Kazakhstan Encyclopedia - User contributions [en]

Mirzhan Zhaxylykov

2017-04-19T08:03:03Z

Fixer88: Disambiguated: Kazakh → Kazakhstan

{{BLP sources|date=March 2017}}
{{Infobox boxer
| name = Mirzhan Zhaxylykov
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| realname =
| nickname =
| weight =
| height =
| reach =
| nationality = Kazakh
| birth_name = Миржан Жаксылыков
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1985|8|4}}
| birth_place = [[Ayagoz]], [[Kazakhstan]]
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| style = Orthodox
| total = 13
| wins = 10
| KO = 4
| losses = 3
| draws = 0
| no contests =
| website =
| medaltemplates =
| show-medals =
| embed = 
}}
'''Mirzhan Zhaxylykov''' (born 4 August, 1985 in [[Ayagoz]]) is a [[lightweight]] [[Kazakhstan|Kazakh]] boxer who turned pro in 2008.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://boxrec.com/boxer/472638|title=BoxRec - Zhaxylykov|publisher=}}</ref>

==Professional boxing record==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 85%;"
|-
! Result
! class="unsortable"| Record
! Opponent
! Type
! Date
! Location
! Notes
|-
|13
|{{no2}}10-3
|style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|RUS}} [[Pavel Malikov]]
|TKO
|25 Mar 2017
|style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|RUS}} {{small|PNTZ Palace of Culture, Pervouralsk, Russia}}
|-
|12
|{{no2}}10-2
|style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|RUS}} Mikhail Alexeev
|RTD
|18 Nov 2016
|style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|RUS}} {{small|DIVS, Ekaterinburg, Russia}}
|retained WBC Asian Boxing Council Silver super featherweight title
|-
|11
|{{yes2}}10-1
|style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|PHI}} Rimar Metuda
|UD
|9 Sep 2016
|style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|RUS}} {{small|Traktor Sport Palace, Chelyabinsk, Russia}}
|won vacant WBC Asian Boxing Council Silver super featherweight title
|-
|10
|{{no2}}9-1
|style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|TJK}} Shavkat Rakhimov
|UD
|27 Feb 2016
|style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|RUS}} {{small|Arena (ex Rings), Ekaterinburg, Russia}}
|-
|9
|{{yes2}}9-0
|style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|MEX}} Adauto Gonzalez
|UD
|5 Mar 2010
|style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|USA}} {{small|Arena Theatre, Houston, Texas, USA}}
|-
|8
|{{yes2}}8-0
|style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|THA}} Peesaddaeng Kiatsakthanee
|TKO
|28 Nov 2009
|style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|KAZ}} {{small|Circus, Almaty, Kazakhstan}}
|won PABA featherweight title
|-
|7
|{{yes2}}7-0
|style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|UZB}} Ziyaiddin Mamarizaev
|RTD
|27 Oct 2009
|style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|KAZ}} {{small|Circus, Almaty, Kazakhstan}}
|-
|6
|{{yes2}}6-0
|style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|Kyrgyzstan}} Kuban Turdubaev
|UD
|29 Aug 2009
|style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|Kyrgyzstan}} {{small|Ala-Too Resort, Cholpon-Ata, Kyrgyzstan}}
|-
|5
|{{yes2}}5-0
|style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|KAZ}} Yerbol Nuryshev
|TKO
|27 Jun 2009
|style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|KAZ}} {{small|Ablay Khan Sports Club, Almaty, Kazakhstan}}
|-
|4
|{{yes2}}4-0
|style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|THA}} Palangpon Singwancha
|UD
|17 Apr 2009
|style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|KAZ}} {{small|Sports Palace "Dostyk", Almaty, Kazakhstan}}
|-
|3
|{{yes2}}3-0
|style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|PHI}} Elpher Paganpan
|UD
|7 Mar 2009
|style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|KAZ}} {{small|Ablay Khan Sports Club, Almaty, Kazakhstan}}
|-
|2
|{{yes2}}2-0
|style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|TJK}} Suhrobjon Usmonov
|UD
|6 Feb 2009
|style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|KAZ}} {{small|Hotel Kazakhstan, Almaty, Kazakhstan}}
|-
|1
|{{yes2}}1-0
|style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|RUS}} Ravil Mukhamadiyarov
|RTD
|30 Oct 2008
|style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|RUS}} {{small|Vodoley, Ekaterinburg, Russia}}
|Professional debut
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Kazakhstani male boxers]]
{{Kazakhstan-boxing-bio-stub}}
{{improve categories|date=March 2017}}

Mikhail Krinitsin

2017-04-19T08:02:31Z

Fixer88: Disambiguated: Kazakh → Kazakhstan

{{BLP sources|date=March 2017}}
{{Infobox boxer
| name = Mikhail Krinitsin
| image =
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| realname =
| nickname = Al-Khattab
| weight =
| height = 186 cm
| reach =
| nationality = Kazakh
| birth_name = Михаил Владимирович Криницын
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1988|9|10}}
| birth_place = [[Karaganda]], [[Kazakhstan]]
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| style = Orthodox
| total = 21
| wins = 11
| KO = 7
| losses = 7
| draws = 2
| no contests =
| website =
| medaltemplates =
| show-medals =
| embed = 
}}
'''Mikhail Krinitsin''' (born 20 September, 1988 in [[Karaganda]]) is a [[light heavyweight]] [[Kazakhstan|Kazakh]] boxer who turned pro in 2007.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://boxrec.com/boxer/434092|title=BoxRec - Krinitsin|publisher=}}</ref>

==Professional boxing record==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: 85%;"
|-
! Result
! class="unsortable"| Record
! Opponent
! Type
! Date
! Location
! Notes
|-
|20
|{{no2}}11-7-2
|style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|RUS}} Sergey Gorokhov
|TKO
|11 Apr 2015
|style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|RUS}} {{small|Yunost, Kaliningrad, Russia}}
|-
|19
|{{no2}}11-6-2
|style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|RUS}} Bakhram Murtazaliev
|UD
|29 Jan 2015
|style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|RUS}} {{small|Markstadt, Chelyabinsk, Russia}}
|-
|18
|{{no2}}11-5-2
|style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|RUS}} [[Sergei Ekimov]]
|KO
|23 May 2014
|style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|RUS}} {{small|Basket Hall, Krasnodar, Russia}}
|lost vacant WBC CIS and Slovenian Boxing Bureau (CISBB) light heavyweight title
|-
|17
|{{no2}}11-4-2
|style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|RUS}} [[Dmitry Sukhotsky]]
|KO
|4 Jun 2013
|style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|RUS}} {{small|Sport Palace, Barnaul, Russia}}
|-
|16
|{{no2}}11-3-2
|style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|UKR}} Marat Kulumbegov
|UD
|21 Mar 2013
|style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|UKR}} {{small|Club Sportlife, Kiev, Ukraine}}
|-
|15
|{{yes2}}11-2-2
|style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|KAZ}} Oryntai Kandekov
|TKO
|5 May 2012
|style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|KAZ}} {{small|Temirlan, Kazakhstan}}
|-
|14
|{{yes2}}10-2-2
|style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|UZB}} Botir Abdurahmanov
|TKO
|9 Mar 2012
|style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|KAZ}} {{small|Shymkent, Kazakhstan}}
|-
|13
|{{no2}}9-2-2
|style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|RUS}} [[Maxim Vlasov (boxer)|Maxim Vlasov]]
|TKO
|18 Sep 2010
|style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|UZB}} {{small|Sport Palace "Uzbekiston", Tashkent, Uzbekistan}}
|lost vacant WBC Asian Boxing Council super middleweight title
|-
|12
|{{draw}}9-1-2
|style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|UZB}} Murat Asimov
|PTS
|1 May 2010
|style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|KAZ}} {{small|Altyn Saray, Shymkent, Kazakhstan}}
|-
|11
|{{no2}}9-1-1
|style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|RUS}} Roman Simakov
|UD
|28 Nov 2009
|style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|RUS}} {{small|CSKA VVS Arena, Samara, Russia}}
|-
|10
|{{yes2}}9-0-1
|style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|Kyrgyzstan}} Omurbek Ryskeldiev
|TKO
|27 Jun 2009
|style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|KAZ}} {{small|Ablay Khan Sports Club, Almaty, Kazakhstan}}
|-
|9
|{{yes2}}8-0-1
|style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|RUS}} Vladimir Chuklin
|UD
|6 Feb 2009
|style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|KAZ}} {{small|Hotel Kazakhstan, Almaty, Kazakhstan}}
|-
|8
|{{draw}}7-0-1
|style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|RUS}} Fuad Muradov
|PTS
|14 Dec 2008
|style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|KAZ}} {{small|Ice Palace, Kostanay, Kazakhstan}}
|-
|7
|{{yes2}}7-0
|style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|RUS}} Alexander Valiakhmetov
|UD
|20 Sep 2008
|style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|RUS}} {{small|Sport Palace, Salavat, Russia}}
|-
|6
|{{yes2}}6-0
|style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|UZB}} Abror Oripov
|TKO
|2 Aug 2008
|style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|KAZ}} {{small|Stadium Khadjimukan, Shymkent, Kazakhstan}}
|-
|5
|{{yes2}}5-0
|style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|UZB}} Mirzohid Jianbaev
|TKO
|24 Jun 2008
|style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|KAZ}} {{small|Shymkent, Kazakhstan}}
|-
|4
|{{yes2}}4-0
|style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|RUS}} Roman Ismagilov
|MD
|29 May 2008
|style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|RUS}} {{small|Nizhny Tagil, Russia}}
|-
|3
|{{yes2}}3-0
|style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|KAZ}} Aziz Eminor
|TKO
|19 Apr 2008
|style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|KAZ}} {{small|Circus, Almaty, Kazakhstan}}
|-
|2
|{{yes2}}2-0
|style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|RUS}} Alexey Osminin
|MD
|31 Jan 2008
|style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|RUS}} {{small|Vodoley, Ekaterinburg, Russia}}
|-
|1
|{{yes2}}1-0
|style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|KAZ}} Bekzod Tulametov
|TKO
|25 Dec 2007
|style="text-align:left;"|{{flagicon|KAZ}} {{small|Bakhtiyar Artaev Boxing Palace, Taraz (Zhambyl), Kazakhstan}}
|Professional debut
|-
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Kazakhstani male boxers]]

{{improve categories|date=March 2017}}
{{Kazakhstan-boxing-bio-stub}}

Vsevolod Ivanov

2017-03-10T22:20:00Z

Fixer88: Disambiguated: Semipalatinsk Oblast → Semipalatinsk Oblast, Russia

{{refimprove|date=March 2016}}
{{Infobox writer 
| image = USSR stamp V.V.Ivanov 1965 4k.jpg
| imagesize = 200px
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date|1895|2|24|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Akku, Kazakhstan|Lebyazhye]], [[Russian Empire]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|1963|8|15|1895|2|24|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Moscow]], [[USSR]]
}}
'''Vsevolod Vyacheslavovich Ivanov''' ({{lang-ru|Все́волод Вячесла́вович Ива́нов}} {{IPA-ru|ˈfsʲɛvələd vʲɪtɕɪˈslavəvʲɪtɕ ɪˈvanəf}}; {{OldStyleDate|12 February|1895|24 February}}, Lebyazhye, [[Semipalatinsk Oblast, Russia|Semipalatinsk Oblast]], now in [[Pavlodar Region]], [[Kazakhstan]] – 15 August 1963, [[Moscow]]) was a notable [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] writer praised for the colourful adventure tales set in the [[Asia]]tic part of Russia during the [[Russian Civil War|Civil War]].

