Iris spuria

2017-03-08T17:36:03Z

DuncanHill: Stace, Clive

{{redirect|Blue iris|the former porn star and Howard Stern Show personality|The Wack Pack}}
{{italic title}}
{{taxobox
| image = Iris spuria.jpg
| image_caption = ''Iris spuria''
|status = LC
|status_system = iucn3.1
|status_ref=<ref name=redlist>{{cite web |first=S. |last=Kavak |title=Iris spuria |url=http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/full/200242/0 |publisher=iucnredlist.org ([[IUCN]]) |accessdate=10 December 2016}}</ref>
| regnum = [[Plantae]]
| unranked_divisio = [[Angiosperms]]
| unranked_classis = [[Monocots]]
| ordo = [[Asparagales]]
| familia = [[Iridaceae]]
| subfamilia = [[Iridoideae]]
| tribus = [[Irideae]]
| genus = ''[[Iris (plant)|Iris]]''
| subgenus = ''[[Iris subg. Limniris|Limniris]]''
| sectio = ''Limniris''
| species = '''''I. spuria'''''
| binomial = ''Iris spuria''
| binomial_authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]
| synonyms = {{Species list
| Chamaeiris reichenbachiana |(Klatt) M.B.Crespo
| Chamaeiris spuria |(L.) Medik.
| Chamaeiris spuria var. danica |(Dykes) M.B.Crespo
| Iris cardiopetala |Borbás
| Iris gueldenstadtiana subsp. subbarbata |(Joó) Nyman
| Iris reichenbachiana |Klatt
| Iris sordida |Retz.
| Iris spathacea |J.St.-Hil. ex Roem. & Schult. [Illegitimate]
| Iris spathulata |Lam. [Illegitimate]
| Iris spuria var. danica |Dykes
| Iris spuria var. reichenbachiana |(Klatt) Dykes
| Iris spuria subsp. spuria | (None known)
| Iris spuria var. subbarbata |(Joó) Baker
| Iris subbarbata |Joó
| Limniris spuria |(L.) Fuss
| Xiphion spurium |(L.) Alef.
| Xyridion reichenbachianum |(Klatt) Klatt
| Xyridion spurium |(L.) Fourr.<ref name=plantlist>{{cite web |title=Iris spuria L. is an accepted name |date=23 March 2013 |url=http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-322411 |publisher=theplantlist.org ([[The Plant List]])|accessdate=4 February 2015}}</ref>}}
}}
'''''Iris spuria''''' is a species of the genus [[Iris (plant)|Iris]], part of a subgenus series known as ''[[Iris subg. Limniris|Limniris]]'' and in the Series ''[[Iris ser. Spuriae|Spuriae]]''. It is a [[rhizomatous]] [[perennial plant]], from [[Europe]], [[Asia]] and [[Africa]]. It has purple or lilac flowers, and slender, elongated leaves. It is widely cultivated as an ornamental plant in [[temperateness|temperate]] regions and hybridized for use in the garden. It has several [[subspecies]]; ''[[Iris spuria subsp. carthaliniae]]'' (Achv. & Mirzoeva) B.Mathew, ''[[Iris spuria subsp. demetrii]]'' (Achv. & Mirzoeva) B.Mathew, ''[[Iris spuria subsp. maritima]]'' (Dykes) P.Fourn. and ''[[Iris spuria subsp. musulmanica]]'' (Fomin) Takht. It used to have 3 other subspecies, which have now been re-classified as separate species; ''Iris spuria'' subsp. ''halophila'' (now ''[[Iris halophila]]''), ''Iris spuria'' ssp. ''sogdiana'' (now ''Iris halophile subsp. sogdiana'') and ''Iris spuria'' subsp. ''notha'' (now ''[[Iris notha]]'').
It has many common names including 'blue iris', 'Spurious Iris' and 'bastard iris'.

==Description==
It has a thin, slender rhizome,<ref name=agbina>{{cite web |title=Lat. Iris |url=http://www.agbina.com/site.xp/053051050124052052055.html |publisher=agbina.com |accessdate=17 February 2015}}</ref><ref name=handbook>{{cite web |first=William |last=Dykes |authorlink=William Rickatson Dykes |title=Handbook of Garden Irises |year=2009 |url=http://www.beardlessiris.org/reviews/handbook%20of%20garden%20irises%20-%20dykes.pdf |format=PDF |publisher=beardlessiris.org (The Group for Beardless Irises) |accessdate=1 November 2014}}</ref><ref name=botanycz>{{cite web |first=Daniel |last=Baby |title=Iris spurio zlutofialovy iris - iris doubtful |date=24 June 2009 |url=http://botany.cz/cs/iris-spuria/ |publisher= botany.cz |accessdate=27 February 2015}}</ref> that is about 2 cm in diameter,<ref name=isles>A. R. Clapham, T. G. Tutin and D. M. Moore {{Google books|GVs4AAAAIAAJ|Flora of the British Isles (3rd Edit. 1987)|page=554}}</ref> fibrous and has a creeping habit.<ref name=handbook/><ref name=american>{{cite web |first=Bob |last=Pries |title=(SPEC) Iris spuria L.| date=20 October 2014 |url=http://wiki.irises.org/bin/view/Spec/SpecSpuria |publisher=wiki.irises.org (American Iris Society)| accessdate=27 February 2015}}</ref><ref name=linnaeus>{{cite web |title=Iris spuria |url=http://linnaeus.nrm.se/flora/mono/irida/iris/irisspu.html |publisher=linnaeus.nrm.se |accessdate=27 February 2015}}</ref>
Under the rhizome are wiry roots.<ref name=handbook/>

