Kazakhstan Encyclopedia - User contributions [en]

Western Turkic Khaganate

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{{Infobox Former Country
|native_name =
|conventional_long_name = Onoq ("Ten Arrows") Western Turkic Khaganate
|common_name = Western Turkic Khaganate
|
|continent = Asia
|era = Early Middle Ages
|status = Khaganate
|year_start = 581
|year_end = 659
|stat_year1 = 630<ref name="Taagepera129">{{cite journal|date=1979|title=Size and Duration of Empires: Growth-Decline Curves, 600 B.C. to 600 A.D.|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/1170959|journal=Social Science History|volume=3|issue=3/4|page=129|doi=10.2307/1170959|last1=Taagepera|first1=Rein|accessdate=16 September 2016}}</ref>
|stat_area1 = 3500000
|event_pre = [[Turkic Khaganate]] founded
|date_pre = 552
|event_start = [[Göktürk civil war]], Western Turkic dynasty founded
|event_end = Conquest by [[Tang dynasty]]
|p1 = Turkic Khaganate
|flag_p1 = Gok1.png
|s1 = Second Turkic Khaganate
|flag_s1 = Gok1.png
|s2 = Turgesh
|flag_s2 =
|s3 = Oghuz Yabgu State
|flag_s3 = AD 750OguzYabgu.png
|s4 = Khazar Khaganate
|flag_s4 = Chasaren.jpg
|image_flag =
|image_coat =
|image_map = Western Gokturk.jpg
|image_map_caption = Greatest extent of the Western Turkic Khaganate after the [[Battle of Bukhara]]
|
|capital = [[Navekat]] (summer capital) [[Suyab]] (principal capital)
|national_motto =
|national_anthem =
|common_languages = [[Turkic language|Turkic]]
|religion = [[Tengrism]]
|currency =
|leader1 =
|year_leader1 =
|title_leader = [[(Khan (title)|Khan]]
|today = {{flag|Kazakhstan}} {{flag|Russia}} {{flag|China}} {{flag|Uzbekistan}} {{flag|Tajikistan}} {{flag|Kyrgyzstan}} {{flag|Turkmenistan}} {{flag|Afghanistan}} {{flag|Pakistan}} {{flag|Ukraine}}
}}
{{History of the Turks pre-14th century}}
{{History of Xinjiang}}
The '''Western Turkic Khaganate''' or '''Onoq Khaganate''' ({{zh|c=西突厥 |p=Xi tūjué}}) was a [[Turkic people|Turkic]] [[khaganate]] formed as a result of the wars in the beginning of the 7th century (AD 593–603) after the split of the [[Göktürk Khaganate]] (founded in the 6th century in [[Mongolia]] by the [[Ashina (clan)|Ashina clan]]) into the Western khaganate and the [[Eastern Turkic Khaganate]].

At its height, the Western Turkic Khaganate included the later areas of [[Kazakhstan]], [[Kyrgyzstan]], [[Tajikistan]], [[Turkmenistan]] and [[Uzbekistan]].

The ruling elite or perhaps the whole confederation was called ''Onoq'' or "ten arrows", possibly from ''oğuz'' (literally "arrow"), a subdivision of the Turkic tribes. A connection to the earlier [[Onogurs]], which also means 'ten tribes', is questionable.

Initially, the Western khaganate sought friendly relations with the [[Byzantine Empire|Eastern Roman Empire]], in order to expand their territory at the expense of their mutual enemy, the [[Sassanid Empire|Sassanid Persian Empire]].<ref>Twitchett, David. ''The Cambridge History of China''. Cambridge University Press, 1979. ISBN 0-521-21446-7. Page 223.</ref>

The Western and Eastern khaganates were reunited as the [[Turkic Khaganate]] in 682.

==History==
Summary: The first [[Turkic Khaganate]] was founded by [[Bumin]] in 552 in Mongolia and quickly spread west toward the Caspian. Within 35 years the western half and the [[Eastern Turkic Khaganate]] were independent. The Western Khaganate reached its peak under [[Tong Yabghu Qaghan]] (618–630). After Tong's murder there were conflicts between the Dulu and Nushibi factions, many short-lived Khagans and some territory was lost. From 642 the expanding [[Tang dynasty]] Chinese began interfering. The Tang destroyed the Khaganate in 657–659. The far west of the Khaganate evolved into the Khazars.

For the origin of the Onoq two contradicting accounts are given:<ref>Xue, "A History of Turks", p. 271, 300.</ref><ref>Wang, "Political Relationship Between the Chinese, Tibetan and Arab", p. 28.</ref>

{{quote|In the beginning [after 552], Shidianmi [Istämi] followed the Shanyu [Qaghan] and commanded the ten great chiefs. Together with their 100,000 soldiers, he marched to the Western Regions and subdued the barbarian statelets. There he declared himself as qaghan, under the title of ten tribes, and ruled them [the western barbarians] for generations.|Tongdian, 193 and Jiu Tangshu, 194}}

{{quote|Soon [after 635], Dielishi Qaghan [of the Western Göktürks] divided his state into ten parts, and each was headed by one man, together they made up the ten she [shad]. Every she is given an arrow by him, thus they were known as the ten arrows. He also divided the ten arrows into two factions, each consisted of five arrows. The left [east] faction consisted of five Duoliu ([[Dulu Turks|Dulu]]) tribes, headed by five chuo [qur] separately. The right [west] faction consisted of five [[Nushibi]] (Ch. 弩失畢) tribes, headed by five sijin [irkin] separately. Each took command on one arrow and called themselves as the ten arrows. Thereafter, each arrow was also known as one tribe, and the great arrow head as the great chief. The five Dulu tribes inhabited to east of Suiye [water] ([[Chu River]]), and the five Nushibi tribes to the west of it. Since then, they called themselves as the ten tribes.|Tongdian, 193 and Jiu Tangshu, 194}}

The first statement dates their origin back to the beginning of the First Turkic Qaghanate with Istämi, younger brother of Tumen ([[Bumen]]), who had brought with him the ten tribes probably from the Eastern Qaghanate at Mongolia and left to the west to expand the Qaghanate. The exact date for the event was not recorded, and the shanyu here referred to might be [[Muhan Khan]].

The second statement contributes it to Dielishi, who took over the throne in 635 and began to strengthen the state by further affirming the initial ten tribes and two tribal wings, in contrast with the rotation of rule between the Tumen (through Apa) and Istämi (through Tardu) lineages in the Western Qaghanate. Thereafter, the name "ten tribes" (十姓) became as a shortened address for the Western Turks in Chinese records. However it should be noted that those divisions did not include the five<ref>1. Chuyue (处月, later as [[Shato]]) 2. Chumi (处密) 3. Gusu (姑苏) 4. Bishi (畀失) 5. Qarluq.</ref> major tribes, who were active further east of the ten tribes.<ref>Xue, "A History of Turks", p. 271, 273, 275, 300–301.</ref><ref>Wang, "Political Relationship Between the Chinese, Tibetan and Arab", p. 29.</ref>

The earlier tribes consisted of eight primary tribes ruled by ten chiefs-in-command, afterwards called the on (ten) oq (arrows) (十箭). They were the five<ref>1. Chumukun (处木昆) 2. Huluju (胡禄居) 3. Shesheti (摄舍提) 4. Tuqishi (突骑施) 5. Shunishi (鼠尼施).</ref> Dulu (咄陆) tribes, and the three<ref>1. A-Xijie (阿悉结) 2. Geshu (哥舒) 3. Basegan (拔塞干).</ref> [[Nushibi]] (弩失毕) tribes. The relationships between the ten tribes and the ruling elites were divided into two groups. The more aristocratic Dulu tribes, who held the title qur, and the lower-rated Nushipi in west, who were probably initially made up of [[Tiele people|Tiele]] conscripts.<ref>Xue, "A History of Turks", p. 272, 314.</ref><ref>Wang, "Political Relationship Between the Chinese, Tibetan and Arab", p. 30–31.</ref> During the reformation the more powerful Nushipi tribes such as A-Xijie and Geshu were sub-divided into two tribal groups with a greater and lesser title under a fixed tribal name.