==Biography==
Ivanov was born in what is now Northern [[Kazakhstan]] to a teacher's family. When he was a child, Vsevolod ran away to become a [[clown]] in a travelling [[circus]]. His first story, published in 1915, caught the attention of [[Maxim Gorky]], who advised Vsevolod throughout his career.

Ivanov joined the [[Red Army]] during the Civil War and fought in [[Siberia]]. This inspired his short stories, ''Partisans'' (1921) and ''Armoured Train'' (1922).

In 1922 Ivanov joined the literary group [[Serapion Brothers]]. Other members included [[Nikolai Tikhonov (writer)|Nikolai Tikhonov]], [[Mikhail Zoshchenko]], [[Victor Shklovsky]], [[Veniamin Kaverin]] and [[Konstantin Fedin]].

Ivanov's first novels, ''Colored Winds'' (1922) and ''Azure Sands'' (1923), were set in Asiatic part of [[Russia]] and gave rise to the genre of [[ostern]] in Soviet literature. His novella ''Baby'' was acclaimed by [[Edmund Wilson]] as the finest Soviet short story ever.

Later, Ivanov came under fire from [[Bolshevik]] critics who claimed his works were too pessimistic and that it was not clear whether the Reds or Whites were the heroes.

In 1927 Ivanov rewrote his short story, the ''Armoured Train 14-69'' into a [[Play (theatre)|play]]. This time, the play highlighted the role of the Bolsheviks in the Civil War.

Among his later works are the ''Adventures of a Fakir'' (1935) and ''The Taking of Berlin'' (1945). During the [[Second World War]], Ivanov worked as a war correspondent for [[Izvestia]].

Vsevolod's son [[Vyacheslav Ivanov (philologist)|Vyacheslav Ivanov]] became one of the leading philologists and Indo-Europeanists of the late 20th century. Vsevolod adopted [[Isaak Babel]]'s illegitimate child Emmanuil when he married Babel's one-time mistress Tamara Kashirina. Emmanuil's name was changed to "Mikhail Ivanov" and he later became a noted artist.

==English translations==
*''Armoured Train 14-69'', International publishers, 1933.
*''The Adventures of a Fakir'', Vanguard Press, 1935.
*''Armored Train 14-69'', Trilogy Books, 1978.
*''Selected Stories'', Raduga Publishers, 1983.
*''Correspondence Across a Room'', Marlboro Press, 1984.
*''From the Reminiscences of Private Ivanov and Other Stories, Angel Books, 1988.
*''The Child'', from ''Great Soviet Short Stories'', Dell, 1990.
*''Fertility and Other Stories'', Northwestern University Press, 1998. ISBN 0-8101-1547-6

==External links==
* {{Find a Grave|10520031}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ivanov, Vsevolod}}
[[Category:1895 births]]
[[Category:1963 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Pavlodar Region]]
[[Category:People from Semipalatinsk Oblast]]
[[Category:Russian male short story writers]]
[[Category:Russian novelists]]
[[Category:Russian male novelists]]
[[Category:Soviet novelists]]
[[Category:Soviet male writers]]
[[Category:Soviet short story writers]]
[[Category:20th-century Russian short story writers]]
[[Category:Soviet dramatists and playwrights]]
[[Category:Russian male dramatists and playwrights]]

Governor-Generalship of the Steppes

2017-03-10T22:16:03Z

Fixer88: Disambiguated: Semipalatinsk Oblast → Semipalatinsk Oblast, Russia

The '''Governor-Generalship of the Steppes''' was a portion of [[Imperial Russia]]n [[Central Asia]] which included both much of modern Eastern and Central [[Kazakhstan]] (formerly known as the Kirghiz Steppe) and the region around [[Omsk]], which was formerly part of western [[Siberia]].

It consisted of four or five provinces: [[Akmolinsk]], [[Semipalatinsk Oblast, Russia|Semipalatinsk]], [[Turgay Oblast (Russian Empire)|Turgai]], [[Uralsk]] and from 1882 to 1899 [[Semirechye Oblast|Semirechensk]], having a total area of 855,000 square kilometers and a total population of 3,454,000 (both including Semirechensk) in 1897. [[Omsk]] was the capital.

{{1911}}

[[Category:Governorate-Generals of Russian Empire]]
[[Category:Kazakhstan in the Russian Empire]]

Akmolinsk Oblast (Russian Empire)

2017-03-10T22:15:54Z

Fixer88: Disambiguated: Semipalatinsk Oblast → Semipalatinsk Oblast, Russia

'''Akmolinsk Oblast''' was an [[oblast]] (province) of the [[Russian Empire]]. It roughly corresponded to most of present-day northern [[Kazakhstan]] and the southern part of [[Omsk Oblast]] in Russia. It was formerly part of [[Kazakh khanate]]. It was created after the division of the Oblast of Siberia Krygyz into the oblasts Aqmola and [[Semirechye]] on 21 October 1868. Its center was [[Omsk]] and consisted of uzeys [[Astana|Akmolinsk]], [[Atbasar]], [[Kokshetau|Kokchetav]], Omsk and [[Petropavl]]ovsk. It bordered [[Tobolsk Governorate]] to the north, [[Semipalatinsk Oblast, Russia|Semipalatinsk Oblast]] to the east, [[Semirechye Oblast]] to the northeast, [[Syr-Darya Oblast]] to the south, [[Turgay Oblast (Russian Empire)|Turgay Oblast]] to the southwest and [[Orenburg Governorate]] to the northwest.

==Demographics==
As of 1897, 682,608 people populated the oblast. [[Kazakhs]] constituted the majority of the population. Significant minorities consisted of [[Russians]] and [[Ukrainians]]. Total Turkic speaking were 438,889 (64,.%).

=== Ethnic groups in 1897<ref>http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/emp_lan_97_uezd.php?reg=781</ref>===

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! TOTAL
! 682,608
! 100%
|-
| [[Kazakhs]]
| 427,389
| 62.6%
|-
| [[Russians]]
| 174,292
| 25.5%
|-
| [[Ukrainians]]
| 51,103
| 7.5%
|-
| [[Tatars]]
| 10,819
| 1.6%
|-
|}

After the defeat of the White Army in the [[Russian Civil War]], it was renamed as [[Omsk Governorate]] on 3 January 1920.

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Divisions of the Russian Empire}}

{{coord|54.9667|N|73.3833|E|source:wikidata|display=title}}

[[Category:Akmolinsk Oblast (Russian Empire)| ]]
[[Category:Oblasts of the Russian Empire]]
[[Category:History of Kazakhstan]]

Hunting with eagles

2017-02-14T05:52:39Z

Fixer88: Disambiguated: Kazakh → Kazakhs

{{Merge |falconry|date=March 2015}}

'''Hunting with eagles''' is a traditional form of [[falconry]] found throughout the [[Eurasia]]n [[steppe]], practiced by [[Kazakhs|Kazakh]] and [[Kyrgyz people]] in contemporary Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan, as well as diasporas in [[Bayan-Ölgii Province|Bayan-Ölgii]], [[Mongolia]], and [[Xinjiang]], [[China]]. Though these [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] people are most famous for hunting with [[golden eagles]], they have been known to train [[northern goshawk]]s, [[peregrine falcon]]s, [[saker falcon]]s, and more.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Keen|first1=Dennis|title=Kyrgyz Falconers Use Falcons, Too|url=http://centralasianfalconry.org/kyrgyz-falconers-use-falcons/|website=The Central Asian Falconry Project|accessdate=30 September 2014}}</ref>

== Terminology ==
In both [[Kazakh language|Kazakh]] and [[Kyrgyz language|Kyrgyz]], there are separate terms for those who hunt with birds of prey in general, and those who hunt with eagles.

In Kazakh, both ''qusbegi'' and ''sayatshy'' refer to falconers in general. ''Qusbegi'' comes from the words ''qus'' ("bird") and ''bek'' ("lord"), thus literally translating as "lord of birds." In [[Old Turkic language|Old Turkic]], ''kush begi'' was a title used for the [[khan (title)|khan]]'s most respected advisors, reflecting the valued role of the court falconer.<ref>{{cite book|editor1=Bosworth, C. E.|editor2=van Donzel, E.|editor3=Lewis, B.|editor4=Pellat, C.|title=The Encyclopaedia of Islam|volume=5|publisher=E. J. Brill|location=Leiden|date=1980|page=18|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=J5U3AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA273&lpg=PA273&dq=kush+begi+uzbek+official&source=bl&ots=Sba2JhBClI&sig=ptNu2MiqZqAyby_8UDuD3vkF4eo&hl=en&sa=X&ei=F_8pVKCaCJLgoAT8p4K4Bw&ved=0CCQQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=kush%20begi%20uzbek%20official&f=false}}</ref> ''Sayatshy'' comes from the word ''sayat'' ("falconry") and the suffix ''-shy'', used for professional titles in [[Turkic languages]]. The Kazakh word for falconers that hunt with eagles is ''bürtkitshi'', from ''bürkit'' ("golden eagle"), while the word for those that use goshawks is ''qarshyghashy'', from ''qarshygha'' ("goshawk").