The creeping habit creates compact clumps of plants.<ref name=rsland>{{cite web |title=Iris |date=13 February 2010 |url=http://rslandscapedesign.blogspot.co.uk/2010/02/hollies-new-improved-re-edited-repost.html |publisher=rslandscapedesign.blogspot.co.uk |accessdate=23 February 2015}}</ref>
<ref name=jardins>{{cite web |title=Spuria IRIS - Iris bastard - Seashore Iris |url=http://www.jardinsmichelcorbeil.com/produit/iris-spuria-iris-batard-seashore-iris/ |publisher=jardinsmichelcorbeil.com |accessdate=27 February 2015}}</ref> They can reach over {{convert|90|cm|0|abbr=on}} wide.<ref name=rsland/>

It has erect, slender, sword-shaped, acuminate (ending in a point), glaucous green to blue green basal leaves.<ref name=agbina/><ref name=botanycz/><ref name=linnaeus/><ref name=rsland/><ref name=jardins/><ref name=dykesonirises>{{cite web| first=William | last=Dykes |title=Dykes on Iris| url=http://www.beardlessiris.org/reviews/dykes%20on%20irises%20-%20part1.pdf |publisher=beardlessiris.org (The Group for Beardless Irises) | accessdate=21 November 2014}}</ref><ref name=british>British Iris Society (1997) {{Google books| pL6uPLo7l2gC |A Guide to Species Irises: Their Identification and Cultivation|page=187}}</ref><ref name=hardy>William Robinson{{Google books|OqORbrG8FhAC|Hardy Flowers (1878)| page=152}}</ref>
They can grow up to between {{convert|25|-|90|cm|0|abbr=on}} long and 5–12 mm wide.<ref name=agbina/><ref name=botanycz/><ref name=american/><ref name=linnaeus/><ref name=british/><ref name=xyridion>{{cite web |title=Subgenus Xyridion (Xyridion) - Wood-iris rhizome |url=http://flower-iris.ru/en/knigi-pro-iridariy/zaglyanut-v-knigu/63/ |publisher=flower-iris.ru |accessdate=24 February 2015}}</ref><ref name=luw>{{cite web |title=Spuria IRIS - Iris bastard - Seashore Iris |url=http://www.luwg.rlp.de/icc/luwg/sub/d57/broker.jsp?uMen=63270808-0216-3401-be59-265f96529772&uCon=da791ce8-b536-0133-e2dc-fc638b249d68&uTem=aaaaaaaa-aaaa-aaaa-aaaa-000000000012 |publisher=luwg.rlp.de |accessdate=27 February 2015}}</ref><ref name=Europaea>Thomas Gaskell Tutin (editor){{Google books|v11xJgWbUDcC|Flora Europaea, Vol.5|page=89}}</ref><ref name=bezkart>{{cite web |title=Bezkartáčkaté irises |date=5 March 2012 |url=http://zahradaweb.cz/bezkartackate-kosatce/ |publisher=zahradaweb.cz |accessdate=27 February 2015}}</ref>
They are normally nearly as long as the flowering stem.<ref name=british/><ref name=xyridion/><ref name=bezkart/><ref name=cassidy>{{cite book |last1=Cassidy |first1=George E.| last2=Linnegar | first2=Sidney | date=1987 |edition=Revised | title= Growing Irises |location=Bromley | publisher=Christopher Helm | page=146 | isbn=0-88192-089-4}}</ref>
After the plant has flowered and set seed, the leaves die in the late summer.<ref name=handbook/>

It has a strong, erect, round stem,<ref name=dykesonirises/> that can reach up to between {{convert|50|-|80|cm|0|abbr=on}} long.<ref name=agbina/><ref name=botanycz/><ref name=american/><ref name=american/><ref name=jardins/><ref name=british/><ref name=hardy/><ref name=luw/><ref name=Europaea/><ref name=bezkart/><ref name=cassidy/><ref name=pacific>{{cite web |title=Iris summary |date=14 April 2014 |url=http://www.pacificbulbsociety.org/pbswiki/files/Iris/Iris_Summary.pdf |format=PDF |publisher=pacificbulbsociety.org |accessdate=23 November 2014}}</ref><ref name=herbs>{{cite web |title=Spuria Irises |url=http://www.herbs2000.com/flowers/i_ispuria.htm |publisher=herbs2000 |accessdate=14 January 2015}}</ref><ref name=European>James Cullen, Sabina G. Knees, H. Suzanne Cubey (Editors) {{Google books|CkxWrDqtWLQC|The European Garden Flora Flowering Plants: A Manual for the Identification (2011) |page=255}}</ref><ref name="European"/><ref name=flowerlib>{{cite web |title=Spuria iris |url=http://flowerlib.ru/books/item/f00/s00/z0000035/st029.shtml |publisher=flowerlib.ru |accessdate=12 February 2015}}</ref><ref name=perennials>{{cite book |first1=Roger |last1=Phillips |first2=Martyn |last2=Rix |title=Perennials Vol. 1 |pages=225–227 |year=1991 |publisher=Pan Books Ltd. |isbn=9780330327749}}</ref><ref name=Wyman>Donald Wyman {{Google books | XSExQDJtQ7AC|Wyman's Gardening Encyclopedia (2nd Edition, 1997)|page=577}}</ref><ref name=Brick>Christopher Brickell (editor){{Google books|SrKI3yLz4ZQC|RHS Encyclopedia of Plants and Flowers (5tf Edition, 2010)|page=613}}</ref><ref name=signa>{{cite web |first=D. |last=Kramb |title=Iris spuria |date=2 October 2004 |url=http://www.signa.org/index.pl?Iris-spuria |publisher=signa.org (Species Iris Group of North America) |accessdate=27 February 2015}}</ref>