In 619 the Western Turks invaded [[Bactria]] but were repulsed in the course of the [[Second Perso-Turkic War]]. During the [[Third Perso-Turkic War]] Khagan [[Tung Yabghu]] and his nephew [[Böri Shad]] joined their forces with [[Emperor Heraclius]] and successfully invaded [[Transcaucasia]].

The khaganate's capitals were [[Navekat]] (the summer capital) and [[Suyab]] (the principal capital), both situated in the [[Chui River]] valley of [[Kyrgyzstan]], to the east from [[Bishkek]]. The khaganate was overrun by [[Tang Dynasty|Tang Chinese]] forces under [[Su Dingfang]] in 657–659 during the [[Tang campaign against the Western Turks]].<ref>Hans J. Van de Ven. ''Warfare in Chinese History''. Brill Academic Publishers, 2000. ISBN 90-04-11774-1. Page 118.</ref>

==Turks and Byzantines==
This needs special treatment because of the importance of Byzyantium and the better documentation. <ref>This section from Baumer, Hist. Central Asia, vol. 2, 175–81; Christian, History of Russia, Central Asia and Mongolia, 248–57; Sinor, Hist Early Inner Asia, 301–05</ref>
[[Istämi]] ruled from a winter camp near [[Karashar]]. The westward expansion can be reconstructed as follows: 552: Turks conquer Mongolia, 555: Aral Sea(probably); 558: Volga by defeating the Avars; 557–565: Turks and Persians crush Hephthalites, Turko-Persian border along the Oxus which lasted several decades; 564: Tashkent; 569 brief war with Persia. 567–71 north Caucasus, 576 Black Sea raid.

The Oxus frontier gave the Western Turks control of the [[Sogdia]]n merchant cities. As a Chinese general complained:
''"The Turks themselves are simple-minded and short-sighted and dissention can easily be roused among them. Unfortunately, many Sogdians live among them who are cunning and insidious; they teach and instruct the Turks."''
Sinor saw the Byzantine alliance as a Sogdian scheme to benefit themselves at the expense of the Turks. A related fact is that the Eastern Turks were extracting a large amount of silk as booty from the Chinese which had to be marketed westward. Before 568 Maniakh, a leading merchant, was sent to the [[Khosrow I|Sassanian Persians]] to open up trade. This was refused, apparently to restrict trade with the Byzantines. The members of a second embassy were, it is said, poisoned. In 569 Turk armies invaded Persia, failed near Merv and peace was restored in 571. (In 588–89 ([[First Perso-Turkic War]]) a raid into Bactria failed.)

Maniakh now proposed to bypass the Persians and re-open a direct route north of the Caspian. If trade on this route later increased (uncertain) it would have benefited Khorezm and the Black Sea cities and might have had something to do with the later rise of the Khazars and Rus’. The first embassy [[Justin II|reached Constantinople]] in 563. In 568 Maniakh led a second embassy, the object being trade and an alliance against the Avars and Persians. Maniakh returned with the Byzantine official [[Zemarchus]], who left an important account of the Turks.
In 576 Valentinus led a mission to a [[Tamgan|Turxanthos]] whose camp was west of the Caspian. Valentinus wanted action against the Persians and Turxanthos complained that Byzantium was harboring the Avars. Valentinus then went east to meet [[Tardu]]. What caused this hostility is not clear. In 576–77 a Turk general called Bokhan and an [[Utigur]] called Anagai captured the Crimean Byzantine town of [[Panticapaeum]] and failed at a siege of [[Chersonesus]]. This marks the westernmost extent of Turk power.

The alliance was revived in the 620s during the [[Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628|last great Byzantine-Persian war]] before the Arab conquests. In 627 [[Tong Yabghu Qaghan]] sent out his nephew [[Böri Shad]]. The Turks stormed the great fortress of Derbent on the Caspian coast, entered Azerbaijan and Georgia, did a good bit of looting and met [[Heraclius]] who was besieging Tiflis. When the siege dragged on, the Turks left and Heraclius went south and won a great victory over the Persians. The Turks returned, captured Tiflis and massacred the garrison. A Turk general, [[Chorpan Tarkhan]] then won most of Armenia for the Byzantines. See [[Third Perso-Turkic War]]. What the Turks gained from this is not clear.

==See also==
*[[Eastern Turkic Khaganate]]
*[[Onogurs]]
*[[Utigurs]]
*[[Bulaqs]]
*[[Bulgars]]
*[[History of Turkey]]
*[[Qaghans of the Turkic khaganates]]
*[[Old Great Bulgaria]]
*[[Göktürks]]
*[[Oghuz Turks]]
*[[Turks in the Tang military]]
*[[Turkic interregnum]]
*[[Turkic peoples]]
*[[Timeline of Turks (500–1300)]]
*[[List of Turkic dynasties and countries]]

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Turkic topics}}
{{Göktürks}}

[[Category:Turkic states]]
[[Category:Historical Turkic states]]
[[Category:Turkic dynasties]]
[[Category:History of the Turkic peoples]]
[[Category:Göktürks]]
[[Category:Nomads of the Eurasian steppe]]
[[Category:History of Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Khaganates]]

[[pl:Turkuci#Kaganat wschodni i zachodni]]

Sheguy

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'''Sheguy''' or '''Shikui Kaghan''' (r. 611–619 or possibly 610–617 <ref>610 from Christoph Baumer, History of Central Asia, volume two, 2014, page 198, apparently following [[Edouard Chavannes]] who translated from the Chinese. 611 may be from Gumilyov.</ref>
) was the third [[khagan]] of the [[Western Turkic Khaganate]]. He was the grandson of [[Tardu]] (575–603) and was followed by his brother [[Tong Yabghu Qaghan]] (c. 618–639) under whom the Kaganate reached its apex.

==Background==
Western Turkic Empire in present-day [[Turkestan]] was founded as the result of the partition of the main empire after the death of [[Tardu]] in 603. It was also called ''On Ok'' ("Ten arrows") referring to ten powerful tribes in the empire. Five tribes (called [[Dulo clan|Dulo]]) to the northeast and five tribes to the southwest (called [[Nushibi]]) formed the two rival factions, the border line being [[Ili River]].