In Kyrgyz, the general word for falconers is ''münüshkör''. A falconer who specifically hunts with eagles is a ''bürkütchü'', from ''bürküt'' ("golden eagle").

== History ==
[[Image:MongolHuntersSong.jpg|left|thumb|180px|[[Khitans]] eagle hunters on horse, ([[Song Dynasty]]).]]

=== Khitans ===
In 936-45 AD the [[Khitans]], a nomadic people from Manchuria, conquered part of north [[China]].<ref>The Art of War by Sun Tzu - Special Edition by Sun Tzu and Lionel Giles (2005) p.170</ref> In 960 AD [[China]] was conquered by the [[Song dynasty]].<ref>China: Its History and Culture (4th Edition) by W. Scott Morton, Charlton M. Lewis, and Charlton Lewis (2004) p.100</ref> From its beginnings, the Song dynasty was unable to completely control the Khitan who had already assimilated much of Chinese culture. Throughout its 300-year rule of China, the [[Song]] had to pay tribute to the Khitan to keep them from conquering additional [[Song]] territory.<ref>5 Steps to a 5: AP World History (5 Steps to a 5) by Peggy Martin (2004) p.115</ref> Despite the fact that the [[Khitans]] assimilated Chinese culture, they retained many nomadic traditions, including eagle hunting<ref>Eagle Dreams: Searching for Legends in Wild Mongolia by Stephen J. Bodio (2003) p. 26</ref> (see the unknown Chinese painting from [[Song]] dynasty).

===Jurchen===
The ''hai dong qing'' was an important breed of hunting eagle for [[Jurchen people|Jurchen]] tribes. The Khitan extorted this kind of eagle from Jurchen but ended in revolt.

===Kyrgyz===
In 1207, the [[Kyrgyz people|Kyrgyz]] [[nomad]]s surrendered to [[Genghis Khan]]'s son [[Jochi]]. Under [[Mongol]] rule, the Kyrgyz preserved their nomadic culture as well as eagle falconry tradition until the 1990s.<ref>Soma, Takuya. 2007. ‘Kyrgyz Falconry & Falconers and its Transition’. In Proceedings of Great Silk Road Conference, Culture and Traditions, Then and Now 2006. 130-139. Tashkent: Academy of Uzbekistan/ UNESCO</ref><ref>相馬拓也 2008「形象なき文化遺産としての狩猟技術: キルギス共和国イシク・クル湖岸における鷹狩猟のエスノグラフィ」『国士舘大学地理学報告2007（第16号）』: pp.99-106 [http://bungakubu.kokushikan.ac.jp/chiri/PDF/2008No16.pdf]</ref> Archaeologists trace back falconry in Central Asia to the first or second millennium BC.<ref name="Article on ancient falconry by Keith Dobney">http://www.firstscience.com/home/articles/origins/ancient-falconry_1381.html</ref>
<ref>{{cite web|url=http://iafor.org/offprints/acss2012-offprints/ACSS2012_offprint_0271.pdf |title=Archived copy |accessdate=December 1, 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203091424/http://iafor.org/offprints/acss2012-offprints/ACSS2012_offprint_0271.pdf |archivedate=December 3, 2013 }}</ref>

===Kazakhs===
[[File:Kazakh-Mongolian Eagle Hunter.JPG|right|thumb|300px|[[Kazakhs|Kazakh]] eagle hunter in [[Altai Tavan Bogd National Park]], [[Mongolia]].]]

During the communist period in Kazakhstan, many [[Kazakhs]] fled for [[Mongolia]],<ref>http://www.worldatlas.com/webimage/countrys/asia/kz.htm</ref> settling in [[Bayan-Ölgii Province]] and bringing with them their tradition of hunting with eagles. There are an estimated 250 eagle hunters in Bayan-Ölgii, which is located in the [[Altai Mountains]] of western Mongolian.<ref>http://www.ijih.org/volumeMgr.ijih?cmd=volumeView&volNo=7&manuType=02</ref><ref>http://www.analytrics.org/Documents/HSS_Actes_Proceedings_2012.pdf</ref><ref>http://www.mefrg.org/images/falco/falco41.pdf</ref> Their falconry custom involves hunting with [[golden eagle]]s on horseback, and they primarily hunt [[red fox]]es and [[corsac fox]]es.<ref>http://matadornetwork.com/trips/photo-essay-hanging-with-eaglehunters-in-western-mongolia</ref> They use eagles to hunt foxes and hares during the cold winter months when it is easier to see the gold colored foxes against the snow.<ref>http://discover-bayanolgii.com/</ref><ref>https://ja.scribd.com/doc/248703715/Takuya-Soma-2014-Eagle-Hunters-in-Action-hunting-practice-of-Altaic-Kazakh-falconers-in-Western-Mongolia-Falco-No-44</ref> Each October, Kazakh eagle hunting customs are displayed at the annual [[Eagle festival|Golden Eagle Festival]].<ref>http://www.mongoliatourism.gov.mn/newsView/113</ref><ref>http://www.ijih.org/volumeMgr.ijih?cmd=volumeView&volNo=9&manuType=02</ref> Although the Kazakh government has made efforts to lure the practitioners of these Kazakh traditions back to Kazakhstan, most Kazakhs have remained in Mongolia.

== See also ==
* [[Ethnic groups in Chinese history]]
* [[Falconry]]
* [[Goryeo-Khitan Wars]]
* [[Kazakh Steppe]]
* [[Kyrgyzstan]]
* [[History of Mongolia]]
* [[Wolf hunting]]

==External links==
* [http://www.thespektator.co.uk/issue13.html Article on eagle hunting in Kyrgyzstan with pictures]
* [http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/200501/the.eagle.hunters.htm Altai eagle hunting article]
* [http://www.discover-bayanolgii.com/golden-eagle-festival/ Golden Eagle Festival]

== Further reading ==
{{Too much further reading|date=January 2017}}
* Keen, Dennis. 2014. 'The Central Asian Falconry Project'. [http://www.centralasianfalconry.org]
* Soma, Takuya. 2012. ‘Contemporary Falconry in Altai-Kazakh in Western Mongolia’''The International Journal of Intangible Heritage (vol.7)'', pp. 103–111. [http://www.ijih.org/volumeMgr.ijih?cmd=volumeView&volNo=7&manuType=02]
* Soma, Takuya. 2012. ‘Ethnoarhchaeology of Horse-Riding Falconry’, ''The Asian Conference on the Social Sciences 2012 - Official Conference Proceedings'', pp. 167–182. [https://web.archive.org/web/20131203091424/http://iafor.org/offprints/acss2012-offprints/ACSS2012_offprint_0271.pdf]
* Soma, Takuya. 2012. ‘Intangible Cultural Heritage of Arts and Knowledge for Coexisting with Golden Eagles: Ethnographic Studies in “Horseback Eagle-Hunting” of Altai-Kazakh Falconers’, ''The International Congress of Humanities and Social Sciences Research'', pp. 307–316. [http://www.analytrics.org/Documents/HSS_Actes_Proceedings_2012.pdf]
* Soma, Takuya. 2012. ‘The Art of Horse-Riding Falconry by Altai-Kazakh Falconers’. In ''HERITAGE 2012 (vol.2) - Proceedings of the 3rd International Conference on Heritage and Sustainable Development'', edited by Rogério Amoêda, Sérgio Lira, & Cristina Pinheiro, pp. 1499–1506. Porto: Green Line Institute for Sustainable Development. ISBN 978-989-95671-8-4.
* Soma, Takuya. 2012. ‘Horse-Riding Falconry in Altai-Kazakh Nomadic Society: Anthropological Researches in Summertime Activities of Falconers and Golden Eagle’. ''Japanese Journal of Human and Animal Relation 32'': pp. 38–47 (written in Japanese).
* Soma, Takuya. 2013. ‘Ethnographic Study of Altaic Kazakh Falconers’, ''Falco: The Newsletter of the Middle East Falcon Research Group 41'', pp. 10–14. [http://www.mefrg.org/images/falco/falco41.pdf]
* Soma, Takuya. 2013. ‘Ethnoarchaeology of Ancient Falconry in East Asia’, ''The Asian Conference on Cultural Studies 2013 - Official Conference Proceedings'', pp. 81–95. [http://iafor.org/offprints/accs2013-offprints/ACCS_2013_Offprint_0108.pdf]
* Soma, Takuya. 2013. ‘Hunting Arts of Eagle Falconers in the Altai-Kazakhs: Contemporary Operations of Horse-Riding Falconry in Sagsai County, Western Mongolia’. ''Japanese Journal of Human and Animal Relation 35'':　pp. 58–66 (written in Japanese).
* Soma, Takuya & Battulga, Sukhee. 2014. 'Altai Kazakh Falconry as Heritage Tourism: “The Golden Eagle Festival” of Western Mongolia', "The International Journal of Intangible Heritage vol. 9", edited by Alissandra Cummins, pp. 135–148. Seoul: The National Folk Museum of Korea. [http://www.ijih.org/volumeMgr.ijih?cmd=volumeView&volNo=9&manuType=02]
* Takuya Soma. 2014. ‘Eagle Hunters in Action: hunting practice of Altaic Kazakh falconers in Western Mongolia’, ''Falco: The Newsletter of the Middle East Falcon Research Group 44'', pp. 16–20. [http://www.mefrg.org/images/falco/falco44.pdf]
* Takuya Soma. 2014. Human and Raptor Interactions in the Context of a Nomadic Society: Anthropological and Ethno-Ornithological Studies of Altaic Kazakh Falconry and its Cultural Sustainability in Western Mongolia (PhD Thesis submitted to University of Kassel, 20 August 2014)
* 相馬拓也 2008 「形象なき文化遺産としての狩猟技術: キルギス共和国イシク・クル湖岸における鷹狩猟のエスノグラフィ」, 『国士舘大学地理学報告2007（第16号）』: pp. 99–106. [http://bungakubu.kokushikan.ac.jp/chiri/PDF/2008No16.pdf]
* 相馬拓也 2012「アルタイ＝カザフ鷹匠による騎馬鷹狩猟: イヌワシと鷹匠の夏季生活誌についての基礎調査」『ヒトと動物の関係学会誌（vol. 32）』: pp. 38–47.
* 相馬拓也 2013「アルタイ=カザフ鷹匠たちの狩猟誌: モンゴル西部サグサイ村における騎馬鷹狩猟の実践と技法の現在」『ヒトと動物の関係学会誌（vol.35）』: pp. 58–66.
* 相馬拓也 2014 「イヌワシと鷲使いにみる「ヒトと動物の調和遺産」の可能性：モンゴル西部アルタイ系カザフ鷹狩文化の伝統知とその持続性の現場から」『日本地理学会発表要旨集 (2014年度日本地理学会春季学術大会)』[https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/ajg/2014s/0/2014s_100122/_pdf]
* 日本放送協会(NHK). 2003. 『地球に好奇心：大草原にイヌワシが舞う～モンゴル・カザフ族鷹匠の親子～』: NHKエンタープライズ(co-produced by 群像舎), (on air: 10:05-10:57, 13 December 2003), NHK-BS2 Television.
* 日本放送協会(NHK). 2010. 『アジアンスマイル: 僕とイヌワシの冬物語～モンゴル・サグサイ村～』: NHKエンタープライズ(co-produced by 株式会社グループ現代), (on air: 18:30-18:50, 16 January 2010), NHK BS1 Television.
* 日本放送協会(NHK). 2015. 『地球イチバン: 地球最古のイーグルハンター』: NHK文化福祉部制作, (on air: 22:00-22:50, 29 January 2015), NHK総合.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Falconry]]
[[Category:Central Asian culture]]
[[Category:Kazakhstani culture]]
[[Category:Kyrgyzstani culture]]
[[Category:Ethnic Kyrgyz culture]]

