Paeonia tenuifolia

2017-02-21T11:58:47Z

Gligan1: links

{{taxobox
| image = Paeonia tenuifolia prg1.jpg
| regnum = [[Plant]]ae
| unranked_divisio = [[Angiosperms]]
| unranked_classis = [[Eudicots]]
| unranked_ordo = [[Core eudicots]]
| ordo = [[Saxifragales]]
| familia = [[Paeoniaceae]]
| genus = ''[[Peony|Paeonia]]''
| species = '''''P. tenuifolia'''''
| binomial = ''Paeonia tenuifolia'' <ref name=HZ>{{cite journal|first1= De-Yuan|last1= Hong|first2= Shi-Liang|last2= Zhou|year= 2003|title= Paeonia (Paeoniaceae) in the Caucasus|journal= Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society|volume= 143|pages= 135–150|url= http://www.paeo.de/h2005/hong_dy/hong_caucasus.pdf|accessdate= 2016-06-20|doi=10.1046/j.1095-8339.2003.00173.x}}</ref><ref name=TPL>{{cite web|website= The Plantlist|title= Paeonia tenuifolia L.|url= http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/record/kew-2560967|accessdate= 2016-06-20}}</ref>
| binomial_authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]
| synonyms =
* ''P. biebersteiniana'', ''P. tenuifolia'' [[Subspecies|ssp.]] ''biebersteiniana'', [[Variety (botany)|var.]] ''biebersteiniana''
* ''P. carthalinica'' 
|}}

'''''Paeonia tenuifolia''''' is a herbaceous species of [[peony]] that is called '''пион тонколистный''' (pion tonkolistnyy) in Russian, and '''nazikyarpaq pion''' in [[Azerbaijani language|Azeri]], both meaning "fine-leaved peony". In Ukraine it is known as '''піво́нія вузьколи́ста''' (pivóniya vuzʹkolýsta), which means "narrow peony", or '''степова́ піво́нія''' (stepová pivóniya) "steppe peony", while the Bulgarian/Serbian vernacular names '''теснолист божур/усколисни божур''' (tesnolist bozhur/uskolisni božur) and '''степен божур/степски божур''' (stepen bozhur/stepski božur), have the same meanings. In English it is sometimes called the '''fern leaf peony'''. It is native to the [[Caucasus Mountains]] of [[Russia]], as well as areas in [[Ukraine]] north of the [[Black Sea]], westward into [[Bulgaria]], [[Romania]] and [[Serbia]] and eastward to northwestern [[Kazakhstan]]. It was described by [[Carolus Linnaeus|Linnaeus]] in 1759. The leaves are finely divided into almost thread-like segments and grow close together on the stems. This peony can reach between 30 and 60 centimeters in height. The flowers are red and scented with numerous yellow [[stamen]]s in the centre.<ref>''Peonies: The Imperial Flower'', by Jane Fearnley Whittingstall. ISBN 0-297-82424-4</ref>

== Description ==
''Paeonia tenuifolia'' is a hairless [[herbaceous plant|herbaceous]] [[perennial]] with a stem of 30–60 cm high, which are densely set with [[Leaf#Arrangement on the stem|alternately arranged]] compound leaves. The lowest leaves are twice compounded or the leaflets are deeply divided into many fine linear segments, ½-6 mm wide, with a blunt to rounded tip, dark green above, and lighter [[glaucous]] green below. The mostly single flower per stem seems to be floating on the foliage. The flower is 6–8 cm across, cup-shaped, with deep crimson, long inverted egg-shaped petals, with a rounded or even blunt top. The [[stamen]]s are 1½—2 cm long, with yellow filaments, anthers and pollen. There are usually three, sometimes two, coarse felty haired [[carpel]]s, that will eventually develop into 2 cm long, dry, dehiscent fruits called [[Follicle (fruit)|follicles]]. This species is [[diploid]] with ten [[chromosome]]s (2n=10).<ref name=Stern>{{cite book|first= Frederick Claude|last= Stern|authorlink= Frederick Claude Stern|year= 1946|title= A study of the genus Paeonia|publisher= The Royal Horticultural Society|location= London}} ''cited on'' {{cite web|website= Web Project Paeonia|author= Carsten Burkhardt|title= F.C. Stern: A Study of the Genus Paeonia (1946)|url= http://www.paeon.de/h1/st/stern1.html|accessdate= 2016-05-03}}</ref>

== Taxonomy ==
''P. tenuifolia'' was first described by Linnaeus in the 10th edition of his [[Systema naturae]] of 1759. [[Franz Josef Ruprecht]] distinguished it from ''P. biebersteiniana'', which was based on a specimen from [[Stavropol]], in the [[Flora Caucasi]], that was published in 1869. Opinions seem to have been divided as Lomakin only mentions ''P. tenuifolia'' in 1897, while two years later [[Vladimir Ippolitovich Lipsky|Lipsky]] separated the two species again, along with [[Nikolai Schipczinsky]] in 1937. Ketzchoweli described in 1959 ''P. carthalinica'' from Igoeti, Georgia and thought it to be very closely related to ''P. tenuifolia'', though having broader leaflets and greyish felty hairs on the carpels and follicles. Kemularia-Nathadze, who revised the genus ''Paeonia'' in 1961, considered these two might be synonymous. In 2003, Hong and Zhou found the characters that were used to distinguish between all three taxa occurred in any combination and intergraded. Even within one population, plants typical fitting to either of the original descriptions occurred together. They found one plant with some leaves with very narrow leaflets less than 1 mm, while other leaves on the same plant had broad leaflets of over ½ cm. There seems to be consensus now that all are best considered as one polymorphic species.<ref name=HZ /><ref name=TPL />

