Shelpek

2017-02-20T05:54:30Z

Firespeaker: updated Uyghur template per Template:Lang-ug (but maybe not working right??)

{{unreferenced|date=July 2013}}
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| image = [[File:ShelpekKZ2.JPG|225px]]
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'''Shelpek''' ({{lang-tk|çelpek}}; {{lang-kk|шелпек}}; {{lang-ky|май токоч, челпек}}; {{lang-uz|chalpak/чалпак}}; {{lang-ug|lat=chalpyak|usy=чалпак}}) is a traditional [[Central Asia]]n [[flatbread]] commonly consumed all over the region. The main ingredients of shelpek are flour, milk, sugar, butter, sour cream, baking soda, salt and vegetable oil.

The dough is shaped into balls and fried in hot vegetable oil until reaching a golden color. Shelpek can also be prepared with yeast, thus the dough stays soft for a longer period of time. The recipe to prepare the dough in the given case is similar to the one used for [[baursak]].

==See also==
{{portal|Food}}
{{colbegin}}
* [[Qistibi]]
* [[Haliva]]
* [[Börek]]
* [[Chiburekki]]
* [[Gözleme]]
* [[Khuushuur]]
* [[Lángos]]
* [[Lörtsy]]
* [[Pastel (food)]]
* [[Puri (food)]]
* [[Qutab]]
* [[Samosa]]
{{colend}}

{{Flatbreads}}
{{Doughnut}}

[[Category:Kazakhstani cuisine]]
[[Category:Flatbreads]]
[[Category:Deep fried foods]]

Uyghurs in Kazakhstan

2016-12-22T01:44:38Z

Firespeaker:

{{Infobox Ethnic group
|group = Uyghurs in Kazakhstan
|poptime = 210,400 (1999)<ref name="Census">{{harvnb|Alekseenko|2001|p=3}}</ref>
|related = [[Chinese people in Kazakhstan]]
}}

'''Uyghurs in Kazakhstan''' form [[Kazakhstan|the country]]'s 7th-largest ethnic group, according to the 1999 census.<ref name="Census"/>

==Migration history==
There is a centuries-old history of population movements between the territories which are today controlled by the neighbouring Republic of Kazakhstan and the People's Republic of China.<ref>{{harvnb|Sadovskaya|2007|p=159}}</ref> Often this has involved minorities fleeing persecution on one side of the border and finding refuge on the other.<ref>{{harvnb|Laruelle|Peyrouse|2009|p=104}}</ref> By 1897, there were already roughly 56,000 Uyghurs in what is today Kazakhstan, according to the [[Russian Empire Census]].<ref name="OldCensus">{{harvnb|Alekseenko|2001|p=2}}</ref> In the 1940s, high-ranking [[Communist Party of the Soviet Union|Communist Party]] officials in the [[Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic|Kazakh SSR]] planned to create an Uyghur [[Autonomous oblasts of the Soviet Union|autonomous oblast]] in a large part of the territory of modern-day [[Almaty Province]]. However, as the intention of the government was to bring Xinjiang further into the Soviet orbit rather than afford local Uyghurs genuine autonomy, the plan was scrapped after the [[Chinese Revolution (1949)|Communist victory in China]] in 1949.<ref>{{harvnb|Kamalov|2007|p=36}}</ref> During the 1950s in China, ethnic tensions and repression of minority separatist movements led to a mass exodus from [[Xinjiang]] to the Kazakh SSR, consisting of [[Uyghurs]], [[Kazakhs]], [[Mongols in China|Mongols]], and [[Kyrgyz people|Kyrgyz]].<ref>{{harvnb|Parham|2004|p=39}}</ref> Following the [[Sino-Soviet split]] and [[Sino-Soviet border conflict|border conflict]], the Chinese government closed the Xinjiang–Kazakh SSR border, both to prevent flight by ethnic minorities, and to prevent the penetration of Soviet secret agents into China.<ref>{{harvnb|Parham|2004|p=57}}</ref>