The stem has 1 or 2 lateral, upright branches,<ref name=agbina/><ref name=dykesonirises/><ref name=Brick/> or [[pedicels]], which are about 2 cm long.<ref name=isles/>

The stem also has keeled, lanceolate, green, [[spathe]]s (leaves of the flower bud) (or [[bracts]]).<ref name=american/><ref name=linnaeus/><ref name=dykesonirises/><ref name=british/> These are {{convert|40|-|80|cm|0|abbr=on}} long,<ref name=Europaea/> and have a membranous tip.<ref name=botanycz/><ref name=american/><ref name=british/><ref name=Europaea/><ref name=bezkart/><ref name=European/><ref name=European/> The upper cauline (on stem) leaves are shorter than internodes.<ref name=british/><ref name=Europaea/>

The stems (and branches) hold 1-4 terminal (top of stem) flowers,<ref name=agbina/><ref name=botanycz/><ref name=american/><ref name=american/><ref name=dykesonirises/><ref name=british/><ref name=bezkart/><ref name=cassidy/> in summer,<ref name=rsland/><ref name=hardy/><ref name=European/><ref name=Brick/> between May and July.<ref name=agbina/><ref name=linnaeus/><ref name=jardins/><ref name=xyridion/><ref name=luw/><ref name=perennials/><ref name=Wyman/>
They flower after ''Iris germanica'' and are similar in form to ''[[Iris x hollandica]]''.<ref name=jardins/>

It has large,<ref name=hardy/> lightly scented,<ref name=jardins/> flowers that are up to {{convert|6|-|12|cm|0|abbr=on}} in diameter,<ref name=rsland/><ref name=xyridion/><ref name=European/> and they come in shades of lilac,<ref name=american/><ref name=xyridion/><ref name=Europaea/> mauve-blue,<ref name=herbs/> violet-blue,<ref name=agbina/><ref name=botanycz/><ref name=linnaeus/><ref name=british/><ref name=European/> purple-blue,<ref name=rsland/><ref name=jardins/><ref name=luw/><ref name=Brick/> violet,<ref name=cassidy/><ref name=flowerlib/> or blue.<ref name=hardy/><ref name=cassidy/>

It has 2 pairs of petals, 3 large [[sepals]] (outer petals), known as the 'falls' and 3 inner, smaller petals (or [[tepals]], known as the 'standards'.<ref name=ClaireAustin>{{cite web| first=Claire | last=Austin | title=Irises A Garden Encyclopedia | url=https://worldtracker.org/media/library/Reference/Encyclopedia's/Encyclopedia%20of%20Irises.pdf | format=pdf | publisher=worldtracker.org | accessdate=29 October 2014}}</ref> The falls are broadly ovate, elliptic, or orbicular with a long claw (section leading to the stem).<ref name=agbina/><ref name=american/><ref name=british/><ref name=Europaea/><ref name=European/><ref name=perennials/> The fall is {{convert|4.5|-|6|cm|0|abbr=on}} long,<ref name=botanycz/><ref name=Europaea/><ref name=European/> and 2.5 cm wide.<ref name=american/>
They have purple or violet veining,<ref name=herbs/> and a central yellow or white stripe or signal area.<ref name=agbina/><ref name=botanycz/><ref name=american/><ref name=jardins/><ref name=british/><ref name=hardy/><ref name=xyridion/><ref name=luw/><ref name=Europaea/><ref name=pacific/><ref name=European/><ref name=Wyman/><ref name=signa/>

The standards are short, lanceolate or oblanceolate, erect wavy, and {{convert|3|-|6|cm|0|abbr=on}} long and 8–20 mm wide.<ref name=agbina/><ref name=american/><ref name=british/><ref name=hardy/><ref name=Europaea/>

It has a 7–10 mm long perianth tube,<ref name=Europaea/> the ovary has a long tapering beak,<ref name=dykesonirises/> which can be up to 40mm long.<ref name=american/><ref name=Europaea/>

It has a narrow,<ref name=british/> violet [[Stigma (botany)#Style]],<ref name=isles/> 2.5 cm long violet-lilac [[stigma (botany)|stigmas]],<ref name=american/> 1.27 cm long [[anthers]], which equal the filament length.<ref name=agbina/><ref name=american/>