Akmaral Zykayeva

2017-02-14T05:51:59Z

Fixer88: Disambiguated: Kazakh → Kazakhstan

{{Infobox person
| image =
| image_size =
| name = Akmaral Zykayeva
| birth_name = Akmaral Ulankyzy Zykayeva
| alias = Mergen
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1985|12|21}}
| death_date =
| origin =
| instrument =
| genre = [[Kazakh pop]], [[Kazakh folk]]
| occupation = Singer, actress
| years_active = 2009–present
| label =
| associated_acts =
| website = http://mergenmusic.com/
| notable_instruments =
| awards =
}}

'''Akmaral Zykayeva''' ({{lang-kk|Ақмарал Зықаева}}, born 21 December 1985), better known by the stage name Mergen, is a [[Kazakhstan|Kazakh]] artist, singer, songwriter, violinist, a sound producer, sound engineer, composer, arranger.

==Biography==
===Musical career===
Born and raised in [[Almaty]], she graduated from Kazakh National Conservatory of Music in 2008 and [[Musicians Institute]], LA, USA in 2010. She has released and produced independently three studio albums and an EP under different eponyms. As a classically trained violinist Akmaral has worked in the National Youth Symphony and performed in Konzerthaus Berlin, London’s Barbican and other concert halls around Europe.<ref>[http://kazakh-tv.kz/en/programms/viewArchive?id=8748&VideoArchive_page=4 Singer Akmaral Zykayeva]</ref>

At 16 she started writing her first poems under alias Mergen which she then records and self-produces into songs. A debut album 13 was released in 2009. Akmaral graduatd from the MI with the Outstanding Project Award beating other 120 artists. In 2011 she released the second album ''AYAN''.

In 2012 Akmaral worked in cinema post production at the [[Kazakhfilm]] Studios as sound director, sound engineer, foley artist and ADR editor.

In 2012–2013 she became head of [[Bilim Media Group Recording Studios]] working on her third album entitled ''[[Qazaq Lounge]]'' as the producer engrossing more than 40 professionals including other producers, vocalists and musicians. Qazaq Lounge is the mix of ethnic, instrumental, electronic, jazz and classic music.

In 2015 she recorded an EP under her real name in an orchestral cinematic style playing most violin parts herself.

She took part in various educational projects inspiring younger artists to create unique content.

The artist took part in producing sounds for London Fashion Week, Red Cross and Crescent, and other commissionary projects.

That same year she started writing new material for the next solo album.<ref>[http://mergenmusic.com/about The official website of Akmaral Zykayeva]</ref>

==Personal life==

==Awards and nominations==

==Discography==
*''13'' (2009)
*''Ayan'' (2011)
*''Qazaq Lounge'' (2013)
*''EP - instrumental triptych for violin - Mise En Scene'' (2015) <ref>[https://itunes.apple.com/us/artist/akmaral-zykayeva/id967184155 Mise En Scene on iTunes]</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Kazakhstani female singers]]
[[Category:1985 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]

Holy Dragons

2017-01-19T04:39:54Z

Fixer88: Disambiguated: RAGE → Rage (German band)

{{refimprove|date=February 2016}}
{{contains Cyrillic text|date=February 2013}}
{{Infobox musical artist
|name = Holy Dragons
|image = Holy Dragons band on the stage.jpg
|caption = Holy Dragons band on the stage
|alt =
|background = group_or_band
|landscape = Yes
|origin = [[Almaty]], [[Kazakhstan]]
|genre = [[Power metal]], [[Traditional heavy metal|heavy metal]], [[speed metal]]
|years_active = 1992-present
|language = [[Russian language|Russian]] [[English language|English]]
|label = [[Metalism Records]], [[MetalAgen]], [[Union of Music]], [[Pitch Black Records]]
|associated_acts =
|website = {{URL|vk.com/holydragons}}
|current_members = [[Alexandr Kuligin]] [[Jürgen Thuderson]] [[Chris Caine (musician)|Chris Caine]] Ivan Manchenko [[Antonio Repablo]]
|past_members = [[Holger Komaroff]] Zerstorer Ian Breeg Daniel Thorne Yurii Morev Chris Larson
}}
'''Holy Dragons''' is a [[Kazakhs]]tani [[metal (music)|metal]] band, founded in 1992 in [[Almaty]].

Since the beginning to the present day the main musical direction for the group has been [[Heavy metal music|heavy metal]]. The band sticks to the 1980s style.<ref name="reverb">{{cite web|url=https://www.reverbnation.com/holydragons/|title=Artist Bio on Reverbnation.com}}</ref>

In addition, one can trace the influence and identify the components of such styles as [[speed metal]], [[power metal]], [[hard rock]], [[techno thrash]] and some other styles in the music of Holy Dragons.<ref name="reverb"/>

The band recorded its first full-length album, ''Dragon Steel'', in 1998. Since 2003, the band began to work with the Russian record label [[Metalism Records]], some of the albums were released in cooperation with Soyuz Music, Metal Agen, Sound Age, etc.

In 2009, the band released the album ''Iron Mind'' as a free downloadable Internet release. Currently the group is working with independent label [[Pitch Black Records]], based in [[Cyprus]].<ref name="pitchblack">Label rosters {{cite web|url=http://www.pitchblackrecords.com/artists/artists/|title=Pitch Black Records}}</ref>

==History==

===Formation===

Holy Dragons as a band were formed in 1992 in the then capital city of [[Almaty]] (since 1997 [[Astana]] has replaced Almaty as a capital of [[Kazakhstan]]).
The bands creation date is considered to be 11 September 1992 when [[guitarist]] Jurgen Thunderson got together the first line-up with the [[singer]] Oleg "Holger" Komaroff, in order to make music in the style of [[hard rock]] and [[Heavy metal music|heavy metal]].<ref name="reverb"/> During the first years, the group was called “Axcess”, which later was changed into its current name in 1997.
The participants of the first line-up were: Bulat Sadvakassov - lead guitar, Marat Sadvakassov - drums and Roman "Africa" Cubashev (bass guitar). Under this name, the band recorded multiple demo tapes, which were distributed primarily through re-recording from one tape to another with a tape recorder among frends. Axcess – “In Magic Kingdom” (1992), Axcess (pre-Holy Dragons) – “Прыгни в Ад!” (“Jump into Hell”) (1992), Axcess (pre-Holy Dragons) – “Дубовые Мозги” (“Oaken Brains”) (1993) - most of the songs from those early demos later entered the licensed albums.

The band started stylistically experimenting in lots of different metal genres and they became one of, if not the first metal band Kazakhstan had produced. Since that time, the line-up has undergone considerable changes with Thunderson remaining the sole constant member as a founder.

===“Axcess” years (1992-1995)===

Gradually, line-up was changed, Cubashev left the band to make his own [[reggae]]-project “Люди Солнца” (“People of the Sun”). He was replaced by bassist Denis Kozlov, playing on the bass-guitar and electronic organ. By mid-1993, the existing staff fell apart. Jürgen continues his musical career as a part of Izverg” (kaz), which played death metal at that time, and in a blues-rock “Benn Gunn Band”, and Holger finds himself in the heavy metal band “Cerberus”, where, however, his participation was occasional, and he started to be engaged in his own group of “Project Minstrel”.

In 1994, the group gathers back again, with new recruits Veniamin Polovinko - bass guitar and Slava Greechenco - drums (ex-“Benn Gunn Band”), joined by Holger Komaroff. Two months after the start of the rehearsals, the group recorded a rehearsal demo Axcess – “Genocide”, which included five tracks. After the recording of the demo, live performances and participation in local rock festivals at the end of 1994 and the beginning of 1995, the group splits. Jürgen continues to work as a part of the project “Heder”, Holger goes to “Project Figaro”. Greechenko and Polovinko - to “Benn Gunn Band” and “Deathrack” respectively.

===Reformation (1995-1997)===

By mid-1995, Jürgen decided to revive the group under a different name. Enlisting the support of a guitarist known under the pseudonym Chris “Thorheim” Caine (ex-“GB-5”, “Lamia”), the newly formed group was looking for new members, as well as for the support from the former members of the group.
This period was marked by a very brief participation of Veniamin Polovinko, and then Lekmar. Holger briefly appeared again only to disappear for a few years very soon. There were a lot of session drummers and other members of the group, coming and going at that period.<ref name="officialholydragons">According to the official {{cite web|url=http://truemetal.org/holydragons/|title=Holy Dragons| work= Holy Dragons's web-site }}</ref>

Eventually, the first [[demo (music)|demo]] album (under the “Holy Dragons" name), 8 songs demo "Halloween Night", was recorded in 1996,<ref name="reverb"/> which was later developed into their debut album, "Dragon Steel" in 1998.