==After Partitioning==
Sheguy who was Tardu's grandson and governor of Chach ([[Tashkent]])<ref>Baumer, same page, has him conquer Tashkent. Perhaps he conquered and became governor(?). Baumer also has him raid near Isfahan in 616-17 and 'incorporate the whole of the Altai'.</ref> was expected to be enthroned after the death of Tardu. But the Dulu clan enthroned [[Heshana Khan|Taman]] (also called Heshana Khan) who was a generation younger than Sheguy. But Taman was a very inexperienced ruler and was a puppet of Dulo clan. Nushibi clan as well as [[Silk road]] merchants who suffered from the increasing anarchy supported Sheguy to throne in 611. When Taman partisans arrested a Chinese ambassador to Sheguy, Sheguy revolted and Taman had to flee to [[Sui China]] where he was killed.<ref>L.N.Gumilev: ''Eski Türkler'' (tr: Ahsen Batur), İstanbul, 2002, Selenge Yayınları. ISBN 975-7856-39-8. {{OCLC|52822672}}, p.199-200.</ref>

Sheguy maintained order in his empire and provided security of the silk road. His term marks the beginning of Nushibi supremacy. In 618, he was succeeded by [[Tong Yabghu Qaghan|Tong]] during whose reign Western Turkic Empire reached to apogee.

{{S-start}}
{{s-hou|[[Ashina (clan)|Ashina Clan]]}}
{{Succession box|title=[[Göktürk Kağans|Khagan of the Western Turkic Khaganate]]|before=[[Heshana Khan|Taman]]|after=[[Tong Yabghu Qaghan|Tong]]|years = 611–618}}
{{S-end}}

==References==
<references/>
{{Göktürks}}

[[Category:7th-century Turkic people]]
[[Category:618 deaths]]
[[Category:Göktürk rulers]]
[[Category:Silk Road]]
[[Category:History of Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Ashina house of the Turkic Empire]]
[[Category:Year of birth unknown]]

{{Asia-bio-stub}}

Göktürks

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{{for|empires established by the Göktürks|Turkic Khaganate}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
|group = Göktürks
|image = [[File:Tyurki.jpg|200px]]
|caption = Göktürk petroglyphs from Mongolia (6th to 8th century)
|pop = Ancestral to Uyghurs, Yugurs, and other Turkic population
|regions = [[Central Asia]]
|ref3 =
|languages = [[Old Turkic language|Old Turkic]]
|religions = [[Tengrism]], [[Buddhism]]
|related =
}}

The '''Göktürks''', '''Celestial Turks''', '''Blue Turks''' or '''Kok Turks''' ([[Old Turkic language|Old Turkic]]: ''𐱅𐰇𐰼𐰰:𐰜𐰇𐰛 Kök Türük'' {{zh|c=突厥/تُكِئ|p=Tūjué}}, [[Saka language|Khotanese Saka]] ''Ttūrka'', ''Ttrūka'',{{sfn|Golden|2011|p=20}} [[Old Tibetan]] ''Drugu''{{sfn|Golden|2011|p=20}}), were a nomadic confederation of [[Turkic peoples]] in medieval [[Inner Asia]]. The Göktürks, under the leadership of [[Bumin Qaghan]] (d. 552) and his sons, succeeded the [[Rouran Khaganate]] as the main power in the region and established the [[Turkic Khaganate]], one of several nomadic dynasties which would shape the future geolocation, culture, and dominant beliefs of [[Turkic peoples]].

==Etymology==
Strictly speaking, the common name ''Göktürk'' is the [[Turkish language|Anatolian Turkish]] form of the [[ethnonym]]. The [[Old Turkic]] name for the Göktürks was 𐱅𐰇𐰼𐰰 ''Türük'',<ref name="KulteginMC">[http://irq.kaznpu.kz/?lang=e&mod=1&tid=1&oid=15&m=1 Kultegin's Memorial Complex, Türik Bitig] [[Orkhon inscriptions]]</ref><ref name="BilgeKaganMC">[http://irq.kaznpu.kz/?lang=e&mod=1&tid=1&oid=16&m=1 Bilge Kagan's Memorial Complex, Türik Bitig]</ref> 𐱅𐰇𐰼𐰰:𐰜𐰇𐰛 Kök Türük,<ref name="KulteginMC"/><ref name="BilgeKaganMC"/> or [[File:Old Turkic letter K.svg|10px]][[File:Old Turkic letter R2.svg|10px]][[File:Old Turkic letter U.svg|10px]][[File:Old Turkic letter T2.svg|10px]] Türk.<ref name="TonyukukMC">[http://irq.kaznpu.kz/?lang=e&mod=1&tid=1&oid=17&m=1 Tonyukuk's Memorial Complex, Türik Bitig] [[Bain Tsokto inscriptions]]</ref> They were known in [[Middle Chinese]] historical sources as the ''tɦutkyat''{{sfn|Golden|2011|p=20}} ({{zh|c=[[wikt:突|突]][[wikt:厥|厥]]|p=Tūjué}}). According to Chinese sources, the meaning of the word ''Tujue'' was "[[combat helmet]]" ({{zh|c=[[wikt:兜|兜]][[wikt:鍪|鍪]]|p=Dōumóu|w=Tou1-mou2}}), reportedly because the shape of the [[Altai Mountains]] where they lived, was similar to a combat helmet.<ref name="Zhou50">[[Linghu Defen]] et al., ''[[Book of Zhou]]'', [[:zh:s:周書/卷50|Vol. 50.]] {{Zh icon}}</ref><ref name="Sui84">[[Wei Zheng]] et al., ''[[Book of Sui]]'', [[:zh:s:隋書/卷84|Vol. 84.]] {{Zh icon}}</ref><ref name="Northern99">[[Li Yanshou]] (李延寿), ''[[History of the Northern Dynasties]]'', [[:zh:s:北史/卷099|Vol. 99.]] {{Zh icon}}</ref>

Göktürk means "Celestial Turks",{{sfn|Marshall Cavendish Corporation|2006|p=545}} or sometimes "Blue Turks" (i.e. because [[sky blue]] is associated with [[Sky deity|celestial realms]]). This is consistent with "the cult of heavenly ordained rule" which was a recurrent element of Altaic political culture and as such may have been imbibed by the Göktürks from their predecessors in Mongolia.<ref>Wink 64.</ref> The name of the ruling [[Ashina (clan)|Ashina clan]] may derive from the [[Khotanese Saka]] term for "deep blue", ''āššɪna''.{{sfn|Findley|2004|p=39}}

The word Türk meant "strong" in Old Turkic.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.bartleby.com/61/92/T0419200.html |title=The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language: Fourth Edition - "Turk"|author=American Heritage Dictionary|authorlink=American Heritage Dictionary|publisher=bartleby.com|accessdate=2006-12-07|year=2000}}</ref>

==Origins==
[[File:Kul Tigin.jpg|thumb|[[Kül Tigin]]]]