== Ecology ==
''P. tenuifolia'' flowers earlier than other peonies, and dies down early too. This is probably because it grows in steppes, with dry and hot summers. The seeds of this species germinate above the soil in full light, which is exceptional among peonies.<ref name=HPS>{{cite web|website= Heartland Peony Society|title= Paeonia tenuifolia|url= http://www.peonies.org/P_tenuifolia.html|accessdate= 2016-04-12}}</ref>

The caterpillars of the moth ''[[Pelatea klugiana]]'' feed of the leaves of several ''Paeonia'' species, among which ''P. tenuifolia''. These larvae live with several together in a nest of silk that binds together several lobes of a leaf, and move only within the nest.<ref>{{cite journal|first1= Svetlana V.|last1= Nedoshivina|first2= Vadim V.|last2= Zolotuhin|year= 2005|title= A new subspecies of Pelatea klugiana (Freyer, 1836) from the Middle Volga Region of Russia, with notes on its morphology and life history (Tortricidae)|journal= Nota Lepidopterologica|volume= 28|issue= 1|pages= 3–9|url= http://www.soceurlep.eu/uploads/nota/bd28_1/01%20Zolotuhin.pdf|accessdate= 2016-04-26}}</ref>

== Cultivation ==
This species is said to be an attractive plant for the garden which is easy to grow and hardy in Western Europe and the United States. Still, as an inhabitant of the steppes of southern Russia and Kazakhstan, it is adapted to growing in the full sun and experiencing cold winters, and dry, hot summers, and it is susceptible to moult development on its leaves during prolonged wet spells.<ref name=HPS /> It is reported to have been in cultivation in Germany as early as 1594 and was introduced to England in 1765 and America in 1806. There are some cultivars and hybrids known to be in cultivation:
* ''P. tenuifolia'' "Rosea" has pink flowers.
* ''P. tenuifolia'' "Rosea Plena" with double pink flowers.<ref name=HPS />
* ''P. ×smouthii'', the presumed hybrid with ''P. lactiflora'', which is commercially introduced in 1843, and sometimes listed as ''P. laciniata'' in nursery catalogues, is taller than ''P. tenuifolia'', usually has more than one flower per stem with a sweet perfume, traits inherited from ''[[Paeonia lactiflora|P. lactiflora]]''. It is a diploid, and does not produce fertile seed. It was probably named in honor of M. Smout, a professional chemist at the [[Catholic University of Mechelen]], who was an active breeder of plants.<ref>{{cite web|website= Canadian Gardening|title= Early peonies marry with late daffodils and bridalwreath spiraea for colour|url= http://www.canadiangardening.com/gardens/stephen-speaks/early-peonies-marry-with-late-daffodils-and-bridalwreath-spir-a-for-colour/a/60342|accessdate= 2016-04-12}}</ref>
* ''P. ×majko'', the presumed hybrid with ''[[Paeonia daurica|P. daurica]]'', found in Georgia, is not deemed particularly appealing.<ref>{{cite book|first1= I.|last1= Pauwels|first2= G.|last2= Vervoort|year= 2009|title= Pioenen [Peonies]|edition= 1: in volle glorie [in full splendor]|publisher= Uitgever Lannoo Uitgeverij|isbn= 9020965077|pages= 143}}</ref>
* ''P. tenuifolia'' var. ''plena'', a variety with double flowers, is said to have been introduced to English gardens in 1765.
''P. hybrida'' was regarded a garden hybrid between ''[[Paeonia anomala|P. anomala]]'' and ''P. tenuifolia'' by [[Augustin Pyramus de Candolle]] in 1818, which according to him also occurred in the wild.<ref name=Stern /> However, Hong and Pan regard ''P. hybrida'' as synonymous with ''P. anomala''.<ref name=HP>{{cite journal|author1= Hong De-Yuan|author2= Pan Kai-Yu |year= 2004|title= A Taxonomic Revision of the Paeonia anomala Complex (Paeoniaceae)|journal= Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden|volume= 91|issue= 1|pages= 87–98|jstor= 3298571}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{taxonbar|wcsp=2664631}}

[[Category:Peonies|tenuifolia]]
[[Category:Flora of the Caucasus]]
[[Category:Flora of Bulgaria]]
[[Category:Flora of Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Flora of Russia]]
[[Category:Flora of Ukraine]]
[[Category:Plants described in 1759]]
[[Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus]]

Kazakhstan Encyclopedia - User contributions [en]

Paeonia tenuifolia