Uyghurs in Kazakhstan can be roughly divided into three groups based on the time of their ancestors' migration. The earliest, the ''yärlik'' ("locals"), are those who have been in the country the longest.<ref name="Roberts204">{{harvnb|Roberts|2007|p=204}}</ref> They came to various areas of Kazakhstan, especially [[Semirechie]], in the late 19th and early 20th century.<ref name="KP96">{{harvnb|Laruelle|Peyrouse|2009|p=96}}</ref> Most of the more than 200,000 Uyghurs in Kazakhstan trace their roots to the migrations during the 1950s and 1960s.<ref>{{harvnb|Parham|2004|p=59}}</ref> They tend to refer to themselves as ''kegänlär'', literally "newcomers".<ref name="Parham88">{{harvnb|Parham|2004|p=88}}</ref> Others used to call them ''kitailik'' ("Chinese"), but now the more commonly used term has become ''köchäp kegän''; ''kitailik'' instead has come to refer to the latest Uyghur newcomers, those who have arrived since the 1990s (also referred to as ''wätändin'', or "people from the homeland").<ref name="Roberts204"/> Today, Kazakhstan is often a transit point for Uyghur migration to [[Western Europe]] and [[North America]]; most Uyghurs in countries like Norway and Canada come from Central Asia rather than China.<ref name="Kamalov164">{{harvnb|Kamalov|2005|p=164}}</ref>

==Social integration==
Few of the older Uyghur migrants retain personal cross-border links with relatives or friends in Xinjiang.<ref>{{harvnb|Parham|2004|p=82}}</ref> Those who do generally try to avoid drawing Kazakhstani government attention to these links; for example, when their relatives from Xinjiang come to visit, they obtain visas on the pretext of being cross-border traders.<ref name="Parham88"/> During [[perestroika]] and [[glasnost]] in the 1980s, the Kazakh SSR government encouraged Uyghurs to discuss and promote [[Xinjiang independence]] in a successful strategy to eradicate a popular movement for Uyghur autonomy within the [[Soviet Union]].<ref name="Kamalov161">{{harvnb|Kamalov|2005|p=161}}</ref> By 1990, the Uyghurs' shifting ethnic and political (anti-China) consciousness led them to build separate mosques and schools from the [[Dungan people]] ("Chinese Muslims"), with whom they had lived together in Kazakhstan since the 1950s.<ref name="Roberts207"/>

Following the independence of Kazakhstan, the Kazakhstani government leveraged its tolerance for anti-Chinese activities among the Uyghurs in Kazakhstan to extract [[People's Republic of China – Kazakhstan relations|economic investment and cooperation from China]].<ref name="Kamalov161"/> The Kazakhstani government remains a supporter and sponsor of many Uyghur cultural and political activities. It has sponsored 64 Uyghur schools teaching 21,000 Uyghur pupils in the country, and it has allowed the dissemination of Uyghur newspapers, despite their often having an anti-Chinese slant.<ref name="Kamalov164"/> On the other hand, some Uyghurs in Kazakhstan have found trouble with police and local gangsters,<ref>{{harvnb|Laruelle|Peyrouse|2009|p=101}}</ref> occasionally leading to deadly battles between Uyghurs and police, most famously in the Spring of 2000 in [[Almaty]].<ref name="Kamalov163">{{harvnb|Kamalov|2005|p=163}}</ref> In June 2011, an Uyghur schoolteacher fleeing Xinjiang police in Kazakhstan on terrorism charges was deported back to China, following a request from [[Interpol]].<ref>{{harvnb|Solvyov|2011}}</ref> Such incidents, and the Uyghurs' general orientation towards Xinjiang rather than Kazakhstan, have led some Kazakh political observers to argue that the Uyghurs "threaten the national security of Kazakhstan".<ref name="Kamalov163"/>

