourofgermany017.shtml |title=2001 Tour of Germany stage 7 results and report |publisher=Cyclingnews |accessdate=9 June 2007}}</ref> He rode the Tour de France that year in support of Ullrich, where he finished 16th overall.

Vinokourov won [[Paris–Nice]] in 2002, taking the leader's jersey after attacking [[Laurent Jalabert]] and [[Andrei Kivilev]] on Mont Faron.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/results/2002/mar02/parisnice02/parisnice024.shtml |title=2002 Paris–Nice Stage 4 results and report |publisher=Cyclingnews |accessdate=9 June 2007}}</ref> The penultimate stage to the Col d’Eze, a mountaintop finish, Vinokourov kept his lead and won Paris–Nice the following day. Later in 2002, he won the first mountain stage in the Tour de Suisse<ref>{{cite web| url=http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road/2002/jun02/TourDeSuisse02/?id=results/stage3 |title=2002 Tour de Suisse stage 3 results and report |publisher=Cyclingnews |accessdate=9 June 2007}}</ref> but several stages later he fell on a mountain descent and was taken to hospital after the stage.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/news/?id=2002/jun02/jun24news |title= Vinokourov unsure about continuing Tour de Suisse |publisher=Cyclingnews |accessdate=9 June 2007}}</ref> Vino abandoned the race to prepare for the Tour but it was discovered two weeks later that he had a broken [[coccyx]] and could not ride the [[2002 Tour de France]].<ref>{{cite web| url=http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road/2002/tour02/?id=news/jul02/jul05 |title= Vinokourov out of Telekom's Tour team |publisher=Cyclingnews |accessdate=9 June 2007}}</ref>

===2003–2005===
[[File:Alexandre Vinokoerov2.jpg|thumb|left|Vinokourov races 2004 Worlds TT.|alt=A cyclist riding a bike while in an aerodynamic position.]]
2003 would be a breakthrough year for Vinokourov, but one marred by an early-season personal tragedy that nevertheless drove him to perform inspirationally. His close friend [[Andrei Kivilev]] fell heavily during the second stage of Paris–Nice, slipped into a coma, and died during the night.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/news/?id=2003/mar03/mar12news2 |title=Cyclingnews flash Kivilev dies of injuries |publisher=Cyclingnews |accessdate=9 June 2007}}</ref> The loss of his compatriot weighed heavily on Vinokourov, but he rallied and declared that he was more motivated than ever to win.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/news/?id=2003/mar03/mar14news |title=Cyclingnews Vinokourov more motivated than ever |publisher=Cyclingnews |accessdate=9 June 2007}}</ref> Stage three had been neutralized and stage four was a time trial, but on stage five, which featured the race's only mountaintop finish, Vinokourov honoured his late-friend with a spectacular attack on Mont Faron that won him the stage and the leader’s jersey. As he crossed the line, Vinokourov pointed skyward, and later explained to the press:

<blockquote>"Most of all, [it's a victory for] for Andrei Kivilev. He wanted to win on Mont Faron and also Paris–Nice. I really gave everything for this victory, and today was a coup double, for him and for his family. I found the strength to continue the race, only for him, for his family, for his little boy. I'm satisfied today for myself and for them. I'm going to do everything to keep the jersey, and for that I found a double strength, myself and his strength as well. It's fantastic, and I'm very happy. For sure it's a victory for him, and I hope to keep the jersey until Nice."<ref>{{cite web| url=http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road/2003/mar03/parisnice03/?id=results/stage5 |title=Emotional Vinokourov does it for Kivilev |publisher=Cyclingnews |accessdate=27 November 2011}}</ref></blockquote>

Two days later, Vinokourov won Paris–Nice and in a final gesture to his friend, he displayed a photograph of Kivilev on the podium.

[[File:Alexandre Vinokourov LBL2006 cropped.jpg|thumb|upright|Vino at 2006 Liège–Bastogne–Liège.|alt=A man wearing a blue and yellow cycling jersey while standing.]]
Forty days later, after the traditional period for mourning in Kazakhstan, Vinokourov won the [[Amstel Gold Race]]. He had reached the leading group with 10 kilometres to go, and attacked them at the 5 km banner. Vinokourov built an advantage of 15 seconds that he fought to maintain up the steep [[Cauberg]] finishing climb, winning by four seconds ahead of [[Michael Boogerd]].<ref>{{cite web| url=http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road/2003/worldcup03/amstel03/?id=results |title=Amstel Gold Race 2003 report and results |publisher=Cyclingnews |accessdate=9 June 2007}}</ref>

Vinokourov attacked on the flat first stage of the [[2003 Tour de Suisse]] and only the Russian, [[Serguei Ivanov]], could match him. Vinokourov won the stage and took the lead.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road/2003/jun03/tourdesuisse03/?id=results/stage1 |title=Tour de Suisse 2003 stage 1 report and results |publisher=Cyclingnews |accessdate=9 June 2007}}</ref> [[Francesco Casagrande]] dropped Vinokourov on the first mountain stage and closed the gap to six seconds. Casagrande attacked again on the following mountain stage and took the jersey. But Casagrande cracked several days later in an [[individual time trial]] as Vinokourov finished fifth to retake the jersey and win the race.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road/2003/jun03/tourdesuisse03/?id=results/stage9 |title=Tour de Suisse Stage 9 report and results |publisher=Cyclingnews |accessdate=9 June 2007}}</ref>

Vinokourov was for the first time riding to win in the [[2003 Tour de France]]. He was to share this role in his team with the Colombian, [[Santiago Botero]]. Vinokourov finished second on the stage to the [[l'Alpe d'Huez]]. He attacked the following day on the final climb 9 km from the finish and won the stage. He moved into second overall 21 seconds short of [[Lance Armstrong]]. Several days later in the [[individual time trial]], won by Ullrich, Vinokourov took third position and kept it to the end. He was voted the [[Combativity award|most combative rider]].<ref>{{cite web| url=http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road/2003/tour03/?id=results/stage20 |title=Tour de France Stage 20 report and results |publisher=Cyclingnews |accessdate=9 June 2007}}</ref>

Vinokourov missed the break on the second stage of the 2004 Paris–Nice that gained five minutes.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road/2004/mar04/parisnice04/?id=results/stage2 |title=2004 Paris Nice Stage 2 report and results |publisher=Cyclingnews |accessdate=17 June 2007}}</ref> but he won three stages. He attacked towards the end of a small climb on the fifth stage with 8 km to go. He built ten seconds and won by four seconds. He dedicated the win to Kivilev.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road/2004/mar04/parisnice04/?id=results/stage5 |title=2004 Paris Nice Stage 5 report and results |publisher=Cyclingnews |accessdate=17 June 2007}}</ref> Vinokourov attacked the lead group on the flat windy coastal road in the finale of stage 7,with 5 km to go. He caught and passed [[Samuel Sánchez]] with 2 km to go and won the stage.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road/2004/mar04/parisnice04/?id=results/stage7 |title=2004 Paris Nice Stage 7 report and results |publisher=Cyclingnews |accessdate=17 June 2007}}</ref> Vinokourov won the final stage in a breakaway sprint against [[Denis Menchov]] .<ref>{{cite web| url=http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road/2004/mar04/parisnice04/?id=results/stage8 |title=2004 Paris Nice Stage 8 report and results |publisher=Cyclingnews |accessdate=17 June 2007}}</ref>

Vinokourov came third in [[Liège–Bastogne–Liège]], behind [[Davide Rebellin]] and [[Michael Boogerd]]. Boogerd and Vinokourov had been matching each other while Rebellin waited for the sprint and won.<ref>{{cite web| url= http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road/2004/worldcup04/lbl04/?id=results |title=2004 Liege Bastogne Liege report and results |publisher=Cyclingnews |accessdate=17 June 2007}}</ref> Vinokourov crashed on the second stage of the [[Tour de Suisse]],<ref>{{cite web| url= http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road/2004/jun04/tourdesuisse04/?id=results/stage2 |title=2004 Tour de Suisse Stage 2 report and results |publisher=Cyclingnews |accessdate=17 June 2007}}</ref> tearing ligaments in his shoulder. That stopped his riding the [[2004 Tour de France]].<ref>{{cite web| url= http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/news.php?id=news/2004/jun04/jun15news |title=Cycling news June 15 |publisher=Cyclingnews |accessdate=17 June 2007}}</ref>

He returned for the Regio Tour at the start of August. In the second stage, he won the [[time trial]]. In the following stage, he won the bunch sprint and took the leader’s jersey to win.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road.php?id=road/2004/aug04/regio04/regio045 |title=Regio Tour Stage 5 results, report and photos |publisher=Cyclingnews |accessdate=17 June 2007}}</ref> He then rode the [[2004 Vuelta a España|Vuelta a España]] but due to food poisoning lost time during the first week.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/news.php?id=news/2004/sep04/sep09news |title=Cycling news September 9th|publisher=Cyclingnews |accessdate=17 June 2007}}</ref> Vinokourov recovered and finished fourth in the [[time trial]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road/2004/vuelta04/?id=results/vuelta0415|title=Vuelta a España 2004 Stage 15 results, report and photos|publisher=Cyclingnews |accessdate=17 June 2007}}</ref> He rode the world championship and took the bronze medal in the [[time trial]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road/2004/worlds04/?id=results/worlds045|title=2004 UCI World Time Trial Championships time trial|publisher=Cyclingnews|accessdate=17 June 2007}}</ref>

Vinokourov’s first win in 2005 and the first for the team was [[Liège–Bastogne–Liège]]. He broke away with [[Jens Voigt]] with more than 50 km to go. Vinokourov attacked on the final short climb 6 km from the finish but could not get away from Voigt. Instead he waited and beat Voigt in the sprint.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road/2005/apr05/lbl05/?id=results|title=2005 Liege Bastogne Liege |publisher=Cyclingnews |accessdate=17 June 2007}}</ref> In the [[Dauphiné Libéré]], Vinokourov won the stage on [[Mont Ventoux]]. He had attacked the favourites for the [[2005 Tour de France|Tour de France]], reaching the breakaway before attacking at several hundred metres on the uphill finish to win the stage.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road/2005/jun05/dauphinelibere05/?id=results/dauphinelibere054|title=2005 Criterium de Dauphine Libere stage 4 results, report and photos|publisher=Cyclingnews |accessdate=17 June 2007}}</ref> Vinokourov travelled back to Kazakhstan to win the national championship ahead of Mizourov and Kashechkin.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road.php?id=road/2005/jun05/kazkakhstan05/kazkakhstan053|title=2005 Kazakhstan National Road Race Championships|publisher=Cyclingnews |accessdate=17 June 2007}}</ref>

[[File:Tour de France Pforzheim 2005-07-09a.jpg|left|thumb|Vinokourov at the 2005 Tour de France sign-in, in Pforzheim.|alt=A group of cyclists on a stage near a podium.]]
Vinokourov said in July 2005<ref>{{cite web|url=http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/news.php?id=news/2005/jun05/jun28news2|title=June 28th interview with Alexandre Vinokourov|publisher=cyclingnews.com|accessdate=27 July 2007}}</ref> that he was in as good condition as 2003, when he came third. Vinokourov said he was riding "for the team". The implication was that he would be leader if he or [[Andreas Klöden]] (second in [[2004 Tour de France|2004]]) rode better than Ullrich. Vinokourov came third in the opening time trial, beating Ullrich and Klöden by 15 seconds and 1:08. The American, Lance Armstrong, followed Vinokourov's attacks on stage 8 but let Klöden go. Vinokourov rode separately from his teammates, bringing speculation regarding Ullrich's role in the team.

Vinokourov lost time in the mountains. Revenge came when he won stage 11 in a break, outsprinting Santiago Botero.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road/2005/tour05/?id=results/tour0511|publisher=Cyclingnews.com|title=2005 Tour de France Stage 11, Courchevel-Briançon|accessdate=27 July 2007}}</ref>

Tension between Vinokourov and his team boiled on stage 14 into the Pyrenees where Vinokourov was dropped. He chased for 20 km and then attacked, but Kloden and Ullrich reeled him in, bringing criticism of T-Mobile's tactics which were apparently just to support Ullrich. Vinokourov settled his differences when he won stage 21 to Paris.

After 3rd place in the time trial in the penultimate stage, losing time to only Armstrong and Ullrich, Vinokourov moved to 6th, trailing [[Levi Leipheimer]] in 5th by two seconds. The final stage, usually a formality, became a showdown between Vinokourov and Leipheimer. A sprint prime with time bonuses came at 75 km in Châteny-Malabry. Leipheimer and his Gerolsteiner team came to the front. Leipheimer needed to prevent Vinokourov from getting it. Gerolsteiner set a fast tempo to discourage Vinokourov. But 1.5 km from the sprint, Vinokourov attacked. Soon only Leipheimer could hold his wheel, but he was not able to pass and so Vinokourov gained six seconds, Leipheimer four. Leipheimer was ahead only by a fraction of a second. When they reached Paris officials stopped the clock due to dangerous conditions (the cobblestone road was wet and slippery from rain), and the final sprint prime was cancelled.

Leipheimer said he was informed that normal bonus time for 1st, 2nd and 3rd place on the stage would also not be awarded. He and others thought Leipheimer had 5th place. In the final kilometers, several riders broke clear but were caught. Then, as the pace was increasing, Vinokourov moved to the front. With 2 km remaining, [[Laurent Brochard]] attacked and Vinokourov jumped on his wheel. A few seconds later [[Brad McGee]] closed the gap. When Brochard cracked, McGee moved to the front, but Vinokourov followed. They achieved a gap that could not be closed. McGee zigged and zagged, making Vinokourov work, but Vinokourov found enough power to pull around McGee and win.

<blockquote>That was victory made of courage and guts – I really gave it all in the last kilometres, although I didn't think it was possible until I crossed the line. I just went 'à bloc' – it's unbelievable, magnificent! I have no words for it...I did think a lot about [[Andrei Kivilev|Kivilev]] yesterday in St. Etienne, and I think that motivated me even more. I'm very happy to win.{{citation needed|date=July 2015}}</blockquote>

Tour officials awarded time bonuses after all, so Vinokourov gained 20 seconds to put him into 5th place.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/riders/2005/diaries/levi/tour05.php?id=levi0528|title=Levi Leipheimer describes how Vinokourov knocked him out of 5th place in the final stage of the 2005 Tour|publisher=cyclingnews.com|accessdate=27 July 2007}}</ref> As his contract with T-Mobile was up in 2005, many speculated which team he would join, and whether it would give him full support in 2006. The team turned out to be [[Manolo Saiz]]'s {{ct|ONC|2006a}} team.

===2006–2007===
Liberty Seguros withdrew sponsorship on 25 May 2006 after the arrest of Manolo Saiz relating to blood doping. A coalition of companies from Kazakhstan took over sponsorship, now called {{ct|ONC|2006c}}. On 30 June 2006, Astana-Würth withdrew from the [[2006 Tour de France]] after five riders were implicated in the [[Operación Puerto doping case]], leaving Vinokourov, one of the favorites, with three teammates, below the required six riders. Vinokourov was never accused or implicated.

In the [[2006 Vuelta a España|Vuelta a España]], the team was known simply as {{ct|ONC|2006d}} after [[Würth]] departed sponsorship. After losing time in the first mountains, Vinokourov went into attack. He lost the 7th stage to [[Alejandro Valverde]], took revenge by winning the 8th and 9th stages and climbed to 5th place at the end of the first week. After a good time trial, and aggressive climbing on stages 17 & 18 (stage 18 was won by Kashechkin), Vinokourov took first place and claimed the gold jersey from Valverde. After a strong time trial, his 3rd stage victory, Vinokourov won the Vuelta.

Following his one and only Grand Tour victory at the Vuelta, Vinokourov rode to a podium finish at the [[2006 UCI Road World Championships – Men's time trial|World Championships TT]] in Salzburg, where he took third behind winner [[Fabian Cancellara]] of Switzerland, and the American runner-up, [[David Zabriskie]] – both of {{ct|SAX|2005}}. Vino dropped his chain in the middle of the 15 percent climb, but in his typical laconic manner brushed-off the mishap, explaining:

<blockquote>"I had a hard time putting it back on, but the time I lost only counted for second or third place, so it wasn't that important. Now, I'll concentrate on the road race, for which I'm really motivated."<ref>{{cite web |last=Kröner |first=Hedwig |title=Fabian, the superman World's TT turns out a CSC festival |publisher=Cyclingnews.com |accessdate=1 August 2012 |url=http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road/2006//worlds06/?id=results/worlds063 |date=21 September 2006}}</ref></blockquote>

Vinokourov started the [[2007 Tour de France]] as a definite "Yellow jersey favourite,"<ref>{{cite web|title=Vinokourov and Klöden crash|url=http://www.bikeradar.com/news/article/vinokourov-and-klden-crash-11547/|publisher=AFP|date=12 July 2007}}</ref> with a new team backed by the same Kazakh sponsors who had taken over Liberty Seguros in 2006 – {{ct|AST|2007}}. The Tour started well for Vino when he placed 7th in the [[London]] prologue, losing a mere 30 seconds to time-trial specialist Fabian Cancellara. Vino was ranked inside the top-10 through the second stage, and he remained in contention for the overall until the fifth stage, when he experienced a misfortune.<ref>{{cite web|last=Brallier|first=Max|title=Top Tour de France Rider Hurt in Crash|url=http://www.newser.com/story/4234/top-tour-de-france-rider-hurt-in-crash.html|publisher=Newser.com|accessdate=1 August 2012|date=13 July 2007}}</ref> As the peloton accelerated before the final climb, Vinokourov fell heavily at high speed and tumbled into a ditch with 25k to go. He suffered severe cuts and abrasions to both knees and elbows, and serious bruising to his right buttock.<ref name="farrand2007">{{cite web|last=Farrand|first=Stephen|title=VINO'S TOUR CHANCES IN DOUBT AFTER CRASH|url=http://www.cyclingweekly.co.uk/news/latest/348794/vino-s-tour-chances-in-doubt-after-crash.html|publisher=Cycling Weekly|date=12 July 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Vinokourov and Klöden crash|url=http://www.bikeradar.com/news/article/vinokourov-and-klden-crash-11547/|publisher=BikeRadar.com|accessdate=1 August 2012|author=AFP|date=12 July 2007|quote=Astana's team leader Vinokourov got back on his bike to rejoin the peloton after crashing inside the last 30km...the Kazakh rider came down on the tarmac while racing at speed.}}</ref> The wounded Kazakh could be seen standing on the left side of the road, gesticulating while a frantic teammate struggled to fix his leader's damaged bike.

The main field did not slow to allow Vinokourov to reintegrate with the bunch, but instead raced on towards the finish in Autun. Vino remounted and began to chase, calling back seven of his eight teammates to help his bid to regain the leaders.<ref name="farrand2007"/> The Astana train pursued the favorites, until Vinokourov himself surged ahead of his companions and lead the last wave of the chase. When Vino crossed the line, he finished 1–20 behind his main rivals, all of whom arrived together.<ref name="farrand2007"/>

After the dramatic crash and the serious injuries, Vino expectantly lost time in the Alps, and he was dismissed from the list of GC contenders.

But despite his injuries, and after seemingly being written off by the press and his rivals, Vinokourov rallied and won the first individual time trial by 1:14 from [[Cadel Evans]]. With tranquility and some modesty, Vino explained:

<blockquote>"I am happy with my performance, I am finding my legs again. Now I want to attack in the Pyrénées. I want to thank everyone in and around the team that encouraged me to get through the Alps."<ref>{{cite web| url= http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road/2007/tour07/?id=results/tour0713 | title = A mighty maillot jaune holds – Vino returns with stage win |publisher = Cyclingnews.com}}</ref></blockquote>

He also won stage 15, a mountain stage finishing in Loudenvielle.

===Blood doping suspension===
The next day (24 July) Vinokourov failed a doping control following his time trial victory. His blood had a double population of [[erythrocyte]]s, which implied a [[Blood transfusion#Procedures|homologous transfusion]].<ref>{{cite web| url= http://www.team-astana.eu/f/actualite.php | title = Alexandre Vinokourov contrôlé positif, Astana Cycling Team se retire du Tour de France | publisher = Team Astana}}</ref> He delivered a positive for [[blood doping]] on 24 July 2007.<ref name=faileddopetest>{{cite news|title=Team says Vinokourov fails dope test
| url = http://www.reuters.com/article/sportsNews/idUSL2475229520070724 |publisher=Reuters |accessdate=24 July 2007 |date=24 July 2007 }}</ref>

As a result, his {{ct|AST|2007}} team pulled out after being requested to withdraw by [[Amaury Sport Organisation|ASO]] president [[Patrice Clerc]]<ref>{{cite web| url = http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road/2007/tour07/news/?id=/news/2007/jul07/jul25news| title = Vinokourov positive for transfusion, Astana quits Tour| publisher = Cyclingnews| date = 25 July 2007}}</ref>

Vinokourov's B sample came back positive a few days later, and Cadel Evans was declared winner of stage 13. Vinokourov was stripped of his stage 15 victory, which was awarded to [[Kim Kirchen]] of [[Luxembourg]]. According to [[Phil Liggett]], long-time commentator for the Tour, "It is incomprehensible that Vinokourov could do such a thing when he must have known he was under suspicion because of his dealing with disgraced doctor [[Michele Ferrari]] in Italy. He must have known he would be tested at every opportunity, and the time trial was the perfect occasion."<ref>{{cite web| url= http://www.versus.com/tdf/article/view/40064/?ss=report&tf=DailyReports_read.tpl | title = Versus Daily Reports, The 94th Tour de France, from July 7th to 29th 2007|publisher = Versus}}</ref>

Vinokourov received a one-year suspension from the [[Kazakhstan Cycling Federation]] The [[Union Cycliste Internationale|UCI]] was angered by the short ban—a lighter sentence than those received by other cyclists found guilty, such as [[Tyler Hamilton]] and [[Ivan Basso]]—which would allow him to ride in the [[2008 Beijing Olympics]].<ref>[http://velonews.com/race/int/articles/13767.0.html VeloNews | Thursday's EuroFile: Light Vino' sentence irks UCI; Klöden sticks with Astana; ex-Olympian was informer | The Journal of Competitive Cycling] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071208191855/http://velonews.com/race/int/articles/13767.0.html |date=8 December 2007 }}</ref> His team Astana then threatened to sue Vinokourov for damages,<ref>[http://www.olntv.com/tdf/article/archive/163/?ss=report&tf=DailyReports_list.tpl Paul Sherwen], Versus TV network commentary (7-26-07)</ref> as did [[Cadel Evans]] and team {{ct|OLO|2007}}, due to the publicity they lost for Evans not being named the winner at the time of the stage.{{citation needed|date=July 2015}}

In December 2007, Vinokourov announced his retirement.<ref name="Banned Vinokourov quits cycling">{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/cycling/7131015.stm |title=Banned Vinokourov quits cycling |date=7 December 2007 |accessdate=7 December 2007 |publisher=BBC Sport| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20090424052234/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/cycling/7131015.stm| archivedate=24 April 2009| deadurl= no}}</ref>

===2009–2010===
[[File:Alexandr Vinokourov-IMG 1345.jpg|thumb|right|Vinokourov in 2011 Tour de Romandie prologue.|alt=A cyclist riding a time trial while wearing a skinsuit.]]
Vinokourov, banned for a year after doping at the 2007 Tour de France, told the Belgian TV program Sporza that he wanted to race again in 2009. He said: <blockquote>"I love cycling. I want to come back because I didn't want to end my career in this way. I feel as if I can win once again the big races."</blockquote>

The UCI then renewed an appeal to the [[Court of Arbitration for Sport]], asking it to overturn the one-year suspension by the Kazakh federation and to impose a standard two-year ban. This appeal, originally filed in 2007, was dropped when Vinokourov said he was retiring.<ref>[http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/2008/more/12/22/vinokourov.ap/index.html UCI Asks Sport Court to Keep Cyclist Vinokourov Banned] 22 December 2008</ref> The case was retabled and the CAS ruled the ban would expire on 24 July 2009.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tas-cas.org/en/infogenerales.asp/4-3-3337-1092-4-1-1/5-0-1092-15-1-1/ |title=CAS preliminary decision |publisher=Tas-cas.org |date= |accessdate=2 August 2012}}</ref>

