Kazakhstan Encyclopedia - User contributions [en]

Ramsar, Mazandaran

2017-04-16T22:20:42Z

Emir of Wikipedia: Disambiguated: Gilaki → Gilaki language

{{about||the administrative subdivision|Ramsar County|the wetland preservation organization|Ramsar Convention}}
{{redirect|Sakht Sar|the administrative subdivision|Sakht Sar Rural District}}
{{Infobox settlement
|official_name = Ramsar
|native_name = {{lang-fa|رامسر}}
|nickname =
|former_name = Sakht Sar
|motto = The Paradise on Earth (Behesht-e rooy-e Zamin)
|image_skyline = Ramsar_Montage.png
|imagesize = 250px
|image_caption = From top left, Ramsar Old Hotel, Sunset at [[Caspian Sea]], Statue of [[Esfandiyār]], [[Ramsar Palace|Ramsar Marble Palace]], Ramsar Hotel Walkway, Ramsar Campus of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences and Ramsar Gondola lift (Ramsar Télécabine)
|image_flag =
|image_seal =
|image_map =
|mapsize =
|map_caption =
|settlement_type = city
|coordinates = {{coord|36|54|11|N|50|39|30|E|region:IR|display=inline,title}}
|pushpin_map = Iran 
|pushpin_label_position = bottom 
|pushpin_map_caption = Location of Ramsar in [[Iran]]
|pushpin_mapsize =
|subdivision_type = [[List of countries|Country]]
|subdivision_name = {{flag|Iran}}
|subdivision_type1 =[[Provinces of Iran|Province]]
|subdivision_name1 =[[Mazandaran Province|Mazandaran]]
|subdivision_type2 =[[Counties of Iran|County]]
|subdivision_name2 =[[Ramsar County|Ramsar]]
|subdivision_type3 =[[Bakhsh]]
|subdivision_name3 =[[Central District (Ramsar County)|Central]]
|leader_title = Mayor (Ŝahrdār)
|leader_name = Mohsen Morradi
|established_title =
|established_date = 1943
|area_magnitude =
|area_total_km2 =
|area_total_sq_mi =
|area_land_km2 =
|area_land_sq_mi =
|area_water_km2 =
|area_water_sq_mi =
|area_water_percent =
|area_urban_km2 =
|area_urban_sq_mi =
|area_metro_km2 =
|area_metro_sq_mi =
|population_total = 33018
|population_as_of = 2012
|population_blank1_title =
|population_blank1 =
|population_note =
|population_metro =
|population_urban =
|population_density_km2 =
|population_density_sq_mi =
|timezone = [[Iran Standard Time|IRST]]
|utc_offset = +3:30
|timezone_DST = [[Iran Daylight saving Time|IRDT]]
|utc_offset_DST = +4:30
|elevation_m = -21
|elevation_ft =
|website = http://www.sh-ramsar.ir
|footnotes =
}}
'''Ramsar''' ({{lang-fa|رامسر}}, also [[Romanize]]d as '''Rāmsar''' and '''Rānsar'''; formerly, '''Sakht Sar''')<ref>{{GEOnet3|-3081959}}</ref> is a city in and the capital of [[Ramsar County]], [[Mazandaran Province]], [[Iran]]. At the 2012 census, its population was 33,018, in 9,421 families.<ref>{{IranCensus2012|02}}</ref>

Ramsar lies on the coast of the [[Caspian Sea]]. It was also known as Sakhtsar in the past. The native people in Ramsar are [[Gilak]]s although there are also [[Mazandarani people]] living there. They speak the [[Gilaki language]] (eastern dialect) although the style they speak has been influenced by the [[Mazandarani language]], making it slightly different than the [[Gilaki language|Gilaki]](eastern dialect) spoken in Gilan. The natives of Ramsar call their dialect "Ramsari" as its a combination of Eastern Gilaki and Royan/Western Mazandarani (Mazandarani-Gilaki dialect). They are also able to speak [[Persian language|Persian]], the official language of Iran.

==Location==
Ramsar is the westernmost county and city in [[Mazandaran]]. It borders the [[Caspian Sea]] to the north, [[Gilan]] province to the west, [[Qazvin Province]] to the south, and [[Tonekabon]] to the east.
[[Image:MazandaranRamsar.PNG|thumb|left|500px|Map showing position of Ramsar county as well as Ramsar city in [[Mazandaran]] province]]
{{clear}}

==History==
{{Empty section|date=November 2013}}

==Tourism==
[[File:Old Hotel Ramsar.jpg|thumbnail|220px|right|Old Hotel of Ramsar]]
Ramsar is a popular sea resort for Iranian tourists. The town also offers [[hot spring]]s, the green forests of the [[Alborz]] Mountains, the [[Ramsar Palace|vacation palace]] of the last [[Shah]], and the Hotel Ramsar. Twenty-seven kilometres south of Ramsar and 2700 meters above sea level in the Alborz mountains is [[Javaher Deh]] village, which is an important tourist attraction in Ramsar county.

==Ramsar Convention==
The [[Ramsar Convention|Convention on Wetlands]], signed in Ramsar in 1971, is an intergovernmental treaty which provides the framework for national action and international cooperation for the conservation and wise use of wetlands and their resources. There are presently 160 Contracting Parties to the Convention, with 1920 wetland sites, totaling 1,680,000 square kilometres, designated for inclusion in the Ramsar List of Wetlands of International Importance.
Presently, there are 160 contracting parties, up from 119 in 2000 and from 18 initial signatory nations in 1971.<ref>[http://www.ramsar.org/cda/ramsar/display/main/main.jsp?zn=ramsar&cp=1-36-123^23808_4000_0__retrieved 2011-03-07]</ref> Signatories meet every three years as the Conference of the Contracting Parties (COP), the first held in Cagliari, Italy in 1980. Amendments to the original convention have been agreed to in Paris (in 1982) and Regina (in 1987).<ref>[http://www.ramsar.org/cda/ramsar/display/main/main.jsp?zn=ramsar&cp=1-36-62_4000_0__ Ramsar: A brief history], retrieved 2009-11-07</ref>