After the iris has flowered, it produces an oblong-ovate, hexagonal, (2.5–4 cm long<ref name=botanycz/><ref name=Europaea/>) seed capsule in September.<ref name=agbina/><ref name=american/><ref name=xyridion/> It has a long beak-like appendage on the top,<ref name=agbina/><ref name=american/><ref name=xyridion/> and 6 visible, longitudinal groves.<ref name=botanycz/><ref name=Europaea/>
Inside the capsule, are light brown, angular seeds,<ref name=botanycz/><ref name=xyridion/> with a loose membranous testa (surface).<ref name=Europaea/>

===Biochemistry===
In 2002, a study was carried out on ''Iris spuria'' rhizomes, it found seven iridal[[glycoside]]s.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Marnera |first=Franz-Josef |last2=Singab |first2=Abdel Nasser Badawi |last3=Al-Azizib |first3=Mohamed Mohamed|last4=El-Emaryc |first4=Nasr Ahmed |last5=Scha¨ferd |first5=Mathias |date=2002 |title=Iridal glycosides from Iris spuria (Zeal), cultivated in Egypt |url=http://www.researchgate.net/profile/Abdel_Nasser_Singab/publication/11341896_Iridal_glycosides_from_Iris_spuria_(Zeal)_cultivated_in_Egypt/links/0c9605299a4252fe2b000000.pdf |format=PDF |journal=Phytochemistry |publisher= |volume=60 |issue=10 |pages=301–307 |doi= 10.1016/s0031-9422(02)00110-3|accessdate=6 June 2015}}</ref>

In 2007, a chemical analysis was carried out on ''Iris spuria'' rhizomes, several compounds were isolated 12a-dehydrorotenoid 1, 11-dihydroxy-9, 10-methylenedioxy-12a-dehydrorotenoid, together with a new isoflavonoid glycoside tectorigenin-7-O-beta-glucosyl-4'-O-beta-glucoside, with 4 other known compounds, tectorigenin, tectorigenin-7-O-beta-glucosyl (1 --> 6) glucoside, tectoridin (a tectorigenin-7-O-beta-glucoside) and tectorigenin-4'-O-beta-glucoside.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Singab |first=A.N. |date=October 2007 |title=Flavonoids from Iris spuria (Zeal) cultivated in Egypt. |journal=Arch Pharm Res |publisher= |volume=27 |issue=10 |pages=1023–1028. |doi= 10.1007/bf02975425|pmid=15554258}}</ref><ref>John Buckingham and V. Ranjit N. Munasinghe {{Google books|jFW3BgAAQBAJ|Dictionary of Flavonoids with CD-ROM|page=639}}</ref>

In 2012, five Iris species (''[[Iris pseudacorus]]'', ''[[Iris crocea]]'', ''Iris spuria'', ''[[Iris orientalis]]'' and ''[[Iris ensata]]'') were studied, to measure the [[flavonoid]]s and [[Phenols|phenolics]] content with the rhizomes. ''Iris pseudacorus'' had the highest content and ''Iris crocea'' had the lowest content.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Kaššak |first=P |date=13 September 2012 |title=Total Flavonoids And Phenolics Content Of The Chosen Genus Iris Species |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201260080119 |journal=Acta Universitatis Agriculturae Et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis |publisher= |volume=60 |issue= |pages=119–126 |doi= 10.11118/actaun201260080119|accessdate=22 January 2015}}</ref>

In May 2014, a study was carried out on the [[hepatoprotective]] activity of ''Iris spuria'' against [[paracetamol]] induced toxicity.
<ref>{{cite journal |first=N. |last=Akther |first2=K. |last2=Andrabi |first3=A. |last3=Nissar |first4=S. |last4=Ganaie |first5=B. |last5=Chandan |first6=A. |last6=Gupta |first7=M. |last7=Khuswant |first8=S. |last8=Sultana |first9=A. |last9=Shawl |date=2014 |title=Hepatoprotective activity of LC-ESI-MS standardized Iris spuria rhizome extract on its main bioactive constituents|journal=Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry |publisher= |volume=21 |issue=10 |pages=1202–1207 |doi= 10.1016/j.phymed.2014.04.007 |pmid=24877715}}</ref>

In July 2014, eight Irises from the Limniris section (''Iris crocea'', ''Iris ensata'', ''Iris orientalis'', ''Iris pseudacorus'', ''[[Iris setosa]]'', ''[[Iris sibirica]]'' with its cultivars ´Supernatural´ and ´Whiskey White´, ''Iris spuria'' and ''[[Iris versicolor]]'') were studied to find 12 chemical compounds ([[flavonoid]]s, [[phenol]]s, [[quinone]]s, [[tannin]]s, [[saponin]]s, [[cardiac glycoside]]s, [[terpenoid]]s, [[alkaloid]]s, [[steroid]]s, [[glycoside]]s and [[proteins]].<ref>{{cite journal |first=Pavol |last=Kaššák |date=2014 |title=Screening of the chemical content of several Limniris group Irises |url=http://www.phytojournal.com/vol3Issue2/Issue_jul_2014/7.1.pdf |format=PDF |journal=Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry |publisher= |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=11–14 |doi= |accessdate=2 February 2015}}</ref>