Vinokourov made his comeback in [[Tour de l'Ain]] in August 2009, riding for Kazakhstan. In the third stage, a time trial over 8.6 km, he won his first race after his ban.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/othersports/cycling/6016058/Alexandre-Vinokourov-claims-first-victory-on-Tour-de-lAin-after-return-from-doping-ban.html|title=Alexandre Vinokourov claims first victory on Tour de l'Ain after return from doping ban|publisher=Telegraph|date=12 August 2009|accessdate=20 August 2009}}</ref> Vinokourov re-joined Astana on 24 August 2009 and was named for the [[2009 Vuelta a España]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cyclingnews.com/news/vinokourov-to-head-to-the-tour-of-spain-with-astana |title=Vinokourov To Head To The Tour Of Spain With Astana |publisher=Cyclingnews.com |date= |accessdate=2 August 2012}}</ref>

Starting his first full professional season since being sanctioned for doping after the [[2007 Tour de France]] and sidelined from the sport, Vinokourov began systematically building his form for a planned debut at the [[2010 Giro d'Italia]]. He rode well in the early-season Tour of the Mediterranean, where he finished 5th overall, and served as a super-domestique for his Astana teammate [[Alberto Contador]] at the Critérium International.<ref>{{cite web|title=Vinokourov wants pink in Giro d'Italia, hopes to ride Tour de France|url=http://www.velonation.com/News/ID/3885/Vinokourov-wants-pink-in-Giro-dItalia-hopes-to-ride-Tour-de-France.aspx|publisher=VeloNation Press|accessdate=1 August 2012|date=21 April 2010|quote="Yesterday's Giro del Trentino opening time trial saw Astana's Alexandre Vinokourov notch up his third win since returning from his two-year doping ban."}}</ref> Vino stormed to victory in April at the opening time trial of the Giro del Trentino in Italy, where he took 35 seconds out of former Giro winner [[Ivan Basso]] in only 12.5 km. He successfully defended his overall lead and won the event over another ex-doper, [[Riccardo Riccò]] of the Ceramica Flaminia team.<ref>{{cite web|title=Giro del Trentino: Vinokourov secures overall, Pozzovivo the stage|url=http://www.velonation.com/News/ID/3908/Giro-del-Trentino-Vinokourov-secures-overall-Pozzovivo-the-stage.aspx|publisher=VeloNation Press|accessdate=1 August 2012|date=23 April 2010|quote="Alexandre Vinokourov (Astana) successfully defended his overall lead in the Giro de Trentino today."}}</ref> It was his first major win since he returned to Astana the previous August, and an unusually-expressive Vinokourov shared his thoughts post-race:

<blockquote>"It’s a great satisfaction. By winning the first stage against the clock I didn’t think I would keep the jersey until the end. I even thought not to ride this last stage because I would have driven to Liege if there was no plane. Fortunately, the volcano in Iceland has subsided. I have a flight tonight from Bergamo to Belgium. It [the fact that he wouldn't have to drive] especially helped me to defend my jersey until the final. Riccó is very strong and I feared him a lot with a uphill finish like today. He arrived second and I went fourth just 12 seconds behind, which means that my legs were not bad either."<ref>{{cite web|title=Giro del Trentino: Vinokourov secures overall, Pozzovivo the stage|url=http://www.velonation.com/News/ID/3908/Giro-del-Trentino-Vinokourov-secures-overall-Pozzovivo-the-stage.aspx|publisher=VeloNation Press|accessdate=1 August 2012|date=23 April 2010}}</ref></blockquote>

[[File:Alexander Vinokourov, Olympic Road Race London - July 2012.jpg|thumb|left|Vino leads the break in 2012 Olympics RR.]]
Because of his doping shame, Vinokourov could not count on riding the [[2010 Tour de France]], but Giro organizers had no similar qualms about inviting him to their event. Accordingly, he targeted a strong performance in the Italian grand tour, although he took pains to downplay his chances of overall victory:

<blockquote>"I do not talk about winning [the Giro d'Italia], but I would certainly [aim to] wear the pink jersey for one day. That would be nice for my collection."<ref>{{cite web|title=Vinokourov wants pink in Giro d'Italia, hopes to ride Tour de France|url=http://www.velonation.com/News/ID/3885/Vinokourov-wants-pink-in-Giro-dItalia-hopes-to-ride-Tour-de-France.aspx|publisher=VeloNation Press|accessdate=1 August 2012|date=21 April 2010|quote="With his win yesterday, he is in with a chance to grab the Giro d'Italia's leader's jersey at the opening 8.5 kilometer time trial in Amsterdam, The Netherlands."}}</ref></blockquote>

With Contador's help, Vinokourov won the [[2010 Liège–Bastogne–Liège]],<ref>{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/other_sports/cycling/8643172.stm |title=Astana's Alexander Vinokourov wins in Liege|date=25 April 2010|work=[[BBC Sport]]|publisher=BBC|accessdate=26 April 2010 | archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20100429012959/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/other_sports/cycling/8643172.stm| archivedate= 29 April 2010 | deadurl= no}}</ref> six seconds clear of breakaway companion [[Alexandr Kolobnev]] with Spain's [[Alejandro Valverde]] coming in third, more than a minute after the pair.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cyclingnews.com/races/liege-bastogne-liege-2010/results|title=Vinokourov victorious at La Doyenne|work=Cycling News|publisher=Future Publishing Limited|date=27 April 2010|accessdate=23 September 2012|author=Brecht Decaluwé}}</ref> In December 2011, Swiss magazine ''L'Illustre'' ran a story about how Vinokourov had allegedly bought the victory.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.sbs.com.au/cyclingcentral/news/33905/vinokourov-bought-2010-liege-bastogne-magazine-alleges|title=Vinokourov bought 2010 Liege-Bastogne magazine alleges|work=Cycling Central|publisher=SBS 2012|agency=AFP|date=7 December 2011|accessdate=23 September 2012}}</ref> It was revealed that Kolobnev (who was not on the same team) received a payment of 100,000 Euros after the race from a bank account owned by the Kazakh in [[Monaco]] to Kolobnev's bank account in [[Locarno]].<ref name="Vino LBL"/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cyclingweekly.co.uk/news/latest/531067/vinokourov-fights-liege-bastogne-liege-bribe-allegations.html|title=Vinokourov fights Liege-Bastogne-Liege bribe allegations|work=Cycling Weekly|publisher=IPC Media Sports & Leisure network|date=7 December 2011|accessdate=23 September 2012|author=Gregor Brown}}</ref> The magazine published the e-mail exchange between the two, which started the day after the race. In these, Kolobnev wonders if he had done the right thing by letting Vino win and shares a copy of his bank info, expressing concerns that they may get caught. Vino replies: “You have done everything properly, do not worry. As you say, the Earth is round and God sees everything [...] Do not worry about the agreement, I will do it.”<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.cyclingnews.com/news/emails-between-vinokourov-and-kolobnev-published|title=Emails between Vinokourov and Kolobnev published|work=Cycling News|publisher=Future Publishing Limited|date=7 December 2011|accessdate=23 September 2012}}</ref> Vinokourov did not deny a payment was made, but said that he did not buy the race: “It’s another story to blacken my name. I often loan money left and right.”<ref name="Vino LBL">{{cite news|url=http://velonews.competitor.com/2011/12/news/magazine-alleges-alexander-vinokourov-bought-2010-liege-bastogne-liege-victory_199358|title=Magazine alleges Alexander Vinokourov bought 2010 Liège-Bastogne-Liège victory|work=Velo News|publisher=2012 Competitor Group, Inc.|date=6 December 2011|accessdate=23 September 2012}}</ref>

Paired to perfection with his Spanish teammate in the Ardennes, Vino paved the way for Contador's supremacy in July, and pledged fealty to the defending Tour de France champ, whom he vowed to support:

<blockquote>"It has always been the plan that I'd work for Alberto at the Tour and for myself at the Giro."<ref>{{cite web|last=Quénet|first=Jean-François|title=Vinokourov seeks overall victory at the Giro|url=http://www.cyclingnews.com/news/vinokourov-seeks-overall-victory-at-the-giro|publisher=Cyclingnews.com|accessdate=1 August 2012|date=7 May 2010|quote="Alexandre Vinokourov will start the Giro d'Italia on Saturday with the aim of winning the overall classification but he admits he has no experience at the Italian Grand Tour and didn't reconnoitre the tricky mountain stages that include the Zoncolan, Plan de Corones, the Mortirolo and the Gavia climbs among others."}}</ref></blockquote>

Barely a month later at the [[2010 Giro d'Italia|Giro d'Italia]], Vinokourov finished 6th overall after having worn the [[maglia rosa]] for five dramatic days.

On just his third day ever racing the Giro, Vino inherited the pink leader's jersey from [[Cadel Evans]] of BMC after the Australian was involved in a seafront crash with 15 km to go to the finish.<ref>{{cite web|last=Quénet|first=Jean-François|title=Vinokourov pretty in pink at first Giro|url=http://www.cyclingnews.com/news/vinokourov-pretty-in-pink-at-first-giro|publisher=Cyclingnews.com|accessdate=1 August 2012|date=10 May 2010|quote=On just his third ever day in the Giro d’Italia, Alexandre Vinokourov (Astana) has taken the leader's jersey from Cadel Evans (BMC).}}</ref> Vinokourov couldn't hide the fact that he was happy to lead the Giro:

<blockquote>“I was riding the last ten kilometres without thinking of taking the pink jersey. I had seen that Andre Greipel was up there, so I was convinced that he’d win the stage and take the pink jersey with the time bonus. But he didn’t win, so the jersey is mine. To get it is wonderful. I received it without looking for it, really. This is my first participation to the Giro d’Italia and I already have the jersey.”<ref>{{cite web|last=Quénet|first=Jean-François|title=Vinokourov pretty in pink at first Giro|url=http://www.cyclingnews.com/news/vinokourov-pretty-in-pink-at-first-giro|publisher=Cyclingnews.com|accessdate=1 August 2012|date=10 May 2010}}</ref></blockquote>

Vinokourov fulfilled his promise to Contador and served as his teammate's super-domestique during the Tour, which Contador completed ahead of [[Andy Schleck]] and [[Denis Menchov]]. However Contador's victory was vacated when it was determined he had [[Alberto Contador#2010 Tour de France|tested positive]] for a minute amount of the banned drug [[clenbuterol]]. Despite this, Astana still saw some measure of success in the Tour, with Vinokourov winning stage 13 after a solo attack over the last climb of the day and a determined effort to hold off the field.<ref>{{cite news|last=Keaten|first=Jamey|title=Alexandre Vinokourov wins Tour de France stage after return from doping ban|url=http://m.jacksonville.com/sports/2010-07-17/story/alexandre-vinokourov-wins-tour-de-france-stage-after-return-doping-ban|agency=Associated Press|accessdate=1 August 2012|date=17 July 2010|quote="Alexandre Vinokourov did his time for doping. Now, he's back to basking in Tour de France glory again."}}</ref> With typical Vino understatement, he summed up his triumph:

<blockquote>"I showed I worked hard in these two years."<ref>{{cite news|last=Keaten|first=Jamey|title=Alexandre Vinokourov wins Tour de France stage after return from doping ban|url=http://m.jacksonville.com/sports/2010-07-17/story/alexandre-vinokourov-wins-tour-de-france-stage-after-return-doping-ban|agency=Associated Press|accessdate=1 August 2012|date=17 July 2010}}</ref></blockquote>

===2011–2012===
In the 9th stage of the [[Tour de France 2011]] Vinokourov fell and broke his right [[femur]]. On 17 July 2011, his "retirement" from professional cycling was announced, unofficially and without comment, on [[Twitter]] pages by fellow cyclists. Later that day he confirmed his retirement.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.itv.com/tourdefrance/2011/news/vinokourov-crashes-out-of-tour/ |title=Four riders including Vinokourov abandon tour after mountain crash – News – Tour de France |publisher=ITV |date= |accessdate=2 August 2012}}</ref> Rehabilitating from the accident he discovered he felt better than he had anticipated, and decided to ride the [[2011 Giro di Lombardia]] before retiring. In September, he decided to postpone his retirement altogether, and announced he would return for the 2012 season and ride for Astana in the Tour de France.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.letour.fr/2012/TDF/RIDERS/us/engages.html |title=Starters – Tour de France 2012 |publisher=Letour.fr |date= |accessdate=2 August 2012}}</ref>

[[File:Alexander Vinokourov 2, London 2012 Time Trial - Aug 2012.jpg|thumb|right|Vinokourov riding the Time Trial at the 2012 Olympics in London.|alt=A cyclist riding a bike while wearing a skinsuit and an aerodynamic helmet.]]
True to his word, Vinokourov returned to pro cycling in 2012 as a rider and debuted at the Tour de Langkawi with his Astana teammates,<ref>{{cite web|last=Barry|first=Adam|title=Alexander Vinokourov to start the new season at the Tour of Langwaki 2012 | url=http://blogs.bettor.com/Alexander-Vinokourov-to-start-the-new-season-at-the-Tour-of-Langkawi-2012-a129022|publisher=Bettor.com|accessdate=30 July 2012}}</ref> the same place that Vinokourov started his pro career with Casino with his 1997 performance with the Kazakhstan national team.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cyclingtime.com/en/2553/article/Cyclingtime-interview-with-Alexandre-Vinokourov |title=Cyclingtime interview with Alexandre Vinokourov |publisher=Cyclingtime.com |date= |accessdate=2012-08-02}}</ref><ref name="velonation"/><ref>{{cite web|title=Vinokourov says Astana is targeting overall victory|url=http://kazworld.info/?p=19793|publisher=Kazworld.info|accessdate=30 July 2012|date=21 February 2012}}</ref>

Vinokourov stated that the team was aiming for the "overall title", as opposed to any personal win.<ref name="velonation">{{cite web| last=Stokes|first=Shane |title=Vinokourov says Astana is targeting overall victory in Tour de Langkawi| url=http://www.velonation.com/News/ID/11189/Vinokourov-says-Astana-is-targeting-overall-victory-in-Tour-de-Langkawi.aspx|publisher=Velonation.com|accessdate=30 July 2012|date=19 February 2012}}</ref> He explained,
<blockquote>"This is my first big race since I crashed at the Tour de France last year and it will be a good start for my season, for me to find my rhythm before heading to Europe for the Classics."<ref name="velonation"/></blockquote>

While he had a quiet spring season of racing, barring accident, illness, or another doping scandal, Vinokourov's spot on Astana's [[Tour de France 2012]] roster was secure owing to his status within the team and the symbolic importance for Kazakhstan of his participation. And while he did not win a stage, Vinokourov featured in several breakaways, including an attack on [[2012 Tour de France, Stage 11 to Stage 20#Stage 18|Stage 18]] that saw him win the [[Combativity award in the Tour de France|Combativity award]] for the day.<ref>{{cite web|title=Tour de France: Vinokourov misses out on stage win, gets most aggressive rider award on stage 18|url=http://www.velonation.com/News/ID/12456/Tour-de-France-Vinokourov-misses-out-on-stage-win-gets-most-aggressive-rider-award-on-stage-18.aspx|publisher=Velonation Press|accessdate=30 July 2012|date=20 July 2012|quote=Vinokourov had to be satisfied with the most aggressive rider award on today’s eighteenth stage of the race.}}</ref>

One week after the conclusion of the Tour, Vinokourov won the gold medal in the [[Cycling at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Men's road race|Men's Road Race]] at the London 2012 Olympics.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/olympics/18909585|title=Mark Cavendish's Olympic bid fails as Alexandre Vinokourov wins gold|accessdate=28 July 2012}}</ref> Vinokourov and the Colombian [[Rigoberto Urán]] attacked out of a large breakaway group with 8 km to go and worked steadily together until the finish. He then drew ahead of Urán in the final three hundred meters, and crossed the line alone, arms-aloft.<ref>{{cite web|last=Benson|first=Daniel|title=Vinokourov wins Olympic gold medal|url=http://www.cyclingnews.com/2012-olympic-games/olympic-mens-road-race/results|publisher=Cyclingnews.com|accessdate=31 July 2012|date=28 July 2012}}</ref> Afterward, he said,

<blockquote>"It's just unbelievable. I finished the Tour de France a little tired, but the Olympics, I must go there.''" About the breakaway group, he continued, "''It was up-down, up-down, too many people. It was very dangerous. I knew that if I was following the group I would have had no chance in the sprint. I finish my career with this victory."<ref name="nbcolympics1">{{cite web |url=http://www.nbcolympics.com/news-blogs/cycling/vinokourov-wins-gold-in-road-race.html|title=Vinokourov of Kazakhstan wins Olympic road race|accessdate=28 July 2012}}</ref></blockquote>

Confirming his retirement after collecting his medal, Vinokourov – the only Olympic medalist in the men's road race from an Asian country – also became the only cyclist to win two medals in the discipline. Before winning gold in 2012, he claimed silver in 2000 (see [[List of Olympic medalists in cycling (men)|Men's Road Race]] for a list of all medalists in this event). Vinokourov's last official competition would be the [[Cycling at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Men's road time trial|time trial at the Olympics]] the following week. He explained:

<blockquote>"It is nice to finish off my career with a gold medal. I will still race in the time trial on Wednesday, but I will just spin. I have what I have wanted. I have the gold medal and I can envision my retirement."<ref name="nbcolympics1"/></blockquote>

After his win, he released a statement saying that he may "continue in select events in 2012".

<blockquote>“I just won an Olympic title. It was a dream, so I cannot be sad. This is the last important race of my career, but I might race some other races at the end of this season as an Olympic champion.”<ref>{{cite web|title=Vinokourov may start future races, would like to become sport director|url=http://velonews.competitor.com/2012/08/news/vinokourov-may-start-future-races-would-like-to-become-sport-director_232620|publisher=VeloNews|accessdate=1 August 2012|date=1 August 2012|quote="Olympic road race champion Alexander Vinokourov rode what he had planned to be his final race as a professional on Wednesday in the Olympic time trial and said afterward that he may continue in select events in 2012 and would like to work as a sports director."}}</ref></blockquote>

==Retirement==
On 16 September 2012, Vinokourov auctioned his Olympic gold-winning Specialized bicycle. It was sold to the Tak Group Company for $243,000. The starting price amounted to $50,000. Vinokourov donated the money from the auction for treatment of five children with serious diseases.{{citation needed|date=July 2015}}

<blockquote>“The bicycle brought good luck to me and I can now support the young citizens of Kazakhstan who are having a difficult time by selling this bicycle. I hope that some of them will become champions, not necessarily in sport, but in their own lives. They should be strong in spirit and fight to the end! And this way they will win,” Vinokourov said at the closure of the auction.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://en.tengrinews.kz/people/Cycling-Vinokourov-auctioned-his-gold-winning-bicycle-13007/|title=Cycling: Vinokourov auctioned his gold-winning bicycle|work=Tengrinews.kz English|accessdate=18 September 2012}}</ref></blockquote>

In the autumn of 2012, Alexander Vinokourov entered [[L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University]] to work towards a master's degree in Physical Education.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://en.tengrinews.kz/people/Cycling-Alexandre-Vinokourov-enrolled-at-prestigious-University-12506/|title=Cycling: Alexandre Vinokourov enrolled at prestigious University|work=Tengrinews.kz English|accessdate=4 September 2012}}</ref>

Two months later the [[Union Cycliste Internationale]] initiated an investigation of Alexandre Vinokourov and Russia's [[Alexandr Kolobnev]] over allegations brought by the Swiss news magazine ''L’lllustre'' and Italian newspaper ''[[Corriere della Sera]]''. They accused Vinokourov of cutting a deal with [[Alexandr Kolobnev]] in 2010 to aid him in winning [[Liège–Bastogne–Liège]]. They alleged 150 thousand euros exchanged hands. The UCI's investigation is still pending.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://en.tengrinews.kz/sport/Vinokourov-summoned-to-UCI-regarding-his-Liege-Bastogne-Liege-victory-14270/ |title=Vinokourov summoned to UCI regarding his Liege-Bastogne-Liege victory|work=Tengrinews.kz English|accessdate=6 November 2012}}</ref> In August 2014 prosecutors in Liège confirmed that Vinokourov and Kolobnev had been charged with corruption for the alleged deal, with possible penalties including a jail term of between six and 36 months and a fine of between 600 and 300,000 euros.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www1.skysports.com/cycling/news/15264/9432996/alexandre-vinokourov-faces-up-to-three-years-in-prison-if-found-guilty-of-corruption-charge |title=Alexandre Vinokourov faces up to three years in prison if found guilty of corruption charge |author= |date=21 August 2014 |website=[[skysports.com]] |accessdate=12 September 2014}}</ref>

==Career achievements==
===Major results===
{{colbegin|3}}
;1994
: [[1994 Asian Games|Asian Games]]
::1st [[File:Gold medal blank.svg|15px]] [[Cycling at the 1994 Asian Games|Team time trial]]
::2nd [[File:Silver medal blank.svg|15px]] [[Cycling at the 1994 Asian Games|Time trial]]
::2nd [[File:Silver medal blank.svg|15px]] [[Cycling at the 1994 Asian Games|Road race]]
;1998
: 1st [[File:Jersey yellow.svg|20px]] Overall [[Tour de Picardie]]
::1st Stage 2a
: 1st [[File:Jersey yellow.svg|20px]] Overall [[Circuit de Lorraine]]
::1st Stage 4
: 1st [[File:Jersey pink.svg|20px]] Overall [[Four Days of Dunkirk]]
: 1st Stage 6 [[Tour de Pologne]]
: 2nd Overall [[Vuelta a Murcia]]
: 2nd [[Grand Prix de la Ville de Lillers]]
;1999
: 1st [[File:Jersey yellow-bluebar.svg|20px]] Overall [[Critérium du Dauphiné|Critérium du Dauphiné Libéré]]
::1st Stage 2
: 1st [[File:Jersey yellow.svg|20px]] Overall [[Volta a la Comunitat Valenciana]]
::1st Stage 5b
: 1st Stage 3 [[Tour du Limousin]]
: 2nd Overall [[Grand Prix du Midi Libre]]
::1st Stages 2 & 6
;2000
: 1st Stage 18 [[2000 Vuelta a España|Vuelta a España]]
: 1st Stage 1 ([[Team Time Trial|TTT]]) [[Tour de Suisse]]
: 2nd [[File:Silver medal olympic.svg|15px]] [[Cycling at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Men's road race|Road race]], [[2000 Summer Olympics|Olympic Games]]
: 3rd Overall [[Critérium International]]
;2001
: 1st [[File:Jersey yellow.svg|20px]] Overall [[Deutschland Tour]]
::1st Stage 6
: 1st Stage 4 [[Tour de Suisse]]
;2002
: 1st [[File:Jersey white.svg|20px]] Overall [[Paris–Nice]]
::1st Stage 4
: 1st Stage 3 [[Tour de Suisse]]
: 1st [[File:Silver medal blank.svg|15px]] [[Cycling at the 2002 Asian Games|Road race]], [[2002 Asian Games|Asian Games]]
;2003
: 1st [[File:Jersey white.svg|20px]] Overall [[Paris–Nice]]
::1st Stage 5
: 1st [[File:Jersey yellow.svg|20px]] Overall [[Tour de Suisse]]
::1st Stage 1
: 1st [[2003 Amstel Gold Race|Amstel Gold Race]]
: 3rd Overall [[2003 Tour de France|Tour de France]]
::1st Stage 9
: 3rd Overall [[Deutschland Tour]]
;2004
: 1st [[File:Jersey yellow.svg|20px]] Overall [[Regio-Tour]]
::1st Stages 2 & 3
: [[2004 Paris–Nice|Paris–Nice]]
::1st Stages 5, 7 & 8
: 3rd [[File:Bronze medal blank.svg|15px]] [[2004 UCI Road World Championships – Men's time trial|Time trial]], [[2004 UCI Road World Championships|UCI Road World Championships]]
: 3rd [[2004 Liège–Bastogne–Liège|Liège–Bastogne–Liège]]
;2005
: 1st [[File:MaillotKaz.PNG|20px]] [[Kazakhstan National Road Race Championships|Road race]], National Road Championships
: 1st [[2005 Liège–Bastogne–Liège|Liège–Bastogne–Liège]]
: 1st Stage 4 [[2005 Critérium du Dauphiné Libéré|Critérium du Dauphiné Libéré]]
: 5th Overall [[2005 Tour de France|Tour de France]]
::1st Stages 11 & 21
;2006
: 1st [[File:Jersey gold.svg|20px]] Overall [[2006 Vuelta a España|Vuelta a España]]
::1st [[File:Jersey white.svg|20px]] Combination classification
::1st Stages 8, 9 & 20
: 1st [[File:Jersey yellow.svg|20px]] Overall [[Vuelta a Castilla y León]]
::1st Stage 5
: 3rd [[File:Bronze medal blank.svg|15px]] [[2006 UCI Road World Championships – Men's time trial|Time trial]], [[2006 UCI Road World Championships|UCI Road World Championships]]
;2007
: [[2007 Critérium du Dauphiné Libéré|Critérium du Dauphiné Libéré]]
::1st [[File:Jersey green.svg|20px]] Points classification
::1st Stages 3 & 7
: 3rd Overall [[2007 Tirreno–Adriatico|Tirreno–Adriatico]]
;2009
: [[Asian Cycling Championships]]
::1st [[File:Gold medal blank.svg|15px]] Time trial
::2nd [[File:Silver medal blank.svg|15px]] Road race
: 1st [[Chrono des Nations]]
: 1st Stage 3b [[Tour de l'Ain]]
;2010
: 1st [[File:Jersey red.svg|20px]] Overall [[Giro del Trentino]]
::1st Stage 1 ([[Individual time trial|ITT]])
: 1st [[2010 Liège–Bastogne–Liège|Liège–Bastogne–Liège]]
: 1st Stage 13 [[2010 Tour de France|Tour de France]]
: 2nd [[2010 Clásica de San Sebastián|Clásica de San Sebastián]]
: 6th Overall [[2010 Giro d'Italia|Giro d'Italia]]
;2011
: 3rd Overall [[2011 Tour de Romandie|Tour de Romandie]]
::1st Stage 3
: 3rd Overall [[2011 Critérium du Dauphiné|Critérium du Dauphiné]]
: 4th [[2011 La Flèche Wallonne|La Flèche Wallonne]]
: 8th Overall [[2011 Tour of the Basque Country|Tour of the Basque Country]]
::1st Stage 3
;2012
: 1st [[File:Gold medal olympic.svg|15px]] [[Cycling at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Men's road race|Road race]], [[2012 Summer Olympics|Olympic Games]]
: [[File:Jersey red number.svg|20px]] [[Combativity award in the Tour de France|Combativity award]] Stage 18 [[2012 Tour de France|Tour de France]]
{{colend}}