==Climate==
{{Weather box
|location = Ramsar (1961–1990, extremes 1955–2010)
|metric first = yes
|single line = yes
|Jan record high C = 31.0
|Feb record high C = 26.0
|Mar record high C = 36.8
|Apr record high C = 35.0
|May record high C = 34.4
|Jun record high C = 38.0
|Jul record high C = 35.2
|Aug record high C = 35.0
|Sep record high C = 35.2
|Oct record high C = 33.2
|Nov record high C = 32.0
|Dec record high C = 29.0
|year record high C = 38.0
|Jan high C = 10.8
|Feb high C = 10.3
|Mar high C = 11.7
|Apr high C = 16.5
|May high C = 21.5
|Jun high C = 25.9
|Jul high C = 28.6
|Aug high C = 28.3
|Sep high C = 25.7
|Oct high C = 21.3
|Nov high C = 17.4
|Dec high C = 13.5
|year high C = 19.3
|Jan mean C = 6.9
|Feb mean C = 6.9
|Mar mean C = 8.7
|Apr mean C = 13.1
|May mean C = 18.3
|Jun mean C = 22.6
|Jul mean C = 25.2
|Aug mean C = 24.8
|Sep mean C = 22.3
|Oct mean C = 17.7
|Nov mean C = 13.4
|Dec mean C = 9.4
|year mean C = 15.8
|Jan low C = 3.4
|Feb low C = 3.7
|Mar low C = 5.9
|Apr low C = 9.8
|May low C = 14.7
|Jun low C = 18.8
|Jul low C = 21.4
|Aug low C = 21.3
|Sep low C = 19.0
|Oct low C = 14.5
|Nov low C = 9.8
|Dec low C = 5.7
|year low C = 12.3
|Jan record low C = -10.0
|Feb record low C = -6.0
|Mar record low C = -3.0
|Apr record low C = 0.0
|May record low C = 5.0
|Jun record low C = 9.0
|Jul record low C = 15.0
|Aug record low C = 16.0
|Sep record low C = 10.0
|Oct record low C = 5.0
|Nov record low C = -1.0
|Dec record low C = -2.0
|year record low C = -10.0
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 86.5
|Feb precipitation mm = 73.7
|Mar precipitation mm = 85.6
|Apr precipitation mm = 46.9
|May precipitation mm = 47.6
|Jun precipitation mm = 51.0
|Jul precipitation mm = 36.4
|Aug precipitation mm = 77.5
|Sep precipitation mm = 152.5
|Oct precipitation mm = 273.1
|Nov precipitation mm = 172.9
|Dec precipitation mm = 124.9
|year precipitation mm = 1228.6
|Jan humidity = 84
|Feb humidity = 85
|Mar humidity = 88
|Apr humidity = 86
|May humidity = 85
|Jun humidity = 81
|Jul humidity = 79
|Aug humidity = 82
|Sep humidity = 84
|Oct humidity = 86
|Nov humidity = 86
|Dec humidity = 85
|year humidity = 84
|unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm
|Jan precipitation days = 9.0
|Feb precipitation days = 8.7
|Mar precipitation days = 11.0
|Apr precipitation days = 8.3
|May precipitation days = 7.3
|Jun precipitation days = 4.9
|Jul precipitation days = 3.9
|Aug precipitation days = 6.6
|Sep precipitation days = 8.6
|Oct precipitation days = 11.6
|Nov precipitation days = 9.2
|Dec precipitation days = 8.8
|year precipitation days = 97.9
|Jan snow days = 1.2
|Feb snow days = 1.2
|Mar snow days = 0.8
|Apr snow days = 0.1
|May snow days = 0.0
|Jun snow days = 0.0
|Jul snow days = 0.0
|Aug snow days = 0.0
|Sep snow days = 0.0
|Oct snow days = 0.0
|Nov snow days = 0.1
|Dec snow days = 0.3
|year snow days = 3.7
|Jan sun = 111.3
|Feb sun = 98.9
|Mar sun = 84.1
|Apr sun = 119.4
|May sun = 161.7
|Jun sun = 186.8
|Jul sun = 183.3
|Aug sun = 159.8
|Sep sun = 119.5
|Oct sun = 108.8
|Nov sun = 110.2
|Dec sun = 96.1
|year sun = 1539.9
|source 1 = NOAA<ref name= NOAA>{{cite web
| url = ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/RA-II/IR/40732.TXT
| title = Ramsar Climate Normals 1961-1990
| publisher =[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]
| accessdate = April 7, 2015}}</ref>
|source 2 = Iran Meteorological Organization (records)<ref name= recordhighs>
{{cite web
| url = http://www.chaharmahalmet.ir/stat/archive/iran/maz/RAMSAR/7.asp
| title = Highest record temperature in Ramsar by Month 1955–2010
| publisher = Iran Meteorological Organization
| accessdate = April 7, 2015}}</ref><ref name= recordlows>
{{cite web
| url = http://www.chaharmahalmet.ir/stat/archive/iran/maz/RAMSAR/6.asp
| title = Lowest record temperature in Ramsar by Month 1955–2010
| publisher = Iran Meteorological Organization
| accessdate = April 7, 2015}}</ref>
|date=December 2011
}}
Northern Iran, as well as most portions of Iran, is separated by mountains. As a result, the air in Teheran is very dry. When driving to Ramsar from Teheran, one drives up the mountains until he or she arrives at a tunnel. On passing through this tunnel and coming out the other side, the environment is very different; it is more humid and green due to moisture from the Caspian sea.

==Radioactivity==
[[File:Ramsar radiation.jpg|thumb|Two survey meters show dose rates of 142 and 143 [[µSv]]/h on contact with a bedroom wall.]]
[[File:Rostam Ramsar.jpg|thumb|The statue of [[Rostam]] in front of Ramsar Old Hotel]]

Ramsar's Talesh Mahalleh district is the most radioactive inhabited area known on Earth, due to nearby [[hot spring]]s and building materials originating from them.<ref name="medgeo">{{cite book|last1=Selinus|first1=Olle |last2=Finkelman|first2=Robert B. |last3=Centeno|first3=Jose A. |title=Medical Geology: A Regional Synthesis|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BDZStwE2AXkC&pg=PA163 |accessdate=10 November 2012 |date=14 January 2011| publisher=Springer |isbn=978-90-481-3429-8 |pages=162–165}}</ref> A combined population of 2,000 residents from this district and other high radiation neighbourhoods receive an average [[radiation dose]] of 10 [[mGy]] per year, ten times more than the ICRP recommended limit for exposure to the public from artificial sources.<ref name="Mortazavi2005">{{cite journal |last=Mortazavi |first=S.M.J. |author2=P.A. Karamb |title=Apparent lack of radiation susceptibility among residents of the high background radiation area in Ramsar, Iran: can we relax our standards? |journal=Radioactivity in the Environment |year=2005| volume=7| pages=1141–1147 |issn=1569-4860|doi=10.1016/S1569-4860(04)07140-2}}</ref> Record levels were found in a house where the [[effective radiation dose]] due to external radiation was 131 [[mSv]]/a, and the [[committed dose]] from [[radon]] was 72 mSv/a.<ref name=HNBR2009>{{cite journal|last=Hendry|first=Jolyon H|author2=Simon, Steven L |author3=Wojcik, Andrzej |author4=Sohrabi, Mehdi |author5=Burkart, Werner |author6=Cardis, Elisabeth |author7=Laurier, Dominique |author8=Tirmarche, Margot |author9= Hayata, Isamu |title=Human exposure to high natural background radiation: what can it teach us about radiation risks?|journal=Journal of Radiological Protection|date=1 June 2009|volume=29|issue=2A|pages=A29–A42|doi=10.1088/0952-4746/29/2A/S03 |pmid=19454802 |url=http://cricket.biol.sc.edu/papers/natural/Hendry%20et%20al%202009.pdf |accessdate=1 December 2012 |pmc=4030667}}</ref> This unique case is over 80 times higher than the world average [[background radiation]].