As most irises are [[diploid]], having two sets of [[chromosomes]], this can be used to identify hybrids and classification of groupings.<ref name=ClaireAustin/> It has been counted several times; 2n=22, Westergaraard, 1938; 2n=22, Lenz & Day, 1963; 2n=40, Banerji, 1970; 2n=40, Sharma & Sar., 1971; 2n=40, Roy et al., 1988.<ref name=american/>
The chromosome count is normally stated as 2n=22.<ref name=british/><ref name=Europaea/>
<ref name=pacific/><ref name=signa/><ref name=ibotky>{{cite web |first=Milan |last=Blazek |title=Iris spuria and related species - the importance of culture |url=http://www.ibotky.cz/clanky/herbar-kosatce/132-iris-spuria-a-pribuzne-druhy-vyznam-pro-kulturu.html |publisher=ibotky.cz |accessdate=16 February 2015}}</ref><ref name=stolley>{{cite web |first=Gregor |last=Stolley |title=The genus Iris in Germany (Gregor Stolley) |url=http://offene-naturfuehrer.de/web/Die_Gattung_Iris_in_Deutschland_(Gregor_Stolley) |publisher=offene-naturfuehrer.de |accessdate=20 February 2015}}</ref>

== Taxonomy==
[[Image:Iris spuria Sturm62.jpg|thumb|''Iris spuria'' illustration in:<br />Jakob Sturm: ''"Deutschlands Flora in Abbildungen"'' Stuttgart (1796)]]
[[Image:Iris spuria (Curtis).jpg|thumb|Illustration from [[William Curtis]]'s. ''[[The Botanical Magazine]]'' (V. 2), in 1790.]]
The Latin [[Botanical name#Binary name|specific epithet]] ''spuria'' refers to 'spurious' meaning false.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Smith |first1=A.W. |last2=Stearn |first2=William T. |date=1972 |edition=Revised |publication-date=1963 | title= A Gardener's Dictionary of Plant Names | publisher=Cassell and Company | page=299 | isbn=0304937215}}</ref><ref name=canadian>{{cite web |first=Stephen |last=Westcott-Gratton |title=Plant profile: Butterfly iris |url=http://www.canadiangardening.com/plants/perennials/plant-profile-butterfly-iris/a/56502 |publisher=canadiangardening.com |accessdate=27 February 2015}}</ref> Linnaeus thought that the plants were hybrids rather than a true species.<ref name=canadian/><ref name=stebbings>{{cite book |last=Stebbings |first=Geoff |year=1997|title=The Gardener's Guide to Growing Irises |url= |location=Newton Abbot |publisher=David and Charles |page=62 |isbn=0715305395 }}</ref>

It is written as 假鸢尾 in [[Chinese characters|Chinese script]] and known as ''Jia Yuan Wei'' in [[Pinyin]] Chinese.<ref name=chinese>{{cite book |last1=Zhou |first1=Jiaju |first2=Xie |last2=Guirong |last3=Yan |first3=Xinjian | date=26 August 2011 | title=Encyclopedia of Traditional Chinese Medicines - Molecular Structures, Pharmacological Activities, Natural Sources and Applications |location=London | publisher=Springer | isbn=978-3-642-16740-9}}</ref>

In the [[Czech language]], it is called Iris Iris žlutofialový.<ref name=botanycz/><ref name=bezkart/><ref name=ibotky/>

It is pronounced as 'EYE-ris SPUR-ee-uh'.<ref name=daves>{{cite web |title=PlantFiles: Dykes Seashore Iris, Seashore Iris |url=http://davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/119349/#b |publisher=davesgarden.com |accessdate=2 March 2014}}</ref>

Due to the wide distribution of the species, it has many different common names, including; 'Spurious Iris',<ref name=hardy/><ref name=Wyman/><ref>William Salisbury {{Google books| l_EYAAAAYAAJ |The Botanist's Companion: Or, An Introduction to the Knowledge of Practical Botany and the uses of plants, either growing wild in Great Britain, or cultivated for the purposes of agriculture, medicine, rural economy or the arts. (1816) |page=172}}</ref><ref name=RHS>{{cite web|title=Iris spuria |url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/9366/Iris-spuria/Details |publisher=rhs.org.uk |accessdate=2 March 2015}}</ref> 'false iris',<ref name=agbina/><ref name=chinese/> 'bastard iris',<ref name=linnaeus/><ref name=jardins/><ref name=luw/><ref>John Simms {{Google books|j2xMAAAAYAA|Curtis's Botanical Magazine (1818)|page=1506}}</ref> 'blue iris' (in England),<ref name=linnaeus/><ref name=RHS/><ref name=grin>{{cite web |title=Taxon: Iris spuria L. |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?20409 |publisher=ars-grin.gov ([[Germplasm Resources Information Network]]) |accessdate=27 February 2015}}</ref><ref name=brc>{{cite web |title=Iris spuria (Blue Iris) |url=http://www.brc.ac.uk/plantatlas/index.php?q=node/2219 |publisher=brc.ac.uk |accessdate=27 February 2015}}</ref><ref name=sanssecret>{{cite web |title=Iris spuria Blue Iris |url=https://www.jardins-sans-secret.com/detail/4687/Iris-Spuria-Blue-Iris.html |publisher=jardins-sans-secret.com |accessdate=27 February 2015}}</ref><ref name=iucn>{{cite web |title=Iris spuria |url=http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/200242/0 |publisher=iucnredlist.org |accessdate=2 March 2014}}</ref> 'butterfly iris' (also in England),<ref name=rsland/><ref name=canadian/><ref name=grin/><ref name=sanssecret/> 'meadow marsh iris',<ref name=stolley/> 'iris steppe',<ref name=stolley/><ref name=Germanenglish>{{cite web |title=German-English Dictionary: dykes seashore iris [Iris spuria] |url=http://www.dict.cc/english-german/dykes+seashore+iris+%5BIris+spuria%5D.html |publisher=dict.cc |accessdate=27 February 2015}}</ref> 'iris des steppes' (in France),<ref name=grin/> 'Steppen-Schwertlilie' (in Germany),<ref name=grin/><ref name=Germanenglish/> and 'dansk iris' (in Sweden).<ref name=signa/><ref name=grin/> and 'salt iris' (also in Sweden).<ref name=grin/>