===Grand Tour general classification results timeline===

{| class="wikitable plainrowheaders"
|-
! scope="col" | [[Grand Tour (cycling)|Grand Tour]]
! scope="col" | 1999
! scope="col" | 2000
! scope="col" | 2001
! scope="col" | 2002
! scope="col" | 2003
! scope="col" | 2004
! scope="col" | 2005
! scope="col" | 2006
! scope="col" | 2007
! scope="col" | 2008
! scope="col" | 2009
! scope="col" | 2010
! scope="col" | 2011
! scope="col" | 2012
|- style="text-align:center;"
! scope="row" | [[File:Jersey pink.svg|20px|link=|alt=A pink jersey]] [[General classification in the Giro d'Italia|Giro d'Italia]]
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
|—
| style="text-align:center; background:#ddf;"|[[2010 Giro d'Italia|6]]
|—
|—
|- style="text-align:center;"
! scope="row" | [[File:Jersey yellow.svg|20px|link=|alt=A yellow jersey]] [[General classification in the Tour de France|Tour de France]]
| style="text-align:center;"|[[1999 Tour de France|35]]
| style="text-align:center;"|[[2000 Tour de France|15]]
| style="text-align:center;"|[[2001 Tour de France|16]]
|—
| style="text-align:center; background:#ddf;"|'''[[2003 Tour de France|3]]'''
|—
| style="text-align:center; background:#ddf;"|[[2005 Tour de France|5]]
|—
| style="text-align:center;"|[[2007 Tour de France|DNF]]
|—
|—
| style="text-align:center;"|[[2010 Tour de France|15]]
| style="text-align:center;"|[[2011 Tour de France|DNF]]
| style="text-align:center;"|[[2012 Tour de France|31]]
|- style="text-align:center;"
! scope="row" | [[File:Jersey red.svg|20px|link=|alt=A red jersey]] [[General classification in the Vuelta a España|Vuelta a España]]
|—
| style="text-align:center;"|[[2000 Vuelta a España|28]]
|—
| style="text-align:center;"|[[2002 Vuelta a España|DNF]]
|—
| style="text-align:center;"|[[2004 Vuelta a España|DNF]]
|—
| style="text-align:center; background:gold;"|'''[[2006 Vuelta a España|1]]'''
|—
|—
| style="text-align:center;"|[[2009 Vuelta a España|DNF]]
|—
|—
|—
|}

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Legend
|-
! scope="col" | —
| Did not compete
|-
! scope="row" | [[Did Not Finish|DNF]]
| Did not finish
|}

==Other==
Vinokourov was awarded the rank of honorary colonel in the Kazakh army in 2000, after he finished second to his then-Telekom teammate [[Jan Ullrich]] in the men's Olympic road race in Sydney. He was again recognized by the state for his sporting prowess in 2003 after finishing third overall in the Tour and received a medal as People’s Hero First Class.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/08/07/sports/cycling/07iht-bike.html |title=Vinokourov Back After 2-Year Ban for Doping |publisher=New York Times}}</ref> In late-2011 Vino was named as a candidate for parliamentary elections in Kazakhstan despite still being active as a professional cyclist.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.velonation.com/News/ID/10500/Vinokourov-named-as-a-candidate-for-parliamentary-elections-in-Kazakhstan.aspx#ixzz1em5rLPuP |title=Vinokourov named as a candidate for parliamentary elections in Kazakhstan |publisher=Velonation}}</ref>
Alexander Vinokourov opened his own bicycle shop on 5 May 2012 in Almaty.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://en.tengrinews.kz/show_and_style/Vinokourov-will-open-bicycle-shop-in-Almaty-9523/|title=Vinokourov will open bicycle shop in Almaty|work=Tengrinews.kz English|accessdate=27 April 2012}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of doping cases in cycling]]
* [[List of sportspeople sanctioned for doping offences]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* {{cycling archives|8128}}
* [http://www.dopeology.org/people/Alexander_Vinokourov/ Dopeology.org – doping history]
* [http://www.tas-cas.org/d2wfiles/document/4761/5048/0/Bulletin01112010.pdf#page=71 Arbitration CAS 2008/A/1458 Union Cycliste Internationale (UCI) v. Alexander Vinokourov & Kazakhstan Cycling Federation]
* [https://www.facebook.com/pages/Alexandre-Vinokourov/374951987462 Facebook page]

{{Footer Olympic Champions Road Cycling Men}}
{{Tour de France combativity award winners}}
{{Vuelta a Espana winners}}
{{Vuelta a España Combination Classification}}
{{Liège–Bastogne–Liège winners}}
{{Astana riders}}
{{commons|Alexander Vinokourov}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Vinokourov, Alexander}}
[[Category:1973 births]]
[[Category:Doping cases in cycling]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Petropavl]]
[[Category:Cyclists at the 1996 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Cyclists at the 2000 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Cyclists at the 2004 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Cyclists at the 2012 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Kazakhstani male cyclists]]
[[Category:Kazakhstani sportspeople in doping cases]]
[[Category:Olympic cyclists of Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Olympic silver medalists for Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Tour de France Champs Elysées stage winners]]
[[Category:Kazakhstani Tour de France stage winners]]
[[Category:Vuelta a España stage winners]]
[[Category:Vuelta a España winners]]
[[Category:Tour de Suisse stage winners]]
[[Category:Olympic medalists in cycling]]
[[Category:Olympic gold medalists for Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 2012 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Asian Games medalists in cycling]]
[[Category:Cyclists at the 1994 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Cyclists at the 2002 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Astana Pro Team]]
[[Category:Tour de France cyclists]]
[[Category:2010 Tour de France stage winners]]
[[Category:Vuelta a España cyclists]]
[[Category:Giro d'Italia cyclists]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 2000 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Asian Games gold medalists for Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Asian Games silver medalists for Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 1994 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 2002 Asian Games]]

Ahmed Adil

2017-03-28T23:09:48Z

GreenC bot: Rescued 1 archive link; reformat 1 link. Wayback Medic 2.1

{{Multiple issues|
{{Cleanup-rewrite|date=December 2009}}
{{USgovtPOV|date=December 2009}}
}}

{{Infobox War on Terror detainee
| name = Ahmed Adil
| image =
| image_size = 203px
| caption = Ahmed Adil
| birth_date = {{Birth year and age|1973}}
| birth_place = [[Kashgar]], [[China]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| detained_at = [[Guantanamo Bay detention camp|Guantanamo]]
| id_number = 260
| group =
| alias =
| charge = No charge (held in [[extrajudicial detention]])
| penalty =
| status = Transferred to a refugee camp in Albania.
| occupation =
| spouse =
| parents =
| children =
}}
'''Ahmed Adil''' is a citizen of [[China]] who was held in [[extrajudicial]] detention in the [[United States]] [[Guantanamo Bay detainment camp]]s, in [[Cuba]].<ref name=DoDList2>
{{cite web
| url=http://www.dod.mil/news/May2006/d20060515%20List.pdf
| title=List of Individuals Detained by the Department of Defense at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba from January 2002 through May 15, 2006
| publisher=[[United States Department of Defense]]
| accessdate=2006-05-15
| quote=
}}</ref>
Adil's Guantanamo [[Internment Serial Number]] was 260.
American [[intelligence analysts]] estimate he was born in 1973, in [[Kashgar]], China.

Adil is one of approximately two dozen detainees from the [[Uyghur people|Uyghur]] ethnic group.<ref>[http://www.atimes.com/atimes/China/FK04Ad02.html China's Uighurs trapped at Guantanamo] {{webarchive |url=http://www.webcitation.org/5iiEnVC9Y?url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/China/FK04Ad02.html |date=2009-08-01 }}, ''[[Asia Times]]'', November 4, 2004 </ref>
Adil is one of approximately half a dozen Uyghurs whose [[Combatant Status Review Tribunal]]s determined they were not enemy combatants after all.<ref name=WapoNlec>{{cite web
|url=http://projects.washingtonpost.com/guantanamo/nlec/
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060811015712/http://projects.washingtonpost.com/guantanamo/nlec/
|archivedate=11 August 2006
|title=Guantanamo Bay Detainees {{sic|nolink=y|Classifed}} as 'No Longer Enemy Combatants'
|publisher= ''[[Washington Post]]''
}}</ref><ref name=DoDNlecList20071119>
{{cite news
| url=
| title=Detainees Found to No Longer Meet the Definition of "Enemy Combatant" during Combatant Status Review Tribunals Held at Guantanamo
| publisher=[[United States Department of Defense]]
| author=
| date=November 19, 2007
| quote=
}}</ref>
Five of the Uyghurs were transferred to [[Albania]].<ref name=BBC20070111>
{{cite news
| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/6189517.stm
| title=Albanian fix for Guantanamo Dilemma
| publisher=BBC
| date=January 11, 2007
| accessdate=2008-04-25
| quote=
| first=Neil
| last=Arun
}}</ref>
Several others had new Tribunals convened that reversed the earlier determination.<ref name="No-hearing_hearings">
{{cite web
| url=http://law.shu.edu/news/final_no_hearing_hearings_report.pdf
| title=No-hearing hearings
| page=17
| authors=[[Mark Denbeaux]], [[Joshua Denbeaux]], David Gratz, John Gregorek, Matthew Darby, Shana Edwards, Shane Hartman, Daniel Mann, Megan Sassaman and Helen Skinner
| publisher=[[Seton Hall University]] School of Law
| accessdate=April 2, 2007
}}</ref>

{{Main|Uighur detainees in Guantanamo}}

{{Uyghur detainee}}
:{| class="wikitable"
|
:Ahmed Adil is a 31-year-old Chinese Citizen who is an ethnic Uighur from the Xinjiang province of China. Adil was last interviewed in the end of 2002. He has no reported incidents of violence in his discipline history. Adil is suspected as {{sic}} being a probable member of the East Turkistan Islamic Movement (ETIM). He is suspected of having received training in an ETIM training camp in Afghanistan.
|}

The information paper also identified him as "Ahnad Adil".

== Combatant Status Review ==
{{CSRT-Yes}}<ref name=CsrtSummaryOfEvidenceAhmedAdil>
{{cite web
| url=http://www.dod.mil/pubs/foi/detainees/csrt_arb/000201-000299.pdf#95
| title=Summary of Evidence for Combatant Status Review Tribunal -- Adil, Ahmed
| date=9 November 2004
| pages=95–96
| author=[[OARDEC]]
| publisher=[[United States Department of Defense]]
| accessdate=2007-12-19
| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20071214110713/http://www.dod.mil/pubs/foi/detainees/csrt_arb/000201-000299.pdf| archivedate= 14 December 2007 | deadurl= no}}</ref>

{{quotation|
:The detainee supported the Taliban against the United States and its coalition partners:
:# The detainee traveled to Jalalabad, Afghanistan from Pakistan in 2001.
:# The detainee went to Afghanistan in October 2001 to receive training.
:# The detainee traveled from Jalalabad to a Uighur camp in the Tora Bora mountains and stayed there for approximately forty-five days.
:# Uighur groups in China’s Xinjiang Uighur Autonomous Region (XUAR) have formed ties with Al Qaeda and other Islamic terrorist groups and China’s two principal militant Uighur groups are the East Turkistan Islamic Movement (ETIM) and the East Turkistan Liberation Organization (ETLO).
:# The East Turkistan Islamic Movement is listed in the U.S. Department of Homeland Security Terrorist Organization Reference Guide, as being one of the most militant groups, and has financial and training ties to Al Qaeda.
:# While in the Tora Bora Mountains, the detainee learned how to “break down” the Kalashniko.
:# The detainee was in the Tora Bora mountains when the U.S. bombing campaign occurred.
:# Pakistani soldiers, while fleeing Afghanistan into Pakistan, captured the detainee, along with other Uighurs and Arabs.
}}

On March 3, 2006, in response to a court order from Jed Rakoff the [[United States Department of Defense|Department of Defense]] published a six page summarized transcript from his Combatant Status Review Tribunal.<ref name=TheAge20060404>
{{cite news
|url=http://www.theage.com.au/news/World/US-releases-Guantanamo-files/2006/04/04/1143916500334.html
|title=US releases Guantanamo files
|publisher=[[The Age]]
|date=April 4, 2006
|accessdate=2008-03-15
|quote=
|location=Melbourne
|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5cbDWU3w5?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theage.com.au%2Fnews%2FWorld%2FUS-releases-Guantanamo-files%2F2006%2F04%2F04%2F1143916500334.html
|archivedate=2008-11-25
|deadurl=no
|df=
}}</ref>

== Letter to the Secretary of State ==

Adil wrote to [[Secretary of State]] [[Condoleezza Rice]] on January 19, 2006.<ref name=Letter>[http://www.bradenton.com/multimedia/miami/news/0505gitmoletterp6.pdf Letter to Condoleezza Rice], January 19, 2006 {{dead link|date=February 2011}}</ref> In it he wrote that his Tribunal determined he was innocent on May 9, 2005. He said he was appealing directly to Rice because he had tried all other options.

== Asylum in Albania ==

On May 5, 2006 the [[United States Department of Defense|Department of Defense]] announced that they had transferred five Uyghurs who had been determined not to have been enemy combatants, to [[Albania]].<ref name=Wapo060505>[https://web.archive.org/web/20121019235912/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/05/05/AR2006050501431.html Albania accepts Chinese Guantanamo detainees], ''[[Washington Post]]'', May 5, 2006 {{dead link|date=February 2011}}</ref>
Seventeen other Uyghurs continue to be held at Guantanamo, because their CSRTs determined they were enemy combatants.

==The McClatchy interview==

On June 15, 2008 the [[McClatchy News Service]] published articles based on interviews with 66 former Guantanamo captives. McClatchy reporters interviewed Ahmed Adil.<ref name=McClatchyCaptiveDatabasePg2>
{{cite news
|url=http://services.mcclatchyinteractive.com/detainees?page=2
|title=Guantanamo Inmate Database: Page 2
|publisher=[[McClatchy News Service]]
|author=[[Tom Lasseter]]
|date=June 15, 2008
|accessdate=2008-06-16
|quote=
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080620093342/http://services.mcclatchyinteractive.com/detainees?page=2
|archivedate=20 June 2008
|deadurl=bot: unknown
|df=
}}
</ref><ref name=McClatchyAhmedAdil>
{{cite news
|url=http://detainees.mcclatchydc.com/detainees/21
|title=Guantanamo Inmate Database: Ahmed Adil
|publisher=[[McClatchy News Service]]
|author=[[Tom Lasseter]]
|date=June 15, 2008
|accessdate=2008-06-16
|quote=
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080626183740/http://detainees.mcclatchydc.com/detainees/21
|archivedate=26 June 2008
|deadurl=bot: unknown
|df=
}}
</ref>
During his interview Ahmed Adil described life in the Uyghur construction camp:
{{quotation|"It was a simple life, but there was food and shelter, and company. I'd only been there 45 days when the bombing started. At first I wasn't worried, because it had nothing to do with me. But then it did. The bombs got close."}}

Ahmed Adil told his interviewers that he spent long periods in solitary confinement, in a cell that was only 3 x 6 feet, and that he was always chained to the floor during his interrogations.<ref name=McClatchyAhmedAdil/>

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}
{{ETIM}}
{{ListUyghurDetainees}}{{Exonerated Guantanamo detainees}}
{{Controversies surrounding people captured during the War on Terror}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Adil, Ahmed}}
[[Category:Chinese extrajudicial prisoners of the United States]]
[[Category:Guantanamo detainees known to have been released]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1973 births]]
[[Category:Year of birth uncertain]]
[[Category:Uyghurs]]

Convention on Psychotropic Substances

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GreenC bot: Rescued 1 archive link; remove 1 link. Wayback Medic 2.1

{{pp-move-indef|small=yes}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2017}}
{{Infobox Treaty
|name = Convention on Psychotropic Substances
|long_name =
|image = Ecstasy_monogram.jpg
|caption = The Convention allows only medical and scientific uses of these substances.
|alt = Ecstasy tablets
|type =
|date_drafted =
|date_signed = 21 February 1971
|location_signed = [[Vienna]], Austria
|date_sealed =
|date_effective = 16 August 1976
|condition_effective = 40 ratifications
|date_expiration =
|signatories = 34
|parties = 183
|depositor =
|language =
|languages =
|website =
|wikisource =
}}

The '''Convention on Psychotropic Substances''' of 1971 is a United Nations [[treaty]] designed to control [[psychoactive drug]]s such as [[#Amphetamine-type stimulants|amphetamine-type stimulants]], [[barbiturate]]s, [[benzodiazepine]]s, and [[Psychedelic drug|psychedelics]] signed in [[Vienna]], [[Austria]] on 21 February 1971. The [[Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs]] of 1961 could not ban the many newly discovered psychotropics,<ref>[https://www.tni.org/en/publication/the-un-drug-control-conventions#4 A Primer on the UN Drug Control Conventions. Transnational Institute, 2015.]</ref> since its scope was limited to [[drug]]s with [[Cannabis (drug)|cannabis]], [[coca]], and [[opium]]-like effects.

During the 1960s such [[recreational drug use|drugs]] became widely available, and government authorities opposed this for numerous reasons, arguing that along with negative health effects, drug use led to lowered moral standards. The Convention, which contains import and export restrictions and other rules aimed at limiting drug use to scientific and medical purposes, came into force on 16 August 1976. As of 2013, 183 [[member states of the United Nations|member states]] are Parties to the treaty. Many laws have been passed to implement the Convention, including the U.S. [[Psychotropic Substances Act (United States)|Psychotropic Substances Act]], the UK [[Misuse of Drugs Act 1971]], and the Canadian [[Controlled Drugs and Substances Act]]. [[Adolf Lande]], under the direction of the [[United Nations Office of Legal Affairs]], prepared the Commentary on the Convention on Psychotropic Substances. The Commentary, published in 1976, is an invaluable aid to interpreting the treaty and constitutes a key part of its [[legislative history]].

Provisions to end the international trafficking of drugs covered by this Convention are contained in the [[United Nations Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances]]. This treaty, signed in 1988, regulates [[wikt:Precursor|precursor]] chemicals to drugs controlled by the Single Convention and the Convention on Psychotropic Substances. It also strengthens provisions against [[money laundering]] and other [[drug-related crime]]s.

==History==
{{refimprove|section|date=February 2017}}
International drug control began with the 1912 [[International Opium Convention]], a treaty which adopted import and export restrictions on the [[Papaver somniferum|opium poppy]]'s psychoactive derivatives. Over the next half-century, several additional treaties were adopted under [[League of Nations]] auspices, gradually expanding the list of controlled substances to encompass [[cocaine]] and other drugs and granting the [[International Narcotics Control Board|Permanent Central Opium Board]] power to monitor compliance. After the United Nations was formed in 1945, those enforcement functions passed to the UN.

In 1961, a conference of plenipotentiaries in New York adopted the [[Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs]], which consolidated the existing drug control treaties into one document and added ''[[Cannabis]]'' to the list of prohibited plants. In order to appease the pharmaceutical interests, the Single Convention's scope was sharply limited to the list of drugs enumerated in the Schedules annexed to the treaty and to those drugs determined to have similar effects.

During the 1960s, drug use increased in Western developed nations. Young people began using hallucinogenic, stimulant, and other drugs on a widespread scale that has continued to the present. In many jurisdictions, police had no laws under which to prosecute users and traffickers of these new drugs; [[Lysergic acid diethylamide|LSD]], for instance, was not prohibited federally in the U.S. until 1967.

In 1968, "[d]eeply concerned at reports of serious damage to health being caused by LSD and similar hallucinogenic substances," the [[United Nations Economic and Social Council]] (ECOSOC) passed a resolution calling on nations to limit the use of such drugs to scientific and medical purposes and to impose import and export restrictions.<ref>{{cite web | date=23 May 1968 | url=http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/Resolutions/resolution_1968-05-23_6.html | title=1968/1294(XLIV). Urgent control measures for LSD and similar hallucinogenic substances | publisher=United Nations Economic and Social Council | accessdate=10 October 2009}}</ref> Later that year, the [[United Nations General Assembly|UN General Assembly]] requested that ECOSOC call upon its [[Commission on Narcotic Drugs]] to "give urgent attention to the problem of the abuse of the psychotropic substances not yet under international control, including the possibility of placing such substances under international control".<ref>{{cite web|date=19 December 1968 |url=http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/resolution_1968-12-19_1.html |title=2433(XXIII). International control of psychotropic substances |publisher=United Nations General Assembly |accessdate=15 April 2006 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060113112647/http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/resolution_1968-12-19_1.html |archivedate=13 January 2006 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }}</ref>

Circa 1969, with use of [[stimulant]]s growing, ECOSOC noted with considerable consternation that the Commission "was unable to reach agreement on the applicability of the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, 1961 to these substances".<ref>{{cite web | date=5 June 1969 | url=http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/Resolutions/resolution_1969-06-05_4.html | title=1969/1401(XLVI). The application of urgent control measures to certain stimulant drugs | publisher=United Nations Economic and Social Council | accessdate=10 October 2009}}</ref> The language of the Single Convention and its legislative history precluded any interpretation that would allow international regulation of these drugs under that treaty. A new convention, with a broader scope, would be required in order to bring those substances under control. Using the Single Convention as a template, the Commission prepared a draft convention which was forwarded to all UN member states. The [[Secretary-General of the United Nations]] scheduled a conference for early 1971 to finalize the treaty.<ref>{{cite web | date=20 May 1971 | url=http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/Resolutions/resolution_1971-05-20_1.html | title=1971/1576(L). United Nations Conference for the Adoption of a Protocol on Psychotropic Substances | publisher=United Nations Economic and Social Council | accessdate=10 October 2009}}</ref>

Meanwhile, countries had already begun passing legislation to implement the draft treaty. In 1969, Canada added Part IV to its [[Food and Drugs Act]], placing a set of "restricted substances," including LSD, [[Dimethyltryptamine|DMT]], and [[3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine|MDA]], under federal control. In 1970, the United States completely revamped its existing drug control laws by enacting the [[Controlled Substances Act]] (amended in 1978 by the [[Psychotropic Substances Act (United States)|Psychotropic Substances Act]], which allows the U.S. drug control Schedules to be updated as needed to comply with the Convention). In 1971, the United Kingdom passed the [[Misuse of Drugs Act 1971]]. A host of other nations followed suit. A common feature shared by most implementing legislation is the establishment of several classes or Schedules of controlled substances, similarly to the Single Convention and the Convention on Psychotropic Substances, so that compliance with international law can be assured simply by placing a drug into the appropriate Schedule.