The prevailing model of [[radiation-induced cancer]] posits that the risk rises linearly with dose at a rate of 5% per Sv. If this [[linear no-threshold model]] is correct, it should be possible to observe an increased incidence of cancer in Ramsar through careful long-term studies currently underway.<ref name=Mortazavi2005 /> Early anecdotal evidence from local doctors and preliminary cytogenetic studies suggested that there may be no such harmful effect, and possibly even a radioadaptive effect.<ref name="GN2002">{{cite journal|last=Ghiassi-nejad|first=M|author2=Mortazavi, SM |author3=Cameron, JR |author4=Niroomand-rad, A |author5= Karam, PA |title=Very high background radiation areas of Ramsar, Iran: preliminary biological studies.|journal=Health physics|date=January 2002 |volume=82 |issue=1 |pages=87–93 |pmid=11769138 |url=http://www.probeinternational.org/Ramsar.pdf|accessdate=11 November 2012 |doi=10.1097/00004032-200201000-00011}}</ref> More recent epidemiological data show a slightly reduced lung cancer rate<ref>{{cite journal |last=Mortazavi |first=S.M.J. |author2=Ghiassi-Nejad, M. |author3=Rezaiean, M. |title=Cancer risk due to exposure to high levels of natural radon in the inhabitants of Ramsar, Iran|journal=High Levels of Natural Radiation and Radon Areas: Radiation Dose and Health Effects |year=2005 |volume=1276 |pages=436–437 |doi=10.1016/j.ics.2004.12.012}}</ref> and non-significantly elevated morbidity, but the small size of the population (only 1800 inhabitants in the high-background areas) will require a longer monitoring period to draw definitive conclusions.<ref>{{ Citation |first=Alireza | last=Mosavi-Jarrahi |first2=Mohammadali |last2=Mohagheghi |first3=Suminori |last3=Akiba | first4=Bahareh |last4=Yazdizadeh |first5=Nilofar |last5=Motamedid |first6=Ali| last6=Shabestani Monfared |title=Mortality and morbidity from cancer in the population exposed to high level of natural radiation area in Ramsar, Iran |journal=International Congress Series |volume=1276 |year=2005 |pages=106–109 |url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0531513104017492 |doi=10.1016/j.ics.2004.11.109}}</ref> Furthermore, there are questions regarding possible non-cancer effects of the radiation background. An Iranian study has shown that people in the area have a significantly higher expression of [[CD69]] gene and also a higher incidence of stable and unstable chromosomal aberrations.<ref>{{cite journal |pmid=15063540 |doi=10.1016/j.jenvrad.2003.12.001 |volume=74 |issue=1-3 |title=Long-term immune and cytogenetic effects of high level natural radiation on Ramsar inhabitants in Iran | year=2004 |journal=J Environ Radioact |pages=107–16}}</ref> Chromosomal aberrations have been found in other studies<ref>{{citation |first=F. |last=Zakeri |first2=M. R. |last2=Rajabpour |first3=S. A. |last3=Haeri | first4=R. |last4=Kanda |first5=I. |last5=Hayata |first6=S. |last6=Nakamura |first7=T. | last7=Sugahara |first8=M. J. |last8=Ahmadpour |title=Chromosome aberrations in peripheral blood lymphocytes of individuals living in high background radiation areas of Ramsar, Iran |journal=Radiation and Environmental Biophysics |year=2011 |volume=50 | issue=4 |pages=571–578 |pmid=21894441 |doi=10.1007/s00411-011-0381-x}}</ref> and a possible elevation of female infertility has been reported.<ref>{{citation |first=Y. |last=Tabarraie |first2=S. |last2=Refahi |first3=M.H. |last3=Dehghan |first4=M. |last4=Mashoufi |title=Impact of High Natural Background Radiation on Woman's Primary Infertility |journal=Research Journal of Biological Sciences |year=2008 |volume=3 |issue=5 |pages=534–536 | url=http://medwelljournals.com/abstract/?doi=rjbsci.2008.534.536}}</ref>

[[Radiation hormesis]] was not observed in a study that also recommended that Ramsar does not provide justification to relax existing regulatory dose limits.<ref>{{cite journal| last=Ghiassi-nejad| first=M| author2=Mortazavi, SM |author3=Cameron, JR |author4=Niroomand-rad, A |author5= Karam, PA |title=Very high background radiation areas of Ramsar, Iran: preliminary biological studies.|journal=Health physics|date=January 2002| volume=82| issue=1|page=92| pmid=11769138|url=http://www.probeinternational.org/Ramsar.pdf|accessdate=11 November 2012| quote=we do not claim to have seen hormetic effects in any of those studied. ... the available data do not seem sufficient to cause national or international advisory bodies to change their current conservative radiation protection recommendations;| doi=10.1097/00004032-200201000-00011}}</ref> Pending further study, the potential health risks had moved scientists in 2001–02 to call for relocation of the residents and regulatory control of new construction.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Ghiassi-Nejad|first=M.|author2=S. M. J. Mortazavi |author3=M. Beitollahi |author4=R. Assaie |author5=A. Heidary |author6=R. Varzegar |author7=F. Zakeri |author8=M. Jafari |title=Very High Background Radiation Areas (VHBRAs) of Ramsar: Do We Need Any Regulations to Protect the Inhabitants?|journal=34th Annual Midyear Meeting, "Radiation Safety and ALARA Considerations for the 21st Century", Regulatory Considerations Session|location=Anaheim, CA|year=2001}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal| last=Karam| first=P.A| author2=Mortazavi, S.M.J |author3=Ghiassi-Nejad, M |author4=Ikushima, T |author5=Cameron, J.R |author6= Niroomand-rad, A |title=ICRP evolutionary recommendations and the reluctance of the members of the public to carry out remedial work against radon in some high-level natural radiation areas|journal=Radiation and homeostasis| year=2002| volume=1236| pages=35–37| doi=10.1016/S0531-5131(01)00765-8}}</ref>

The radioactivity is due to the local geology. Underground water dissolves [[radium]] in uraniferous igneous rock and carries it to the surface through at least nine known hot springs.<ref name=GN2002 /> These are used as [[spa]]s by locals and tourists. Some of the radium precipitates into [[travertine]], a form of limestone, and the rest diffuses into the [[soil]], where it is absorbed by crops and mixes with drinking water. Residents have unknowingly used the radioactive limestone as a building material for their homes. The stone irradiates the inhabitants and generates [[radon]] gas which is usually seen to promote [[lung cancer]]. Crops contribute 72 µSv/yr to a critical group of 50 residents.<ref>{{cite journal| last=Ghiassi-Nejad| first=M|author2=Beitollahi, MM |author3=Asefi, M |author4= Reza-Nejad, F |title=Exposure to (226)Ra from consumption of vegetables in the high level natural radiation area of Ramsar-Iran.| journal=Journal of Environmental Radioactivity| year=2003|volume=66| issue=3|pages=215–25| pmid=12600755| doi=10.1016/S0265-931X(02)00108-X}}</ref>