Another is 'seashore iris',<ref name=american/><ref name=jardins/><ref name=luw/><ref name=Wyman/><ref name=daves/><ref name=Germanenglish/><ref name=herbaceous>Allan M. Armitage{{Google books| kA6VgfxsstIC|Herbaceous Perennial Plants: A Treatise on their Identification, Culture and Garden Attributes}}</ref> but this probably applies to ''Iris spuria subsp. maritima''. Also 'salt iris',<ref name=grin/> and 'salt marsh iris',<ref name=sanssecret/> but this applies to ''Iris halophila'' (formerly a subspecies).

It was first described in 1753 by [[Linnaeus]], who described it in the ''[[Species Plantarum]]'' Vol.1 as being a German species.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.ipni.org/ipni/idPlantNameSearch.do?id=439117-1 |title = Iris spuria | work=Plant Name Details |publisher = [[IPNI]] |accessdate=12 February 2015}}</ref>

On 4 November 1876, [[John Gilbert Baker]] described the Iris, in [[The Gardeners' Chronicle]] on page 583.<ref name=american/>
An illustration of the iris was published in 1981, in Grey-Wilson and Mathew, Bulbs plate 28. It was then published in 1982, by P.J. Redoute, Liles and related flowers 183.<ref name=European/>

It has several [[subspecies]]; ''Iris spuria subsp. demetrii'' (Achv. & Mirzoeva) B.Mathew, ''Iris spuria subsp. demetrii'' (Achv. & Mirzoeva) B.Mathew, ''Iris spuria subsp. maritima'' (Dykes) P.Fourn. and ''Iris spuria subsp. musulmanica'' (Fomin) Takht. It used to have 3 other subspecies, which have now be re-classified as separate species; ''Iris spuria'' subsp. ''halophila'' (now ''[[Iris halophila]]''), ''Iris spuria'' ssp. ''sogdiana'' (now ''[[Iris halophila var. sogdiana]]'' and ''Iris spuria'' subsp. ''notha'' (now ''[[Iris notha]]'').<ref name=plantlist/><ref name=american/>

It has been grown and cultivated in Britain since 1573, It had naturalised in south [[Lincolnshire]] in 1836. Another colony was growing in [[Dorset]], but in 1972 it was deliberately vandalised and damaged fatally.<ref name=brc/>

It was originally found on 10 July 1955 growing in Limhamm, Skane in Sweden. It was later published in Botanical Notices in 1958.<ref name=linnaeus/>

It was verified by [[United States Department of Agriculture]] [[Agricultural Research Service]] on 20 April 1998, then updated on 1 December 2004.<ref name=grin/>

As of March 2015, Iris spuria is a 'tentatively accepted name' by the [[Royal Horticultural Society|RHS]].<ref name=RHS/>

==Distribution and habitat==
''Iris spuria'' is [[native plant|native]] [[temperateness|temperate]] to a very wide area, from Africa, to temperate and tropical Asia and Europe.<ref name=brc/><ref name=sanssecret/><ref name=herbaceous/>

===Range===
It is found within Africa, in [[Algeria]].<ref name=american/><ref name=grin/><ref name=iucn/>
Within temperate Asia, it is found in the Western Asia regions of [[Afghanistan]], [[Iran]] and [[Turkey]].<ref name=stolley/><ref name=grin/><ref name=iucn/>  In the [[Caucasus]] regions, it is in [[Armenia]], [[Azerbaijan]], [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]], [[Ciscaucasia]] and [[Dagestan]].<ref name=grin/><ref name=iucn/> and in the Russian, [[Siberian]] regions of [[Altai Republic|Altay]], [[Chelyabinsk]], [[Gorno-Altay]], [[Kurgan]], [[Novosibirsk]], [[Omsk]] and [[Tomsk]].<ref name=grin/>
In the Middle Asia regions of [[Kazakhstan]], [[Kyrgyzstan]], [[Turkmenistan]], [[Uzbekistan]] and [[Mongolia]].<ref name=grin/>
It is also found in China, with the provinces of [[Gansu]] and [[Xinjiang]].<ref name=grin/>
Within tropical Asia, it is found in the Indian sub-continental regions of [[Jammu]], [[Kashmir]] and [[Pakistan]].<ref name=grin/>