The Göktürk rulers originated from the Ashina clan, who were first attested to 439. The ''[[Book of Sui]]'' reports that in that year, on October 18, the [[Tuoba]] ruler [[Emperor Taiwu of Northern Wei]] overthrew [[Juqu Mujian]] of the [[Northern Liang]] in eastern [[Gansu]],<ref>[[Wei Shou]], ''[[Book of Wei]]'', [[:zh:s:魏書/卷4上|Vol. 4-I.]] {{Zh icon}}</ref><ref>[[Sima Guang]], ''[[Zizhi Tongjian]]'', [[:zh:s:資治通鑑/卷123|Vol. 123.]] {{Zh icon}}</ref><ref>[[:zh:承和 (北凉)|永和]]七年 ([[:zh:太延|太延]]五年) 九月丙戌 [http://sinocal.sinica.edu.tw/ Academia Sinica] {{Zh icon}}</ref> whence 500 Ashina families fled northwest to the Rouran Khaganate in the vicinity of [[Gaochang]].<ref name="Sui84"/><ref>Christian, p. 249.</ref> [[Peter Benjamin Golden]] points out the possibility that the khaghans of the Turkic Khaganate, the Ashina, were themselves originally [[Proto-Indo-Europeans|Indo-Europeans]] (possibly [[Iranian peoples]]) who later adopted the Turkic language but continued to use titles from their earlier [[Indo-European languages]].<ref>Peter B. Golden, ''An Introduction to the History of the Turkic Peoples'', O. Harrassowitz, 1992, p. 121–122</ref> German Turkologist W.-E. Scharlipp points out that many common terms in Turkic are [[Iranian languages|Iranian]] in origin.<ref>„(...) Über die Ethnogenese dieses Stammes ist viel gerätselt worden. Auffallend ist, dass viele zentrale Begriffe iranischen Ursprungs sind. Dies betrifft fast alle Titel (...). Einige Gelehrte wollen auch die Eigenbezeichnung türk auf einen iranischen Ursprung zurückführen und ihn mit dem Wort „Turan“, der persischen Bezeichnung für das Land jeneseits des Oxus, in Verbindung bringen.“ Wolfgang-Ekkehard Scharlipp in ''Die frühen Türken in Zentralasien'', p. 18</ref>

According to the ''[[Book of Zhou]]'' and the ''[[History of the Northern Dynasties]]'', the Ashina clan was a component of the [[Xiongnu]] confederation,<ref name="Zhou50"/><ref name="Northern99"/> but this connection is disputed,<ref name="Christian2">Christian, p. 249</ref> and according to the ''Book of Sui'' and the ''[[Tongdian]]'', they were "mixed Hu (barbarians)" ({{linktext|雜胡}}) from [[Pingliang]].<ref name="Sui84"/><ref name="Tong197">杜佑, 《通典》, 北京: 中華書局出版, ([[Du You]], ''[[Tongdian]]'', Vol.197), 辺防13 北狄4 突厥上, 1988, ISBN 7-101-00258-7, p. 5401. {{Zh icon}}</ref> Indeed, Chinese sources linked the [[Donghu people|Hu]] on their northern borders to the Xiongnu just as Graeco-Roman historiographers called the [[Pannonian Avars]], [[Huns]] and [[Hungarians]] "Scythians". Such archaizing was a common literary topos, and implied similar geographic origins and nomadic lifestyle but not direct filiation.{{sfn|Sinor|1990}}{{page needed|date=August 2015}}

As part of the heterogeneous Rouran Khaganate, the Türks lived for generations north of the [[Altai Mountains]], where they 'engaged in metal working for the Rouran'.<ref name="Sui84"/><ref name="Zizhi159">Sima Guang, ''Zizhi Tongjian'', [[:zh:s:資治通鑑/卷159|Vol. 159.]] {{Zh icon}}</ref> According to [[Denis Sinor]], the rise to power of the Ashina clan represented an 'internal revolution' in the Rouran Khaganate rather than an external conquest.{{sfn|Sinor|1990|p=295}} According to Charles Holcombe, the early Tujue population was rather heterogeneous and many of the names of Türk rulers, including the two founding members, are not even Turkic.{{sfn|Holcombe|2001|p=114}} This is supported by evidence from the [[Orkhon inscriptions]], which include several non-Turkic lexemes, possibly representing [[Finno-Ugric languages|Finno-Ugric]] or [[Samoyedic languages|Samoyedic]] words.{{sfn|Sinor|1990|p=291}}

==Eastern Turks under the Jimi system==

On May 19, 639<ref>[[:zh:貞觀 (唐朝)|貞觀]]十三年四月戊寅 [http://db1x.sinica.edu.tw/sinocal/ Academia Sinica] {{Zh icon}}</ref> [[Ashina Jiesheshuai]] and his tribesmen assaulted [[Emperor Taizong of Tang]] at Jiucheng Palace ({{linktext|九|成|宮}}, in present-day [[Linyou County]], [[Baoji]], [[Shaanxi]]). However, they did not succeed and fled to the north, but were caught by pursuers near the Wei River and were killed. [[Ashina Hexiangu]] was exiled to Lingbiao.<ref name="Zizhi195">Sima Guang, ''Zizhi Tongjian'', [[:zh:s:資治通鑑/卷195|Vol. 195.]] {{Zh icon}}</ref> After the unsuccessful raid of Ashina Jiesheshuai, on August 13, 639<ref>[[:zh:貞觀 (唐朝)|貞觀]]十三年七月庚戌 [http://db1x.sinica.edu.tw/sinocal/ Academia Sinica] {{Zh icon}}</ref> Taizong installed [[Qilibi Khan]] and ordered the settled Turkic people to follow him north of the [[Yellow River]] to settle between the [[Great Wall of China]] and the [[Gobi Desert]].<ref>Ouyang Xiu et al., ''New Book of Tang'', [[:zh:s:新唐書/卷215上|Vol. 215-I.]]</ref>

In 679, [[Ashide]] Wenfu and [[Ashide Fengzhi]], who were Turkic leaders of the Chanyu Protectorate ([[:zh:单于大都护府|單于大都護府]]), declared [[Ashina Nishufu]] as qaghan and revolted against the Tang dynasty.<ref name="Zizhi202">Sima Guang, ''Zizhi Tongjian'', [[:zh:s:資治通鑑/卷202|Vol. 202]] {{Zh icon}}</ref> In 680, [[Pei Xingjian]] defeated Ashina Nishufu and his army. Ashina Nishufu was killed by his men.<ref name="Zizhi202"/> Ashide Wenfu made [[Ashina Funian]] a qaghan and again revolted against the Tang dynasty.<ref name="Zizhi202"/> [[Ashide Wenfu]] and Ashina Funian surrendered to Pei Xingjian. On December 5, 681<ref>[[:zh:开耀|開耀]]元年十月乙酉 [http://db1x.sinica.edu.tw/sinocal/ Academia Sinica] {{Zh icon}}</ref> 54 Göktürks including Ashide Wenfu and Ashina Funian were publicly executed in the Eastern Market of [[Chang'an]].<ref name="Zizhi202"/> In 682, [[Ilterish Qaghan]] and [[Tonyukuk]] revolted and occupied Heisha Castle (northwest of present-day [[Hohhot]], [[Inner Mongolia]]) with the remnants of Ashina Funian's men.<ref>Sima Guang, ''Zizhi Tongjian'', [[:zh:s:資治通鑑/卷203|Vol. 203]] {{Zh icon}}</ref>

==Rulers==
{{Main|Qaghans of the Turkic khaganates}}

==See also==
{{commons category|Göktürks}}
*[[Ethnic groups in Chinese history]]
*[[Göktürk family tree]]
*[[Turkmens]] (on the Y-DNA of Turkmens)
*[[Horses in East Asian warfare]]
*[[Kankalis]]
*[[Khazars]]
*[[Kürşat (hero)]]
*[[Timeline of the Turkic peoples (500–1300)]]
*[[Turkic peoples]]
*[[Temir Kapig]]
*[[Xiongnu]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