The conference convened on 11 January 1971. Nations split into two rival factions, based on their interests. According to a [[Senate of Canada]] report, "One group included mostly developed nations with powerful pharmaceutical industries and active psychotropics markets . . . The other group consisted of developing states...with few psychotropic manufacturing facilities".<ref name="CansenReport">{{cite web|year=2002 |url=http://www.parl.gc.ca/37/1/parlbus/commbus/senate/com-e/ille-e/rep-e/repfinalvol3-e.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021117164232/http://www.parl.gc.ca:80/37/1/parlbus/commbus/senate/com-e/ille-e/rep-e/repfinalvol3-e.htm |dead-url=yes |archive-date=17 November 2002 |title=CANNABIS: OUR POSITION FOR A CANADIAN PUBLIC POLICY |publisher=Parliament of Canada |accessdate=15 April 2006 }}</ref> The organic drugmaking states that had suffered economically from the Single Convention's restrictions on [[cannabis]], [[coca]], and [[opium]], fought for tough regulations on synthetic drugs. The synthetic drug-producing states opposed those restrictions. Ultimately, the developing states' lobbying power was no match for the powerful pharmaceutical industry's, and the international regulations that emerged at the conference's close on 21 February were considerably weaker than those of the Single Convention.

The Convention's adoption marked a major milestone in the development of the global drug control regime. Over 59 years, the system had evolved from a set of loose controls focused on a single drug into a comprehensive regulatory framework capable of encompassing almost any mind-altering substance imaginable. According to Rufus King, "It covers such a grab-bag of natural and manufactured items that at every stage of its consideration its proponents felt obliged to stress anew that it would not affect alcohol or tobacco abuse."<ref>King, Rufus. [http://www.druglibrary.net/special/king/dhu/dhu21.htm The Drug Hang Up, America's Fifty-Year Folly].</ref>

==Member states==
As of June 2013, there are 183 state parties to the convention.<ref>[http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=VI-16&chapter=6&lang=en Convention on Psychotropic Substances: Treaty status].</ref> This total includes 182 [[member states of the United Nations]] and the [[Holy See]]. The 11 UN member states that are not party to the convention are [[East Timor]], [[Equatorial Guinea]], [[Haiti]], [[Kiribati]], [[Liberia]], [[Nauru]], [[Samoa]], [[Solomon Islands]], [[South Sudan]], [[Tuvalu]], and [[Vanuatu]]. Liberia has signed the treaty but has not yet ratified it.

==Schedules of Controlled Substances{{anchor|Amphetamine-type stimulants}}==
:''The list of Schedules and the substances presently therein can be found on the International Narcotics Control Board's website.''<ref>{{cite techreport |title=List of Psychotropic Substances under International Control |edition=25 |institution=International Narcotics Control Board |date=January 2014 |url=http://www.incb.org/incb/en/psychotropic-substances/green-lists.html }}</ref>

The Convention has four Schedules of controlled substances, ranging from Schedule I (most restrictive) to Schedule IV (least restrictive). A list of psychotropic substances, and their corresponding Schedules, was annexed to the 1971 treaty. The text of the Convention does not contain a formal description of the features of the substances fitting in each Schedule, in contrast to the US [[Controlled Substances Act]] of 1970, which gave specific criteria for each Schedule in the US system. The '''amphetamine-type stimulants''' (ATS), a legal class of stimulants – not all of which are [[substituted amphetamine]]s – were defined in the 1971 treaty and in subsequent revisions.<ref name="ATS-defined on page 5">{{cite web|title=AMPHETAMINE-TYPE STIMULANTS A GLOBAL REVIEW|url=http://www.unodc.org/pdf/technical_series_1996-01-01_1.pdf|publisher=United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime|accessdate=11 September 2015|page=5}}</ref> A 2002 European Parliament report and a 1996 UNODC report on ATS describe the international Schedules as listed below.<ref name="ATS-defined on page 5" /><ref name="EuroParlReport">{{cite web | author=Kathalijne Maria Buitenweg | date=6 October 2003 | url=http://www.chanvre-info.ch/info/en/Working-document-on-the-UN.html | title=Working document on the UN conventions on drugs | accessdate=15 April 2006}}</ref>
* '''Schedule I''' includes drugs claimed to create a serious risk to public health, whose therapeutic value is not currently acknowledged by the Commission on Narcotic Drugs. It includes synthetic [[Psychedelic drug|psychedelics]] such as [[Lysergic acid diethylamide|LSD]] in addition to natural psychedelics like certain substituted tryptamines. ATS such as [[cathinone]], [[3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine|MDA]], and [[MDMA]] (ecstasy) also fall under this category.<ref name="ATS-defined on page 5" />
* '''Schedule II''' includes certain ATS with therapeutic uses, such as [[amphetamine]] and [[methylphenidate]],<ref name="ATS-defined on page 5" /> as well as some [[analgesic]]s such as [[morphine]].
* '''Schedule III''' includes [[barbiturate]] products with fast or average effects, which have been the object of serious abuse even though useful therapeutically, [[flunitrazepam]] and some analgesics like [[buprenorphine]]. The only ATS in this category is [[cathine]].<ref name="ATS-defined on page 5" /> [[Tetrahydrocannabinol#Dronabinol|Dronabinol]], which is a THC isomer, is also included.
* '''Schedule IV''' includes some weaker barbiturates like ([[phenobarbital]]) and other hypnotics, [[hypnotic]], [[anxiolytic]] [[benzodiazepine]]s (except flunitrazepam), and some weaker stimulants. It has been suggested that [[Tetrahydrocannabinol|THC]] be moved to this category but it is still listed as schedule I. Over a dozen ATS are included in this category, including the substituted amphetamine [[phentermine]].<ref name="ATS-defined on page 5" />

A 1999 UNODC report notes that Schedule I is a completely different regime from the other three. According to that report, Schedule I mostly contains [[hallucinogen]]ic drugs such as LSD that are produced by illicit laboratories, while the other three Schedules are mainly for licitly produced pharmaceuticals. The UNODC report<ref>{{cite web|last=Bayer |first=I. |author2=H. Ghodse |url=http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/bulletin/bulletin_1999-01-01_1_page003.html |title=Evolution of international drug control, 1945–1995 |year=1999 |accessdate=15 April 2006 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060113112714/http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/bulletin/bulletin_1999-01-01_1_page003.html |archivedate=13 January 2006 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }}</ref> also claims that the Convention's Schedule I controls are stricter than those provided for under the Single Convention, a contention that seems to be contradicted by the 2002 [[Senate of Canada]]<ref name="CansenReport"/> and 2003 [[European Parliament]] reports.<ref>{{cite web | author=Kathalijne Maria Buitenweg | date=24 March 2003 | url=http://www.europarl.eu.int/omk/sipade3?PUBREF=-//EP//NONSGML+REPORT+A5-2003-0085+0+DOC+PDF+V0//EN&L=EN&LEVEL=3&NAV=S&LSTDOC=Y | format=PDF | title=Report Including a Proposal for a Recommendation of the European Parliament to the Council on the Reform of the Conventions on Drugs | publisher=Committee on Citizens' Freedoms and Rights, Justice and Home Affairs, European Parliament | accessdate=15 April 2006}}</ref>

Although estimates and other controls specified by the Single Convention are not present in the Convention on Psychotropic Substances, the [[International Narcotics Control Board]] corrected the omission by asking Parties to submit information and statistics not required by the Convention, and using the initial positive responses from various organic drug producing states to convince others to follow.<ref>{{cite web|date=1 January 2005 |url=http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/treaty_adherence.html |title=Monthly Status of Treaty Adherence |publisher=United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime |accessdate=15 April 2006 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060113104753/http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/treaty_adherence.html |archivedate=13 January 2006 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }}</ref> In addition, the Convention does impose tighter restrictions on imports and exports of Schedule I substances. A 1970 [[Bulletin on Narcotics]] report notes:<ref name="Unodc.org-Report2">{{cite web|date=1 January 1970 |url=http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/bulletin/bulletin_1970-01-01_3_page002.html |title=The Protocol on Psychotropic Substances |publisher=United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime |accessdate=15 April 2006 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060113112020/http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/bulletin/bulletin_1970-01-01_3_page002.html |archivedate=13 January 2006 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }}</ref>
:''LSD, mescaline, etc., are controlled in a way which is more stringent than morphine under the narcotics treaties. [[s:Convention on Psychotropic Substances#Article 7: SPECIAL PROVISIONS REGARDING SUBSTANCES IN SCHEDULE 1|Article 7]], which sets down this regime, provides that such substances can only be moved in international trade when both exporter and importer are government authorities, or government agencies or institutions specially authorized for the purpose; in addition to this very rigid identification of supplier and recipient, in each case export and import authorization is also mandatory.''

==Scheduling process==
[[s:Convention on Psychotropic Substances#Article 2: SCOPE OF CONTROL OF SUBSTANCES|Article 2]] sets out a process for adding additional drugs to the Schedules. First, the [[World Health Organization]] (WHO) must find that the drug meets the specific criteria set forth in Article 2, Section 4, and thus is eligible for control. Then, the WHO issues an assessment of the substance that includes:
* The extent or likelihood of abuse,
* The degree of gravity in the public health and social problem,
* The degree of utility of the substance in legitimate medical therapy, and
* Whether international control measures as provided in the treaty would be appropriate and useful.

[[s:Convention on Psychotropic Substances#Article 2|Article 2, Paragraph 4]]:
<blockquote>''If the World Health Organization finds: (a) That the substance has the capacity to produce (i) (1) A state of dependence, and (2) Central nervous system stimulation or depression, resulting in hallucinations or disturbances in motor function or thinking or behaviour or perception or mood, or (ii) Similar abuse and similar ill effects as a substance in Schedule I, II, III or IV, and (b) That there is sufficient evidence that the substance is being or is likely to be abused so as to constitute a public health and social problem warranting the placing of the substance under international control, the World Health Organization shall communicate to the Commission an assessment of the substance, including the extent or likelihood of abuse, the degree of seriousness of the public health and social problem and the degree of usefulness of the substance in medical therapy, together with recommendations on control measures, if any, that would be appropriate in the light of its assessment.''
</blockquote>

The ''Commentary'' gives alcohol and tobacco as examples of psychoactive drugs that were deemed to not fit the above criteria by the 1971 Conference which negotiated the Convention. Alcohol can cause dependence and central nervous depression resulting in disturbances of thinking and behavior, furthermore alcohol causes similar effects as barbiturates, alcohol causes very serious "public health and social problems" in many countries, and also alcohol has minimal use in modern medicine. Nevertheless, according to the ''Commentary'':
: ''Alcohol does not 'warrant' that type of control because it is not 'suitable' for the regime of the Vienna Convention. It appears obvious that the application of the administrative measures for which that treaty provides would not solve or alleviate the alcohol problem.''
Similarly, tobacco can cause dependence and has little medical use, but it was not considered to be a stimulant or depressant or to be similar to other scheduled substances. Most important, according to the ''Commentary'':
: ''[Tobacco] is not suitable for the kinds of controls for which the Vienna Convention provides, and which if applied would not make any useful impact on the tobacco problem. That problem, however serious, therefore does not 'warrant' the placing of tobacco 'under international' control, i.e. under the Vienna Convention.''

The [[Commission on Narcotic Drugs]] makes the final decision on whether to add the drug to a Schedule, "taking into account the communication from the World Health Organization, whose assessments shall be determinative as to medical and scientific matters, and bearing in mind the economic, social, legal, administrative and other factors it may consider relevant". A similar process is followed in deleting a drug from the Schedules or transferring a drug between Schedules. For instance, at its 33rd meeting, the WHO Expert Committee on Drug Dependence recommended transferring [[tetrahydrocannabinol]] to Schedule IV of the Convention, citing its medical uses and low abuse potential.<ref>{{cite book|author=WHO Expert Committee on Drug Dependence|title=WHO Expert Committee on Drug Dependence: Thirty-third Report|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MCJG1DzZfwkC&pg=PA11|year=2003|publisher=World Health Organization|isbn=978-92-4-120915-1|page=11}}</ref> However, the Commission on Narcotic Drugs has declined to vote on whether to follow the WHO recommendation and reschedule tetrahydrocannabinol. The [[United Nations Economic and Social Council|UN Economic and Social Council]], as a parent body of the Commission on Narcotic Drugs, can alter or reverse the Commission's scheduling decisions.

In the event of a disagreement about a drug's Scheduling, Article 2, Paragraph 7 allows a Party to, within 180 days of the communication of the Commission's decision, give the [[Secretary-General of the United Nations|UN Secretary-General]] "a written notice that, in view of exceptional circumstances, it is not in a position to give effect with respect to that substance to all of the provisions of the Convention applicable to substances in that Schedule." This allows the nation to comply with a less stringent set of restrictions. The U.S. [[Controlled Substances Act]]'s ''21 U.S.C. § 811(d)(4)'' implies that placing a drug in Schedule IV or V of the Act is sufficient to "carry out the minimum United States obligations under paragraph 7 of article 2 of the Convention".<ref>{{cite web|date=22 January 2002 |url=http://www.usdoj.gov/dea/pubs/csa/811.htm |title=21 U.S.C. § 811(d)(4) |accessdate=15 April 2006 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060110204316/http://www.usdoj.gov/dea/pubs/csa/811.htm |archivedate=10 January 2006 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }}</ref> This provision, which calls for temporarily placing a drug under federal drug control in the event the Convention requires it, was invoked in 1984 with Rohypnol ([[flunitrazepam]]). Long before abuse of the drug was sufficiently widespread in the United States to meet the Act's drug control criteria, rohypnol was added to the Schedules of the Convention on Psychotropic Substances, and the U.S. government had to place rohypnol in Schedule IV of the Controlled Substances Act in order to meet its minimum treaty obligations.<ref>{{cite web | date=11 March 1999 | url=http://www.hhs.gov/asl/testify/t990311b.html | title=Statement on "Date Rape" Drugs by Nicholas Reuter, M.P.H. | publisher=U.S. Department of Health and Human Services | accessdate=15 April 2006}}</ref>

As of March 2005, 111 substances were controlled under the Convention.

==World Health Organization evaluations of specific drugs==

===Ephedrine===
In 1998, [[ephedrine]] was recommended for control under the Convention. The [[Dietary Supplement Safety and Science Coalition]] lobbied against control, stressing the drug's history and safety, and arguing that "ephedrine is not a controlled substance in the US today, nor should it be internationally".<ref>[http://www.herbs.org/current/archive/ephcontrol.html DSSC says ephedrine should not be a controlled substance], Herb World News Online, 1998.</ref> After a two-year debate, the Expert Committee on Drug Dependence decided against regulating ephedrine. However, the Commission on Narcotics Drugs and the International Narcotics Control Board listed the drug as a Table I precursor under the [[United Nations Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances]], a move that did not require WHO approval.

[[Image:Ketamine2.JPG|thumb|right|Despite its well-known presence in the rave scene, [[ketamine]] remains uncontrolled internationally due to its importance as an [[anesthetic]] in veterinary medicine.]]

===Ketamine===
The Expert Committee on Drug Dependence cautiously began investigating [[ketamine]] at its thirty-third meeting, noting, "Its use in veterinary medicine must also be considered in relation to its control".<ref>{{cite web | date=17 March 2003 | url=http://www.unicri.it/min.san.bollettino/altre/915-en.pdf | format=PDF | title=WHO Expert Committee on Drug Dependence | publisher=World Health Organization | accessdate=15 April 2006}}</ref> Ketamine remains uncontrolled internationally, although many nations (e.g. USA and UK) have enacted restrictions on the drug.

===MDMA===
The Expert Committee's evaluation of [[MDMA]] during its 22nd meeting in 1985 was marked by pleas from physicians to allow further research into the drug's therapeutic uses. [[Paul Grof]], chairman of the Expert Committee, argued that international control was not yet warranted, and that scheduling should be delayed pending completion of more studies. The Expert Committee concluded that because there was "insufficient evidence to indicate that the substance has therapeutic usefulness," it should be placed in Schedule I. However, its report did recommend more MDMA research:<ref>{{cite book | first=Nicholas | last=Saunders | year=1993 | title=E for Ecstasy | isbn=0-9501628-8-4 | url=http://www.erowid.org/library/books_online/e_for_ecstasy/e_for_ecstasy-a1-1.shtml#R15}}</ref>
:''the Expert Committee held extensive discussions concerning therapeutic usefulness of 3,4 Methylenedioxymethamphetamine. While the Expert Committee found the reports intriguing, it felt that the studies lacked the appropriate methodological design necessary to ascertain the reliability of the observations. There was, however, sufficient interest expressed to recommend that investigations be encouraged to follow up these preliminary findings. To that end, the Expert Committee urged countries to use the provisions of [[s:Convention on Psychotropic Substances#Article 7: SPECIAL PROVISIONS REGARDING SUBSTANCES IN SCHEDULE 1|Article 7]] of the Convention on Psychotropic Substances to facilitate research on this interesting substance.'' <ref>WHO Expert Committee on Drug Dependence, [http://whqlibdoc.who.int/trs/WHO_TRS_729.pdf Twenty-second Report], Technical Report Series 729 (1985)</ref>

MDMA was added to the convention as a Schedule I controlled substance in February 1986.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.unodc.org/documents/commissions/CND/Drug_Resolutions/1980-1989/1986/CND_Decision-1986-07_S-IX.pdf |title=Decision to place MDMA into Schedule I |publisher=Commission on Narcotic Drugs |date=11 February 1986 |website=UNODC |access-date=9 May 2015}}</ref>

===MBDB===
[[1,3-Benzodioxolyl-N-methylbutanamine|MBDB]] (Methylbenzodioxolylbutanamine) is an [[Empathogen-entactogen|entactogen]] with similar effects to [[MDMA]]. The thirty-second meeting of the WHO Expert Committee on Drug Dependence (September 2000) evaluated MBDB and recommended against scheduling.<ref name="Thirty-second Report">WHO Expert Committee on Drug Dependence, [http://whqlibdoc.who.int/trs/WHO_TRS_903.pdf Thirty-second Report], Technical Report Series 903 (2001)</ref>

From the WHO Expert Committee assessment of MBDB:
:''Although MBDB is both structurally and pharmacologically similar to MDMA, the limited available data indicate that its stimulant and euphoriant effects are less pronounced than those of MDMA. There have been no reports of adverse or toxic effects of MBDB in humans. Law enforcement data on illicit trafficking of MBDB in Europe suggest that its availability and abuse may now be declining after reaching a peak during the latter half of the 1990s. For these reasons, the Committee did not consider the abuse liability of MBDB would constitute a significant risk to public health, thereby warranting its placement under international control. Scheduling of MBDB was therefore not recommended.''

===Methcathinone===
Circa 1994, the United States government notified the [[Secretary-General of the United Nations|UN Secretary General]] that it supported controlling [[methcathinone]], an addictive stimulant manufactured with common household products, as a Schedule I drug under the Convention. The FDA report warned of the drug's dangers, even noting that addicts in Russia were observed to often have "[[potassium permanganate]] burns on their fingers" and to "tend not to pay attention to their appearance, thus looking ragged with dirty hands and hair".<ref>{{cite web | date=20 June 1994 | url=http://paranoia.lycaeum.org/stimulants/59.FR.31639 | title=International Drug Scheduling; Convention on Psychotropic Substances; Certain Stimulant/Hallucinogenic Drugs and Certain Nonbarbiturate Sedative Drugs | publisher=U.S. Food and Drug Administration | accessdate=15 April 2006}}</ref> With methcathinone having no medical use, the decision to place the drug in Schedule I was uncontested.

===Nicotine===
Traditionally, the UN has been reluctant to control [[nicotine]] and other drugs traditionally legal in Europe and North America, citing tolerance of a wide range of lifestyles. This contrasts with the regulatory regime for other highly addictive drugs. [[Gabriel G. Nahas]], in a [[Bulletin on Narcotics]] report, noted:<ref>{{cite web | author=G. G. Nahas | date=1 January 1981 | url=http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/data-and-analysis/bulletin/bulletin_1981-01-01_2_page002.html | title=A pharmacological classification of drugs of abuse | publisher=United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime | accessdate=10 October 2009}}</ref>
:''Some addictive drugs such as nicotine or caffeine (in moderate amounts) and alcohol (in small amounts) do not produce any measurable symptoms of neuropsychological toxicity. Some pharmacologists have associated the symptoms of neuropsychological toxicity with behavioural toxicity, which include in addition: suppression of normal anxiety, reduction in motivation and non-purposive or inappropriate behaviour. However, the latter behavioural symptoms do not present "markers" which may be measurable in societies accepting as "normal" a wide range of life styles.''
Nonetheless, in October 1996, the Expert Committee considered controlling nicotine, especially products such as gum, patches, nasal spray, and inhalers.<ref>{{cite web|year=1997 |url=http://www.nida.nih.gov/DirReports/DirRep297/DirectorReport9.html |title=Director's Report to the National Advisory Council on Drug Abuse |publisher=U.S. National Institute on Drug Abuse |accessdate=15 April 2006 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060118140012/http://www.nida.nih.gov/DirReports/DirRep297/DirectorReport9.html |archivedate=18 January 2006 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }}</ref> The UN ultimately left nicotine unregulated. Since then, nicotine products have become even more loosely controlled; [[Nicorette]] gum, for instance, is now an [[over-the-counter drug]] in the United States.

===Tetrahydrocannabinol===
[[Tetrahydrocannabinol]] (THC), the main active ingredient in [[cannabis]], was originally placed in Schedule I when the Convention was enacted in 1971. At its twenty-sixth meeting, in response to a 1987 request from the Government of the United States that THC be transferred from Schedule I to Schedule II, the WHO Expert Committee on Drug Dependence recommended that THC be transferred to Schedule II, citing its low abuse potential and "moderate to high therapeutic usefulness" in relieving nausea in chemotherapy patients. The Commission on Narcotic Drugs rejected the proposal. However, at its twenty-seventh meeting, the WHO Expert Committee again recommended that THC be moved to Schedule II. At its 45th meeting, on 29 April 1991, the Commission on Narcotic Drugs approved the transfer of dronabinol and its stereochemical variants from Schedule I to Schedule II of the Convention, while leaving other tetrahydrocannabinols and their stereochemical variants in Schedule I.

At its thirty-third meeting (September 2002), the WHO Committee issued another evaluation of the drug and recommended that THC be moved to Schedule IV, stating:
:''The abuse liability of dronabinol (delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol) is expected to remain very low so long as cannabis continues to be readily available. The Committee considered that the abuse liability of dronabinol does not constitute a substantial risk to public health and society. In accordance with the established scheduling criteria, the Committee considered that dronabinol should be rescheduled to schedule IV of the 1971 Convention on Psychotropic Substances.''
No action was taken on this recommendation. And at its thirty-fourth meeting the WHO Committee recommended that THC be moved instead to Schedule III. In 2007 the Commission on Narcotic Drugs decided not to vote on whether to reschedule THC, and they requested that the WHO make another review when more information is available.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unodc.org/pdf/resolutions/ga_ecosoc_cnd_2007/decision-50-01.pdf|title= Decision 50/2, Review of dronabinol and its stereoisomers|publisher=UNODC, Commission on Narcotic Drugs |date=2007}}</ref>

===2C-B (4-Bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine)===
[[2C-B]] is a [[psychedelic drug|psychedelic]] [[phenethylamine]], with a similar structure and effects as [[mescaline]]. At its thirty-second (September 2000) meeting the WHO Expert Committee on Drug Dependence recommended that 2C-B be placed in Schedule II, rather than with other scheduled psychedelics in Schedule I.<ref name="Thirty-second Report"/>

The committee stated that "[t]he altered state of mind induced by hallucinogens such as 2C-B may result in harm to the user and to others", but did not cite any evidence.

From the WHO Expert Committee assessment of 2C-B:
:''At high doses it is a strong hallucinogen, producing particularly marked visual hallucinations with an intense colour play, intriguing patterns emerging on surfaces and distortions of objects and faces. 2C-B is also reported to enhance sexual feelings, perception and performance.... Apart from its controversial experimental use in [[Psychedelic therapy|psychotherapy]], 2C-B, like most other hallucinogens, does not have any known therapeutic usefulness.... The Committee noted, however, that hallucinogens are rarely associated with compulsive use and that abuse of 2C-B has been infrequent, suggesting that the drug is likely to constitute a substantial, rather than an especially serious, risk to public health. For these reasons, the Committee recommended that 2C-B be placed in Schedule II of the 1971 Convention.''

==Medical and scientific uses==
Like the Single Convention, the Convention on Psychotropic Substances recognizes scientific and medical use of psychoactive drugs, while banning other uses. [[s:Convention on Psychotropic Substances#Article 7: SPECIAL PROVISIONS REGARDING SUBSTANCES IN SCHEDULE 1|Article 7]] provides that,
: ''In respect of substances in Schedule I, the Parties shall: (a) Prohibit all use except for scientific and very limited medical purposes by duly authorized persons, in medical or scientific establishments which are directly under the control of their Governments or specifically approved by them.''