==Culture==
Uyghurs who came to Kazakhstan in the 1950s and 1960s began in the 1970s to revive traditional Uyghur practises which had been lost by earlier Uyghur migrants.<ref name="Roberts207">{{harvnb|Roberts|2007|p=207}}</ref> The revival of the [[meshrep]] movement in Kazakhstan, which aimed to reinforce religious mores and "to unite Uyghur men... under a common ideology", quickly spread to China and became so politically potent that it was banned by the Xinjiang authorities. The subsequent suppression of Uyghur nationalist demonstrations in the [[Ghulja Incident]] led to a renewed wave of Uyghur migration in Kazakhstan in 1997.<ref>{{harvnb|Kamalov|2005|p=159}}</ref> Uyghurs in Kazakhstan continued to demonstrate against the Chinese government in Kazakhstan: that same year in [[Almaty]], local Uyghurs were reprimanded by authorities for holding mass prayers in graveyards during [[Ramadan]] for the Uyghurs of Xinjiang, calling out to God "to help [the Uyghurs] endure the repression in China".<ref name="Roberts207" />

==See also==
*[[Kazakh exodus from Xinjiang]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|3}}

==References==
*{{citation|last=Alekseenko|first=A. N.|year=2001|title=Республика в зеркале переписей населения|url=http://www.ecsocman.edu.ru/images/pubs/2005/06/13/0000213102/010Alekseenko.pdf|accessdate=2010-04-14|pages=58–62|number=12|journal=Sotsiologicheskie Issledovaniia}}
*{{citation|series=Arbeitsblatt|volume=25|publisher=Institut fur Ethnologie, Universitat Bern|last=Parham|first=Stephen|title=Narrating the Border: The Discourse of Control over China's Northwest Frontier|isbn=3-906465-25-X|url=http://www.ethno.unibe.ch/arbeitsblaetter/AB25_Par.pdf|year=2004}}
*{{citation|title=Cross-border Minorities as Cultural and Economic Mediators between China and Central Asia|url=http://www.isdp.eu/files/publications/cefq/09/LaruellePeyrouse.pdf|volume=7|number=1|pages=29–46|issn=1653-4212|accessdate=2009-04-17|year=2009|last=Laruelle|first=Marlène|last2=Peyrouse|first2=Sebastien|journal=China and Eurasia Forum Quarterly}}
*{{citation|chapter='The Dawn of the East': A Portrait of a Uyghur Community Between China and Kazakhstan|last=Roberts|first=Sean R.|title=Situating the Uyghurs between China and Central Asia|editor-first=Ildikó|editor-last=Bellér-Hann|year=2007|series=Anthropology and cultural history in Asia and the Indo-Pacific|publisher=Ashgate Publishing|pages=203–218|isbn=978-0-7546-7041-4}}
*{{citation |title=Kazakh deports Uighur to China, rights groups cry foul|first=Dmitry|last=Solovyov|url= http://www.trust.org/alertnet/news/kazakh-deports-uighur-to-china-rights-groups-cry-foul|newspaper= Reuters|date=June 2011}}
*{{citation|chapter=Uighurs in Post-Soviet Central Asia|last=Kamalov|first=Ablet|title=Central Asia and the Caucasus: Transnationalism and Diaspora|editor1-last=Atabaki|editor1-first=Touraj|editor2-last=Mehendale|editor2-first=Sanjyot|year=2005|publisher=Psychology Press|pages=154–168}}
*{{citation|chapter=The Uyghurs as a Part of Central Asian Commonality: Soviet Historiography on the Uyghurs|last=Kamalov|first=Ablet|title=Situating the Uyghurs between China and Central Asia|pages=31–46|editor-first=Ildikó|editor-last=Bellér-Hann|year=2007|series=Anthropology and cultural history in Asia and the Indo-Pacific|publisher=Ashgate Publishing|isbn=978-0-7546-7041-4}}

{{Kazakhstan topics}}
{{Uyghur diaspora}}
{{Ethnic groups in Kazakhstan}}

[[Category:Uyghur diaspora|Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Kazakhstan]]

Kazakhstan Encyclopedia - User contributions [en]

Shelpek

Uyghurs in Kazakhstan