By 1997, with somewhat stable line-up (Anders "Caban" Kraft - vocals (ex-Beermaht, Holy Inquisition (kz)), Marina "Gill Sheffield" Mikhailova - bass guitar (ex-“Lamia”, “GB-5”, “Green Low”), the group becomes known as the Holy Dragons. Under that name the band goes into enters the studio for the first studio recordings and gives live performances. At that time the band recorded the first licensed album – “Dragon Steel” (an earlier version of the album, with Anders Kraft vocals), which was released in Kazakhstan by "Studio Iris" in the tape format. It took the band only 28 hours of studio time. For the promotion purposes the band presented two most successful tracks from the album in the form of a single, called “Wild Cat”.

The band (although vocalist Anders "Caban" Kraft wasn't very much accepted by foreign listeners), showed solid heavy metal on this album. Perhaps it was the first complete recording of an album of the metal band from Kazakhstan (except for demo records), which has been available outside the country.

"Dragon Steel" became the first and last release for Anders "Caban" Kraft, bassist Gill Sheffield and drummer Simon, who were replaced by Daniel "Dan" Thorne, Steven Dreico and Seva Sabbath respectively. Later, vocals for this album were rewritten for CD format release with a new singer, who became Daniel "Dan" Throne.<ref name="officialholydragons"/>

===The english-lyrics "classic" line-up (1998-2001)===

Meanwhile, there were changes in the line-up again. There came and then left a keyboardist Konstantin Baev, then vocalist Anders "Caban" Kraft leaves and creates a band“Tornado” (kaz) (later joins– “Seduser Embrace” as a bass guitarist). The band starts to search for a new singer and there have been a lot of people, who went through the band, people like Tatiana "Gliuk" Gemashova and others. Despite the frequent changes in the line-up, the band recorded a demo “Knights of the Kamelot” with Jurgen vocal’s, many songs from which were subsequently overwritten on the albums to follow, such as "Thunder in the Night" and "Judgment Day". Shortly after the recording is finished, Gill Sheffield left, and by the middle of July 1998 there came Daniel "Dan" Throne - vocals (ex-“Wooсk”) and Steven Dreico - bass guitar (ex-“Wooсk”). The band overwrites the vocal lines on Dragon Steel (this version of the album became a cassette compilation “The Best”), released by Kazakhstan Fair Play studio in 1999. In 2008, the album was released by CD Russian label “Metalism Records”. By the end of the year, the group was joined by Alex - (drums, ex-“Deathrack”).<ref name="officialholydragons"/>

The year 1999 was mega-effective for the band. In 1999 the band gave a lot of live performances, starred in the TV show, wrote half an hour live video for the TV- program "City Jazz, City Blues", then recorded an album “Rock Ballads / Dragon Ballads” - consisting entirely of ballads, 8 songs, some of them were included into the compilation album “The Best” and some of them were also released as a bonus track to the earlier versions of CD- edition of "Judgment Day” and “Gotterdammerung”, and a little later – “House of The Winds” (album, which is based on the songs composed in the 90s). "Rock Ballads/Dragon Ballads," spawned a music video for the song, "Christmas Time," and was released independently, as was their third album, "House of the Winds" in 1999.
It was published in 2001 as a part of a cassette box set “Rage Of The Dragon Lords”. Later, in 2004 re- mastered album version (2004, "Obitel Vetrov"), with Russian-lyrics Holger Komaroff vocals was released on CD by “Metalism Records” in cooperation with the “Soyuz Music” and “Metalagen”. All this activity was combined with concerts and even work "in the club format." Also in 1999, the band creates a website and puts their freshest album at that time, “House Of The Winds” for free download in MP-3 format.<ref name="officialholydragons"/>

In 2000 “Thunder in the Night” was recorded. At this point, the drummer had left the band and Thunderson handled the drums himself. It was certainly a much more polished representation of the band, with far better art work and a shorter track listing of more polished songs.

In the same year Holy Dragons signed a contract with a Polish PR agency, Dragonight Records to release their fourth album, "Thunder in the Night” <ref name="officialholydragons"/> on the CD and TAPE versions, a limited edition. (источник 3 – официальный сайт группы) Later, in 2004 re- mastered version of this album (2004, "Polunochniy Grom") with Russian-lyrics Holger Komarov vocals was released on CD by “Metalism Records” in cooperation with the “Soyuz Music” and “Metalagen”.<ref name="officialholydragons"/>
The drums on the album were recorded by Jürgen Thunderson. The record contained some solid production work which represented a much clearer sound than some of their previous work, which was brought up soon after this album's release via a compilation album entitled, "Rage of the Dragon Lords", only the next year.

The beginning of 2001 was a time of discord and misunderstanding for the band. Instead of the next album, the band recorded a Russian-lyrics single "Strannik Zvezd" and partly English-lyrics demo “Warlock”, which becomes the last work of Daniel Throne as a vocalist. Despite the local success, a compilation “Rage Of The Dragon Lords” issued by the Kazakh studio Fair Play, which was a box set with which included albums “House Of The Winds”, “Thunder In The Night” and the single "Strannik Zvezd", it was impossible to stop the collapse of the band. On December 22d in 2001, Daniel "Dan" Throne and Steven Dreico leave the band. Briefly Jurgen gets to the microphone stand and a new bass guitar member comes, Muha Fly (bass guitar, backing vocals, ex-“Iron Cross” (kaz)) - but it didn’t improve the situation.<ref name="officialholydragons"/>

That same year, an EP, "Warlock" was released before their next album, "Judgment Day", recorded in 2002, being released in January 2003.

===Russian-lyrics line-up. "The Komaroff era" (2002-2009)===

Soon Muha Fly leaves the group. The entire 2002 the rest of the band remained busy working on the next album. The basics of this work consisted in the re-written tracks from the “Halloween Night”, “Knights of the Kamelot”, “Warlock”, and some new material.

"Judgment Day" marked the beginning of the Russian language period in the history of the band and also saw the debut of the new old singer, Holger Komaroff, as well as their first full length as a trio, following the departure of Steven Dreico, though second guitarist Chris Caine remained.<ref name="officialholydragons"/>

By the end of summer a new bass player Chris "Kuzmitch" Larson joines the band (being the member of the “Black Fox” (kaz)) and the new-old singer Oleg "Holger" Komaroff. The first rehearsal of the new line-up is held on September, 16 and already a month later, the group sends the album materials to the newly formed Moscow label “Metalism Records”, which decided to release the album, together with the "giant" of the Russian music industry “Soyuz Music”. In 2003 CD appears on the shelves, and in 2006 the second edition of the album with new artwork, re-mixing and digital re- mastering with 20-page booklet was released.<ref name="officialholydragons"/>

The work on the musical material was in full swing on the Russian version of the old material and new songs. At the beginning of 2003 there is a change of drummers and the group was joined by Yurii Morev (being the member of “Phoenix” (kaz)).<ref name="officialholydragons"/> The band recorded the album with the original title in German “Gotterdammerung” (known also under the name of “Sumerki Bogov” ("Twilight of the Gods"), the label translated the album title without informing the band about it.The album was released in the same year at “Metalism Records” in cooperation with the “Soyuz Music” as CD-format. In 2005 it was re-released with the new artwork and digital re-mastering with 20-page booklet. The work continues. In the same year, 2003 the band recorded three English-language versions of the songs from the album “Gotterdammerung” - which make up a demo-single called “Blood Of Elves”, but because of the reaction of the English-speaking public for a very strong accent of Holger, this activity was stopped.<ref name="officialholydragons"/> That same year, the group took part in the first in Kazakhstan CD- collection dedicated to the local rock scene - "Underground KZ", pt.1 - in 2003 with the songs "Blood of Elves" and "Twilight of the Gods".

On October 31, 2004 “Metalism Records” in cooperation with the “Soyuz Music” and “MetalAgen" releases two band CDs "Obitel Vetrov" and "Polunochniy Grom" - the Russian-language version of the albums of 1999 and 2000 – “House Of The Winds” and “Thunder in the Night” respectively. The band began recording their next album, but despite active studio and concert work, even at the regional level, on the 28th of October 2004, Morev and Larsson left the band.<ref name="officialholydragons"/>

In 2005 marked the group non-concert status and the release of the album "Wolves of Odin" (released by the “Metalism Records”) in the speed- metal 80th style. Only in 2006 the complete line –up was formed when the band was joined by Anton Repalo and Andrey Evseenko (both - former "Otrajenie"). In the same year, "Metalism Records" releases another album, a conceptual "Black Moon Rising". The song "Tengri" from the album was included into the collection of the magazine "Salon AV" - "Ognivo: Russian Metal Hits”. The band recorded a demo for the song "Wolves of Odin” with Kriss Blackburn, singer of Swedish group “VII Gates”. Over the next year the band was busy recording the album "Labirint Illyuziy” (“Labyrinth of Illusion"), which came out in 2007 in the traditional ”MetalisM Records”, this time - together with the “Sound Age Rec.”.<ref name="officialholydragons"/>

On January 7, 2009 the next album “Jelezniy Rassudok” (“Iron Mind") came out in the beginning in the form of free Internet release, and a little later – on April 20, 2009 - in CD format on the label "Metalism Records". Soon bass guitarist Andrey Evseenko left the band and by the end of the year vocalist Holger Komarov also left the band. Holger s currently busy with his one-man-project "Oko / Rokolo".<ref name="officialholydragons"/>

After the next album "Iron Mind" when Holger Komaroff made a decision to step down as the band's vocalist and with his departure the Russian-lyrics period is ended, and the band returned to the English lyrics.