==International relations==

===Twin towns and sister cities===
RAMSAR is [[Town twinning|twinned]] with:
*{{flagicon|Chile}} Portmont, [[Chile]] (Since 28 January 2009)
*{{flagicon|Qatar}} [[Al Wakrah]], [[Qatar]] (Since 14 June 2010)
*{{flagicon|Iran}} [[Shiraz]], [[Iran]] (Since 9 January 2013)

==Notable people==
* [[Esfandiar Rahim Mashaei]] (b. 1960) - politician
* [[Mohammad Reza Khalatbari]] (b. 1983) - football player

==Gallery==
<center>
<gallery>
File:Hotelghadim.JPG|The Old Hotel of Ramsar
File:Ramsar-shah-table.JPG|The desk of [[Mohammad Reza Shah]]
File:جنگل دالیخانی .jpg|Dalikhani Forest
File:Palais ramsar.jpg|Marble palace in Ramsar
File:Ramsar Hotel.jpg|Ramsar Hotel
File:جواهرده.jpeg|[[Javaher Deh]]
File:Ramsar Walkway.jpg|A walkway in front of the old hotel
File:جنگل دالیخانی.jpg|Dalikhani Forest
File:Esfandiyar Ramsar.jpg|[[Esfandiyār]] statue
File:North of Iran - Ramsar (palace).jpg|A palace in Ramsar
File:Mazandaran Ramsar Coast.jpg|Ramsar Caspian coast
File:Ramsar bridge, 2016.JPG|Ramsar Bridge
File:Ramsar, Mazandaran Bazar, 23 April 2016.jpg|Ramsar Bazaar
</gallery>
</center>

==See also==
{{Portal|Iran}}
* [[Rejuvenation (aging)]]
* [[Background radiation]]
* [[Banana equivalent dose]]
* [[History of Iran]]
* [[Tourism in Iran]]
* [[International rankings of Iran]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.irantour.org/Iran/city/RAMSAR.html Ramsar's tourism]
* [http://www.ecolo.org/documents/documents_in_english/ramsar-natural-radioactivity/ramsar.html Ramsar's radioactivity]
* [http://www.intercaspian.com/photobank/ir/mazandaran/pb_mazandaran1.html Photos of Ramsar (Permission to use and copy these photos is hereby granted provided the above copyright notice appears in all the copies and modified versions of photos.)]
* [http://sitra.blogfa.com ramsar]

{{Commons category|position=left|Ramsar}}

{{Ramsar County}}
{{Mazandaran Province}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Cities in Mazandaran Province]]
[[Category:Populated places in Ramsar County|*]]
[[Category:Populated coastal places in Iran]]
[[Category:Populated places on the Caspian Sea]]
[[Category:Cities in Iran]]

Nur Bekri

2017-04-16T22:15:08Z

Emir of Wikipedia: Help needed: People's Government

{{Use dmy dates |date = May 2012}}

{{Infobox Officeholder
|name = Nur Bekri
|native_name = {{lang|ug|نۇر بەكرى}} {{nobold|{{lang|zh-cn|努尔·白克力}}}}
|image = Voa chinese Xinjiang Governor Nur Bekri 7mar10.jpg
|imagesize =
|office = Director of the [[National Energy Administration]]
|term_start = December 2014
|term_end =
|predecessor = [[Wu Xinxiong]]
|successor =
|office1 = Chairman of the [[Xinjiang|Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region]] People's Government
|term_start1 = January 2008
|term_end1 = December 2014
|predecessor1 = [[Ismail Tiliwaldi]]
|successor1 = [[Shohrat Zakir]]
|birth_date = {{Birth-date and age|9 August 1961|df=yes}}
|birth_place = [[Bole, Xinjiang|Bole]] (Bortala), [[Xinjiang]], China
|death_date =
|death_place =
|nationality = Chinese
|citizenship = People's Republic of China
|party = [[Communist Party of China]]
|spouse =
|children =
|residence = [[Bole, Xinjiang|Bole]], [[Ürümqi]], [[Beijing]]
|alma_mater = [[Xinjiang University]]
|religion = 
|footnotes =
}}
{{Infobox Chinese
|title = Nur Bekri {{lang|ug|نۇر بەكرى}} 努尔·白克力
|t = {{linktext|努|爾}}·{{linktext|白|克|力}}
|s = {{linktext|努|尔}}·{{linktext|白|克|力}}
|p = Nǔ'ěr Báikèlì
|showflag = p
|order = st
}}
{{contains Uyghur text}}
{{contains Chinese text}}

'''Nur Bekri''' ({{lang-ug|نۇر بەكرى}}; born 9 August 1961) is a Chinese politician of [[Uyghur people|Uyghur]] origin, currently serving as a minister-level Vice Chairman of the [[National Development and Reform Commission]] and Director of the [[National Energy Administration]]. Bekri is one of the highest ranked ethnic-minority officials in the Chinese government.

He was the Chairman of the [[Xinjiang]] Uyghur Autonomous Region, a vast region in northwestern China, between 2008 and 2014. Born and raised in Xinjiang, he spent his entire life in the Region, aside from a short stint as the Deputy Mayor of [[Feicheng]], [[Shandong]] province. He is also former Mayor of [[Urumqi]], the capital of Xinjiang.

== Life and career ==
Nur Bekri was born in a village near [[Kazakhstan]] in an area under the jurisdiction of [[Bole, Xinjiang|Bole]] (known in Uyghur as "Bortala"), [[Xinjiang]]. He received education in the Chinese language since early childhood and spoke Uyghur and Mandarin Chinese at a native fluency. He enrolled at [[Xinjiang University]] in September 1978 and studied political theory. He joined the [[Communist Party of China]] (CPC) in December 1982. He stayed at his alma mater to serve as a lecturer for political theory after graduation, and was a prominent member of the local [[Communist Youth League]] organization, rising to become the Xinjiang Youth League organization's deputy chief in the late 1980s, eventually being promoted to the First Secretary (i.e. leader) of the Xinjiang Youth League, a position he held until 1992.<ref name="jianli">{{cite web |script-title = zh:新疆新一屆政府主席、副主席簡歷(主席努爾白克力) |publisher = 中国经济网 |url = http://big5.ce.cn/gate/big5/district.ce.cn/newarea/sddy/201302/01/t20130201_24086633.shtml |date = 2013-02-01 |accessdate = 2014-12-14 |language = zh}}</ref>

Between 1993 and 1995 Bekri served in the [[Kashgar]] region as an assistant to the local governor. Between 1994 and 2002 Bekri served in a series of local political roles, including the vice-mayor of [[Feicheng]], Shandong province, the deputy Secretary-General of the Xinjiang regional government, the deputy party secretary and mayor of [[Urumqi]]. At age 37, Bekri was the youngest mayor of a provincial-level capital in China at the time. Bekri then worked in the Xinjiang regional government beginning in 2000, becoming a member of the Party Committee, then Deputy Party Secretary in January 2005.<ref name="jianli" />

=== Chairman of Xinjiang ===
Nur Bekri was appointed Chairman of [[Xinjiang]] Uyghur Autonomous Region [[People's Government]]{{dn|date=April 2017}} , replacing [[Ismail Tiliwaldi]], who resigned as Chairman in December 2007. At age 46, Bekri became one of the youngest provincial governors (or equivalents) in China. As Chairman, Bekri was nominally Xinjiang's top government official, but in practice was subordinate to the Communist Party Secretary for the region, [[Wang Lequan]] (term 1994–2010), then [[Zhang Chunxian]] (2010 onwards).