Within Europe, it is found in the northern European regions of [[Denmark]] and [[Sweden]].<ref name=ibotky/><ref name=grin/><ref name=iucn/>  and in the middle European regions of [[Austria]], [[Czechoslovakia]], [[Germany]] and [[Hungary]].<ref name=botanycz/><ref name=british/><ref name=xyridion/> Within eastern European it is found in the regions of [[Moldova]], [[Bashkortostan]], [[Ukraine]],<ref name=Europaea/><ref name=grin/> and [[Serbia]].<ref name=serbia>{{cite journal |last=Vajgand |first=Dragan K. |last2=Vajgand |first2=Ljubica M. |last3=Vajgand |first3= Karlo A. |date=2003 |title=Iris spuria L. (Iridaceae) At Two New Localities In The Vojvodina Province |url=http://www.doiserbia.nb.rs/img/doi/0352-4906/2003/0352-49060304083V.pdf |format=PDF |journal=Proceedings for Natural Sciences |publisher= |volume=104 |issue= |pages=83–89 |doi= |accessdate=27 February 2015}}</ref> and in the southern European regions of [[Romania]], [[France]] and [[Spain]].<ref name=american/><ref name=Europaea/><ref name=ibotky/><ref name=grin/><ref name=iucn/>

It has been [[naturalize|naturalized]] within [[New Zealand]] and the [[United Kingdom]],<ref name=grin/> in [[Lincolnshire]].<ref>{{cite book | first1=W. Keble | last1=Martin ||author-link1=W. Keble Martin | title=The Concise British Flora in Colour | page=83 | year=1974 | publisher=Books Club Associates}}</ref>

===Habitat===
''Iris spuria'' grows on seasonally damp grasslands,<ref name=iucn/> damp meadows (or pastures),<ref name=rsland/><ref name=herbs/><ref name=perennials/><ref name=iucn/> marshes,<ref name=rsland/><ref name=herbs/><ref name=perennials/><ref name=iucn/> alluvial plains,<ref name=botanycz/><ref name=iucn/> swamps,<ref name=iucn/> bogs,<ref name=iucn/> maquis,<ref name=iucn/> and salty flats.<ref name=iucn/>

It also grows in saline soils.<ref name=xyridion/><ref name=luw/><ref name=Europaea/>

It can be found naturalised in damp, grassy places, by ditches, on banks and on roadside verges.<ref name=brc/>

==Conservation==
The iris is generally listed as of 'Least Concern' on 26 April 2013 in most European countries. But it is listed as rare or endangered in some.

In Russia, the digging up of wild iris rhizomes is strictly prohibited.<ref name=flowerlib/>

In Sweden, it is rare and is only found on the coastal meadows in southern Sweden.<ref name=linnaeus/> On the island of [[Saltholm]], the colony was diminishing, before being protected.<ref name=british/>

In Germany, it is rare and colonies are protected.<ref name=botanycz/><ref name=british/>

In Serbia, it is also rare,<ref name=serbia/> and within Hungary, colonies are also protected.<ref name=botanycz/>

In Czechoslovakia, it has mixed fortunes. In the region of [[Moravia]], it is now regarded as [[extinct]].<ref name=botanycz/><ref name=ibotky/> In the Slovak Republic, it is classified as a 'critically endangered' species, and listed in the [[Regional Red List|Red Book]], with the meadows to the north and east of [[Štúrovo]], now protected.<ref name=ibotky/> It is currently found in about 10 locations in Podunajskej lowlands, near [[Komárno]] and Sturova Nitra.<ref name=botanycz/>

==Cultivation==
It is generally thought to be easy to grow.<ref name=jardins/><ref name=canadian/>

It is [[Hardiness (plants)|hardy]] to between [[USDA]] Zone 3 and Zone 9.<ref name=rsland/><ref name=Wyman/><ref name=canadian/><ref name=daves/><ref name=sanssecret/>
It is also hardy to European Zone H2.<ref name=European/>

It is tolerant to most garden soils,<ref name=perennials/> it will grow on wet soils, saline soils, and saline marshes.<ref name=rsland/> It prefers well drained, humus rich soils.<ref name=rsland/><ref name=jardins/><ref name=hardy/><ref name=Brick/><ref name=canadian/>
It is tolerant of acid soils,<ref name=daves/> but prefers neutral soils.

It prefers positions in full sun or partial shade.<ref name=rsland/><ref name=jardins/><ref name=daves/><ref name=sanssecret/> Although, shade reduces the flowering amount.<ref name=jardins/><ref name=canadian/>

They prefer hot and dry summers,<ref name=rsland/><ref name=herbaceous/> only requiring plenty of water during the spring.<ref name=daves/><ref name=herbaceous/>

Like most species in the Spuria series, they do not like root disturbance.<ref name=rsland/><ref name=jardins/><ref name=canadian/>

It is best planted from dormant rhizomes in autumn,<ref name=canadian/> and deeper in the soil than ''[[Iris germanica]]''.<ref name=jardins/>

It can be used in borders or in beds for cut flower (for the house).<ref name=jardins/> They create large full clumps of plants.<ref name=herbaceous/>