In this sense, the U.S. [[Controlled Substances Act]] is stricter than the Convention requires. Both have a tightly restricted category of drugs called Schedule I, but the US Act restricts medical use of Schedule I substances to research studies, while the Convention allows broader, but limited, medical use of Schedule I substances.

==Psychedelic plants and fungi==
[[Image:Peyote Cactus.jpg|thumb|right|Article 32 makes an exception for [[peyote]] and other wild psychotropic plants, to protect use in religious rituals in case such plants themselves were in the future added to Schedule I.]]

Several of the substances originally placed in Schedule I are [[Psychedelia|psychedelic]] drugs which are contained in natural plants and fungi (such as [[peyote]] and [[psilocybin mushroom]]s) and which have long been used in religious or healing rituals. The Commentary notes the "Mexican Indian Tribes [[Mazatec people|Mazatecas]], [[Huichol people|Huicholes]] and [[Tarahumara people|Tarahumaras]]" as well as the "[[Kariri languages|Kariri]] and [[Indigenous peoples in Brazil|Pankararu]] of eastern Brazil" as examples of societies that use such plants.

[[s:Convention on Psychotropic Substances#Article 32: RESERVATIONS|Article 32, paragraph 4]] allows for States, at the time of signature, ratification or accession, to make a reservation noting an exemption for
: ''plants growing wild which contain psychotropic substances from among those in Schedule I and which are traditionally used by certain small, clearly determined groups in magical or religious rites''.

However, the official ''Commentary on the Convention on Psychotropic Substances'' makes it clear that psychedelic plants (and indeed any plants) were not included in the original Schedules and are not covered at all by the Convention. This includes "infusion of the roots" of ''[[Mimosa tenuiflora]]'' (M. hostilis; which contains [[Dimethyltryptamine|DMT]]) and "beverages" made from [[psilocybin mushroom]]s. The purpose of Paragraph 4 of Article 32 was to allow States to "make a reservation assuring them the right to permit the continuation of the traditional use in question" in the case that plants were in the future added to the Schedule I. Currently, no plants or plant products are included in the Schedules of the 1971 Convention.

: ''Commentary 32-12: It may be pointed out that at the time of this writing the continued toleration of the use of hallucinogenic substances which the 1971 Conference had in mind would not require a reservation under paragraph 4. Schedule I does not list any of the natural hallucinogenic materials in question, but only chemical substances which constitute the active principles contained in them. The inclusion in Schedule I of the active principle of a substance does not mean that the substance itself is also included therein if it is a substance clearly distinct from the substance constituting its active principle. This view is in accordance with the traditional understanding of that question in the field of international drug control. Neither the crown (fruit, mescal button) of the Peyote cactus nor the roots of the plant Mimosa hostilis [Footnote: "An infusion of the roots is used"] nor Psilocybe mushrooms [Footnote: "Beverages made from such mushrooms are used"] themselves are included in Schedule I, but only their respective active principles, mescaline, DMT and psilocybine (psilocine, psilotsin).''

: ''Commentary 32-13: It can however not be excluded that the fruit of the Peyote cactus, the roots of Mimosa hostilis, Psilocybe mushrooms or other hallucinogenic plant parts used in traditional magical or religious rites will in the future be placed in Schedule I by the operation of article 2, at a time at which the State concerned, having already deposited its instrument of ratification or accession, could no longer make the required reservation. It is submitted that Parties may under paragraph 4 make a reservation assuring them the right to permit the continuation of the traditional use in question in the case of such future actions by the Commission.''

Furthermore, in a letter, dated 13 September 2001, to the Dutch Ministry of Health, Herbert Schaepe, Secretary of the UN [[International Narcotics Control Board]], clarified that the UN Conventions do not cover "preparations" of [[Legal status of psilocybin mushrooms|psilocybin mushrooms]]:<ref>[http://www.erowid.org/plants/mushrooms/mushrooms_law12.shtml UN's INCB Psilocybin Mushroom Policy]</ref>
<blockquote>As you are aware, mushrooms containing the above substances are collected and abused for their hallucinogenic effects. As a matter of international law, no plants (natural material) containing psilocine and psilocybin are at present controlled under the Convention on Psychotropic Substances of 1971. Consequently, '''preparations made of these plants are not under international control and, therefore, not subject of the articles of the 1971 Convention'''. However, criminal cases are decided with reference to domestic law, which may otherwise provide for controls over mushrooms containing psilocine and psilocybin. As the Board can only speak as to the contours of the international drug conventions, I am unable to provide an opinion on the litigation in question.</blockquote>

Nonetheless, in 2001 the U.S. Government, in ''[[Gonzales v. O Centro Espirita Beneficente Uniao do Vegetal]]'', argued that [[ayahuasca]], an infusion of Mimosa hostilis and other psychoactive plants that is used in religious rituals, was prohibited in the US because of the 1971 Convention. That case involved a seizure by [[U.S. Customs and Border Protection]] of several drums of [[Dimethyltryptamine|DMT]]-containing liquid. Plaintiffs sued to have the drugs returned to them, claiming that they used it as a central part of their religion.<ref>{{cite web | year=2001 | url=http://www.state.gov/s/l/16353.htm | title=Memorandum in Opposition to Plaintiffs’ Motion for Summary Judgment in O Centro Espirita Beneficiente Uniao do Vegetal v. Reno, filed in the U.S. District Court for the District of New Mexico, January 25, 2001. | publisher=U.S. State Department | accessdate=15 April 2006}}</ref>

In the discussions on [[s:Convention on Psychotropic Substances#Article 32: RESERVATIONS|Article 32, paragraph 4]], noted in the Official Record of the 1971 Conference, the representative from the United States supported the explicit exemption of sacred psychoactive substances, stating: "Substances used for religious services should be placed under national rather than international control", while the representative of the [[Holy See]] observed: "If exemptions were made in favour of certain ethnic groups, there would be nothing to prevent certain organizations of [[hippie]]s from trying to make out, on religious grounds, that their consumption of psychotropic substances was permissible."<ref>United Nations Conference for the adoption of a Protocol on Psychotropic Substances, Official Records, Vol II, Vienna, 11 January – 19 February 1971 (E/CONF.58/7/Add.1) (page 108, paragraph 27, and page 109, paragraph 52)</ref>

==Organic plants==
The Commentary on the Convention on Psychotropic Substances notes that while many plant-derived chemicals are controlled by the treaty, the plants themselves are not:<ref>Lande, Adolf, et al.: [http://www.maps.org/pipermail/maps_forum/2001-March/003376.html Commentary on the Convention on Psychotropic Substances, New York 1976, E/CN.7/589, p.385] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120121000000/http://www.maps.org/pipermail/maps_forum/2001-March/003376.html |date=21 January 2012 }}</ref>
[[Image:Shrooms.jpeg|frame|right|Psilocybin mushrooms are not controlled by the Convention, but the drugs contained in them are.]]
:''The term "synthetic" appears to refer to a psychotropic substance manufactured by a process of full chemical synthesis. One may also assume that the authors of the Vienna Convention intended to apply the term "natural material" to parts of a plant which constitute a psychotropic substance, and the term "natural psychotropic substance" to a substance obtained directly from a plant by some process of manufacturing which was relatively simple, and in any event much simpler than a process of full chemical synthesis.''
:''(...)''
:''Cultivation of plants for the purpose of obtaining psychotropic substances or raw materials for the manufacture of such substances is not "manufacture" in the sense of [[s:Convention on Psychotropic Substances#Article 1: USE OF TERMS|Article 1]], paragraph (i). Many provisions of the Vienna Convention governing psychotropic substances would be unsuitable for application to cultivation. The harvesting of psychotropic substances, i.e. separation of such substances from the plants from which they are obtained, is "manufacture".''
:''(...)''
:''The cultivation of plants from which psychotropic substances are obtained is not controlled by the Vienna Convention. (...) Neither the crown (fruit, mescal button) of the [[Peyote]] cactus nor the roots of the plant Mimosa hostilis nor Psilocybe mushrooms themselves are included in Schedule 1, but only their respective principles, [[Mescaline]], [[Dimethyltryptamine|DMT]] and [[Psilocybin]].''
[[Mexico]], in particular, argued that "production" of psychotropic drugs should not apply to wild-growing plants such as [[peyote]] cacti or [[psilocybin]] mushrooms. The [[Bulletin on Narcotics]] noted that "Mexico could not undertake to eradicate or destroy these plants".<ref name="Unodc.org-Report2"/> Compared to the [[Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs]] (which calls for "uprooting of all coca bushes which grow wild" and governmental licensing, purchasing, and wholesaling of licit opium, coca, and cannabis crops), the Convention on Psychotropic Substances devotes few words to the subject of psychoactive plants.

On 2 July 1987, the United States Assistant Secretary of Health recommended that the [[Drug Enforcement Administration]] initiate scheduling action under the [[Controlled Substances Act]] in order to implement restrictions required by [[cathinone]]'s Schedule I status under the Convention. The 1993 DEA rule placing cathinone in the CSA's Schedule I noted that it was effectively also banning [[khat]]:<ref>{{cite web | date=14 January 1993 | url=http://www.erowid.org/freedom/law/federal_register/58.FR.4316.shtml | title=21 CFR Part 1308. Schedules of Controlled Substances: Placement of Cathinone and 2,5-Dimethoxy-4-ethylamphetamine Into Schedule I | publisher=U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration | accessdate=15 April 2006}}</ref>
:''Cathinone is the major psychoactive component of the plant Catha edulis (khat). The young leaves of khat are chewed for a stimulant effect. Enactment of this rule results in the placement of any material which contains cathinone into Schedule I.''

==Precursors==
A 1971 [[Bulletin on Narcotics]] notes:<ref>{{cite web | date=1 January 1971 | url=http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/treaties/psychotropics.html | title=The Convention on Psychotropic Substances | publisher=United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime | accessdate=16 July 2008}}</ref>
:''[[s:Convention on Psychotropic Substances#Article 2: SCOPE OF CONTROL OF SUBSTANCES|Article 2]], in paragraph 4 of the original text, carried over the concept in [[s:Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs#Article 3: CHANGES IN THE SCOPE OF CONTROL|Article 3]] (3) (iii) of the Single Convention, and required the application to a "precursor " – i.e. a substance "readily convertible" into a substance under control – of measures of control. In Vienna the complexity of controlling precursors of psychotropic substances was agreed to be so overwhelming that no absolute obligation to control them was provided. The new article 2 in paragraph 9 asks Parties "to use their best endeavours" to apply "such measures of supervision as may be practicable" to substances which may be used in the illicit manufacture of psychotropic substances, i.e. their precursors and possibly also substances essential in the chemistry of manufacture.''
This provision was eventually judged to be inadequate, and was strengthened by the [[United Nations Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances]]'s precursor control regime, which established two Tables of controlled precursors. The [[Commission on Narcotic Drugs]] and [[International Narcotics Control Board]] were put in charge of adding, removing, and transferring substances between the Tables.

==Analogs==
Circa 1999, the Government of Spain proposed amending Schedules I and II to include [[isomer]]s, [[ester]]s, [[ether]]s, salts of isomers, esters and ethers, and any "substance resulting from modification of the chemical structure of a substance already in Schedule I or II and which produced pharmacological effects similar to those produced by the original substances".<ref>{{cite web | date=3 May 1999 | url=http://www.un.org/documents/ecosoc/docs/1999/e1999-28.htm | title=Report on the forty-second session | publisher=United Nations Commission on Narcotic Drugs | accessdate=15 April 2006}}</ref> The WHO opposed this change. The [[Commission on Narcotic Drugs]] did amend the Schedules to include [[stereoisomerism]]s, however, with the understanding that "specific isomers that did not have hazardous pharmacological activity and that posed no danger to society could be excluded from control, as [[dextromethorphan]] had been in the case of Schedule I of the 1961 Convention."

==Penal provisions==
[[File:LSDLabGlassware.jpg|frame|right|LSD and equipment used in its manufacture are subject to seizure under Article 22.]]
[[s:Convention on Psychotropic Substances#Article 22: PENAL PROVISIONS|Article 22]] provides:
:''1. (a) Subject to its constitutional limitations, each Party shall treat as a punishable offence, when committed intentionally, any action contrary to a law or regulation adopted in pursuance of its obligations under this Convention, and shall ensure that serious offences shall be liable to adequate punishment, particularly by imprisonment or other penalty of deprivation of liberty.
:''1. (b) Notwithstanding the preceding sub-paragraph, when abusers of psychotropic substances have committed such offences, the Parties may provide, either as an alternative to conviction or punishment or in addition to punishment, that such abusers undergo measures of treatment, education, after-care, rehabilitation and social reintegration in conformity with paragraph 1 of article 20.

[[conspiracy (crime)|Conspiracy]], attempts, preparatory acts, and financial operations related to drug offenses are also called on to be criminalized. Parties are also asked to count convictions handed down by foreign governments in determining [[recidivism]]. Article 22 also notes that [[extradition]] treaties are "desirable", although a nation retains the right to refuse to grant extradition, including "where the competent authorities consider that the offence is not sufficiently serious."

As with all articles of the Convention on Psychotropic Substances, the provisions of Article 22 are only suggestions which do not override the domestic law of the member countries:
:''4. The provisions of this article shall be subject to the provisions of the domestic law of the Party concerned on questions of jurisdiction.
:''5. Nothing contained in this article shall affect the principle that the offences to which it refers shall be defined, prosecuted and punished in conformity with the domestic law of a Party.

==Treatment and prevention==
[[s:Convention on Psychotropic Substances#Article 22: PENAL PROVISIONS|Article 22]] allows Parties, in implementing the Convention's penal provisions, to make exceptions for drug abusers by substituting "treatment, education, after-care, [[Drug rehabilitation|rehabilitation]] and social reintegration" for [[imprisonment]]. This reflects a shift in focus in the war on drugs from incarceration to treatment and prevention that had already begun to take hold by 1971. Indeed, in 1972, a parallel provision allowing treatment for drug abusers was added to the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs by the [[Protocol Amending the Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs]].

[[s:Convention on Psychotropic Substances#Article 20: MEASURES AGAINST THE ABUSE OF PSYCHOTROPIC SUBSTANCES|Article 20]] mandates drug treatment, education, and prevention measures and requires Parties to assist efforts to "gain an understanding of the problems of abuse of psychotropic substances and of its prevention" and to "promote such understanding among the general public if there is a risk that abuse of such substances will become widespread." To comply with these provisions, most Parties financially support organizations and agencies dedicated to these goals. The United States, for instance, established the [[National Institute on Drug Abuse]] in 1974 to comply with the research requirement and began sponsoring [[Drug Abuse Resistance Education]] in 1983 to help fulfill the educational and prevention requirements.

==Recent trends==

===Rise in stimulant trafficking===
Control of [[stimulant]]s has become a major challenge for the UN. In 1997, the [[World Drug Report]] warned:<ref>{{cite web|year=1997 |url=http://www.ias.org.uk/publications/theglobe/97issue3/globe9703_p11.html |title=World drug threat, the UN reports |publisher=United Nations International Drug Control Programme |accessdate=15 April 2006 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20051227215443/http://www.ias.org.uk/publications/theglobe/97issue3/globe9703_p11.html |archivedate=27 December 2005 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy }}</ref>
:''Since the mid-1980s the world has faced a wave of synthetic stimulant abuse, with approximately nine times the quantity seized in 1993 than in 1978, equivalent to an average annual increase of 16 per cent. The principle synthetic drugs manufactured clandestinely are the amphetamine-type stimulants (ATS) which include the widely abused [[amphetamine]] and [[methamphetamine]], as well as the more recently popularized methylenedioxymethamphetamine ([[MDMA]]), known as ecstasy." It is estimated that throughout the world 30,000,000, people use ATS. This is 0.5 per cent of the global population and exceeds the number using heroin and probably those using [[cocaine]].''
A 1998 UN General Assembly Special Session on the World Drug Problem report noted:<ref>{{cite web | year=1998 | url=http://www.un.org/ga/20special/featur/amphet.htm | title=Amphetamine-Type Stimulants: Speeding Towards the Millennium | publisher=United Nations Department of Public Information | accessdate=15 April 2006}}</ref>
:''Between 1971 and 1995, there was a nearly fivefold increase in the number of amphetamine-type stimulants under international control. . . [[MDMA|ecstasy]] and related designer drugs are under schedule one of the 1971 Convention, because they have virtually no medical use, while [[amphetamine]] and [[methamphetamine]] are under schedule 2 because they began life with medical use. But even though they are scheduled, the system is not really working for these illegally produced drugs. One of the main limitations of the control system is that the Psychotropic Convention was not designed to control illicit markets. It was designed to control and regulate legitimate pharmaceutical markets to prevent their [[Drug diversion|diversion]] into illicit markets.''
The report mentioned proposals to increase the flexibility of scheduling drugs under the Convention and to amend the drug-control treaties to make them more responsive to the current situation. Neither proposal has gained traction, however. Due to the ease of manufacturing methamphetamine, methcathinone, and certain other stimulants, control measures are focusing less on preventing drugs from crossing borders. Instead, they are centering on increasingly long prison sentences for manufacturers and traffickers as well as regulations on large purchases of [[wikt:Precursor|precursors]] such as [[ephedrine]] and [[pseudoephedrine]]. The International Narcotics Control Board and Commission on Narcotic Drugs help coordinate this fight by adding additional precursors to the Tables of chemicals controlled under the [[United Nations Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances]].

In 1997, ECOSOC called on nations to help enforce international law by cooperating "with relevant international organizations, such as [[Interpol]] and the [[World Customs Organization]] . . . in order to promote coordinated international action in the fight against illicit demand for and supply of amphetamine-type stimulants and their precursors." That resolution also called on governments overseeing precursor exports "to inquire with the authorities of importing States about the legitimacy of transactions of concern, and to inform the International Narcotics Control Board of the action taken, particularly when they do not receive any reply to their inquiries".<ref>{{cite web | date=21 July 1997 | url=http://www.un.org/documents/ecosoc/res/1997/eres1997-41.htm | title=Implementation of comprehensive measures to counter the illicit manufacture, trafficking and abuse of amphetamine-type stimulants and their precursors | publisher=United Nations Economic and Social Council | accessdate=15 April 2006}}</ref>

[[Image:Methamphetamine.gif|frame|right|Crystal meth has emerged as a commonly abused drug, from the American and European [[rave]] scenes to East Asia.]]
Pockets of high-intensity clandestine production and trafficking, such as rural southwest [[Virginia]], exist in most industrialized nations. However, the [[United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime]] believes that East Asia (particularly [[Thailand]]) now has the most serious amphetamine-type stimulant (ATS) problem in the world. A 2002 report by that agency noted:<ref>{{cite web | first=Wayne | last=Bazant | date=4 February 2002 | url=http://www.unodc.un.or.th/factsheet/ATSissuesplans310102.htm | title=Amphetamine Type Stimulants Threaten East Asia | publisher=United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime | accessdate=15 April 2006}}</ref>
:''For many countries the problem of ATS is relatively new, growing quickly and unlikely to go away. The geographical spread is widening. . . Abuse is increasingly concentrated among younger populations, who generally and erroneously believe that the substances are safe and benign. The abuse of ATS is threatening to become part of mainstream culture. The less optimistic suggest that ATS is already embedded in normative young adult behavior to such an extent that it will be very difficult to change, notwithstanding the issues of physical, social and economic damage.
The Office called on nations to bring more resources to bear in the [[demand reduction]] effort, improving treatment and [[Drug rehabilitation|rehabilitation]] processes, increasing private sector participation in eliminating drugs from the workplace, and expanding the drug information clearing house to share information more effectively.

===Canadian noncompliance===
In 2000, the [[International Narcotics Control Board]] chastised Canada for refusing to comply with the Convention's requirement that international transactions in controlled psychotropics be reported to the Board. INCB Secretary Herbert Schaepe said:<ref>{{cite web | first=Steven | last=Edwards | date=23 February 2000 | url=http://www.marijuananews.com/news.php3?sid=126 | title=UN Blasts Canada for Hypocrisy on Drug Trade | publisher=The National Post | accessdate=15 April 2006}}</ref>
:''From Canada there is just a big, black hole. We don't know what is going into the country, nor coming out. We cannot monitor the international movement of these substances, which is our mandate. The lack of controls in Canada means that they could be destined for fake companies that will divert them into the hands of traffickers. Traffickers in third countries could be getting them through Canada. Normally, Canada has a very good reputation for fulfilling its international obligations, but here it is just breaking the treaty – a treaty that it ratified a long time ago. It is very disturbing.''

===Licit drug problems===
In an unusual departure from its normally pro-industry leanings, the INCB issued a press release in 2001 warning of excessive use of licit psychotropics:
:''. . . the Board points to loose regulation, unreliable estimates and information regarding medical needs, aggressive marketing techniques and improper or even unethical prescription practices as the main reasons for the oversupply of such controlled substances as [[benzodiazepine]]s and various amphetamine type stimulants. Easy availability leads to overconsumption of such substances, either in the form of drug abuse or by fuelling a culture of drug-taking to deal with a variety of non-medical problems. . . Insomnia, anxiety, obesity and child hyperactivity as well as various kinds of pain are listed among the most common problems to be treated by prescribing psychotropic substances. The Board is especially concerned that preference is given to quick solutions without looking at the long-term effects, as prolonged, excessive consumption of such drugs could result in dependency and other physical and mental suffering.''

The Board also warned that the Internet provides "easy access to information on drug production and drug-taking," calling it "a growing source of on-line drug trafficking." The Board pointed out that some Internet suppliers sell controlled drugs without regard to the Convention's [[medical prescription]] requirements.<ref>{{cite web | date=15 February 2001 | url=http://www.unhchr.ch/huricane/huricane.nsf/0/61158D4A9269068EC12569F5002BFAE4?opendocument | title=United Nations Press Release | publisher=United Nations Information Service | accessdate=15 April 2006}}</ref>

== List of controlled psychotropic substances ==
Source: [http://www.incb.org/incb/en/psychotropic-substances/green-lists.html INCB Green List] (24th Edition, May 2010, [http://www.incb.org/documents/Psychotropics/green_lists/Green_List_ENG_2010_53991.doc DOC version])

=== Statistics ===
All Schedules consist of 116 positions and common generalization clause for salts. Schedule I also contains generalization clause for stereoisomers. There are also 2 specific generalizations, both for tetrahydrocannabinol stereochemical variants. There are no exclusions.

{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed"
! More statistics
|-
|
116 positions:
* 20 psychedelics
** 14 phenethylamine psychedelics
** 5 tryptamine psychedelics
** 1 ergoline
* 28 stimulants (excluding lefetamine)
* 2 synthetic cannabinoids
* 2 positions representing 7 tetrahydrocannabinol isomers and their stereochemical variants
* 4 dissociatives
* 56 depressants
** 12 barbiturates
** 36 benzodiazepines (including 1 z-drug)
** 2 carbamates
** 2 qualones
** 4 other depressants
* 1 position – zipeprol
* 1 position – lefetamine (with stimulant and opioid effects)
* 1 semisynthetic opioid
* 1 synthetic benzomorphan opioid
|}

=== Schedule I ===
Contains 62 positions (including 1 position for six tetrahydrocannabinol isomers), generalization clause for stereoisomers, specific generalization for tetrahydrocannabinol stereochemical variants and common generalization clause for salts.