After the [[July 2009 Ürümqi riots|2009 Urumqi riots]], Bekri delivered the televised address in which he explained the situation that has led up to the violence and then condemned who he deemed to be coordinators of the attack.<ref>[http://news.qq.com/a/20090706/000460.htm Xinjiang Chairman delivers speech on unrest] {{zh icon}}</ref> Bekri has been subject to criticism by Uyghur economist and scholar [[Ilham Tohti]], founder of ''Uyghur Online'', a website that criticized the Chairman and his policies.<ref name="nytjul1409">{{cite news |work = New York Times |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/15/world/asia/15china.html?scp=1&sq=Ilham%20Tohti,&st=cse |title = Intellectuals Call for Release of Uighur Economist |accessdate = 17 July 2009 |first = Edward |last = Wong |date = 15 July 2009}}</ref> Tohti said that Bekri was "unqualified" for his position and that he "does not care about Uyghurs". Tohti was later jailed on charges of "separatism". The [[World Uyghur Congress]] and some in the overseas Uyghur community also considered Bekri to be a "[[Puppet state|puppet]] of the Chinese government." Bekri was the highest-ranked government official to deliver a televised speech on this issue.<ref name="rfa">{{cite news |title = Chairman Seen as Lame Duck |url = http://www.rfa.org/english/news/uyghur/chairman-10192012181002.html |agency = [[Radio Free Asia]] |date = October 19, 2012}}</ref>

As the highest ranked ethnic Uyghur official in the Xinjiang government, Bekri toed the party line on issues related to Xinjiang independence, often issuing official denunciations of what the government saw as religious extremism or terrorism. He was sometimes called "Nol Bekri", an Uyghur-language pun on his name which roughly meant "nil Bekri" or "zero Bekri", referring to his being seen has having little to no power.<ref name="rfa" />

=== Central government ===
Bekri was transferred to the [[National Energy Administration]] under the powerful [[National Development and Reform Commission]], a body with wide jurisdiction over economic development, in December 2014. He was replaced as Xinjiang Chairman by [[Shohrat Zakir]]. By taking on the top job at the National Energy Administration, Nur Bekri broke the mold of Uyghur government leaders, taking on a substantive post completely unrelated to ethnic affairs. Under his leadership, the NEA has pledged massive investment into renewable energy, and closed down over 100 coal-fired power plants.

Bekri is an alternate member of the [[17th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China]] and a member of the [[18th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China|18th Central Committee]]. He is the only ethnic Uyghur with full membership on the 18th Central Committee.

== References ==
{{Reflist |colwidth = 30em}}

{{s-start}}
{{s-gov}}
{{s-bef |before = [[Ismail Tiliwaldi]]}}
{{s-ttl |title = Chairman of [[Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region]] People's Government|years = 2007–2014}}
{{s-aft |after = [[Shohrat Zakir]]}}
{{s-bef |before = [[Wu Xinxiong]]}}
{{s-ttl |title = Director of the [[National Energy Administration]] |years = 2014– }}
{{s-inc}}
{{s-end}}

{{Xinjiang leaders}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bekri, Nur}}
[[Category:1961 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Bortala]]
[[Category:People's Republic of China politicians from Xinjiang]]
[[Category:Uyghurs]]
[[Category:Political office-holders in Xinjiang]]
[[Category:Mayors of Ürümqi]]
[[Category:Members of the 18th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China]]
[[Category:Alternate members of the 17th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China]]

Makhachkala

2017-04-16T20:52:00Z

Emir of Wikipedia: Disambiguated: India → India; Help needed: Maharajganj

{{Infobox Russian city
|en_name=Makhachkala
|ru_name=Махачкала
|loc_name1=Гьанжи
|loc_lang1=Lak
|loc_name2=МахӀачхъала
|loc_lang2=Avar
|loc_name3=Магьачкъала
|loc_lang3=Lezgian
|image_skyline=Montage-of-Makhachkala-(2016).png
|image_caption=
|latd=42
|latm=58
|lats=
|longd=47
|longm=30
|longs=
|map_label_position=right
|image_coa=Coat of Arms of Makhachkala.png
|coa_caption=
|image_flag=Flag of Makhachkala (Dagestan).svg
|flag_caption=
|anthem=
|anthem_ref=
|holiday=
|holiday_ref=
|federal_subject=[[Republic of Dagestan]]
|federal_subject_ref=
|adm_data_as_of=December 2013
|adm_city_jur=[[City of federal subject significance|City]] of Makhachkala
|adm_city_jur_ref=<ref name="Ref294" />
|capital_of=Republic of Dagestan
|capital_of_ref=<ref name="Ref294" />
|adm_ctr_of=City of Makhachkala
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|inhabloc_cat=City
|inhabloc_cat_ref=<ref name="Ref294" />
|inhabloc_type=
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|mun_data_as_of=May 2015
|urban_okrug_jur=Makhachkala Urban Okrug
|urban_okrug_jur_ref=<ref name="Ref416" />
|mun_admctr_of=Makhachkala Urban Okrug
|mun_admctr_of_ref=<ref name="Ref416" />
|leader_title=City Head
|leader_title_ref=
|leader_name=Musa Musayev
|leader_name_ref=
|representative_body=Assembly of Deputies
|representative_body_ref=
|area_of_what=
|area_as_of=
|area_km2=468.13
|area_km2_ref=<ref>[http://www.gks.ru/dbscripts/munst/munst82/DBInet.cgi Подсчитано по базе данных муниципальных образований РФ на 2008 год]</ref>
|pop_2010census=572076
|pop_2010census_rank=27th
|pop_2010census_ref=<ref name="2010Census" />
|pop_density=
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|established_date=1844
|established_title=
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|current_cat_date=1857
|current_cat_date_ref=
|prev_name1=Petrovskoye
|prev_name1_date=1857
|prev_name1_ref=
|prev_name2=Petrovsk-Port<ref name="russia.rin.ru">http://russia.rin.ru/guides_e/4939.html</ref>
|prev_name2_date=1921
|prev_name2_ref=
|prev_name3=
|prev_name3_date=
|prev_name3_ref=
|postal_codes=367000-367999
|postal_codes_ref=
|dialing_codes=8722
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|website=http://www.mkala.ru
|website_ref=
|date=April 2010
}}
'''Makhachkala''' ({{lang-rus|Махачкала|p=məxət͡ɕkɐˈla}}; [[Lak language|Lak]]: Гьанжи; [[Avar language|Avar]]: МахӀачхъала; [[Lezgian language|Lezgian]]: Магьачкъала; [[Rutul language|Rutul]]: МахаӀчкала; [[Kumyk language|Kumyk]], “Fort Maghach”) is the [[capital city|capital]] [[types of inhabited localities in Russia|city]] of the [[Republics of Russia|Republic]] of [[Dagestan]], [[Russia]]. It is located on the western shore of the [[Caspian Sea]] and is home to the [[Makhachkala Grand Mosque]], one of Russia’s largest. As of the [[Russian Census (2010)|2010 Census]], the city had a population of 572,076, making it the largest in the [[North Caucasus Federal District]].<ref name="2010Census">{{ru-pop-ref|2010Census}}</ref> The city has an ethnic plurality, with the [[Avars (Caucasian)|Avars]] and [[Laks (Dagestan)|Laks]] as the largest groups.