===Bibliography===
*Christian, David. ''A history of Russia, Central Asia and Mongolia, Vol. 1: Inner Eurasia from prehistory to the Mongol Empire''. Blackwell, 1998.
* {{cite book|ref=harv|last=Findley|first=Carter Vaughn|title=The Turks in World History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7eyoacDdcIMC|year=2004|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-988425-4}}
* {{cite book|last1=Golden|first1=Peter Benjamin|authorlink1=Peter Benjamin Golden|title=Studies on the peoples and cultures of the Eurasian steppes|date=2011|publisher=Ed. Acad. Române|location=Bucureşti|isbn=978-973-1871-96-7|chapter=Ethnogenesis in the tribal zone: The Shaping of the Turks|ref=harv|url=https://www.academia.edu/9609971/Studies_on_the_Peoples_and_Cultures_of_the_Eurasian_Steppes}}
*[[Great Soviet Encyclopaedia]], 3rd ed. Article "Turkic Khaganate" ([http://www.cultinfo.ru/fulltext/1/001/008/113/276.htm online]).
*[[René Grousset|Grousset, René]]. ''The Empire of the Steppes''. [[Rutgers University Press]], 1970. ISBN 0-8135-1304-9.
*[[Gumilev, Lev]] (2007) {{Ru icon}} ''The Göktürks'' (Древние тюрки ;Drevnie ti︠u︡rki). Moscow: AST, 2007. ISBN 5-17-024793-1.
*{{cite book|first=Jonathan Karem|last=Skaff|editor=Nicola Di Cosmo|title=Military Culture in Imperial China|year=2009|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-03109-8|ref=harv}}
*Yu. Zuev (I︠U︡. A. Zuev) (2002) {{Ru icon}}, ''"Early Türks: Essays on history and ideology"'' ([http://openlibrary.org/b/OL13632412M/Rannie-ti%EF%B8%A0u%EF%B8%A1rki Rannie ti︠u︡rki: ocherki istorii i ideologii]), [[Almaty]], Daik-Press, p. 233, {{Listed Invalid ISBN|9985-4-4152-9}}
*{{cite book|first=Howard J.|last=Wechsler|chapter=T'ai-Tsung (Reign 626-49): The Consolidator|editor=Denis Twitchett|editor2=John Fairbank|title=The Cambridge History of China, Volume 3: Sui and T'ang China Part I|year=1979|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-21446-9|ref=harv}}
*Wink, André. ''Al-Hind: The Making of the Indo-Islamic World''. [[Brill Academic Publishers]], 2002. ISBN 0-391-04173-8.
*Zhu, Xueyuan (朱学渊) (2004) {{zh icon}} ''The Origins of the Ethnic Groups of Northern China'' (中国北方诸族的源流). Beijing: Zhonghua Shuju (中华书局) ISBN 7-101-03336-9
*Xue, Zongzheng (薛宗正) (1992) {{zh icon}} ''A History of the Turks'' (突厥史). Beijing: Chinese Social Sciences Press (中国社会科学出版社) ISBN 7-5004-0432-8
*{{cite book|title= Romans, Barbarians, and the Transformation of the Roman World: Cultural Interaction and the Creation of Identity in Late Antiquity|first=Ekaterina|publisher=Ashgate|year=2011|isbn=9780754668145|location=|pages=175–181|chapter= The "Runaway" Avars and Late Antique Diplomacy|editor=Ralph W. Mathisen, Danuta Shanzer|author= Nechaeva}}
*{{cite book|ref=harv|last=Sinor|first=Denis|authorlink=Denis Sinor|title=The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ST6TRNuWmHsC&pg=PA295|year=1990|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-24304-9}}



{{Göktürks}}
{{Turkic topics}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Gokturks}}
[[Category:Göktürks| ]]
[[Category:Historical Turkic states]]
[[Category:Turkic dynasties]]
[[Category:History of the Turkic peoples]]
[[Category:Turkic peoples]]
[[Category:Turkic tribes]]
[[Category:Former countries in Chinese history]]
[[Category:Khaganates]]
[[Category:Nomads of the Eurasian steppe]]
[[Category:Nomadic groups in Eurasia]]
[[Category:Uyghurs]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Asia]]
[[Category:History of Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:History of Kyrgyzstan]]
[[Category:History of Uzbekistan]]
[[Category:History of Tajikistan]]
[[Category:History of Mongolia]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 552]]
[[Category:747 disestablishments]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in the 8th century]]
[[Category:6th century in Asia]]
[[Category:7th century in Asia]]
[[Category:8th century in Asia]]

[[bg:Гьоктюрки]]

Nikolay Kuibyshev

2017-03-19T01:19:49Z

ExperiencedArticleFixer: dates per WP:MoS

{{Infobox military person
| native_name = Николай Владимирович Куйбышев
| image =Nikolay Vladimirovich Kuibyshev.jpg
| birth_date = 25 December 1893
| death_date = {{death date and age|1938|8|1|1893|12|25|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Kokshetau]], [[Akmolinsk Oblast (Russian Empire)|Akmolinsk Oblast]], [[Russian Empire]]
| death_place =[[Moscow]], [[Soviet Union]]
| allegiance = [[Russian Empire]] 
[[Soviet Union]]
| branch = [[Imperial Russian Army]] 
[[Red Army]]
| serviceyears = 1914{{endash}}1917 
1918{{endash}}1938
| rank = [[Komkor]]
| commands = [[3rd Rifle Division (Soviet Union)|3rd Rifle Division]] 
[[9th Rifle Division (Soviet Union)|9th Rifle Division]] 
[[2nd Caucasian Rifle Corps]] 
[[Kronstadt]] fortress 
[[Main Directorate of the Red Army]] 
[[Siberian Military District]] 
[[Transcaucasian Military District]]
| battles = [[World War I]] 
[[Russian Civil War]]
| awards = [[Order of the Red Banner]] (3)
}}'''Nikolay Vladimirovich Kuibyshev''' ({{Lang-ru|Николай Владимирович Куйбышев}}; {{OldStyleDate|25 December|1893|13 December}} {{En dash}} 1 August 1938) was a [[Red Army]] [[Komkor]].

The son of an [[Imperial Russian Army]] officer, Kuibyshev joined the army and fought in [[World War I]]. Kuibyshev joined the Red Army in 1918 and became commander of the [[3rd Rifle Division (Soviet Union)|3rd]] and [[9th Rifle Division (Soviet Union)|9th Rifle Division]]<nowiki/>s on the [[Southern Front of the Russian Civil War]]. During the 1920s, Kuibyshev commanded a corps, courses for Red Army commanders, the group of Soviet advisors in China, and the [[Main Directorate of the Red Army]], and the [[Siberian Military District]]. He became secretary for [[Rabkrin]], the Workers' and Peasants' Inspectorate, and a member of the [[Central Control Commission of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union|Party Control Commission]] during the 1930s. Kuibyshev became commander of the [[Transcaucasian Military District]] in 1937. During the [[Great Purge]], he was arrested in February 1938 and executed in August. Kuibyshev was posthumously pardoned in 1956.