{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed"
! More statistics
|-
|
28 positions:
* 19 psychedelics
** 13 phenethylamine psychedelics
** 5 tryptamine psychedelics
** 1 ergoline
* 3 stimulants
* 2 synthetic cannabinoids
* 1 position representing 6 isomers of tetrahydrocannabinol and their stereochemical variants
* 3 dissociatives
|}

[[Substituted phenethylamine|Phenethylamine]] [[Psychedelic drug|psychedelics]]:
* [[2,5-Dimethoxy-4-bromoamphetamine|2,5-Dimethoxy-4-bromoamphetamine (DOB)]]
* [[dimethoxyamphetamine]] (DMA)
* [[2,5-Dimethoxy-4-ethylamphetamine|2,5-Dimethoxy-4-ethylamphetamine(DOET)]]
* [[methylenedioxyhydroxyamphetamine]] (MDOH)
* [[methylenedioxyethylamphetamine]] (MDEA)
* [[3,4-methylenedioxy-N-methylamphetamine|3,4-methylenedioxy-N-methylamphetamine (MDMA)]]
* [[mescaline]]
* [[MMDA (drug)|MMDA]]
* [[4-Methylthioamphetamine|4-MTA]]
* [[para-Methoxyamphetamine|para-methoxyamphetamine]] (PMA)
* [[2,5-Dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine|DOM]] (STP)
* [[3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine|tenamfetamine]] (MDA)
* [[trimethoxyamphetamine]] (TMA)

[[Tryptamine#Tryptamine derivatives|Tryptamine]] [[Psychedelic drug|psychedelics]]:
* [[diethyltryptamine]] (DET)
* [[dimethyltryptamine]] (DMT)
* [[Alpha-Ethyltryptamine|etryptamine]] (αET)
* [[psilocin]]
* [[psilocybin]]

[[Stimulant]]s:
* [[cathinone]]
* [[methcathinone]]
* [[4-Methylaminorex|4-methylaminorex]]

Synthetic cannabinoids:
* [[dimethylheptylpyran]] (DMHP)
* [[parahexyl]]

Isomers of natural tetrahydrocannabinol:
* [[tetrahydrocannabinol]], the following isomers and their stereochemical variants:
** (9R)-Δ6a,10a-tetrahydrocannabinol — 7,8,9,10-tetrahydro-6,6,9-trimethyl-3-pentyl-6H-dibenzo[b,d]pyran-1-ol
** (9R,10aR)-Δ6a,7-tetrahydrocannabinol — (9R,10aR)-8,9,10,10a-tetrahydro-6,6,9-trimethyl-3-pentyl-6H-dibenzo[b,d]pyran-1-ol
** (6aR,9R,10aR)-Δ7-tetrahydrocannabinol — (6aR,9R,10aR)-6a,9,10,10a-tetrahydro-6,6,9-trimethyl-3-pentyl-6H-dibenzo[b,d]pyran-1-ol
** (6aR,10aR)-Δ8-tetrahydrocannabinol — (6aR,10aR)-6a,7,10,10a-tetrahydro-6,6,9-trimethyl-3-pentyl-6H-dibenzo[b,d]pyran-1-ol
** (6aR,9R)-Δ10-tetrahydrocannabinol — 6a,7,8,9-tetrahydro-6,6,9-trimethyl-3-pentyl-6H-dibenzo[b,d]pyran-1-ol
** (6aR,10aR)-Δ9,11-tetrahydrocannabinol — (6aR,10aR)-6a,7,8,9,10,10a-hexahydro-6,6-dimethyl-9-methylene-3-pentyl-6H-dibenzo[b,d]pyran-1-ol

[[Dissociative]]s:
* [[eticyclidine]] (PCE)
* [[rolicyclidine]] (PHP, PCPy)
* [[tenocyclidine]] (TCP)

[[Ergoline]]s:
* [[Lysergic acid diethylamide|LSD]]

The stereoisomers of substances in Schedule I are also controlled, unless specifically excepted, whenever the existence of such
stereoisomers is possible within the specific chemical designation.

Salts of all the substances covered by the four schedules, whenever the existence of such salts is possible, are also under international control.

===Schedule II===
Contains 17 positions, specific generalization for tetrahydrocannabinol stereochemical variants and common generalization clause for salts.

{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed"
! More statistics
|-
|
17 positions:
* 10 stimulants
* 1 phenethylamine psychedelic
* 1 position representing an isomer of tetrahydrocannabinol and its stereochemical variants
* 3 depressants
** 1 barbiturate
** 2 qualones
* 1 dissociative
* 1 position – zipeprol
|}

Stimulants:
* [[amineptine]]
* [[amphetamine]] and its isomers ([[dextroamphetamine]] and [[levoamphetamine]])
* [[fenethylline]]
* [[methamphetamine]] and its isomers ([[dextromethamphetamine]] and [[levomethamphetamine]])
* [[methylphenidate]] and its isomers ([[dextromethylphenidate]] and [[levomethylphenidate]])
* [[phenmetrazine]]

Phenethylamine psychedelics:
* [[2C-B]]

Natural cannabinols:
* Δ9-[[tetrahydrocannabinol]] — (6aR,10aR)-6a,7,8,10a-tetrahydro-6,6,9-trimethyl-3-pentyl-6H-dibenzo[b,d]pyran-1-ol, and its stereochemical variants ([[Tetrahydrocannabinol#Dronabinol|dronabinol]] is the international non-proprietary name, although it refers to only one of the stereochemical variants of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol, namely (−)-trans-delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol)

Depressants ([[barbiturate]]s):
* [[secobarbital]]

Depressants (qualones):
* [[mecloqualone]]
* [[methaqualone]]

Dissociatives:
* [[phencyclidine]] (PCP)

Other:
* [[zipeprol]]

Salts of all the substances covered by the four schedules, whenever the existence of such salts is possible, are also under international control.

=== Schedule III ===
Contains 9 positions and common generalization clause for salts.

{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed"
! More statistics
|-
|
9 positions:
* 6 depressants
** 4 barbiturates
** 1 benzodiazepine
** 1 other depressant
* 1 semisynthetic opioid
* 1 synthetic benzomorphan opioid
* 1 stimulant
|}

Depressants ([[barbiturate]]s):
* [[amobarbital]]
* [[butalbital]]
* [[cyclobarbital]]
* [[pentobarbital]]

Depressants ([[benzodiazepine]]s):
* [[flunitrazepam]]

Depressants (other):
* [[glutethimide]]

Semisynthetic [[agonist–antagonist]] opioids:
* [[buprenorphine]]

Synthetic agonist–antagonist opioids – benzomorphans:
* [[pentazocine]]

Stimulants:
* [[cathine]]

Salts of all the substances covered by the four schedules, whenever the existence of such salts is possible, are also under international control.

=== Schedule IV ===
Contains 62 positions and common generalization clause for salts.

{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed"
! More statistics
|-
|
Schedule IV (62):
* 47 depressants
** 7 barbiturates
** 35 benzodiazepines (including 1 z-drug)
** 2 carbamates
** 3 other depressants
* 14 stimulants
* 1 position – lefetamine (with stimulant and opioid effects)
|}

Depressants ([[barbiturate]]s):
* [[allobarbital]]
* [[barbital]]
* [[butobarbital]]
* [[methylphenobarbital]]
* [[phenobarbital]]
* [[butabarbital]]
* [[vinylbital]]

Depressants ([[benzodiazepine]]s):
* [[alprazolam]]
* [[bromazepam]]
* [[brotizolam]]
* [[camazepam]]
* [[chlordiazepoxide]]
* [[clobazam]]
* [[clonazepam]]
* [[clorazepate]]
* [[clotiazepam]]
* [[cloxazolam]]
* [[delorazepam]]
* [[diazepam]]
* [[estazolam]]
* [[ethyl loflazepate]]
* [[fludiazepam]]
* [[flurazepam]]
* [[halazepam]]
* [[haloxazolam]]
* [[ketazolam]]
* [[loprazolam]]
* [[lorazepam]]
* [[lormetazepam]]
* [[medazepam]]
* [[midazolam]]
* [[nimetazepam]]
* [[nitrazepam]]
* [[nordazepam]]
* [[oxazepam]]
* [[oxazolam]]
* [[pinazepam]]
* [[prazepam]]
* [[temazepam]]
* [[tetrazepam]]
* [[triazolam]]
* [[zolpidem]] ([[z-drug]])

Depressants (carbamates):
* [[ethinamate]]
* [[meprobamate]]

Depressants (other):
* [[ethchlorvynol]]
* [[gamma-Hydroxybutyric acid|gamma-hydroxybutyric acid]] (GHB)
* [[methyprylon]]

Stimulants:
* [[amfepramone]]
* [[aminorex]]
* [[benzphetamine]]
* [[etilamfetamine]]
* [[fencamfamine]]
* [[fenproporex]]
* [[mazindol]]
* [[mefenorex]]
* [[mesocarb]]
* [[pemoline]]
* [[phendimetrazine]]
* [[phentermine]]
* [[pipradrol]]
* [[pyrovalerone]]

Drugs with both stimulant and opioid effects:
* [[lefetamine]] (SPA) — open chain opioid having also stimulant effects

Salts of all the substances covered by the four schedules, whenever the existence of such salts is possible, are also under international control.

===Regulated elsewhere===
* [[ephedrine]] (as well as [[pseudoephedrine]] and [[Phenylpropanolamine|norephedrine]]) is regulated as an [[United Nations Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances#List of controlled drug precursors|UN-controlled drug precursor]].

The following are scheduled by [[Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs#List of controlled narcotic drugs|Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs]].

Cannabis:
* [[cannabis (drug)|cannabis]] — the flowering or fruiting tops of the cannabis plant (resin not extracted)
* cannabis [[resin]] — the separated resin, crude or purified, obtained from the cannabis plant
* extracts and [[tincture]]s of cannabis

Coca leaf, cocaine and ecgonine:
* [[Coca]] leaf – the leaf of the coca bush (plant material), except a leaf from which all ecgonine, cocaine and any other ecgonine alkaloids have been removed
* [[cocaine]] (methyl [[ester]] of [[benzoylecgonine]]) — an alkaloid found in coca leaves or prepared by synthesis from ecgonine
* [[ecgonine]] — its esters and derivatives which are convertible to ecgonine and cocaine

All other drugs scheduled by the narcotic convention are agonist-only opioids (and natural sources of them).

===Not scheduled by UN conventions===
Plants being the source of substances scheduled by this convention are not scheduled (see [[#Psychedelic plants and fungi|Psychedelic plants and fungi]] and [[#Organic plants|Organic plants]] sections).

Partial list of psychotropic substances currently or formerly used in medicine, but not scheduled:
* [[ketamine]] (dissociative) and its stereoisomer [[esketamine]]
* [[modafinil]] (stimulant), its stereoisomer [[armodafinil]], and a similar drug [[adrafinil]]
* [[dextromethorphan]] (dissociative, used medically as a [[Cough medicine|cough suppressant]]) and its metabolite [[dextrorphan]]
* [[diphenhydramine]] and [[dimenhydrinate]] (deliriants)
* [[benzydamine]] (deliriant and stimulant, used medically as a [[non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug]])
* [[propofol]] and [[fospropofol]] (anesthetics)
* [[sodium thiopental]] ([[barbiturate]])
* [[zaleplon]] (depressant [[z-drug]])
* [[zopiclone]] (depressant [[z-drug]]) and its stereoisomer [[eszopiclone]]
* [[nalbuphine]] (agonist-antagonist opioid)
* [[butorphanol]] (agonist-antagonist opioid)

Of course there are also many [[designer drug]]s, not used in medicine.

=== See also ===
* [[Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs#List of controlled narcotic drugs|List of UN-controlled narcotic drugs]]
* [[United Nations Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances#List of controlled drug precursors|List of UN-controlled drug precursors]]
* [[War on Drugs]]

==Notes and references==

===Footnotes===

{{reflist|2}}

===References===
{{Wikisource|Convention on Psychotropic Substances}}
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=c4KPAAAAMAAJ Commentary on the Convention on Psychotropic Substances, Done at Vienna on 21 February 1971], Adolf Lande, United Nations: New York, 1976 (E/CN.7/589)
* Bewley-Taylor, David R. and Fazey, Cindy S. J.: The Mechanics and Dynamics of the UN System for International Drug Control, 14 March 2003.
* Saunders, Nicholas: [http://www.ecstasy.org/books/e4x/e4x.ap.01/e4x.ap.01.194.html E is for Ecstasy], Appendix 1: Reference Section, ''Letter from myself in New Scientist'', 18 December 1993.
* [http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/data-and-analysis/bulletin/bulletin_1982-01-01_3_page002.html The ratification of the Convention on Psychotropic Substances 1971 and its transposition into national legislation in the Federal Republic of Germany], [[Bulletin on Narcotics]], 1982.
* [http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/Resolutions/resolution_1973-05-18_3.html 1973/1773(LIV). 1971 Convention on Psychotropic Substances: ratifications and accessions], UN Economic and Social Council, 18 May 1973.
* [http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/Resolutions/resolution_1975-12-09_1.html 3443(XXX). 1971 Convention on Psychotropic Substances], UN General Assembly, 9 December 1975.
* [http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/Resolutions/resolution_1979-02-22_1.html CND Res.6(XXVIII). 1971 Convention on Psychotropic Substances], UN Commission on Narcotic Drugs, 22 February 1979.
* [http://www.unodc.org/unodc/en/Resolutions/resolution_1981-05-06_1.html 1981/7. Implementation of the 1971 Convention on Psychotropic Substances], UN Economic and Social Council, 6 May 1981.
* Cappato, Marco and Perduca, Marco: [http://servizi.radicalparty.org/documents/index.php?func=detail&par=213 Concept Paper for Campaign by the Transnational Radical Party and the International Antiprohibitionist League to Reform the UN Conventions on Drugs], 9 October 2002.
* Bewley-Taylor, David R.: [http://www.tni.org/reports/drugs/debate5.htm Breaking the Impasse: Polarisation & Paralysis in UN Drug Control], July 2002.
* [http://isomerdesign.com/Cdsa/scheduleUN.php?schedule=2 Psychotropic Substances under International Control (“Green List”)] The chemical name and structure of each substance under the control of the Treaty. Correlates the drugs and substances controlled by the Treaty with those named in the Canadian [[Controlled Drugs and Substances Act]], the UK [[Misuse of Drugs Act 1971]] and the US [[Controlled Substances Act]].
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=Fz1ZekzMVSQC Drug diplomacy in the twentieth century: an international history], William B. McAllister, Routledge, 2000
* [[s:Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs|Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs]].
* [http://www.who.int/substance_abuse/right_committee/en/index.html World Health Organization Expert Committee on Drug Dependence] – Reports of drug evaluations
* [http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=VI-16&chapter=6&lang=en Signatures and ratifications].
* [https://www.tni.org/en/publication/the-un-drug-control-conventions#4 A Primer on the UN Drug Control Conventions] Transnational Institute, 2015.

{{Drug use}}

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[[Category:Treaties of Mexico]]
[[Category:Treaties of the Federated States of Micronesia]]
[[Category:Treaties of Monaco]]
[[Category:Treaties of Mongolia]]
[[Category:Treaties of Montenegro]]
[[Category:Treaties of Morocco]]
[[Category:Treaties of Mozambique]]
[[Category:Treaties of Myanmar]]
[[Category:Treaties of Namibia]]
[[Category:Treaties of Nepal]]
[[Category:Treaties of the Netherlands]]
[[Category:Treaties of New Zealand]]
[[Category:Treaties of Nicaragua]]
[[Category:Treaties of Niger]]
[[Category:Treaties of Nigeria]]
[[Category:Treaties of Norway]]
[[Category:Treaties of Oman]]
[[Category:Treaties of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Treaties of Palau]]
[[Category:Treaties of Panama]]
[[Category:Treaties of Papua New Guinea]]
[[Category:Treaties of Paraguay]]
[[Category:Treaties of Peru]]
[[Category:Treaties of the Philippines]]
[[Category:Treaties of the Polish People's Republic]]
[[Category:Treaties of Portugal]]
[[Category:Treaties of Qatar]]
[[Category:Treaties of South Korea]]
[[Category:Treaties of Moldova]]
[[Category:Treaties of Romania]]
[[Category:Treaties of the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:Treaties of Rwanda]]
[[Category:Treaties of San Marino]]
[[Category:Treaties of São Tomé and Príncipe]]
[[Category:Treaties of Saudi Arabia]]
[[Category:Treaties of Senegal]]
[[Category:Treaties of Serbia and Montenegro]]
[[Category:Treaties of Seychelles]]
[[Category:Treaties of Sierra Leone]]
[[Category:Treaties of Singapore]]
[[Category:Treaties of Slovakia]]
[[Category:Treaties of Slovenia]]
[[Category:Treaties of the Somali Democratic Republic]]
[[Category:Treaties of South Africa]]
[[Category:Treaties of Francoist Spain]]
[[Category:Treaties of Sri Lanka]]
[[Category:Treaties of Saint Kitts and Nevis]]
[[Category:Treaties of Saint Lucia]]
[[Category:Treaties of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines]]
[[Category:Treaties of the Republic of the Sudan (1985–2011)]]
[[Category:Treaties of Suriname]]
[[Category:Treaties of Swaziland]]
[[Category:Treaties of Sweden]]
[[Category:Treaties of Switzerland]]
[[Category:Treaties of Syria]]
[[Category:Treaties of Tajikistan]]
[[Category:Treaties of Thailand]]
[[Category:Treaties of the Republic of Macedonia]]
[[Category:Treaties of Togo]]
[[Category:Treaties of Tonga]]
[[Category:Treaties of Trinidad and Tobago]]
[[Category:Treaties of Tunisia]]
[[Category:Treaties of Turkey]]
[[Category:Treaties of Turkmenistan]]
[[Category:Treaties of Uganda]]
[[Category:Treaties of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic]]
[[Category:Treaties of the United Arab Emirates]]
[[Category:Treaties of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Treaties of Tanzania]]
[[Category:Treaties of the United States]]
[[Category:Treaties of Uruguay]]
[[Category:Treaties of Uzbekistan]]
[[Category:Treaties of Venezuela]]
[[Category:Treaties of Vietnam]]
[[Category:Treaties of Yemen]]
[[Category:Treaties of Yugoslavia]]
[[Category:Treaties of Zambia]]
[[Category:Treaties of Zimbabwe]]
[[Category:1971 in Austria]]
[[Category:Treaties extended to Niue]]
[[Category:Treaties extended to Tokelau]]
[[Category:Treaties extended to the Netherlands Antilles]]
[[Category:Treaties extended to Anguilla]]
[[Category:Treaties extended to Bermuda]]
[[Category:Treaties extended to the Cayman Islands]]
[[Category:Treaties extended to the Falkland Islands]]
[[Category:Treaties extended to Gibraltar]]
[[Category:Treaties extended to Montserrat]]
[[Category:Treaties extended to South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands]]
[[Category:Treaties extended to the Turks and Caicos Islands]]
[[Category:Treaties extended to the Isle of Man]]
[[Category:Treaties extended to the British Antarctic Territory]]
[[Category:Treaties extended to Aruba]]
[[Category:Treaties extended to the Faroe Islands]]
[[Category:Treaties extended to Greenland]]
[[Category:Treaties extended to the British Virgin Islands]]
[[Category:Treaties extended to Jersey]]
[[Category:Treaties extended to Clipperton Island]]
[[Category:Treaties extended to French Guiana]]
[[Category:Treaties extended to French Polynesia]]
[[Category:Treaties extended to the French Southern and Antarctic Lands]]
[[Category:Treaties extended to Guadeloupe]]
[[Category:Treaties extended to Martinique]]
[[Category:Treaties extended to Mayotte]]
[[Category:Treaties extended to New Caledonia]]
[[Category:Treaties extended to Réunion]]
[[Category:Treaties extended to Saint Pierre and Miquelon]]
[[Category:Treaties extended to Wallis and Futuna]]
[[Category:Treaties extended to French Comoros]]
[[Category:Treaties extended to French Somaliland]]
[[Category:Treaties extended to British Hong Kong]]
[[Category:Treaties extended to Portuguese Macau]]
[[Category:Treaties extended to West Berlin]]
[[Category:February 1971 events]]

Viktor Deimund

2017-03-28T13:16:03Z

GreenC bot: Rescued 2 archive links; reformat 2 links. Wayback Medic 2.1

{{BLP refimprove|date=November 2016}}
'''Viktor Georgiyevich Deimund''' ([[Russian language|Russian]]: '''Ви́ктор Георгиевич Деймунд''' August 14, 1959) of [[Pavlodar]], [[Kazakhstan]], the chairman of the ''Союз Чернобыль'' "Chernobyl Union" public association,<ref>http://bnews.kz/ru/news/obshchestvo/v_kazahstane_sozdadut_bazu_dannih_s_informatsiei_o_chernobiltsah-2015_10_13-1067219</ref><ref>http://www.express-k.kz/news/?ELEMENT_ID=72572</ref> serves as President of the [[Scout Movement of Kazakhstan]]<ref>http://www.inform.kz:8080/kaz/article/2610739</ref><ref>http://www.wiedergeburt-pavlodar.kz/index.php?structure_id=120</ref> and an elected volunteer member of the [[Eurasia Regional Scout Committee]] of the [[World Organization of the Scout Movement]] (WOSM).<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20120531132357/http://www.scout.org/en/around_the_world/eurasia/our_organisation/governance/regional_committee/eurasia_regional_committee_2010_2013 ]</ref><ref>maslihat-pavlodar.gov.kz/language/.../деймунд-виктор-георгиеви...</ref>

In 1990 a conference (or Congress) of people interested in Scouting was held in [[Moscow]]. Deimund represented [[Kazakhstan]] at the Congress. The Congress established the ''Association of Russian Scouting Renaissance''. The homegrown Scout troops within Kazakhstan joined the membership of the [[Russian Association of Scouts/Navigators#After 1990|Ural Scout Region]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20110723161231/http://scout.org/en/content/download/9495/80882/file/C0729Kazakhstan_e.pdf ]</ref>

Deimund and [[Oleg Mozheyko]] organized the first Scout Troops in Kazakhstan in 1991. Republic-wide newspapers published the first articles on the work of [[Pavlodar]] Scout troops. Shortly thereafter, hundreds of letters came to Pavlodar from people asking for help to create Scout units. Pavlodar Scout leaders published and sent out Scouting literature, and Scout troops were created in different cities and parts of Kazakhstan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.scoutingmagazine.org/issues/0011/a-kaza.html |title=There's Scouting in Kazakhstan? |website=Scoutingmagazine.org |date= |accessdate=2016-11-05}}</ref>

Deimund studied mechanical engineering at [[List of universities in Kazakhstan#Pavlodar|Pavlodar Industrial Institute]] and [[Pavlodar State University S. Toraigyrov]].<ref>http://www.wiedergeburt-pavlodar.kz/index.php?structure_id=120:</ref>

== Chernobyl work ==
Kazakhstan will create a single database that will store all the information of the cleanup workers of the Chernobyl accident and their descendants, through Deimund's impetus, to ensure and improve the effectiveness of targeted health care and further prevent the risk of abnormalities in their children. In the aftermath of the [[Chernobyl disaster]], 800,000 people participated in cleanup from across the Soviet Union, 30,000 from Kazakhstan. As of 2015, the country has about 6000 of the relief crewmembers.
<ref>http://bnews.kz/ru/news/obshchestvo/v_kazahstane_sozdadut_bazu_dannih_s_informatsiei_o_chernobiltsah-2015_10_13-1067219</ref><ref>http://lifepvl.kz/index.php/component/k2/650-%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B9-%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%B2-%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B7%D1%8C%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%82-%D0%BD%D0%B0-%D1%83%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%82</ref><ref>http://pavlodar.news/post/tags/%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%20%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Scouting}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.scouts.kz/ Official website]
*{{cite web|url=http://euroscoutinfo.com/tag/wosm/ |title=WOSM |website=Euroscoutinfo.com |date= |accessdate=2016-11-05}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Eurasia Scout Committee members]]

{{Scout-bio-stub}}
{{Kazakhstan-bio-stub}}

Dolkun Isa

2017-03-28T07:57:11Z

GreenC bot: Rescued 2 archive links; remove 2 links. Wayback Medic 2.1

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2013}}
{{Infobox person
|name = Dolkun Isa
|image =
|caption =
|birth_date =
|birth_place =
|death_date =
|death_place =
|other_names =
|known_for =
|occupation = [[Uyghur people|Uyghur]] activism
|nationality = German
|ethnicity = [[Uyghur people|Uyghur]]
}}

'''Dolkun Isa''' is an [[Uyghurs|Uyghur]] [[democracy]] activist from the region of [[Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region]] under the occupation of China, also known as [[East Turkestan]]. He has spoken on behalf of the rights of the largely [[Islamic]] [[Minority group|minority]] which makes up the majority population in that region. The governments of China has claimed that his "activities" amount to "terrorism". He is currently the [[World Uyghur Congress]] secretary.