Founded as a fortress of the [[Russian Empire]] in 1844 and given city status thirteen years later, the city bore the name of the Russian Tsar [[Peter the Great]] until 1921. Since the fall of the Soviet Union, Makhachkala has been affected by Islamist insurgents as spillover from the [[Second Chechen War]] when militants invaded Dagestan leading to a renewed conflict between the Russian Federation and militants in the North Caucasus region.

==History==
{{See also|Timeline of Makhachkala}}
[[File:Peter der-Grosse 1838.jpg|thumb|left|Russian Tsar [[Peter the Great]] visited what is now Makhachkala in 1722, and the settlement bore his name from 1844 to 1921]]

Makhachkala's historic predecessor was the town of [[Tarki]], now a nearby suburb, whose history goes back to the 15th century and possibly much earlier. The modern city of Makhachkala was founded in 1844 as a fortress; town status was granted in 1857. The original Russian name of the city was '''Petrovskoye''' ({{lang|ru|Петро́вское}})—after the Russian [[Tsar]] [[Peter I of Russia|Peter the Great]] who visited the region in 1722 during his [[Persian campaign, 1722-1723|Persian Campaign]]. However, among the locals it was known as '''Anzhi-Qala''', ''The Pearl Fortress'' (''Qala'' means fortress, while ''Anzhi'' means pearl in [[Kumyk language|Kumyk]]). After gaining city status, the Petrovskoye fortress was renamed '''Petrovsk-Port''' ({{lang|ru|Петро́вск-Порт}}) in 1857, sometimes simply '''Petrovsk'''.<ref name="russia.rin.ru"/> In 1894, a railway line linked the city to [[Vladikavkaz]] (in present-day [[North Ossetia-Alania]]) and [[Baku]] (in present-day [[Azerbaijan]]), yet a report from 1904 detailed the spread of [[malaria]] and unsuitable drinking water in the city.<ref name="a-u-l.narod.ru">http://a-u-l.narod.ru/Markovin-V-I_Dorogami_i_tropami_Dagestana.html#glava02</ref>

In January 1919, during the [[Russian Civil War]], the [[United Kingdom|British]] [[No. 221 Squadron RAF|No. 221 Squadron]] [[Royal Air Force]] based themselves at Petrovsk. In March they were joined by [[No. 266 Squadron RAF|No. 266 Squadron]] and both squadrons were involved in bombing operations against Bolshevik forces in [[Astrakhan]] and elsewhere. In August 1919 both squadrons were withdrawn from Petrovsk.<ref>{{cite book |title=RAF Operations 1918-1938 |last=Bowyer |first=Chaz |year=1988 |publisher=William Kimber |location=London |isbn=0-7183-0671-6 |pages=40, 41 }}</ref> The city was invaded by the [[Red Army]] in Spring 1920.<ref name="a-u-l.narod.ru"/>

As part of the Soviet revolution, place names relating to monarchy or religion were changed, and thus on 14 May 1921, Petrovsk was renamed Makhachkala, after Dagestani revolutionary [[:ru:Дахадаев, Магомед-Али|Magomed-Ali 'Makhach' Dakhadaev]]. On the same day, it became capital of the newly formed [[Dagestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic]].<ref name="a-u-l.narod.ru"/> The city incurred major damage during an [[earthquake]] on 14 May 1970.<ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1007/BF00876415| title = Comparison analysis of magnitude values for the daghestanian and Kirghiz earthquakes by observations of Soviet and American stations| year = 1973| last1 = Gorbunova | first1 = I. V.| last2 = Kondorskaya | first2 = N. V.| journal = Pure and Applied Geophysics PAGEOPH| volume = 103| pages = 381}}</ref>

The area was used as a Soviet-era [[Soviet navy|naval]] testing station, leaving behind a curious sea fort off nearby [[Kaspiysk]].<ref>[http://news.distractify.com/dark/science/abandon-places/ Abandoned Places: Soviet naval testing station in Makhachkala, Russia], distractify.com, accessed 12 July 2014</ref>{{Coord|42.896598|N|47.681274|E|display=inline}}

A report of the International Crisis Group from 2013 describes the city as being "a city of almost one million and gained spectacular economic resources due to a construction boom, skyrocketing land prices, substantial federal funds for reconstruction, infrastructure, transport, housing, courts and administrative services. But even a short visit revealed acute problems, including dirty streets, dilapidated buildings, inadequate utilities, hectic construction, lack of planning and poorly organised public transport".<ref>[http://www.crisisgroup.org/~/media/Files/europe/caucasus/226-the-north-caucasus-the-challenges-of-integration-iii-governance-elections-rule-of-law.pdf The North Caucasus: The Challenges of Integration (III), Governance, Elections, Rule of Law, p. 23]</ref>

==Administrative and municipal status==
Within the [[subdivisions of Russia#Administrative divisions|framework of administrative divisions]], it is, together with eight [[urban-type settlement]]s and six [[types of inhabited localities in Russia|rural localities]], incorporated as the '''[[City of federal subject significance|City]] of Makhachkala'''—an administrative unit with the status equal to that of the [[administrative divisions of the Republic of Dagestan|districts]].<ref name="Ref294">Law #16</ref> As a [[subdivisions of Russia#Municipal divisions|municipal division]], the City of Makhachkala is incorporated as '''Makhachkala Urban Okrug'''.<ref name="Ref416">Law #6</ref>

===City divisions===
For the purposes of administration, the city is divided into three city districts, from west to east: [[Kirovsky City District, Makhachkala|Kirovsky]], [[Sovetsky City District, Makhachkala|Sovetsky]] and [[Leninsky City District, Makhachkala|Leninsky]]. In May 2015, these three city districts were granted municipal status.<ref name="Ref416" />