===Virtual band (2009–2012) and “Project Holy Dragons” (2009–2011)===

After Holger’s departure the band converted into a studio project. The group returned to the English-lyrics format. A person, hiding under a pseudonym The Zerstörer, performed the functions of a singer and bass-guitarist, who made his recording debut with the band on the album, "Runaway 12.
The second half of 2009 and the beginning of 2010 marked active studio work, which resulted in two releases in 2010. He also recorded vocals for "Zerstorer - The Chapters of World War III" - a concept album dedicated to the mysteries of the Cold War and the nuclear confrontation of the superpowers. The album was out as a free Internet release as a result of this virtual membership.

This was to be his final release with Holy Dragons, and by the end of 2010 Tne Zerstörer was replaced by Ian Breeg, an associate of [[Rhapsody of Fire]] and [[Blind Guardian]] members, Oliver and Alex Holzwarth ([[Holzwarth Brothers]]), who was also a member of [[Brutal Godz]] and [[Hammerforce]] bands.

The band removed the word “project” from its name and went back to its original name. Version with Ian Breeg vocals is released in autumn of 2012 in CD format by the European label Pitch Black Records.<ref name="pitchblack"/> The album is sold through a distribution network of Nuclear Blast <ref>Zerstörer on the {{cite web|url=http://www.nuclearblast.de/en/products/tontraeger/cd/cd/holy-dragons-zerstoerer.html|title=Nuclear Blast}} Item number: 208450</ref> and other labels.

In the same year, after finishing instrumental recording of the next forthcoming album ''Dragon Inferno'', Jürgen created a solo electronic instrumental space rock-ambient project “The Heepnotizer”, also available for free download.<ref>"The Heepnotizer" project on {{cite web|url=https://the-heepnotizer.kroogi.com/?locale=ru|title=Kroogi.com}}</ref>

But, Breeg recorded only one full-length album with the band, which was titled ''Zerstorer'' (and two singles: "Majestic 12" and "Three Ways of Genocide"), after that being replaced by Alexander Kuligin, who made his recording debut with the band on "Dragon Inferno" (2014).

In the first half of 2012, bassist Ivan Manchenko joined the band. The band started active rehearsals of the new concert programme and finalized the work on the recordings of vocals for Dragon Inferno. The problems arise for the already recorded album, scheduled for the autumn of 2013. This schedule is ruined because of disagreements with Ian Breeg. Ian Breeg leaves the group, the group has to overwrite the vocal tracks of the album ''Dragon Inferno'' with guest vocalists. Soon the place near the microphone was taken by Alexandr Kuligin on the regular basis, however, all in the same "virtual" format. The album was released on the same label, Pitch Black Records,<ref name="pitchblack"/> with the support of other labels.<ref>Dragon Inferno on {{cite web|url=http://www.nuclearblast.de/en/products/tontraeger/cd/cd/holy-dragons-dragon-inferno.html|title=Nuclear Blast}} Item number: 235686</ref>

===H-Dragons (2013 -)===

In 2013, the band created a side-project- H-DRAGONS, guitarist Jürgen Thunderson composed songs and became a lead singer for this project. H-DRAGONS initially focused on Russian-speaking audience, online distribution and the free distribution of their records. On August 6, 2013 H-DRAGONS presented their debut single "Subjective Reality" in the form of a free-distributed online release formats FLAC, MP3. In 2014 the band released four singles - "Sinister Piper", "Characters Cursed Sleep", "Toothless Wolf" and "Emptiness".

===With Alexandr Kuligin (2014 -)===

In October 2014, Cyprus label [[Pitch Black Records]] releases a new album called "Dragon Inferno". In this album, the band made a bet on experimentation with vocals - in addition to the main singer Alexander Kuligin, this album also featured two session vocalists, Sergey Zubkov and Artemiy Ryabovol. The album has 11 tracks, four of which were published on singles “Majestic 12” and “Three Ways of Genocide” in 2012 with vocals of Ian Breeg.

Holy Dragon's 2014 release has been awarded "Kazakhstan release of the year" <ref>{{cite web|url=http://globalmetalapocalypse.weebly.com/other-music-news/gma-awards-2014-are-a-go-with-albums-of-the-year-winners-released-part-35|title=Global Metal Apocalypse portale}}</ref> by Global Metal Apocalypse blog and was included to Global Metal Apocalypse compilation GMA HQ 2014 with "Black Moon Rising" track.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://globalmetalapocalypse.weebly.com/other-music-news/gma-awards-2014-are-a-go-with-albums-of-the-year-winners-released-part-35|title=Global Metal Apocalypse compilation GMA HQ 2014}}</ref>

In 2015 (as a free-distribution online format) there was published a five-song EP "Dragon Inferno Outtakes", which included the rejected versions of the songs of the album "Dragon Inferno".

In the end of 2015 the band takes part in the [[RUSSIAN-LANGUAGE TRIBUTE TO HELLOWEEN]] project by internet portal [[MASTERSLAND.COM]] and a sci-fi writer [[Valentin Lezhenda]] (co-author of the popular book series [[S.T.A.L.K.E.R.]], [[Metro 2033]] and [[Inhabited Island (Lezhenda book)|Inhabited Island]], presenting a cover version of [[Helloween]] 's song [[Ride the Sky]] (Russian language version - "V Nebesa"). On the 31 st of October the track is released as a free Internet single, including both - the Russian and the English language versions.

The beginning of 2016 saw Holy Dragons opening a [[RUSSIAN-LANGUAGE TRIBUTE TO RAGE]] with [[Rage (German band)|RAGE]] cover "Sent by the Devil", which is [[MASTERSLAND.COM]] project together with the writer [[Valentin Lezhenda]].

On 15 April 2016, the band released a new album under the name "Civilizator" via [[Pitch Black Records]]. The album was released as a CD and digitally.

Alexander Kuligin continues to work with the band on their newest album, coming soon. Plus to that release the band is currently working in the studio, recording a brand new material for even further release.

=== Line-up changes ===
{{#tag:timeline|

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Colors =
id:Vocal value:red legend:Vocal
id:Guitar1 value:orange legend:Guitar1
id:Guitar2 value:blue legend:Guitar2
id:Bass value:green legend:Bass
id:Drums value:purple legend:Drums
id:bars value:gray(0.92)

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Period = from:01/01/1992 till:{{#time: d/m/Y }}
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bar:Thunderson text:"Jürgen Thuderson"
bar:Komaroff text:"Holger Komaroff"
bar:Kraft text:"Anders Kraft"
bar:Throne text:"Dan" Thorne"
bar:Zerstorer text:"The Zerstorer"
bar:Breeg text:"Ian Breeg"
bar:Kuligin text:"Alexandr Kuligin"
bar:Thunderson1 text:"Jürgen Thuderson"
bar:Caine text:"Chris Caine"
bar:Bulat text:"Bulat Sadvacassov"
bar:Polovinko text:"Veniamin Polovinco"
bar:Sheffild text:"Gill Sheffield"
bar:Larsson text:"Chris Larson"
bar:Evseenko text:"Andrey Evseenko"
bar:Manchenko text:"Ivan Manchenko "
bar:Other1 text:"Others"
bar:Marat text:"Marat Sadvacassov"
bar:Grishenko text:"Slava Greechenco"
bar:Morev text:"Yurii Morev"
bar:Repalo text:"Antonio Repablo"
bar:Other2 text:"Others"

PlotData=
align:center textcolor:black fontsize:8 mark:(line,black) width:12 shift:(0,-5)

bar:Thunderson from: start till: 12/09/1992 color:Vocal
bar:Thunderson from: 01/07/1993 till: 03/04/1994 color:Vocal
bar:Thunderson from: 07/07/1995 till: 05/04/1997 color:Vocal
bar:Thunderson from: 03/02/1998 till: 03/05/1998 color:Vocal
bar:Thunderson from: 22/12/2001 till: 16/09/2002 color:Vocal
bar:Komaroff from: 12/09/1992 till: 01/07/1993 color:Vocal
bar:Komaroff from: 03/04/1994 till: 01/01/1995 color:Vocal
bar:Komaroff from: 05/04/1997 till: 05/05/1997 color:Vocal
bar:Kraft from: 05/05/1997 till: 03/02/1998 color:Vocal
bar:Throne from: 03/05/1998 till: 22/12/2001 color:Vocal
bar:Komaroff from: 16/09/2002 till: 10/11/2009 color:Vocal
bar:Zerstorer from: 01/01/2010 till: 10/10/2010 color:Vocal
bar:Breeg from: 01/11/2010 till: 01/01/2012 color:Vocal
bar:Kuligin from: 01/01/2012 till: end color:Vocal
bar:Thunderson1 from: start till: end color:Guitar1
bar:Bulat from: 11/09/1992 till: 20/11/1992 color:Guitar2
bar:Caine from: 07/07/1995 till: end color:Guitar2
bar:Other1 from: start till: 05/05/1993 color:Bass
bar:Polovinko from: 05/02/1994 till: 01/01/1995 color:Bass
bar:Polovinko from: 09/09/1995 till: 01/01/1996 color:Bass
bar:Other1 from: 01/01/1996 till: 11/12/1996 color:Bass
bar:Sheffild from: 05/04/1997 till: 06/06/1998 color:Bass
bar:Other1 from: 10/07/1998 till: 22/12/2001 color:Bass
bar:Other1 from: 10/07/1998 till: 22/12/2001 color:Bass
bar:Other1 from: 10/02/2002 till: 10/06/2002 color:Bass
bar:Larsson from: 16/09/2002 till: 28/10/2004 color:Bass
bar:Evseenko from: 05/10/2006 till: 05/05/2009 color:Bass
bar:Manchenko from: 21/05/2012 till: end color:Bass
bar:Other1 from: 07/07/2009 till: 21/05/2012 color:Bass
bar:Marat from: 11/09/1992 till: 20/11/1992 color:Drums
bar:Grishenko from: 05/02/1994 till: 01/01/1995 color:Drums
bar:Other2 from: 10/10/1997 till: 06/06/1998 color:Drums
bar:Other2 from: 10/10/1998 till: 03/03/2003 color:Drums
bar:Morev from: 03/03/2003 till: 28/10/2004 color:Drums
bar:Repalo from: 05/10/2006 till: end color:Drums