== Early life and World War I ==
Kuibyshev was born on 25 December 1893 in [[Kokshetau]], the son of an army officer. He was future Soviet politician [[Valerian Kuybyshev|Valerian Kuibyshev]]'s younger brother.{{Sfn|Stone|2000|p=265n3}} Kuibyshev graduated from the [[Omsk Cadet Corps]] in 1912 and entered the [[Alexandrov Military School]] in Moscow. After the outbreak of World War I in 1914, Kuibyshev was prematurely discharged from the school and joined the Russian Imperial Army with the rank of [[Podporuchik|Second lieutenant]]. He served with the [[10th Malorossiya Grenadier Regiment]] as a company and then battalion commander. Kuibyshev was wounded three times during the war and after the [[February Revolution]] of 1917 was elected a member of the regimental committee. In November 1917, he became the regimental adjutant with the rank of captain.{{Sfn|Cherushev|Cherushev|2012|pp=85{{endash}}87}}

== Russian Civil War ==
Kuibyshev served in the Red Army from the beginning of its existence, fighting on the Southern Front of the Russian Civil War. Between July and December 1918, Kuibyshev was a member of the [[Supreme Military Inspectorate]]. In January 1919, he became the [[Military commisar|military commissar]] of the [[13th Army (Soviet Union)|13th Army]]'s 3rd Rifle Division. Between July and August he was acting commander of the division. In September, Kuibyshev became commander of the 9th Rifle Division's 3rd Brigade. He became commander of the division in January 1920, leading it until June 1921. In 1920, he was awarded the [[Order of the Red Banner]]. On 5 February 1921, Kuibyshev was awarded his second Order of the Red Banner, for his actions between September and November 1920, in which Kuibyshev's leadership was credited with saving the [[Donbass]] from a [[White movement|White]] attack and pushing the White troops back to [[Genichesk]] while capturing 5,000 prisoners.{{Sfn|Cherushev|Cherushev|2012|pp=85{{endash}}87}}

== Interwar ==
Kuibyshev commanded the [[2nd Caucasian Rifle Corps]] between June and October 1921. He entered the Higher Academic Courses at the [[Military Academy of the Red Army]], graduating in March 1922. Kuibyshev then became the commandant of [[Kronstadt]] fortress and was awarded a third Order of the Red Banner during the same year. Between May 1923 and November 1924, he led the Higher Tactical-Infantry School (Vystrel) courses for Red Army commanders. In November 1924, Kuibyshev became assistant commander of the [[Turkestan Front]], which was fighting against the [[Basmachi movement]], a Muslim uprising in Central Asia. In October 1925 Kuibyshev was sent to China under the pseudonym "Kisanka" as an advisor to [[Chiang Kai-shek]]'s [[National Revolutionary Army]], replacing [[Vasily Blyukher]] in command of the group of military advisors and specialists in China. Kuibyshev openly disdained the Chinese officers, considering them "ignorant in the arts of the war." In the spring of 1926, Chiang requested the dismissal of Kuibyshev and the early return of Blyukher to China.{{Sfn|Taylor|2009|p=|pp=54{{endash}}57}} Kuibyshev returned to the Soviet Union in July 1926 and became commander and military commissar of the [[3rd Rifle Corps]]. In December, he became the chief of the [[Main Directorate of the Red Army]], which oversaw Red Army combat training, the Inspectorate, mobilization, and recruitment.{{Sfn|Erickson|2001|p=794}} Between January and November 1928, Kuibyshev was the assistant commander of the [[Moscow Military District]]. He commanded the [[Siberian Military District]] between November 1928 and November 1929. In December 1929, he became the chief of the Main Directorate again.{{Sfn|Cherushev|Cherushev|2012|pp=85{{endash}}87}}

Kuibyshev became the secretary of the administrative meetings of the [[Council of Labor and Defense]] in October 1930. At the same time, he was also a board member of the [[Rabkrin]], the Workers' and Peasants' Inspectorate, and the chief of the Directorate of Military and Naval Inspection. Between February 1934 and March 1935, Kuibyshev was a member of the [[Central Control Commission of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union|Party Control Commission]] and group leader for military and naval affairs. In April 1935, he became a member of the Bureau of the Party Control Commission. In June 1937, Kuibyshev became commander of the Transcaucasian Military District. After the beginning of the Great Purge, Kuibyshev criticized it for undermining readiness in November, during a meeting of the district's Military Soviet.{{Sfn|Conquest|2008|p=|pp=207{{endash}}208}} On 2 February 1938, Kuibyshev was arrested, based on information in confessions extracted from [[Mikhail Tukhachevsky]], [[Vitaly Primakov]], and [[Boris Feldman]]. Kuibyshev pleaded guilty to charges that he was involved in a "military-fascist conspiracy," and that he was a spy for the intelligence services of Germany, Poland, Japan, and Lithuania.{{Sfn|Zaleski|2000|p=258}} He was sentenced to death by the [[Military Collegium of the Supreme Court of the Soviet Union|Military Collegium]] for "participating in a military conspiracy" and executed on 1 August 1938 at the [[Butovo firing range]], where he was interred in a mass grave.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sakharov-center.ru/asfcd/martirolog/?t=page&id=8280|title=Куйбышев Николай Владимирович|last=|first=|authorlink=|last2=|date=|website=Victims of Political Repression executed in Moscow Oblast Online Database|publisher=Sakharov Center|language=Russian|trans-title=Kuibyshev Nikolay Vladimirovich|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=3 March 2017}}</ref> On 19 May 1956, he was pardoned by decision of the Military Collegium.{{Sfn|Cherushev|Cherushev|2012|pp=85{{endash}}87}}

== References ==

=== Citations ===
<references />

=== Bibliography ===
* {{Cite book|url=http://1937god.info/node/1195|title=Расстрелянная элита РККА (командармы 1-го и 2-го рангов, комкоры, комдивы и им равные): 1937—1941. Биографический словарь.|last=Cherushev|first=Nikolai Semyonovich|last2=Cherushev|first2=Yury Nikolaevich|publisher=Kuchkovo Pole|year=2012|isbn=9785995002178|location=Moscow|pages=|language=Russian|trans-title=Executed Elite of the Red Army (Komandarms of the 1st and 2nd ranks, Komkors, Komdivs, and equivalents) 1937{{endash}}1941 Biographical Dictionary|ref=harv|via=}}
* {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ubXQSk2qfXMC|title=The Great Terror: A Reassessment|last=Conquest|first=Robert|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2008|isbn=978-0-19-531699-5|edition=40th Anniversary|location=Oxford|pages=|ref=harv|orig-year=1968|via=}}
* {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dvXdi7jZy5YC|title=The Soviet High Command: A Military Political History, 1918–1941|last=Erickson|first=John|publisher=Frank Cass|year=2001|isbn=9780415408608|location=London|pages=|ref=harv|orig-year=1962|via=}}
* {{Cite book|title=Hammer and Rifle: The Militarization of the Soviet Union, 1926-1933|last=Stone|first=David R.|publisher=University Press of Kansas|year=2000|isbn=9780700610372|location=Lawrence, Kansas|pages=|ref=harv}}
* {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7Kz111Lie-0C&source=gbs_navlinks_s|title=The Generalissimo: Chiang Kai{{endash}}Shek and the Struggle for Modern China|last=Taylor|first=Jay|publisher=Belknap Press of Harvard University Press|year=2009|isbn=9780674033382|location=Cambridge, Massachusette|pages=|ref=harv}}
* {{Cite book|url=http://1937god.info/node/1196|title=Империя Сталина. Биографический энциклопедический словарь.|last=Zaleski|first=Konstantin|publisher=Veche|year=2000|isbn=9785783807169|location=Moscow|pages=|language=Russian|trans-title=Stalin's Empire: A Biographical Encyclopedic Dictionary|ref=harv}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kuibyshev, Nikolay}}
[[Category:1893 births]]
[[Category:1938 deaths]]
[[Category:Soviet komkors]]
[[Category:Russian military personnel of World War I]]
[[Category:People of the Russian Civil War]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of the Red Banner]]
[[Category:People from Kokshetau]]
[[Category:Great Purge victims from Russia]]
[[Category:Soviet rehabilitations]]
[[Category:Communist Party of the Soviet Union members]]