===Symbols===
The coat of arms and flag of Makhachkala were adopted on 15 December 2006. The coat of arms shows the city's historic fortress in silver on a red field, with flames coming from either tower and a [[solar symbol]] above. It is supported by a [[golden eagle]] on each side, a crown on top, and crossed anchors (representing its maritime history) entangled with grapevines at the bottom.
[[File:Кинотеатр Октябрь в Махачкале.jpg|thumb|A street in Makhachkala]]
[[File:Парк на проспекте Ленина в Махачкале.JPG|thumb|Makhachkala, 2012]]

In proportions of 2:3, the flag displays the main shield of the city's coat of arms.<ref>http://zakon.scli.ru/ru/legal_texts/act_municipal_education/extended/index.php?do4=document&id4=36392d56-1041-4306-a8db-7fbd78aeb3a2</ref>

==Unrest==
Makhachkala is close to areas of fighting and therefore it and the surrounding region has a heavy security service presence. On 25 November 2011, a protest took place in Makhachkala attended by up to 3,000 people demanding an end to illegal activities perpetrated by the security services.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/dec/16/russian-journalist-gunned-down-dagestan ''Russian journalist gunned down in violent republic of Dagestan''], Guardian, retrieved 16/12/2011</ref>

On December 15, 2011, [[Gadzhimurat Kamalov]], a Russian investigative journalist and founder of the independent [[Chernovik]] newspaper was shot dead in an apparent assassination.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/dec/16/russia-journalist-safety?intcmp=239 ''Newspaper chief's murder in Dagestan adds to toll of Russian journalists''], Guardian, retrieved 16/12/2011</ref>

==Demographics==
The population of Makhachkala includes (2002 Census data): [http://www.ethno-kavkaz.narod.ru/rndaghestan.html]
*[[Avar people (Caucasus)|Avars]] (26.5%)
*[[Lak people (Dagestan)|Laks]] (14.6%)
*[[Kumyks]] (13.9%)
*[[Dargwa people|Dargins]] (13.7%)
*[[Lezgian people|Lezgins]] (13.6%)
*[[Russians]] (9.1%)
*[[Tabasaran people|Tabasarans]] (2.2%)
*[[Azerbaijani people|Azerbaijani]] (1.4%)
*[[Rutul people|Rutuls]] (1.2%)

==Transportation==
The city is served by [[Uytash Airport]], a regional airport providing connections to other Russian cities. [[Russian Railways]] via the [[North Caucasus Railway]] provides freight and passenger traffic to and from Makhachkala.{{cn|date=April 2017}}

The [http://en.portnews.ru/news/135575 Caspian Sea International Port] handles crude oil, petroleum, construction materials, grain, cargo and timber and operates 24 hours a day. The port offers communications with the rest of [[Russia]], as well as with [[Belarus]], [[Ukraine]], the [[Baltic states|Baltic]] states, [[Iran]], [[Turkey]] and [[Central Asia]]. A railyard at the port connects the port to the North Caucasus Railway network.<ref name="en.portnews.ru">http://en.portnews.ru/news/135575/</ref>

==Sports==
[[File:Anzhi-Arena-2014_(2).jpg|thumb|[[Anzhi Arena]] is home of [[FC Anzhi Makhachkala]] of the [[Russian Premier League]]]]

The city's football team, [[FC Anzhi Makhachkala]] of the [[Russian Premier League]], play at the 15,200-seat<ref>http://www.stadiumguide.com/dinamostadiummakhachkala/</ref> Dynamo Stadium.

Founded in 1991, the side returned to the Premier League in 2009 and in January 2011 were purchased by Dagestani commodities billionaire [[Suleyman Kerimov]],<ref>http://www.caughtoffside.com/2011/08/15/five-reasons-you-should-look-out-for-anzhi-makhachkala/</ref> whose investment has allowed the club to sign players such as Brazilian World Cup winner [[Roberto Carlos (footballer)|Roberto Carlos]]<ref>http://soccernet.espn.go.com/news/story/_/id/881588/roberto-carlos-joins-russian-side-anzhi?cc=5739</ref> and Cameroonian striker [[Samuel Eto'o]] who, during his time at the club, became the world's highest paid player.<ref>https://www.theguardian.com/football/2011/aug/23/samuel-etoo-internazionale-anzhi-makhachkala</ref> However, due to recent unrest in the region, the players currently live and train in [[Moscow]], and an armed guard patrols their matches.<ref>{{cite news|title=Blackburn Rovers defender Chris Samba joins Anzhi Makhachkala|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/0/football/17152566|publisher=BBC|location=Manchester|date=24 February 2012}}</ref>

==Climate==
Makhachkala has a [[semi-arid climate#Cold semi-arid climates|cool semi-arid climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]]: ''BSk'') with warm to hot, dry summers and cold, dry winters. The strong [[rain shadow]] of the Caucasus and the ability of the [[Siberian High]] to freely move westwards from its source in the Tibetan and Mongolian plateaux makes the climate quite dry although frequently dull throughout the winter, which is owing to the relatively low latitude and nearness to the Caspian Sea nonetheless very mild by Russian standards. Summers are sunnier but also dry as the region is exposed to steep descending vertical velocity from the Indian monsoon, and the greatest rainfall occurs in the autumn season from September to November. October 1987 with {{convert|245|mm|in|2|disp=or}} has been the wettest month, whilst no precipitation occurred in February 1958, October 1974 and April 1986.