}}

== Members ==

=== Current Line-up ===
''(as of 2014)''
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* Alexandr Kuligin - [[vocals]]
* Jürgen Thuderson – [[guitar]], [[back vocals]]
* Chris “Thorheim” Caine – [[guitar]]
* Ivan Manchenko – [[Bass (guitar)|bass]]
* Antonio Repablo – [[drums]]
{{div col end}}

=== Past members ===

====Vocals====
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* Anders "Caban" Kraft
* Tatiana "Gliuk" Gemashova
* Daniel "Dan" Throne
* Holger Komaroff
* The Zerstorer
* Ian Breeg (Dmitriy Yanovskiy)
{{div col end}}

====Guitar====
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* Bulat Sadvacassov
{{div col end}}

====Keyboards====
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* Denis Kozlov
* Konstantin Baev
{{div col end}}

====Bass====
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* Roman "Africa" Cubashev
* Denis Kozlov
* Veniamin Polovinko
* Lekmar
* Marina "Gill Sheffield" Mikhailova
* Steven Dreico
* Muha Fly
* Chris "Kuzmitch" Larson
* Andrey Evseenko
* The Zerstorer
{{div col end}}

====Drums====
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* Marat Sadvacassov
* Slava Greechenco
* Simon "Sam"
* Seva Sabbath
* Yurii Morev
{{div col end}}

== Discography ==

=== Albums ===
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* ''Dragon Steel'' (album) – 1998
* ''Dragon's Ballads'' (album) – 1999
* ''House of the Winds'' (album) – 1999
* ''Thunder in the Night'' (album) – 2000
* ''Sudniy Den''' (''Judgment Day''; album) – 2002
* ''Götterdämmerung (Sumerki Bogov)'' (''Twilight of the Gods''; album) – 2003
* ''Obitel Vetrov'' (album) – 2004
* ''Polunochniy Grom'' (album) – 2004
* ''Volki Odina'' (''Wolves of Odin''; album) – 2005
* ''Voshod Chyornoy Luny'' (''Black Moon Rising''; album) – 2006
* ''Labirint Illyuziy'' (''Labyrinth of Illusion''; album) – 2007
* ''Jelezniy Rassudok'' (''Iron Mind''; album) – 2009
* ''Runaway 12'' (album) – 2010
* ''Zerstörer'' (''The Chapters of the World War III''; album) – 2010
* ''Zerstörer'' (album) – 2012
* ''Dragon Inferno'' (album) – 2014
* ''Civilizator'' (album) – 2016
{{div col end}}

=== Under the name "Axcess" ===
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* ''In Magic Kingdom'' (demo) — 1992;
* ''Прыгни в Ад!'' (''Jump into Hell!''; demo) — 1992;
* ''Дубовые Мозги'' (''Oaken Brains''; demo) — 1993;
* ''Геноцид'' (''Genocyde''; demo) — 1994;
{{div col end}}

=== Under the name "H-Dragons" ===
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* ''H-Dragons — Субъективная Реальность'' (''Subjective Reality''; single) — 2013;
* ''H-Dragons — Зловещий Дудочник'' (''Sinister Piper''; single) — 2014;
* ''H-Dragons — Персонажи Проклятого Сна'' (''Personages of a Damned Dream''; single) — 2014;
* ''H-Dragons — Беззубый Волк'' (''The Toothless Wolf''; single) — 2014;
* ''H-Dragons — Пустота'' (''Emptiness''; single) — 2014;
{{div col end}}

=== Singles, demos, EPs, etc. ===
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* ''Halloween Night'' (demo album) – 1997
* ''Enjoy the Storm / Wild Cat'' (single) – 1997
* ''Dragon Steel'' (demo album) – 1997
* ''Knights of Camelot'' (EP) – 1998
* ''Knights of Camelot'' (demo album) – 1998
* ''Strannik Zvezd'' (single) – 2001
* ''Warlock'' (demo EP) – 2001
* ''Blod Of Elves'' (demo EP) – 2003
* ''Wolves Of Odin'' (single) – 2005
* ''Majestic 12'' (single) — 2012
* ''Three Ways of Genocide'' (single) — 2012
* ''Dragon Inferno Outtakes'' (EP) — 2015
* ''Ride the Sky / В Небеса (Helloween cover)'' (single) — 2015
* ''Sent by the Devil / К Нам Послан Дьявол (Rage cover)'' (single) — 2016;
{{div col end}}

=== Compilations ===
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}

* ''The Best'' (compilation album) – 1999
* ''Rage of Dragon Lord'' (compilation album) – 2001
* ''Underground KZ, pt.1 — 2003'' (songs «Кровь Эльфов» and «Сумерки Богов»);
* ''OGNIVO: Russian Metal Hits — 2007'' ("Tengri" song);
* ''Pitch Black Records: 5 years of metal 2008-2013'' (2013, "Project A119" song);
* ''Global Metal Apocalypse compilation GMA HQ 2014'' (2014, "Black Moon Rising" song);
* ''Russian Helloween Tribute — 2015'' («В Небеса» (("Ride The Sky");
{{div col end}}

=== Solo Projects ===
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* ''Heepnotizer'' (album) – 2011;
{{div col end}}

==See also==
{{portal|Biography|Kazakhstan|Metal}}
* [[List of heavy metal bands|List of heavy-metal bands]]
* [[Pitch Black Records#Artists|List of Pitch Black Records artists]]
* [[List of power metal bands|List of power-metal bands]]
* [[List of speed metal bands|List of speed-metal bands]]
* [[Music of Kazakhstan]]
{{clear}}

== References ==
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
{{reflist}}
{{div col end}}

== External links ==
* {{allmusic|id=mn0003011072|label=Holy Dragons}}
{{external links|date=February 2013|reason=relating to entries below this tag}}
* http://www.truemetal.org/holydragons/
* http://www.metal-archives.com/band.php?id=7398
* [http://www.last.fm/music/Holy+Dragons Holy Dragons] at last.fm
* [http://community.livejournal.com/ru_holy_dragons/ Holy Dragons]
* [http://www.mp3.com/artist/holy-dragons/summary/ Holy Dragons] on [[mp3.com]]
* [http://www.reverbnation.com/holydragons/ Holy Dragons] on [[www.reverbnation.com]]

[[Category:1992 establishments in Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Culture in Almaty]]
[[Category:Kazakhstani musical groups]]
[[Category:Musical groups established in 1992]]
[[Category:Power metal musical groups]]
[[Category:Speed metal musical groups]]

Maqsud Shah

2016-11-15T17:24:14Z

Fixer88: Disambiguated: Kumul → Kumul Khanate (2)

{{Multiple issues|
{{context|date=October 2010}}
{{confusing|date=October 2010}}
}}

{{Infobox officeholder
|name=Maqsud Shah
| nationality=[[Uighur people|Uighur]]
| religion=[[Islam]]
| image=
| caption =
| imagesize=
| office= [[Khan (title)|Khan]]/[[Prince]]
| term_start= 1908
| term_end= 1930
| birth_date=1864
| birth_place=[[Kumul, Xinjiang]]
| death_date= 1930
| death_place= [[Kumul, Xinjiang]]
| spouse=
| children= Nasir
| party=
}}

'''Maqsud Shah''' (1864 - 1930) (Shah Mexsut, {{zh|沙木胡索特}}) ({{lang-ug|مقصود شاه|}}), was the Uyghur Jasagh Prince (Qinwang) of the Kumul from 1908 to 1930.

{{Infobox officeholder
|name=Maqsud Shah
|order=
|office= Khan of [[Kumul Khanate|Kumul]]
|reign= {{nowrap|1882 – 1930}}
|predecessor=Muhammad Shah 賣哈莫特
|successor=Nasir Shah 聶滋爾
|birth_date= 1879
|birth_place= [[Gansu]], [[Qing dynasty]]
|death_date= 1941
|death_place= [[Republic of China]]
|alma_mater =
|nationality= [[Republic of China|Chinese]]
|spouse=
|children=
|residence= [[Urumqi]]
|profession=
|party=
|religion=
|work=
|footnotes=
|signature=
}}

==Background==
Maqsud Shah {{zh|t=沙木胡索特|p=shā-mù-hú-suǒ-tè}} was the Khan of [[Kumul Khanate|Kumul]] from 1882 to 1930, and served as the eleventh generational ruler of the Khanate.

Maqsud's family was descended from [[Chaghatai Khan]] and had ruled the area since the time of the [[Yuan dynasty]], though by the 20th century all the other Khanates in Turkestan had disintegrated. Maqsud spoke Turkic in a Chinese accent and often wore Chinese clothing,<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IAs9AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA44&dq=maqsud+shah&hl=en&ei=HziqTNyjJMWBlAfamoG_DA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCcQ6AEwAA#v=snippet&q=maqsud%20shah%20king%20gobi&f=false|title=Warlords and Muslims in Chinese Central Asia: a political history of Republican Sinkiang 1911-1949|author=Andrew D. W. Forbes|year=1986|publisher=CUP Archive|location=Cambridge, England|isbn=0-521-25514-7|page=43|pages=|accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref> and also spoke fluent Chinese.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GXj4a3gss8wC&pg=PA74&dq=maqsud+shah&hl=en&ei=PUmpTKapGYK8lQeltoSODQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CCwQ6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q=maqsud%20shah&f=false|title=Xinjiang: China's Muslim borderland|author=S. Frederick Starr|year=2004|publisher=M.E. Sharpe|location=|isbn=0-7656-1318-2|page=74|pages=|accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref> He reputedly drank copious amounts of alcohol and did not allow anyone to take pictures of him.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bEzNwgtiVQ0C&pg=PA97&dq=maqsud+shah+alcohol&hl=en&ei=RTqqTN-CEMOblgeq-L2EDg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CC0Q6AEwAQ#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Wild West China: the taming of Xinjiang|author=Christian Tyler|year=2004|publisher=Rutgers University Press|location=New Brunswick, New Jersey|isbn=0-8135-3533-6|page=97|pages=|accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref>