==Flee China==
After enduring [[persecution]] from the Chinese government, Isa fled China in 1997 and sought [[right of asylum|asylum]] in Europe, and became a citizen of Germany in 2006.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.unpo.org/content/view/10070/81/ |title=East Turkestan: Dolkun Isa Detained in South Korea| work=www.unpo.org| accessdate=2 October 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.apyouth.net/?p=1010 |title= Dolkun Isa, Secretary General of World Uighur Congress denied entry to South Korea| work=www.apyouth.net |accessdate= 2 October 2009}}</ref>

==East Turkestan Independence Movement==
China's government claims Isa is the vice chairman of the [[East Turkestan Liberation Organization]], however, this is denied by Isa. This claim by China has led to China's issuance of a [[red notice]] to [[Interpol]], but this has not been acted on by Germany or any other country in the [[West]] where he has since travelled.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.uyghurcongress.org/En/news.asp?ItemID=1248376996&rcid=-768458094&pcid=1110134820&cid=-768458094&mid=-2139923529|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305134400/http://www.uyghurcongress.org/En/news.asp/?ItemID=1248376996&rcid=-768458094&pcid=1110134820&cid=-768458094&mid=-2139923529|dead-url=yes|archive-date=5 March 2016| title=Why did the NIA bar Dolkun Isa?| work=www.uyghurcongress.org| accessdate= 2 October 2009}} </ref> He has been on a Chinese list of wanted terrorists since 2003.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.cascfen.net/?p=1022| title=South Korean detention of Uyghur activist Dolkun Isa raises concern over Chinese influence on peaceful Uyghur activities| work=www.cascfen.net| accessdate=2 October 2009}}</ref> Contrary to China's claims, Isa has condemned all terrorist activities.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uyghurcongress.org/En/AboutWUC.asp?mid=1095738888&mid2=-2118628734&mid3=-1203834729 |title=STATEMENT OF MR: DOLKUN ISA |work=www.uyghurcongress.org |accessdate=2 October 2009 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071014215201/http://www.uyghurcongress.org/En/AboutWUC.asp?mid=1095738888&mid2=-2118628734&mid3=-1203834729 |archivedate=14 October 2007 }}</ref>

==Olympic Boycott==
Isa called for a boycott of the [[2008 Summer Olympics]] which were held in [[Beijing]] due to the [[cultural genocide]] that was being conducted against the people of [[East Turkestan]] and [[Tibet]].<ref>{{cite web| url=http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5jEAs8FP7Ye_H1D3sYmJO5uEvvOVA| work=afp.google.com| title= Chinese Uighur exile urges Olympic boycott over 'genocide'| accessdate=2 October 2009}}</ref>

==2006 Taiwan Controversy==
Isa was admitted to [[Taiwan]] in 2006 to attend the meeting of the [[Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization]], a movement co-founded by Taiwan in 1991, during the administration of pro-localization [[president]] [[Chen Shui-bian]]. There were reports in Taiwan's media in July 2009 that Isa had secretly entered the country in the lead-up to the [[World Games]] which were hosted in the southern city of [[Kaohsiung]]. This prompted the [[National Immigration Agency]] of the then China-friendly [[KMT]] government to issue a ban on his travel to Taiwan.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.uyghurcongress.org/En/news.asp?ItemID=1248376996&rcid=-768458094&pcid=1110134820&cid=-768458094&mid=-2139923529 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305134400/http://www.uyghurcongress.org/En/news.asp/?ItemID=1248376996&rcid=-768458094&pcid=1110134820&cid=-768458094&mid=-2139923529 | dead-url=yes | archive-date=5 March 2016 |title=Why did the NIA bar Dolkun Isa?| work=www.uyghurcongress.org| accessdate= 2 October 2009}} </ref> [[Rebiya Kadeer]] was denied a [[Visa (document)|visa]] to visit Taiwan later in 2009, a move linked to Isa's alleged connections with terrorists. [[Premier]] [[Wu Den-yih]] noted that if Isa steps down from his position in the World Uyghur Congress or if Kadeer steps down from her position, the ban would be lifted.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2009/10/02/2003454960 |title=Wu explains Kadeer 'ban'| work=www.taipeitimes.com|accessdate=2 October 2009}}</ref>

==2009 South Korea entry denial==
Isa was denied entry into the [[Republic of Korea]] and was briefly "detained" in September, 2009 while preparing to attend the [[World Forum for Democratization in Asia]].<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.uhrp.org/articles/2898/1/--Response-to-Dolkun-Isas-Arrest-in-South-Korea-/index.html| work=www.uhrp.org| title=Response to Dolkun Isa's Arrest in South Korea| accessdate=2 October 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://wtop.com/?nid=105&sid=1764698| work=wtop.com| title=South Korea holding Uighur activist at airport |accessdate= 2 October 2007}}</ref> The [[Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization]] condemned the detention and warned the Korean government in a letter that China's accusations are groundless and that [[extradition]] would certainly result in [[summary trial]] and [[execution]] at the hands of China's authorities.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.unpo.org/content/view/10071/236/ |work=www.unpo.org |title=Dolkun Isa: UNPO Issues Letter to MEPs| accessdate=2 October 2009}}</ref> After being held for two days, Isa was released without being admitted to the country, a move that was condemned by [[Amnesty International]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/for-media/press-releases/south-korea-dolkun-isa-release-welcome-authorities-should-not-have-denie| work=www.amnesty.org| title=
South Korea: Dolkun Isa release welcome but authorities should not have denied him entry| accessdate=2 October 2009}}</ref>

==2016 Visit to India==
On April 22, 2016 it was widely reported that [[India]] had issued a visitors visa to Isa to attend a conference in [[Dharamsala]], drawing the "ire" of China.<ref>http://www.dailymail.co.uk/indiahome/article-3552819/China-India-fresh-spat-Beijing-demand-exiled-terrorist-Dolkun-Isa-brought-justice-speaking-democracy-conference-Dharamsala.html</ref> This was viewed as a hardening of India's stand against China since the Uyghur activist [[Rebiya Kadeer]] had previously been denied a visa to visit India. This move by the Indian Government was widely seen by Indian News Media{{Clarification needed |date=May 2016}} as an act of payback against China for its stand on not supporting [[Jaish-e-Mohammed|JeM]] Chief [[Masood Azhar]]'s designation<ref>http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Chinas-Masood-Azhar-veto-India-questions-UN-panels-secrecy/articleshow/51838694.cms</ref> as a terrorist in the UNSC.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Roy|first1=Shubhajit|title=China’s Masood Azhar snub: India issues visa to rebel Uyghur leader on Beijing blacklist|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/india-allows-visit-of-leader-whom-china-claims-is-a-terrorist-is-this-retaliation-for-masood-azhar-2765087/|accessdate=23 April 2016|work=The Indian Express|date=23 April 2016}}</ref> The Indian government in a U-turn from its earlier stance, later withdrew Isa's visa on 25 April 2016, a day after China raised objections to India <ref>http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/india-withdraws-visa-issued-to-uyghur-leader-dolkun-isa-after-chinese-protests-2769087/</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Isa, Dolkun}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:German activists]]
[[Category:Uyghurs]]

Tatyana Mashkova

2017-03-28T07:15:54Z

GreenC bot: Rescued 1 archive link; reformat 1 link. Wayback Medic 2.1

{{multiple issues|
{{BLP sources|date=September 2014}}
{{notability|Biographies|date=September 2014}}
{{update|date=September 2014}}
}}
[[Image:Paf Open 2012 Tatyana Mashkova.jpg|thumb|Tatyana Mashkova in 2012]]
'''Tatyana Mashkova''' (born March 6, 1983) is a [[Kazakhstan]]i [[beach volleyball]] player. She competed at the [[Beach volleyball at the 2012 Asian Beach Games|2012 Asian Beach Games]] in [[Haiyang]], [[China]].<ref>[https://archive.is/20121204174313/http://results.haiyang2012.com/NH/en/Root/ Profile] </ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mashkova, Tatyana}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Kazakhstani beach volleyball players]]
[[Category:Beach volleyball players at the 2010 Asian Games]]
[[Category:1983 births]]
[[Category:Beach volleyball players at the 2014 Asian Games]]

{{Kazakhstan-volleyball-bio-stub}}

Margulan Seisembayev

2017-03-26T21:48:23Z

GreenC bot: Reformat 2 archive links. Wayback Medic 2.1

{{Infobox officeholder
|image =
|name = Margulan Seissembayev {{small|Сейсембаев, Марғулан Қалиұлы }}
|birth_date = {{birth date and age|1966|11|2|df=y}}
|birth_place = [[Zhezkazgan]], [[Soviet Union]] {{small|(now [[Kazakhstan]])}}
|citizenship = {{KAZ}}
|death_date =
|death_place =
|spouse = Saule Seisembayeva
|children = daughters: Zere, Dameli and Almira
|religion = [[Sunni Islam]]
}}

'''Margulan Seissembayev''' ({{lang-kk|'''Сейсембаев, Марғулан Қалиұлы'''}}; {{lang-ru|'''Маргулан Калиевич Сейсембаев'''}}, born 2 November 1966) is a [[Kazakhstan]] businessman, entrepreneur, investor and philanthropist.

* until December 31, 2009 — Chairman of the Board JSC «Alliance Bank»
* Founder of «Seimar»
* 2007 - 2009 — President of [http://kazchess.kz/ Chess Federation of the Republic of Kazakhstan]
* Founder of Non-profit Charity Foundation<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vlast.kz/?art=200|title=Маргулан Сейсембаев|accessdate=2013-03-19|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6FI59O4rG?url=http://www.vlast.kz/?art%3D200|archivedate=2013-03-21}}</ref> [http://site.seimarfund.kz/ «Seimar Social Fund»]
* One of the Founders of the private English school in Kazakhstan [http://www.haileyburyalmaty.kz/index.php/about-haileybury-almaty/the-heart-of-haileybury?lang=en «Heileyberry School Almaty»]
* Sponsor of Kazakhstani entrepreneurial university «Almaty Management University» [http://www.almau.edu.kz/en «AlmaU»]

==Early life==
Margulan Seissembayev was born by his mother, Seissembayeva Raushan Beysekovna (05.05.1934 – 22.05.2002); and father Seissembayev Gali Jienbayevich (02.11.1921 – 02.06.2007). His father was a WWII veteran. His parents were working at the collective farm in Jezkazgan region. In 1980 he graduated school. From 1983 to 1984 Seissembayev worked as a herder. From 1984 to 1985 he worked as a hiver. For two years (1985-1987) Seissembayev served in the Army. He was a squad leader. In 1991 he graduated at Kirov Kazakh State University with a degree in law studies.

==Business career==
In the beginning of the 1990s, Seissembayev founded his own company "[[Seimar (company)|Seimar]]" which later included a financial holding, agriculture companies, telecommunication enterprises and others. In 2000 Margulan Seissembayev became a chairman of Seimar company. In 2002 Seissembayev have bought "[[K-Mobile]]", a telecommunications operator. In 2003 he became a chairman of the company "Rice of Kazakhstan". In 2004 Seissembayev sold "[[K-Mobile]]" to "[[Vimpelcom]]" for $425 mln. At that moment "[[K-Mobile]]" had over 600,000 subscribers.

In the 1990s he purchased and headed the commercial "Alliance Bank".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.alb.kz/en/ |title=Alliance bank |publisher=Alb.kz |date= |accessdate=2014-02-05}}</ref> In 2007 it became one of the first banks in Kazakhstan to issue IPO in London Stock Exchange.<ref name="SAFC raises $704 mln in Alliance Bank's London IPO">[http://www.uk.reuters.com/article/2007/07/17/alliance-ipo-idUKL161744120070717] {{dead link|date=February 2014}}</ref>

In 2009, during the world financial crisis, "Alliance Bank" owned by Seissembayev was nationalized, with him being accused of stealing and laundering money.<ref name="Kazakhstan to nationalise top banks">{{cite web|last=Gorst |first=Isabel |url=http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/7a8c2172-f0ea-11dd-8790-0000779fd2ac.html |title=Kazakhstan to nationalise top banks |publisher=FT.com |date=2009-02-02 |accessdate=2014-02-05}}</ref><ref name="Alliance Bank chases former chairman over USD 1.1bn ‘fraud’">{{cite web|last=Sidliarevich |first=Alesia |url=http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/2/8adb3c56-98c8-11e0-bd66-00144feab49a.html#axzz2a2EFXHdQ |title=Alliance Bank chases former chairman over USD 1.1bn ‘fraud’ |publisher=FT.com |date=2011-06-17 |accessdate=2014-02-05}}</ref> Margulan Seissembayev had to leave Kazakhstan for some time, but in 2010 he returned.<ref name="Seimar is coming back">{{cite web|url=http://prodengi.kz/lenta/sejmar_vozvrawaetsya |title=Сеймар возвращается |publisher=Prodengi.kz |date= |accessdate=2014-02-05}}</ref>

During the trials and investigations held in Kazakhstan, Great Britain, Lichtenstein, Switzerland and UAE, Margulan Seissembayev and his team were justified and freed from paying any compensation in favor of Alliance Bank.<ref name="London's High Court unfroze assets of Alliance Bank former managers">{{cite web|url=http://en.tengrinews.kz/crime/Londons-High-Court-unfroze-assets-of-Alliance-Bank-former-managers-15274/ |title=London's High Court unfroze assets of Alliance Bank former managers. Crime. Tengrinews.kz |publisher=En.tengrinews.kz |date=2012-12-17 |accessdate=2014-02-05}}</ref>

Since August 2013 - Margulan is Managing Partner of "[http://forbes.kz/authors/authorsid_564 "Asadel Capital"]" hedge fund.

Timeline:
* 1991 — Founded private company "Seimar Commerce", which was exporting wheat (crops) to CIS countries (Commonwealth of Independent States, ex-USSR republics).
* 1992 — Established Concern "Seimar"
* 1995-1997 — Started to buy up poultry farms across Kazakhstan and in 1998 established company "Almatykus" (later renamed to "Alel Agro"), where Askar Galin (brother of Margulan) was appointed as the CEO.
* 2000—2001 Chairman of the Board JSC "[[Seimar]]"
* From 2001 — President of JSC "[[Seimar]]"
* 2002 — Buys 100% stake in "Kartel" (one of two cellular mobile communication providers in Kazakhstan) for $12 million (USD). At the time of take over, company owed $175 million (USD) to "Motorola" and also had a dept of around $67 million USD in Kazakhstani banks. The number of subscribers was 220 thousand. The equipment was brought from Turkey, where it has been previously used by one of the former shareholders and was in bad condition.
* From 2003 — Chairman of the Board JSC "Rice Kazakhstan"
* 2003-2005 — Chairman of the Board JSC "Alel Agro"
* October 3, 2003 - 26 of Aplril 2004 — member of the Board of Directors of JSC "Kazakhstan Kagazi"
* 2004— [http://www.profit.kz/news/103-VimpelKom-pokupaet-operatora-Kar-Tel-v-Kazahstane/#.UNLldomLLAo Sells cellular provider] "Kartel" to Russian company "[[VimpelCom]]" for $425 million USD (with the deduction of net debt of $75 million USD). By that time all outstanding debts to Motorola had been paid, all Kazakhstani cities have been covered by cellular connection, number of subscribers exceeded 600 thousand.
* 2004 — Buys stake in Kyrgyzstani cellular provider "Bitel".
* 2005 — Sells 51% stake in «Bitel» to Russian company [[МТС]] for $150 million USD.
* July 17, 2007 — JSC "Alliance Bank" [http://expert.ru/kazakhstan/2007/30/ipo_alyans_bank/ Held it's IPO] (Initial Public Offering) on LSE (London Stock Exchange). After Initial Public Offering "Alliance Bank" was valued at $4 billion USD.
* As a result of IPO "Seimar Alliance" raised $700 million USD by selling 17% stake in «Alliance Bank».
* By the end of 2007 "Alliance Bank" equity capital reached $1 billion 350 million USD.
* In 2007 total equity capital of JSC "Financial Corporation Seimar Alliance" reached $1 billion 850 million USD.
* 2007 — JSC "Alliance Bank" earned highest ever recorded after tax profit — $350 million USD.
* From November 2007 to October 2008 — Chairman of the Board and Member of the Board of Directors of JSC "Financial Corporation Seimar Alliance".
* From November 2008 — Chairman of the Board of Directors of "Financial Corporation Seimar Alliance".
* February 2, 2009 — controlling stake of "Alliance Bank" [http://www.alb.kz/ru/media_center/news/2009/February/92 handed over for trust management] to NWF (National Welfare Fund) "Samruk-Kazina" (Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan).
* June 20, 2009 — Margulan Seissembayev leaves Kazakhstan.
* July 2, 2009 — State prosecutor of Liechtenstein at the request of third parties has initiated a criminal investigation on suspicions of embezzlement and money laundering of "Alliance Bank".
*September 2, 2009 Margulan Seissembayev stated «I decided not to come back, because there is no real guarantee that the situation will develop in an rightful manner. In my opinion, there is a fundamental interest of some people to make me accountable for this situation...».
* September 4, 2009 — State Attorney of Zurich initiated the investigation on suspicions of embezzlement and money laundering of "Alliance Bank".
* September 10, 2009 — The Swiss Federal Police filed a complaint to the public prosecutor in Zurich on a mission to launch a criminal investigation against Margulan and Yerlan Seissembayev on suspicions of embezzlement and money laundering of "Alliance Bank".
* October 13, 2009 — A criminal case was opened against Margulan on charges of organizing and directing a criminal group with the aim of embezzling funds "Alliance Bank" on the basis of Article 235 of the Criminal Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan (the creation and management of an organized criminal group or criminal community (criminal organization).
* October 28, 2009 — Margulan Seissembayev, his brothers and former top management of the bank (Zh.Ertaeva, A.Ageeva, D.Kereybaeva, Igor Ivanov and others.) were charged with unlawful issuance of guarantees, embezzlement, money laundering, abuse of office, illegal use of funds of the bank, the creation of an organized criminal group.
* November 4, 2009 — Head State Prosecutor of Zurich sends a letter to the HSBC Bank demanding freezing of several bank accounts. In the letter, the State Prosecutor in Zurich also mentioned that he is working closely with the Federal Office of the Swiss Department of Justice with a view to understand the actual charges against Margulan Seissembayev.
* December 27, 2009 — Margulan Seissembayev, his brothers and former top management of the "Alliance Bank" (Zh.Ertaeva, A.Ageeva, D.Kereybaeva, Igor Ivanov, and others) have been charged with a crime under paragraph "b" part 3 of Article 176 of the Criminal Code (misappropriation i.e. theft, someone else's property entrusted to the offender, a group of persons by prior conspiracy, using his official position, on a large scale).
* April 10, 2010 — The Prosecutor's Office of Kazakhstan also filed against Margulan a criminal case under paragraph (3) (c) of Article 193 of the Criminal Code (legalization of money or other property acquired by illegal means).
* May 7, 2010 — charged under paragraph "b" part 3 of Article 176 of the Criminal Code in respect to Margulan Seissembayev was changed to a charge under paragraph 1 of Article 220 of the Criminal Code (illegal use of funds JSC "Alliance Bank") and Article 182 (Part 3) (causing damage to property by deception or abuse of trust) in the absence of events of crime. Also, May 7, 2010 Office of Public Prosecutor of Kazakhstan stopped criminal proceedings against Margulan Seissembayev, his brothers and some of the former top managers of the Bank under articles 193 (part 3) and 235 (part 1) of the Criminal Code in the absence of corpus delicti.
* May 12, 2010 — investigation in Kazakhstan removes charges on Article 193, part 3, "The legalization of money or other property acquired by illegal means," Article 176 "Misappropriation or embezzlement of entrusted property ', Part 3 of Article 235 "Creating and leadership of an organized criminal group or criminal community (criminal organization) participation in a criminal association" in the absence of corpus delicti.
* June 11, 2010 — international auditing company BDO forensic services, specializing in financial investigations, presented the audit report on the activities of Seissembayev Margulan and the use of funds of the bank.
* August 5, 2010 - after receiving a response from the Federal Department of Justice and the Police of Switzerland and studying all materials concerning the activities Seissembayev Margulan, State Attorney in Zurich has stopped the investigation because of the absence of evidence of a crime and refused to open a criminal case on suspicion of money laundering.
* August 17, 2010 — District Court for the Principality of Liechtenstein has stopped pre-investigation on suspicion Margulan Seissembayev of abuse of office, and also on suspicion of money laundering in the absence of evidence of a crime.
* October 26, 2010 — Margulan Seissembayev voluntarily returned to Kazakhstan to facilitate the investigation and to participate in investigative actions.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://prodengi.kz/lenta/sejmar_vozvrawaetsya/|title=Сеймар возвращается|accessdate=2013-02-05|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6EMoC0BQ5?url=http://prodengi.kz/lenta/sejmar_vozvrawaetsya/|archivedate=2013-02-12}}</ref>
* January 8, 2011 — case against Seissembayev Margulan and former top managers of JSC "Alliance Bank" is handed over to Medeu District Court of Almaty, Kazakhstan.
* April 5, 2011 — JSC «Alliance Bank» filed a lawsuit in the High Court of England, accusing Seissembayev Margulan, his brothers and former top managers of the bank of money laundering, fraud and embezzlement of bank funds. The High Court of England issued an order to freeze all assets Seissembayev Margulan, his brothers, and the top management of the bank worldwide.
* July 8, 2011 — after a six-month trial in an open court of Medeu District Court acquitted Seissembayev Margulan under Art. 182 (causing damage to property by deception or abuse of trust) and recognized Seissembayev Margulan guilty under Art. 220 (illegal use of funds by issuing bank guarantees). The court sentenced Seissembayev Margulan to two years of imprisonment with the prohibition to hold management positions in the banking sector for 2 years and the payment in favor of JSC "Alliance Bank" 192 billion tenge (Kazakhstani currency).
* September 15, 2011 — Almaty Appellate Court cancels the verdict of Medeu District Court of Almaty in payment part of JSC "Alliance Bank" 192 billion tenge claim and recognized JSC "Alliance Bank" right to satisfy it's claims from guilty persons in the Civil Court proceedings.
* September 23, 2011 — JSC "Alliance Bank" has filed a petition to the Supreme Court of the Republic of Kazakhstan.
* December 14, 2011 — England's High Court rules in favor of Seissembayev Margulan, his brothers and former top management of the bank, as well as denying the claim of JSC "Alliance Bank" on the basis of lack of jurisdiction of the court for consideration on the merits of the claim.
* January 17, 2012 — "Alliance Bank" appeals to the Court of Appeal of England on the decision of the trial court.
* February 14, 2012 — The Supreme Court of the Republic of Kazakhstan decides to leave "Alliance Bank" application without consideration.
* February 14, 2012 — The Supreme Court of the Republic of Kazakhstan decided to leave the petition "Alliance Bank" without consideration.
* February 15, 2012 — Bostandyk District Court of Almaty makes a decision on the release from punishment under Article 220 Part 1 of the Criminal Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan appointed on a sentence of Medeu District Court of Almaty in the Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan on amnesty.
* June 17, 2012 — слушание в Апелляционном суде Англии.
* December 12, 2012 — [http://forbes.kz/finances/finance/proigrannyiy_isk_oboshelsya_alyans_banku_v_30_mln Margulan Seissembayev wins his case in the Court of Appeal of England]. The court ruled in favor of Seissembayev Margulan, his brothers and former top management of the bank (a total of 15 respondents). In particular, the Court of Appeal in London has come to the conclusion that it has no grounds and jurisdiction to consider the dispute on the merits between JSC "Alliance Bank" and 15 defendants, of which financial institution accused of large-scale fraud, conspiracy and damage to the amount of 1, 1 billion dollars. Also, the London Court of Appeal ruled to unfreeze assets Margulan Seissembayev and other defendants worldwide. In addition, the London Court of Appeal ordered the JSC "Alliance Bank" fully reimburse all legal costs Margulan Seissembayev and other defendants that they suffered during the proceedings in the first and second courts of London. Also, the judge of the London Court of Appeal denied Kazakhstani bank permission to appeal to the Supreme Court in London. However, the JSC "Alliance Bank" have the ability until January 11, 2013 to apply for such a permit directly to the Supreme Court in London (which is the highest and final court in the British judicial system).
* From August 2013 — managing partner of hedge fund [http://forbes.kz/authors/authorsid_564 "Asadel Capital"].

==Charity work==
Margulan Seisembayev has founded Seimar Social Fund,<ref>[http://site.seimarfund.kz/main_eng/ ]{{dead link|date=February 2014}}</ref> a non-commercial charitable organization working in various directions: from support of children with serious diseases to the financing of scientific books.
He is a co-founder of Sponsors Club of Kazakhstan which included seven young businessmen of Kazakhstan: Bulat Abylov — the chairman of the Club, Raimbek Batalov, Erken Kaliev, Kairat Satilganov, Margulan Seisembayev, Nurlan Smagulov, Nurjan Subhanberdin. The Sponsors Club had established the independent award "Tarlan" for distinguished personalities of Kazakhstan in literature, arts and science in 7 nominations from 2000 until 2007.