The coldest month since records began in 1882 has been February 1929 with a mean monthly temperature of {{convert|−9.5|C|F|1|disp=or}}, whilst the hottest have been July 2010 and August 2014 with means of {{convert|27.1|C|F|1|disp=or}} each, although 31 July 2011 and 4 August 1998 are the equal hottest days, reaching {{convert|38.7|C|F|disp=or}}. The coldest night was on February 9, 2012, when the mercury fell to {{convert|−26.9|C|F|disp=or}}, beating the previous record of {{convert|−26.5|C|F|disp=or}} from December 28, 1888.
{{Weather box
|location=Makhachkala (1981–2010)
|metric first=yes
|single line=yes
|Jan record high C=19.0
|Feb record high C=20.9
|Mar record high C=28.8
|Apr record high C = 33.5
|May record high C = 35.1
|Jun record high C = 36.3
|Jul record high C = 38.7
|Aug record high C = 38.7
|Sep record high C = 35.0
|Oct record high C = 28.9
|Nov record high C = 23.1
|Dec record high C = 19.9
|year record high C = 38.7
|Jan high C = 4.2
|Feb high C = 4.2
|Mar high C = 7.9
|Apr high C = 14.4
|May high C = 20.2
|Jun high C = 25.9
|Jul high C = 28.9
|Aug high C = 28.7
|Sep high C = 23.9
|Oct high C = 17.5
|Nov high C = 10.7
|Dec high C = 5.7
|year high C = 16.0
|Jan mean C = 1.2
|Feb mean C = 1.2
|Mar mean C = 4.7
|Apr mean C = 10.4
|May mean C = 16.1
|Jun mean C = 21.6
|Jul mean C = 24.7
|Aug mean C = 24.5
|Sep mean C = 20.0
|Oct mean C = 13.9
|Nov mean C = 7.5
|Dec mean C = 2.7
|year mean C = 12.4
|Jan low C = -1.4
|Feb low C = -1.5
|Mar low C = 1.9
|Apr low C = 7.1
|May low C = 12.6
|Jun low C = 17.7
|Jul low C = 20.7
|Aug low C = 20.5
|Sep low C = 16.6
|Oct low C = 10.6
|Nov low C = 4.5
|Dec low C = 0.0
|year low C = 9.1
|Jan record low C = -25.1
|Feb record low C = -26.8
|Mar record low C = -13.5
|Apr record low C = -5.1
|May record low C = 0.0
|Jun record low C = 5.8
|Jul record low C = 9.7
|Aug record low C = 8.0
|Sep record low C = 0.7
|Oct record low C = -6.6
|Nov record low C = -19.7
|Dec record low C = -26.5
|year record low C = -26.8
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 33
|Feb precipitation mm = 27
|Mar precipitation mm = 23
|Apr precipitation mm = 17
|May precipitation mm = 33
|Jun precipitation mm = 22
|Jul precipitation mm = 21
|Aug precipitation mm = 28
|Sep precipitation mm = 51
|Oct precipitation mm = 43
|Nov precipitation mm = 41
|Dec precipitation mm = 32
|year precipitation mm = 371
|Jan humidity = 84
|Feb humidity = 83
|Mar humidity = 83
|Apr humidity = 79
|May humidity = 76
|Jun humidity = 71
|Jul humidity = 70
|Aug humidity = 72
|Sep humidity = 75
|Oct humidity = 80
|Nov humidity = 83
|Dec humidity = 85
|year humidity = 78
|Jan rain days = 11
|Feb rain days = 10
|Mar rain days = 12
|Apr rain days = 11
|May rain days = 12
|Jun rain days = 11
|Jul rain days = 9
|Aug rain days = 10
|Sep rain days = 11
|Oct rain days = 13
|Nov rain days = 13
|Dec rain days = 12
|year rain days = 135
|Jan snow days = 9
|Feb snow days = 10
|Mar snow days = 4
|Apr snow days = 0.2
|May snow days = 0
|Jun snow days = 0
|Jul snow days = 0
|Aug snow days = 0
|Sep snow days = 0
|Oct snow days = 0.1
|Nov snow days = 3
|Dec snow days = 6
|year snow days = 32
|Jan sun = 74
|Feb sun = 71
|Mar sun = 105
|Apr sun = 171
|May sun = 246
|Jun sun = 278
|Jul sun = 282
|Aug sun = 270
|Sep sun = 194
|Oct sun = 151
|Nov sun = 81
|Dec sun = 67
|year sun = 1990
|source 1 = Pogoda.ru.net<ref name="pogoda">{{cite web
| url = http://www.pogodaiklimat.ru/climate/37472.htm
| title = Weather and Climate - The Climate of Makhachkala
| accessdate = 25 November 2016
| publisher = Weather and Climate (Погода и климат)
| language = Russian}}</ref>
|source 2 = NOAA (sun, 1961–1990)<ref name= NOAA>{{cite web
| url = ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG_VI/RE/37472.TXT
| title = Makhachkala Climate Normals 1961-1990
| publisher = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]
| accessdate = 25 November 2016}}</ref>
}}

==Notable people==
*[[Gasret Aliev]], Soviet hero
*[[Sergei Agababov]], composer
*[[Ruslan Agalarov]], former association football player
*[[Kamalutdin Akhmedov]], association football player
*[[Ali Aliyev (boxer)|Ali Aliyev]], amateur boxer
*[[Malik Akhmedilov]], editor
*[[Abdulla Alishayev]], TV host
*[[Ali Gadzhibekov]], association football player
*[[Shamil Gitinov]], Armenian wrestler
*[[Ali Isayev]], Azeri wrestler
*[[Gadzhimurat Kamalov]], editor
*[[Rustam Khabilov]], mixed martial artist
*[[Kuramagomed Kuramagomedov]], wrestler
*[[Shamil Lakhiyalov]], association football player
*[[Jamaladdin Magomedov]], Azeri wrestler
*[[Khadzhimurad Magomedov]], Olympic Azeri wrestler
*[[Rashid Magomedov]], mixed martial artist
*[[Aleksandr Maslov]], former association football player
*[[Sharif Mukhammad]], association football player
*[[Magomed Musaev]], Olympic Kyrgyz wrestler
*[[Marid Mutalimov]], Olympic Kazakh wrestler
*[[Vladimir Nazlymov]], sabre fencer and coach
*[[Gadzhimurad Nurmagomedov]], Olympic Armenian wrestler
*[[Khabib Nurmagomedov]], mixed martial artist
*[[Eduard Puterbrot]], artist
*[[Muslim Salikhov]], kickboxer
*[[Serder Serderov]], association football player
*[[Sharif Sharifov]], Olympic Azeri wrestler
*[[Ruslan Sheikhau]], Belarusian wrestler
*[[Ilyas Shurpayev]], television journalist
*[[Nikita Timoshin]], association football player
*[[Zalimkhan Yusupov]], Olympic Tajik wrestler

==Twin towns and sister cities==
{{Main|List of twin towns and sister cities in Russia}}

Makhachkala is [[twin towns and sister cities|twinned]] with:
*{{Flagicon|Tunisia}} '''[[Sfax]]''', [[Tunisia]]
*{{Flagicon|China}} '''[[Siping (city)|Siping]]''', [[China]]
*{{Flagicon|United States}} '''[[Spokane]]''', [[United States]]
*{{Flagicon|Russia}} '''[[Vladikavkaz]]''', Russia
*{{Flagicon|France}} '''[[La Roche-sur-Yon]]''', France
*{{Flagicon|Turkey}} '''[[Yalova]]''', [[Turkey]]
*{{Flagicon|Zambia}} '''[[Ndola]]''', [[Zambia]]
*{{Flagicon|Germany}} '''[[Oldenburg]]''', [[Germany]]
*{{Flagicon|Bulgaria}} '''[[Smolyan]]''', [[Bulgaria]]
*{{Flagicon|India}} '''[[Maharajganj]]{{dn|date=April 2017}}''', [[India]]

==References==
===Notes===
{{Reflist}}

===Sources===
*{{RussiaAdmMunRef|da|adm|law}}
*{{RussiaAdmMunRef|da|mun|list}}

==External links==
*[http://www.islamdag.info/news/1300 Makhachkala organizes charity iftars]
*Badkhen, Anna. "[http://www.themoscowtimes.com/opinion/article/everyone-in-makhachkala-packs-a-gun/253303.html Everyone in Makhachkala Packs a Gun]." ''[[The Moscow Times]]''. May 31, 2001.

{{Republic of Dagestan}}
{{Russian republics capitals}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=September 2012}}

[[Category:Makhachkala| ]]
[[Category:Populated places established in 1844]]
[[Category:1844 establishments in Russia]]
[[Category:Populated places on the Caspian Sea]]