==Reign==
Maqsud Shah succeeded his father Muhammmad Shah in 1882 as ruler of the [[Kumul Khanate]]. The Khans were officially vassals of the [[Qing Dynasty]], and every six years were required to visit Beijing to be a servant to the Emperor for a period of 40 days.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DHsTAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA487&dq=kumul+khanate&hl=en&ei=m0ipTMeuC4X7lweGkcWdBQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CDMQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=mahsud%20shah%20vassal%20emperor%20pekin%20servant&f=false|title=Unknown Mongolia: a record of travel and exploration in north-west Mongolia and Dzungaria, Volume 2|author=Alexander Douglas Mitchell Carruthers, Jack Humphrey Miller|year=1914|publisher=Lippincott|location=|isbn=|page=489|pages=|accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DzNyAAAAMAAJ&q=maksud+shah&dq=maksud+shah&hl=en&ei=iEmpTPilJ4LGlQeP8sy_DA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=6&ved=0CD4Q6AEwBQ|title=The Gobi desert|author=Alexander Mildred Cable, Francesca French|year=1944|publisher=Hodder and Stoughton|location=|isbn=|page=134|pages=|accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref>
Unlike the rest of [[Xinjiang]] which was subjected to state-encouraged settlement, the Kumul Khanate was not opened to settlement by Han Chinese.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8FVsWq31MtMC&pg=PA190&dq=maqsud+shah&hl=en&ei=PUmpTKapGYK8lQeltoSODQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=5&ved=0CDsQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=maqsud%20shah&f=false|title=Eurasian crossroads: a history of Xinjiang|author=James A. Millward|year=2007|publisher=Columbia University Press|location=|isbn=0-231-13924-1|page=190|pages=|accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref> He sent melons as tribute to the Emperor.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8FVsWq31MtMC&pg=PA190&dq=maqsud+shah&hl=en&ei=HziqTNyjJMWBlAfamoG_DA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=5&ved=0CDsQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=maqsud%20shah%20fluent%20chinese&f=false|title=Eurasian crossroads: a history of Xinjiang|author=James A. Millward|year=2007|publisher=Columbia University Press|location=|isbn=0-231-13924-1|page=190|pages=|accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref>

Twenty one [[Begs]] administered Kumul under the Khan, and he received 1,200 taels in silver from the Xinjiang government after he sent tribute.

In 1912, the Qing Dynasty was overthrown in the [[Xinhai Revolution]] and replaced by the [[Republic of China]], which promptly appointed [[Yang Zengxin]] as the new Governor of Xinjiang. Yang was a monarchist and supported the Khanate and as a result the Khanate's status as a vassal was undisturbed.

When Yang Zengxin was assassinated in 1928, the warlord governor [[Jin Shuren]] succeeded him as the governor of Xinjiang, who's period of rule was marked by strife, corruption and ethnic intolerance.

Upon Maqsud Shah's death in 1930 Governor [[Jin Shuren]] replaced the Khanate with the three provincial administrative districts of Hami, Yihe, and Yiwu. Maqsud Shah's son and designated heir Nasir<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IAs9AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA44&dq=maqsud+shah&hl=en&ei=HziqTNyjJMWBlAfamoG_DA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCcQ6AEwAA#v=snippet&q=maqsud%20shah%20king%20gobi%20militia&f=false|title=Warlords and Muslims in Chinese Central Asia: a political history of Republican Sinkiang 1911-1949|author=Andrew D. W. Forbes|year=1986|publisher=CUP Archive|location=Cambridge, England|isbn=0-521-25514-7|page=44|pages=|accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref>
was not permitted to succeed him to the throne, and the succeeding events set off the [[Kumul Rebellion]]<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8FVsWq31MtMC&pg=PA190&dq=maqsud+shah&hl=en&ei=PUmpTKapGYK8lQeltoSODQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=5&ved=0CDsQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=hami%20yihe%20yiwu&f=false|title=Eurasian crossroads: a history of Xinjiang|author=James A. Millward|year=2007|publisher=Columbia University Press|location=|isbn=0-231-13924-1|page=191|pages=|accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref> with the assistance of [[Yulbars Khan]], who served as Maqsud's chancellor at court.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h3FHwdHpdu4C&pg=PA187&dq=maksud+shah&hl=en&ei=iEmpTPilJ4LGlQeP8sy_DA&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CDQQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=maksud%20shah%20tiger%20prince&f=false|title=Women of the Gobi: Journeys on the Silk Road|author=Kate James|year=2006|publisher=Pluto Press Australia|location=|isbn=1-86403-329-0|page=178|pages=|accessdate=2010-06-28}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

[[Category:History of Xinjiang]]
[[Category:Uyghurs]]
[[Category:1930 deaths]]
[[Category:1864 births]]

Koraish Sultan

2016-11-15T17:23:47Z

Fixer88: Disambiguated: Kumul → Hami City

{{multiple issues|
{{cleanup-reorganize|date=December 2012}}
{{unreferenced|date=December 2012}}
}}
''' Koreish Sultan''' was son of [[Abdurashid Khan]]. 

Probably his father appointed him as governor of [[Khotan]] since 1533 where he was governing till 1588. After the death in 1570 of [[Shah Khan]] in one of skirmishes with Kalmaks, who was a ruler in Uyghurstan ( [[Karasahr|Chalish]] , [[Turpan]] and [[Hami City|Kumul]]), [[Abdul Karim Khan (Yarkand)|Abdul Karim Khan]] of [[Yarkand Khanate]] sent his brother Abduraim Sultan to rule Uyghurstan. The four brothers of Shah Khan expelled Abduraim Sultan and struggle for power between them was undergoing when Abdul Karim Khan sent Koreish Sultan to subdue Shah Khan's brothers and restore Abduraim Sultan as '' Little Khan'' in [[Turpan]]. Koreish Sultan conquered Chalish, Turpan and Kumul, but after that refused to give these cities to Abduraim Sultan and appointed himself as a ''Little Khan''. Abdul Karim Khan ordered to quell Koreish Sultan mutiny and to bring Koreish Sultan to Yarkand alive. Koreish Sultan managed to repel all attacks on Turpan but finally it was decided to peacefully settle this conflict. Chalish was given to Hudabende Sultan, son of Koraish Sultan, while Koreish Sultan was exiled to [[India]].

On 11 Amardād (about 21 July 1589) Moghul Emperor [[Akbar]] travelled to Shihābu-d-dīnpūr in Kashmir. Here Sultan Koreish of Kāshghar arrived and was received with royal favours. His lineage goes back to the great Qāān (Cingez). He was son of [[Abdurashid Khan]].

== References ==
*Shah Mahmud Churas ''Chronicles'' (written in 1670 in [[Yarkand County|Yarkand]] in 118 chapters) Translation and research by Akimushkin O.F. Main publishing house of Eastern literature " Nauka". [[Moscow]],1976
*Kutlukov M '' About foundation of [[Yarkand Khanate]] (1465-1759)''. "Pan" publishing house . [[Almata]],1990
<references />

[[Category:Uyghurs]]
[[Category:Chagatai khans]]

Ufa River

2016-09-24T03:21:20Z

Fixer88: Disambiguated: Idel → Itil (river)

{{refimprove|date=December 2009}}
{{Infobox river
| name = Ufa (Qaraidel) River
| image = UfaRiver.jpg
| image_caption =
| source1_location =
| mouth_location = [[Belaya River (Kama)|Belaya River]]
| basin_countries = [[Russia]]
| length = {{convert|918|km|mi|abbr=on}}
| source1_elevation =
| discharge1_avg = {{convert|388|m3/s|cuft/s|abbr=on}}
| basin_size = {{convert|53100|km2|mi2|abbr=on}}
}}

'''Ufa River''' ({{Lang-ru|Уфа}}, {{Lang-ba|Ҡариҙел}}, ''Qaridhel'', ''Qaraidel'', literally ''The Black [[Itil (river)|Idel]]'') is a [[river]] in the [[Urals]], [[Chelyabinsk Oblast]], [[Sverdlovsk Oblast]], and the [[Bashkortostan|Republic of Bashkortostan]]; a [[tributary]] of the [[Belaya River (Kama)|Belaya River]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/ufa|title=Ufa|publisher=Merriam Webster|accessdate=9 February 2014}}</ref> It is {{convert|918|km|mi}} long, and its [[drainage basin|basin]] covers {{convert|53100|km2|mi2}}. It freezes up between late October and early December and stays under the ice until April or May. [[Pavlovka Hydroelectric Station]] is along the Ufa. The river's water is widely used for water supply. The main ports are [[Krasnoufimsk]] and [[Ufa]] (at the mouth of the river).

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord|54|40|41|N|55|59|26|E|region:RU-BA_type:waterbody_source:kolossus-frwiki|display=title}}

[[Category:Rivers of Bashkortostan]]
[[Category:Rivers of Chelyabinsk Oblast]]
[[Category:Rivers of Sverdlovsk Oblast]]
[[Category:Kama basin]]
[[Category:Ufa]]
[[Category:Ural Mountains]]

{{SverdlovskOblast-geo-stub}}
{{Bashkortostan-geo-stub}}
{{ChelyabinskOblast-geo-stub}}
{{Russia-river-stub}}

Category:Kazakhstan women's international footballers

2016-02-09T21:05:01Z

Fixer88: ←Created page with 'This category is for footballers who have appeared for the senior Kazakhstan women's national football team (but not players who have only been capped at Und...'

This category is for footballers who have appeared for the senior [[Kazakhstan women's national football team]] (but not players who have only been capped at Under-20 or other junior levels). For men's international players, see [[:category:Kazakhstan international footballers]]. Players in this category should also be left in [[:category:Kazakhstani women's footballers]].

[[Category:Kazakhstani women's footballers]]
[[Category:Association football players by women's national team]]
[[Category:Kazakhstan international footballers]]

Category:Expatriate women's footballers in Kazakhstan

2014-07-23T18:52:51Z

Fixer88: ←Created page with '*Women's Category:Women's football in Kazakhstan Category:Expatriate women's association football players...'

[[Category:Expatriate footballers in Kazakhstan|*Women's]]
[[Category:Women's football in Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Expatriate women's association football players|Kazakhstan]]

Category:Kazakhstani male singers

2013-10-11T23:25:03Z

Fixer88: ± 3 categories using HotCat

[[Category:Male singers by nationality]]
[[Category:Kazakhstani singers|Male]]
[[Category:Kazakhstani men by occupation|Singers]]