Shohrat Zakir

2017-03-18T23:57:11Z

ExperiencedArticleFixer: ndash per WP:MoS

{{Infobox Officeholder
| name =Shohrat Zakir
| native_name = {{nobold|شۆھرەت زاكىر {{lang|zh-hans|雪克来提·扎克尔}}}}
| image =
| imagesize =
| order =
| office =
| term_start =
| term_end =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| office1 = [[Politics of Xinjiang|Chairman]] of the [[Xinjiang|Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region]]
| term_start1 = January 2015 Acting: December 2014 – January 2015
| term_end1 =
| predecessor1 = [[Nur Bekri]]
| successor1 =
| birth_date = {{birth-date and age|df=yes| August 1953}}
| birth_place = [[Yining City|Yining]] (Ghulja), [[Xinjiang]], China
| death_date =
| death_place =
| nationality = People's Republic of China
| party = [[Communist Party of China]]
| otherparty =
| spouse =
| children =
| residence =
| alma_mater =
| religion =
| footnotes =
}}

'''Shohrat Zakir''' ({{lang-ug|شۆھرەت زاكىر}}; born August 1953), is a Chinese politician of [[Uyghur people|Uyghur]] origin and, since December 2014, the [[Politics of Xinjiang|Chairman]] of the [[Xinjiang]] Uyghur Autonomous Region, and the deputy party chief of Xinjiang. He was born in [[Yining City|Yining]] (Ghulja).<ref name=xhw>[http://news.xinhuanet.com/ziliao/2014-01/21/c_126035896.htm 雪克来提·扎克尔，新华网，2014-01-21]</ref> He went to [[Tianjin University]]. He was the former Mayor of [[Urumqi]]. He studied computer science in [[Hubei]] province.<ref name=xhw/>

==Career==
Zakir was born into a family with revolutionary history. His grandfather Kaur Zakir was a progressive thinker during the [[warlord era]] and was executed by state agents along with [[Mao Zemin]] and [[Chen Tanqiu]]. His father Abdullah Zakrof was one of the earliest ethnic Uyghurs to join the Xinjiang party organization shortly after the foundation of the People's Republic in 1949. Prior to the Cultural Revolution Zakir's father was a member of the regional [[Provincial Party Standing Committee|standing committee]] and Vice-Chairman of Xinjiang.<ref>{{cite news|author=大公网|title="红色黑马"雪克来提|url=http://news.takungpao.com/mainland/focus/2015-01/2877351.html|accessdate=2015-01-13|newspaper=大公网}}</ref>

Between 1970 and 1972 Zakir received "[[re-education through labour]]" in rural Xinjiang. He then worked as a teacher in an elementary school in [[Urumqi]]. He was transferred to Diwopu school in 1972. In March 1978 he left his homeland for Hubei to attend the Jianghan Petroleum College (now [[Yangtze University]]) located in [[Jingzhou]] to study computer science. He then returned to Xinjiang to serve as a researcher at an earth sciences institute. In June 1984 he joined government, working for the regional economic committee.

Between 1982 and 1986, Zakir obtained an English degree at the Urumqi Vocational College. During this time he also joined the Communist Party of China. He then worked in a series of roles supporting economic growth and trade in the regional government. In March 2001 he was named mayor of Urumqi. Beginning in December 2005 he worked for the [[Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps]]. In 2007 he also earned an [[Executive MBA]] from [[Tianjin University]]. At the [[2008 National People's Congress]] Zakir was selected to become a member of the National Ethnic Affairs Committee of the National People's Congress. In June 2011 he became Vice-Chair of the [[State Ethnic Affairs Commission]]. In January 2014 he became Chairman of the Xinjiang People's Congress,<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.163.com/api/14/0120/20/9J2E5ML90001124J.html|title=雪克莱提·扎克尔当选新疆人大常委会主任|publisher=网易新闻|date=2014-01-20|accessdate=2014-01-20}}</ref> and in December 2014, he was named Chairman of Xinjiang, replacing [[Nur Bekri]].

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-gov}}
{{s-bef|before =[[Nur Bekri]]}}
{{s-ttl|title = Chairman of [[Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region]]|years = 2014– }}
{{s-inc}}
{{s-end}}
{{Regional leaders in China}}
{{Xinjiang leaders}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Zakir, Shohrat}}
[[Category:Communist Party of China politicians from Xinjiang]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1953 births]]
[[Category:Mayors of Ürümqi]]
[[Category:Tianjin University alumni]]
[[Category:Uyghurs]]
[[Category:Political office-holders in Xinjiang]]
[[Category:People's Republic of China politicians from Xinjiang]]
[[Category:People from Ili]]

Tömür Dawamat

2017-03-18T23:46:56Z

ExperiencedArticleFixer: -spaces per WP:MoS

'''Tömür Dawamat''' ({{lang-ug|تۆمۈر داۋامەت|lat=Tömür Dawamet}}; {{zh|c=铁木尔·达瓦买提|p=Tiěmùěr Dáwǎmǎití}}; born June 1927 in [[Toksun County|Toksun]], [[Xinjiang]], [[People's Republic of China|China]]) was the chairman of the [[Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region]] of the [[People's Republic of China]] from 1985 to 1993.<ref>[http://www.xinjiang.gov.cn/10013/10031/10000/10904.htm 历任政府领导]</ref>

Tomur is an [[Uyghur people|ethnic Uyghur]]. He started his working career in May 1950 and later became the local leader from 1954 to 1964. He held high position in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region Revolution Committee from 1968 to 1979, and then became Chief of the People's Congress of the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region before he took office as the chairman of Xinjiang in 1985. After his chairmanship, he was a member of the [[Standing Committee of the National People's Congress]].<ref>[http://www.xinjiang.gov.cn/10013/10031/10000/2005/20037.htm 铁木尔·达瓦买提简历]</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{s-start}}
{{succession box | before =[[Ismail Amat]] | title = Chairman of [[Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region]] | years = 1985–1993 | after = [[Abdul'ahat Abdulrixit]]}}
{{s-end}}
{{NPCSC Vice-Chairpersons}}
{{Xinjiang leaders}}

{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Tomur, Dawamet}}
[[Category:1927 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Turpan]]
[[Category:People's Republic of China politicians from Xinjiang]]
[[Category:Uyghurs]]
[[Category:Political office-holders in Xinjiang]]
[[Category:Communist Party of China politicians from Xinjiang]]

Abdul'ahat Abdulrixit

2017-03-18T23:46:39Z

ExperiencedArticleFixer: ndash per WP:MoS

'''Abdul'ahat Abdulrixit''' ({{lang-ug|ئابلەت ئابدۇرىشىت}}; {{lang|ug-Latn|Ablet Abdurishit}}; {{zh|s=阿不来提·阿不都热西提|p=Ābùláití Ābùdūrèxītí}}; born March 1942), was the [[chairman]] of the [[Xinjiang|Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region]] of the [[People's Republic of China]] from 1993 to 2003. He currently serves as the vice chairman of 11th [[Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference]] (CPPCC).