In 2012 Seisembayev supported issue of the unique atlas "From Altai to Kaspiy", describing archeological, historical and cultural monuments of Kazakhstan.<ref name="From Altai to the Caspian: unique atlas is released in Kazakh and Russian languages">{{cite web|url=http://site.seimarfund.kz/2012/12/14/from_altai_to_the_caspian_unique_atlas_is_released_in_kazakh_and_russian_languages.html |title=From Altai to the Caspian: unique atlas is released in Kazakh and Russian languages » Seimar Social Fund |publisher=Site.seimarfund.kz |date= |accessdate=2014-02-05}}</ref><ref name="Путешествие От Алтая до Каспия с книгой на диване">{{cite web|url=http://www.zonakz.net/articles/60314 |title=Путешествие "От Алтая до Каспия" с книгой на диване / Общество / Интернет-газета ЗОНАКЗ. Казахстан |publisher=Zonakz.net |date=2012-12-21 |accessdate=2014-02-05}}</ref><ref name="Атлас «От Алтая до Каспия» презентован в Алматы">{{cite web|url=http://www.zakon.kz/4531686-atlas-ot-altaja-do-kaspija-prezentovan.html |title=Атлас "От Алтая до Каспия" презентован в Алматы |language=en |publisher=Zakon.kz |date= |accessdate=2014-02-05}}</ref>

Seisembayev is also a co-founder and patron of the private English school, Haileybury Almaty.<ref>{{cite web|first=Howard|last=Bullock |url=http://www.haileyburyalmaty.kz/index.php/about-haileybury-almaty/the-heart-of-haileybury?lang=en |title=The Heart of Haileybury Almaty - Haileybury Almaty |publisher=Haileyburyalmaty.kz |date= |accessdate=2014-02-05}}</ref><ref name="The First British Partnership School in the CIS has Opened in Almaty">{{cite web|author= |url=http://capitalpartners.ws/en/#!/about/news/the-first-british-partnership-school-in-the-cis-has-opened-in-almaty1 |title=Capital Partners |publisher=Capitalpartners.ws |date= |accessdate=2014-02-05}}</ref> He was also a co-founder and member of Kazakhstan’s Club of Patrons which founded the independent prize [[Tarlan Prize|Tarlan]] awarded for achievements in art, science and literature from 2000 to 2007.

Margulan Seisembayev was the president of the Kazakhstan Chess Federation,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kazchess.kz/ |title=Федерация шахмат Республики Казахстан |publisher=Kazchess.kz |date= |accessdate=2014-02-05}}</ref> and also founded [[Seimar Open]], the Kazakhstan golf championship.<ref name="Игра, которая объединяет">{{cite web|url=http://www.continent.kz/2002/20/19.html |accessdate=November 17, 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20041017151415/http://continent.kz/2002/20/19.html |archivedate=October 17, 2004 }}</ref>

==Other information==
He has a wife, Saule and three daughters Zere, Dameli, Almira.<ref name="Biografia.kz">{{cite web|url=http://biografia.kz/famous/1041 |title=Бизнес | Финансисты | Сейсембаев Маргулан |publisher=Biografia.kz |date= |accessdate=2014-02-05}}</ref> His sporting hobbies include hunting, skiing, flying, and playing golf. Seisembayev speaks Kazakh, Russian, Italian and English languages.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Seisembayev, Margulan}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1966 births]]
[[Category:Kazakhstani businesspeople]]

2011 Asian Winter Games opening ceremony

2017-03-25T08:53:09Z

GreenC bot: Rescued 1 archive link; reformat 5 links. Wayback Medic 2.1

The '''opening ceremony''' of the '''[[2011 Asian Winter Games]]''' was held at the [[Astana Arena]], in [[Astana]], [[Kazakhstan]]. It began at 6:00 PM ([[UTC+06:00]]) on 30 January 2011 and lasted approximately three hours.<ref name="astana-almaty1">[http://www.astana-almaty2011.kz/gis/menu/en/Sports/Schedule_Results.aspx 7-th Asian Winter Games | Astana - Almaty 2011] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110120010337/http://www.astana-almaty2011.kz/gis/menu/en/Sports/Schedule_Results.aspx |date=January 20, 2011 }}</ref><ref>[http://www.rnw.nl/english/bulletin/asian-winter-games-officially-open .view the location of this item Asian Winter Games officially open] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724170014/http://www.rnw.nl/english/bulletin/asian-winter-games-officially-open |date=July 24, 2011 }}</ref>

An estimated 30,000 were in attendance at the venue. There were an estimated 700 performers.<ref>[http://www.astana-almaty2011.kz/gis/menu/en/News_Center/article.aspx?flag=1&id=822 Nurzhamal Usenbayeva Performed a Song with Original Music Composed by Igor Krutoy]{{dead link|date=September 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
{{2011 Asian Winter Games}}

==Guests==
* [[Faisal bin Al Hussein]] - Prince of [[Jordan]]
* [[Mohammed bin Zayed Al Nahyan]] - [[Crown Prince]] of [[Abu Dhabi]]<ref name="uaeinteract1">[https://web.archive.org/web/20160303220154/http://www.uaeinteract.com/docs/Mohammed_bin_Zayed_attends_opening_ceremony_of_the_7th_Asian_Winter_Games_2011/44264.htmMohammed bin Zayed attends opening ceremony of the 7th Asian Winter Games 2011] </ref>
* [[Ahmed Al-Fahad Al-Ahmed Al-Sabah]] - Current IOC member representing [[Kuwait]] and president of the [[Olympic Council of Asia]] <ref name="ocasia1">[http://www.ocasia.org/News/IndexNewsRM.aspx?redirect=1665 Olympic Council of Asia : News]</ref>
* [[Nursultan Nazarbayev]] - President of [[Kazakhstan]] <ref name="ocasia1"/>
* [[Jacques Rogge]] - President of the [[International Olympic Committee]] <ref name="ocasia1"/>
* [[Roza Otunbayeva]] - President of [[Kyrgyzstan]]<ref>[http://en.ca-news.org/news/293201?from=rss CA-NEWS : President of Kyrgyzstan to attend opening of 7th Asian Winter Games in Astana]</ref>
* [[René Fasel]] - President of the [[International Ice Hockey Federation]] <ref>[http://www.astana-almaty2011.kz/gis/menu/en/News_Center/article.aspx?flag=1&id=720 7-th Asian Winter Games | Astana - Almaty 2011]{{dead link|date=September 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
* [[Imangali Tasmagambetov]] - Current mayor of [[Astana]]
* [[Alexander Zhukov]] - Deputy Prime Minister of Russia and President of the Russian Olympic Committee <ref name="uaeinteract1"/>

==Program==
===Opening section===
A dramatised performance based on traditional Kazakh epic poems accompanied by a group of ethnic drummers, which was followed by a volley of red fireworks began the show.<ref name="google1">[https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5gGXIOEIQj3UTZ92IZ8ITzO9R9aYg?docId=CNG.bc937a1a30aafcea92c02296ce113ff6.de1 Asian Winter Games officially open]</ref>

===National anthem===
Members of the Kazakhstan army marched the Kazakh flag to the flagpost. The anthem was then sung by [[Azamat Zheltyrguzov]] while the flag was risen.<ref name="google1"/>

===Parade of Nations===
According to the Olympic Council of Asia's protocols, countries will march in order of their IOC Code.<ref name="astana-almaty1"/>

Below is list of countries that are confirmed to compete and their national flagbearers during the ceremony.
All the countries were given warm receptions by the crowd, however a deafening welcoming roar was given to the home team.<ref name="astana-almaty1"/>

{| class=wikitable
|-
!Order
!Nation
!Kazakh
!Flagbearer
!Sport
|-
|align=center|1
|{{flagIOC2|AFG|2011 Asian Winter Games}}
|Ауғанстан
|Unknown
|Chef De Mission
|-
|align=center|2
|{{flagIOC2|BRN|2011 Asian Winter Games}}
|Бахрейн
|
|[[Ice hockey at the 2011 Asian Winter Games|Ice hockey]]
|-
|align=center|3
|{{flagIOC2|CHN|2011 Asian Winter Games}}
|Қытай
|
|
|-
|align=center|4
|{{flagIOC2|PRK|2011 Asian Winter Games}}
|КНДР
|[[Ri Song Chol]]
|[[Figure skating at the 2011 Asian Winter Games|Figure skating]]
|-
|align=center|5
|{{flagIOC2|HKG|2011 Asian Winter Games}}
|Гонконг, Қытай
|[[Wang Xinyue]]
|[[Short track speed skating at the 2011 Asian Winter Games|Short track speed skating]]
|-
|align=center|6
|{{flagIOC2|IND|2011 Asian Winter Games}}
|Үндістан
|[[Tashi Lundup]]
|[[Cross-country skiing at the 2011 Asian Winter Games|Cross country skiing]]
|-
|align=center|7
|{{IDN}}**
|
|Unknown
|Official
|-
|align=center|8
|{{flagIOC2|IRI|2011 Asian Winter Games}}
|Иран
|[[Alidad Saveh-Shemshaki]]
|Alpine skiing coach
|-
|align=center|9
|{{flagIOC2|JPN|2011 Asian Winter Games}}
|Жапония
|
|
|-
|align=center|10
|{{flagIOC2|JOR|2011 Asian Winter Games}}
|Иордания
|
|
|-
|align=center|11
|{{flagIOC2|KOR|2011 Asian Winter Games}}
|Корея Республикасы
|[[Park Woo-sang]]
|[[Ice hockey at the 2011 Asian Winter Games|Ice hockey]]
|-
|align=center|12
|{{flagIOC2|KGZ|2011 Asian Winter Games}}
|Қырғызстан
|
|
|-
|align=center|13
|{{flagIOC2|LIB|2011 Asian Winter Games}}
|Ливан
|No Flag bearer*
| -
|-
|align=center|14
|{{flagIOC2|MAS|2011 Asian Winter Games}}
|Малайзия
|[[Haniff Mahmood]]<ref>[http://thestar.com.my/metro/story.asp?file=/2011/1/22/central/7816267&sec=central Malaysian ice hockey team targets a medal at Winter Games]</ref>
|[[Ice hockey at the 2011 Asian Winter Games|Ice hockey]]
|-
|align=center|15
|{{flagIOC2|MGL|2011 Asian Winter Games}}
|Моңғолия
|
|
|-
|align=center|16
|{{flagIOC2|NEP|2011 Asian Winter Games}}
|Непал
|Unknown
|Official
|-
|align=center|17
|{{flagIOC2|PLE|2011 Asian Winter Games}}
|Палестина
|[[Mohammed El Batta]]
|[[Alpine skiing at the 2011 Asian Winter Games|Alpine skiing]]
|-
|align=center|18
|{{flagIOC2|PHI|2011 Asian Winter Games}}
|Филиппин
|[[Zhaira Costiniano]]
|[[Figure skating at the 2011 Asian Winter Games|Figure skating]]
|-
|align=center|19
|{{flagIOC2|QAT|2011 Asian Winter Games}}
|Катар
|[[Thamer Al-Mohannadi]]<ref>[http://www.qatarolympics.org/topics/index.asp?g=FA8A96F1-A0BC-465F-B736-B35B6F32F7B7 Spectacular opening for Asian Winter Games]</ref>
|[[Speed skating at the 2011 Asian Winter Games|Speed skating]]
|-
|align=center|20
|{{flagIOC2|SIN|2011 Asian Winter Games}}
|Сингапур
|[[Lucas Ng]]
|[[Short track speed skating at the 2011 Asian Winter Games|Short track speed skating]]
|-
|align=center|21
|{{flagIOC2|TPE|2011 Asian Winter Games}}
|Қытай Тайбэйі
|
|
|-
|align=center|22
|{{flagIOC2|TJK|2011 Asian Winter Games}}
|Тәжікстан
|
|[[Alpine skiing at the 2011 Asian Winter Games|Alpine skiing]]
|-
|align=center|23
|{{flagIOC2|THA|2011 Asian Winter Games}}
|Таиланд
|
|[[Ice hockey at the 2011 Asian Winter Games|Ice hockey]]
|-
|align=center|24
|{{flagIOC2|UAE|2011 Asian Winter Games}}
|Біріккен Араб Әмірліктері
|
|[[Ice hockey at the 2011 Asian Winter Games|Ice hockey]]
|-
|align=center|25
|{{flagIOC2|UZB|2011 Asian Winter Games}}
|Өзбекстан
|
|
|-
|align=center|26
|{{flagIOC2|KUW|2011 Asian Winter Games}}
|Кувейт
|
|[[Ice hockey at the 2011 Asian Winter Games|Ice hockey]]
|-
|align=center|27
|{{flagIOC2|KAZ|2011 Asian Winter Games}}
|Қазақстан
|
|
|}
'''*'''During the Opening Ceremony Lebanon was announced to the crowd and a Placard bearer came out, but was followed by no members of the delegation.
'''**''' Indonesia had no athletes competing, rather officials participating.

===Cultural Program===
Kazakh opera diva Nurzhamal Usenbaeva then performed a song specially composed for the Games opening an impressive show that involved more than 700 actors and dancers including Belgian singer [[Lara Fabian]] singing her new song "Always".<ref name="astana-almaty1"/><ref>[http://www.larafabiangmtb.com/2011/01/asian-winter-games-30012011.html Lara Fabian Greek Music Treasure Box: Asian Winter Games]</ref>

Also included in the cultural show was the history of Kazakhstan, with a bird’s eye view from an eagle swooping over the vast plains. With dance, song and distinctive musical instruments, the props came to life – notably when water cascaded from the top of the set and lighting transformed the stage into a rough sea to rock the boat looking for new lands.<ref name="ocasia2">[http://www.ocasia.org/News/IndexNewsRM.aspx?redirect=1679 ‘Snowball fight’ marks Opening Ceremony]</ref>

Also, "The gift packs for the visitors inside the 30,000-seat indoor football stadium included a bag of four snowball-size white sponge balls. Taking their lead from a band of tiny-tot performers dressed as flowers towards the end of the cultural show, the audience opened their packet of “snowballs” and proceeded to pelt anyone and everyone in sight"<ref name="ocasia2"/>

===Entry of the Olympic Council of Asia Flag===
6 famous athletes and coaches carried the flag. They were:<ref name="astana-almaty3">[http://www.astana-almaty2011.kz/gis/menu/en/News_Center/article.aspx?flag=1&pagenum=1&id=826 Olympic Council of Asia Flag hoisted on the AG Opening Ceremony]{{dead link|date=September 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>
* [[Hwan Mai]] - Coach
* [[Serik Konakbayev]] - Former Olympic silver medalist in boxing for the [[USSR]] at the [[1980 Summer Olympics]].
* [[Kenzhe Sarsekenova]] - Coach
* [[Lyudmila Prokasheva]] - Former Olympic bronze medalist speed skater for Kazakhstan at the [[1998 Winter Olympics]].
* [[Vladimir Smirnov (skier)|Vladimir Smirnov]] - Former multiple Olympic medalist cross-country skier for [[Kazakhstan]] and the USSR.
* [[Aliya Yussupova]] - Multiple gold medalist rhythmic gymnast at the [[2006 Asian Games]].

===Oaths===
The athletes and jury pronounced solemn oaths before the banner of the [[Olympic Council of Asia]].<ref name="astana-almaty3"/>

===Opening remarks/Official Opening===
The mayor of Astana Imangali Tasmagambetov gave a speech. "The Asiad is being held by Kazakhstan due to the initiative of President Nursultan Nazarbayev. The victory of an athlete is the victory of the country".<ref name="astana-almaty3"/>

This was followed by president of the Olympic council of Asia Ahmed Al-Fahad Al-Ahmed Al-Sabah also giving a welcoming speech. "Kazakhstan is a very respectful member of the international sport community. The Olympic Council of Asia congratulates President Nursultan Nazarbayev, the Government of Kazakhstan, mayors and people of Astana and Almaty".<ref name="astana-almaty3"/>

The games were then officially opened by the president of Kazakhstan, [[Nursultan Nazarbayev]].<ref name="astana-almaty3"/>

===Lighting of the Cauldron===
The Olympic torch relay, which had criss-crossed the country during January, arrived at its final destination at the Astana Arena, with a group of the country's most decorated sports veterans jointly lighting the Games flame.<ref name="google1"/>

This followed by [[Koreans|Korean]] oprea singer [[Sumi Jo]] singing "Angels Pass Away".<ref>[http://www.astana-almaty2011.kz/gis/menu/en/News_Center/article.aspx?flag=1&pagenum=1&id=828 Opening Ceremony was finished with Lighting the Cauldron of the 7th Winter Asian Games]{{dead link|date=September 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

Finally, another barrage of fireworks that lit up the night sky of the Kazakhstan capital to close the show.<ref name="google1"/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:2011 Asian Winter Games Opening Ceremony}}
[[Category:2011 Asian Winter Games]]
[[Category:Asian Games opening ceremonies]]
[[Category:Ceremonies in Kazakhstan]]

Alan Buribayev

2017-03-24T01:57:03Z

GreenC bot: Rescued 1 archive link; remove 1 link. Wayback Medic 2.1

{{Infobox musical artist 
| name = Alan Buribayev
| image = Alan Buribayev.jpg
| caption = Alan Buribayev
| image_size = 230
| landscape = yes
| background = non_performing_personnel
| birth_name = Alan Buribaev
| alias =
| birth_date = {{birth year and age|1979}}
| death_date =
| origin = [[Kazakhs]]tani
| instrument =
| genre = [[Classical Music]]
| occupation = [[Conducting|Conductor]]
| years_active =
| label =
| associated_acts =
| website =
| current_members =
| past_members =
| notable_instruments =
}}

'''Alan Buribayev''' ({{lang-kz|Алан Бөрібаев}}, born 1979; surname also spelled '''Buribaev''' in English) is a [[Kazakhs|Kazakh]] conductor, the son of a cellist/conductor father and a pianist mother. He studied violin and conducting at the [http://www.conservatoire.kz/ Kazakh National Conservatory] in [[Almaty]]. He was later a conducting student of Uros Lajovic in Vienna. Buribayev won prizes in the Lovro von Matacic Conducting Competition in Zagreb and in the Antonio Pedrotti Competition in 2001.

Buribayev began his tenure as Principal Conductor of the [[Astana]] Symphony Orchestra, [[Kazakhstan]], in March 2003, and had concluded his tenure by 2007. From 2004 to 2007, Buribayev was ''General Musikdirektor'' of the [[Meiningen]] Theatre, [[Germany]]. He became Principal Conductor of the [[Norrköping Symphony Orchestra]] in the 2007-2008 season, with an initial contract through 2010.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nt.se/arkiv/2006/02/01/Kultur/1314476/Alans-kunskaper-%E4r-enast%E5ende.aspx |archive-url=http://archive.is/20120904163431/http://www.nt.se/arkiv/2006/02/01/Kultur/1314476/Alans-kunskaper-%E4r-enast%E5ende.aspx |dead-url=yes |archive-date=2012-09-04 |title=Alans kunskaper är enastående |work=Norrköping Tidningar |author=Pauli Olavi Kuivanen |date=2006-01-02 |accessdate=2008-11-01 |df= }}</ref> He is scheduled to conclude his Norrköping tenure in May 2011.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.nt.se/kultur/artikel.aspx?articleid=6019862 | title=Buribayev gör sin sista säsong i SON | work=Norrköping Tidningar | author=Pauli Olavi Kuivanen | date=18 May 2010 | accessdate=2010-05-21}}</ref> He became chief conductor of [[Het Brabants Orkest]] in the Netherlands with the 2008-2009 season. Buribayev is scheduled to conclude his chief conductorship of Het Brabants Orkest in 2012.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.telegraaf.nl/filmenuitgaan/muziek/7766004/__Boeribajev_stopt_bij_Brabants_Orkest__.html?sn=filmenuitgaan | title=Boeribajev stopt bij Brabants Orkest | work=De Telegraaf | date=2010-09-28 | accessdate=2010-09-29}}</ref>

In May 2009, Buribayev was named the next Principal Conductor of the [[RTÉ National Symphony Orchestra]], effective as of September 2010, with an initial contract of 3 years.<ref>{{cite press release | url=http://www.rte.ie/about/pressreleases/2009/0525/performinggroupsappointment25052009.html | title=RTÉ announces Alan Buribayev as Principal Conductor Designate, RTÉ National Symphony Orchestra | publisher=RTÉ National Symphony Orchestra | date=25 May 2009 | accessdate=2009-06-02}}</ref> On July 18, 2012 the RTÉ National Symphony Orchestra announced that Buribayev had agreed to extend his contract for a further two years, which will take the relationship to the end of the 2015 season.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.rte.ie/performinggroups/nationalsymphonyorchestra/nso1213overview.html |title=RTÉ National Symphony Orchestra 2012-2013 | work=RTÉ News | date=2012-07-18}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.imgartists.com/?page=artist&id=270&c=2 IMG Artists agency biography of Alan Buribaev]
* [http://www.amb-kazakhstan.fr/BioBuribayev.pdf French-language biography of Alan Buribaev]

{{s-start}}
{{succession box | title=[[Norrköping Symphony Orchestra|Principal Conductor, Norrköping Symphony Orchestra]] | before=Lü Jia | years=2007–2011 | after=[[Michael Francis (conductor)|Michael Francis ]]}}
{{succession box | title=[[Het Brabants Orkest|Chief Conductor, Het Brabants Orkest]] | before=Marc Soustrot | years=2008-2012 | after=Orchestra merged with the Limburg Symphony Orchestra }}
{{succession box | title=[[RTÉ National Symphony Orchestra|Principal Conductor, RTÉ National Symphony Orchestra]] | before=[[Gerhard Markson]] | years=2010-present | after=incumbent}}
{{s-end}}

{{RTÉ Performing Groups|state=collapsed}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Buribayev, Alan}}
[[Category:Kazakhstani conductors (music)]]
[[Category:RTÉ Performing Groups]]
[[Category:1979 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Abolition of Forced Labour Convention

2017-03-24T01:09:10Z

GreenC bot: Rescued 1 archive link; reformat 1 link. Wayback Medic 2.1

{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}
{{Infobox treaty
| name = Abolition of Forced Labour Convention
| long_name = Convention concerning the Abolition of Forced Labour
| image = Abolition of Forced Labour Convention.png
| image_width = 250px
| caption = Contracting States (green) and states that denounced the convention (red)
| type =
| date_drafted =
| date_signed = 25 June 1957
| location_signed =
| date_sealed =
| date_effective = 17 January 1959
| condition_effective = 2 ratifications
| date_expiration =
| signatories =
| parties = 173<ref name=ratifications>{{cite web |url=http://www.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en/f?p=1000:11300:0::NO:11300:P11300_INSTRUMENT_ID:312250 |title=Ratifications of C105 – Abolition of Forced Labour Convention, 1957 (No. 105) |publisher=[[International Labour Organization]] |date=26 April 2013 |access-date=1 May 2016}}</ref> (175 ratifications less two denunciations)
| ratifiers =
| depositor = Director-General of the International Labour Office
| language =
| languages = French and English
| wikisource =
}}
'''Abolition of Forced Labour Convention, 1957''', the full title of which is '''Convention concerning the Abolition of Forced Labour''', 1957 (No. 105), is one of the eight [[ILO fundamental conventions]] of the [[International Labour Organization]], which cancels certain forms of forced labour still allowed under the [[Forced Labour Convention]] of 1930, such as punishment for strikes and as a punishment for holding certain [[political opinion|political views]].

In order to implement the 1930 Forced Labour Convention and the 1957 Abolition of Forced Labour Convention, the [[Special Action Programme to Combat Forced Labour]] was set up.

==Ratifications==
{{wikisource|Convention concerning the Abolition of Forced Labour}}
{{As of|May 2016}}, the Convention has been ratified by 175 of the 187 [[International Labour Organization#Membership|ILO member]]s.<ref name = ratifications/> The 12 ILO members that have not ratified the Convention are:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en/f?p=NORMLEXPUB:11310:0::NO:11310:P11310_INSTRUMENT_ID:312250:NO |title=Members who have not ratified |work=International Labour Organization}}</ref>
*Brunei
*China
*Japan
*South Korea
*Laos
*Marshall Islands
*Myanmar
*Palau
*Tonga
*East Timor
*Tuvalu
*Vietnam

Two countries which had ratified the Convention—Malaysia and Singapore—have since denounced it. In addition, seven members of the United Nations are not members of the ILO and thus are not eligible to ratify the Convention unless they first join the ILO: Andorra, Bhutan, Liechtenstein, Micronesia, Monaco, Nauru, and North Korea.

== References ==
<references/>

== External links ==
* [http://www.ilo.org/ www.ilo.org/] official ILO site.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20131029200949/http://www.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en/f?p=NORMLEXPUB:12100:0::NO:12100:P12100_ILO_CODE:C105 Text of the Convention] at the ILO site.
* [http://www.ilo.org/sapfl/lang--en/index.htm The ILO Special Action Programme to Combat Forced Labour (SAP-FL)]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Abolition Of Forced Labour Convention, 1957}}
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