He was born in [[Yining City|Yining]] on March 1942, joined the [[Communist Party of China]] in July 1960, and started working in September 1965. He graduated from department of electrical mechanics of Xinjiang Institute of Technology, and holds the title of senior engineer.

From 1991 to 1993, he served as vice chairman of Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region. In 1993, he was appointed as acting chairman and vice Party chief of Xinjiang. He was confirmed as the chairman of the Region in 1994 and served this post till 2003. From January to May 2003, he was the chairman of Xinjiang People's Congress. He was elected to vice chairman of 10th CPPCC in March 2003, and was re-elected in March, 2008.

He was a member of 15th, 16th and 17th Central Committees of the Communist Party of China.

==References==
* [http://www.china.org.cn/china/CPPCC_anniversary/2009-09/17/content_18544083.htm Abdul'ahat Abdulrixit]

{{s-start}}
{{s-off}}
{{succession box | before =[[Tömür Dawamat]] | title = Chairman of [[Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region]] | years = 1993–2003 | after =[[Ismail Tiliwaldi]]}}
{{s-end}}
{{CPPCC Vice-Chairpersons}}
{{Xinjiang leaders}}

{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Abdulrixit, Abdulahat}}
[[Category:1942 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Ili]]
[[Category:People's Republic of China politicians from Xinjiang]]
[[Category:Uyghurs]]
[[Category:Political office-holders in Xinjiang]]

{{china-politician-stub}}

Ismail Tiliwaldi

2017-03-18T23:46:25Z

ExperiencedArticleFixer: ndash per WP:MoS

{{Infobox Officeholder
|name = Ismail Tiliwaldi
|native_name = {{lang|ug|ئىسمائىل تىلىۋالدى}} {{lang|zh-hans|{{nobold|司马义•铁力瓦尔地}}}}
|image =
|imagesize =
|office = Vice Chairman of the [[National People's Congress]]
|term_start = March 2008
|term_end = March 2013
|1blankname = Chairman
|1namedata = [[Wu Bangguo]]
|predecessor =
|successor =
|office1 = Chairman of the [[Xinjiang|Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region]]
|term_start1 = January 2003
|term_end1 = December 2007
|predecessor1 = [[Abdul'ahat Abdulrixit]]
|successor1 = [[Nur Bekri]]
|birth_date = {{birth-date and age|df=no|October 29, 1961}}
|birth_place = [[Shufu County]] (Konasheher), [[Xinjiang]], China
|death_date =
|death_place =
|nationality = People's Republic of China
|party = [[Communist Party of China]]
|otherparty =
|spouse =
|children =
|residence =
|alma_mater = [[Xinjiang University]]
|religion =
|footnotes =
}}
'''Ismail Tiliwaldi''' ({{ug|ئىسمائىل تىلىۋالدى}}; born October 29, 1944) is a retired Chinese politician of Uyghur heritage. He was the [[chairman]] of the [[Xinjiang|Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region]], the head of the Xinjiang's government, from 2003 to 2007, and Vice-Chairman of the [[Standing Committee of the National People's Congress]] from 2008 to 2013.

==Biography==
An [[Uyghur people|Uyghur]], Tiliwaldi began working in 1967 and joined the [[Communist Party of China]] in May 1973. In 1967, Tiliwaldi graduated from [[Xinjiang University]] with a [[academic degree|degree]] in [[mathematics]].<ref name=xin>{{cite news|title=司马义·铁力瓦尔地简历|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/ziliao/2003-02/20/content_737833.htm|publisher=Xinhua}}</ref>

During the Cultural Revolution, Tiliwaldi was [[Down to the Countryside Movement|sent to the countryside]] for "re-education". He then served as an interpreter at a local commune's tractor factory. In 1973 he found work in the Organization Department of Shufu County. He studied at the Central Party School in the early 1980s, ostensibly to prepare himself for higher office.

He served deputy chief and chief of the Organization Department for the [[Kashgar Prefecture]], deputy Commissioner (equivalent to mayor) of Kashgar, deputy Party Secretary of Kashgar, Commissioner of Kashgar.

Beginning in 1993, Tiliwaldi served as the secretary-general for the Xinjiang Autonomous Regional Government, deputy [[Political Commissar]] of the [[Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps]] of [[People's Liberation Army|the Army]]. In 1998, Tiliwaldi entered the Regional [[Party Standing Committee]] of Xinjiang, and become and deputy secretary of the Xinjiang regional Political and Legal Affairs Commission.

In January 2003, he was elected as chairman of the Xinjiang region at the first session of the tenth [[Xinjiang People's Congress]].

He was an alternate member of the 16th CPC Central Committee and a full member of the 17th Central Committee.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.china.org.cn/english/chuangye/56455.htm Who's Who In China's Leadership - Ismail Tiliwaldi]

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{{succession box | before =[[Abdul'ahat Abdulrixit]] | title = Chairman of [[Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region]] | years = 2003–2007 | after = [[Nur Bekri]]}}
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{{NPCSC Vice-Chairpersons}}
{{Xinjiang leaders}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ismail, Tiliwaldi}}
[[Category:1944 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People's Republic of China politicians from Xinjiang]]
[[Category:Uyghurs]]
[[Category:People from Kashgar]]
[[Category:Communist Party of China politicians from Xinjiang]]
[[Category:Political office-holders in Xinjiang]]

{{china-politician-stub}}

Ismail Amat

2017-03-18T15:59:37Z

ExperiencedArticleFixer: ndash per WP:MoS

'''Ismail Amat''' ({{zh|s=司马义·艾买提}};{{lang-ug|ئىسمائىل ئەھمەد|lat=Isma'il Ehmet}}; born 1935) is an [[Uyghur people|Uyghur]] politician born in [[Qira County]], [[Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region]]. He joined the work force in [[Hotan]] in 1952, and the [[Communist Party of China]] in 1953.

In 1954 Ismail Amat was elected magistrate of Qira County. In 1972–1985 he was head of the Organization Department of the CPC Xinjiang Autonomous Regional Committee and Vice-Chairman of the Xinjiang Autonomous Regional Revolutionary Committee. From 1979 to 1985 he was the Chairman (Governor) of Xinjiang. In 1988 he became Vice-Chairman of the 7th National Committee of the CPPCC.

Ismail Amat was member of the 10th to 16th CPC Central Committees.

==References==
*{{cite book|editor1-last=Song|editor1-first=Yuwu|title=Biographical dictionary of the People's Republic of China|date=2013|publisher=McFarland & Company, Inc.|location=Jefferson, North Carolina|isbn=9781476602981|pages=9–10|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DGbyzKLVh30C&pg=PA9}}

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{{succession box | before = [[Yang Jingren]]|title = Chairman of [[State Ethnic Affairs Commission]] | years = 1986–1998 | after = [[Li Dezhu]]}}
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{{NPCSC Vice-Chairpersons}}
{{CPPCC Vice-Chairpersons}}
{{Xinjiang leaders}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Amat, Ismail}}
[[Category:Communist Party of China politicians from Xinjiang]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1935 births]]
[[Category:People from Hotan]]
[[Category:Uyghurs]]
[[Category:People's Republic of China politicians from Xinjiang]]
[[Category:Political office-holders in Xinjiang]]