''[[Aphis newtoni]]'' <small>Theobald</small> can be found on ''[[Iris bloudowii]]'', ''[[Iris latifolia]]'', ''Iris spuria'' and ''[[Tigridia pavonia]]''.<ref>Proceedings of the Estonian Academy of Sciences, Biology and Ecology June 2002 {{Google books|MUIohJLKGOYC|Proceedings of the Estonian Academy of Sciences, Biology and Ecology June 2002|page=128}}</ref> Also ''[[Dysaphis tulipae]]'' can be found on ''Iris spuria''.<ref>R. L. Blackman, Victor F. Eastop {{Google books|UZqkLr9m4GUC|Aphids on the World's Herbaceous Plants and Shrubs|page=553}}</ref> The iris is also the host plant of ''[[Mononychus punctumalbum]]'' (Herbst, 1784, iris seed weevil - a weevil that feeds on the seeds of the iris). The weevil lays its eggs within seed capsule of the iris, later the [[larvae]] feeds on the seed and up to 2 other seeds, and then it [[Pupa|pupates]]. Adult weevils emerge from the seed capsules, fly off for [[aestivation]] (summer dormancy) and hibernation within the soil.<ref name=Levent>{{cite journal |last=Gültekina |first=Levent |last2=Korotyaevb |first2=Boris A. |date=2012 |title=Ecological Description of Two Seed-Feeding Weevils of the Genus Mononychus Germar (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) on Iris iberica Hoffmann and Iris spuria L. in North-eastern Turkey |url=http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1649/072.066.0213 |format= |journal=The Coleopterists Bulletin |publisher= |volume=66 |issue=2 |pages= 155-161 |accessdate=13 November 2016}}</ref>

===Propagation===
It can be [[pollinate]]d by [[bee]]s.<ref name=canadian/>

It can also be propagated by [[Division (horticulture)|division]] (of the rhizomes),<ref name=hardy/> or by seed growing.<ref name=daves/>
Growing by seeds gives a more reliable results.<ref name=flowerlib/>

===Hybrids and Cultivars===
[[File:Iris spuria 'April's Birthday' 2197px.jpg|thumb|Cultivar 'April's Birthday']]
Due to the wide range of species, (with various tolerances for heat, salt or cold resistance), they have been very useful to plant breeders.<ref name=flowerlib/> Many of the modern cultivars have been breed with larger flowers in a wider range of colours than wild species.<ref name=canadian/>

Known ''Iris spuria'' cultivars include; 'Adobe Sunset' (hybridized by McCown, 1976),<ref name=perennials/><ref name=daves/> 'AJ Balfour',<ref name=perennials/> 'Albulus',<ref name=american/> 'Archie Owen' (hybridized by Hager, 1970),<ref name=ClaireAustin/><ref name=daves/> 'Barbara's Kiss' (hybridized by McCown, 1981),<ref name=daves/> 'Belise' (hybridized by Simonet, 1964),<ref name=american/><ref name=daves/> 'Belissinado' (hybridized by Corlew, 1988),<ref name=daves/> 'Betty Cooper' (hybridized by McCown, 1981),<ref name=daves/> Iris 'Betty My Love' (hybridized by Wickenkamp, 1988),<ref name=daves/> Iris 'Blue Lassie' (hybridized by Niswonger, 1978),<ref name=daves/> 'Cambridge Blue',<ref name=perennials/> 'Cheroke Chief',<ref name=perennials/><ref name=ClaireAustin/> 'Clarke Cosgrove',<ref name=perennials/> 'Custom Design',<ref name=perennials/> 'Daenaensis',<ref name=american/> 'Danica',<ref name=american/> 'Dawn Candle',<ref name=perennials/> 'Georgian Delicacy',<ref name=american/> 'Halophila lutea',<ref name=american/> 'Imperial Bronze',<ref name=perennials/><ref name=ClaireAustin/> 'Media Lux',<ref name=perennials/>
'Norton Sunlight',<ref name=perennials/> 'Protege',<ref name=perennials/> 'Monspur', 'Premier',<ref name=perennials/><ref name=stebbings/> and 'Red Clover'.<ref name=perennials/>

==Toxicity==
Like many other irises, most parts of the plant are poisonous (rhizome and leaves), if mistakenly ingested can cause stomach pains and vomiting. Also handling the plant may cause a skin irritation or an allergic reaction.<ref name=daves/>

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Others sources==
*Aldén, B., S. Ryman & M. Hjertson. 2009. Våra kulturväxters namn - ursprung och användning. Formas, Stockholm (Handbook on Swedish cultivated and utility plants, their names and origin).
*Allan, H. H. B. et al. 1961–. Flora of New Zealand.
*Davis, P. H., ed. 1965–1988. Flora of Turkey and the east Aegean islands. [= I. spuria subsp. musulmanica].
*Erhardt, W. et al. 2008. Der große Zander: Enzyklopädie der Pflanzennamen.
*Huxley, A., ed. 1992. The new Royal Horticultural Society dictionary of gardening.
*Maire, R. C. J. E. et al. 1952–. Flore de l'Afrique du Nord.
*Mathew, B. 1981. The Iris. 116–119.
*Nasir, E. & S. I. Ali, eds. 1970–. Flora of [West] Pakistan.
*Quézel, P. & S. Santa. 1962–1963. Nouvelle flore de l'Algerie.
*Rechinger, K. H., ed. 1963–. Flora iranica.
*Sell, P. & G. Murrell. 1996–. Flora of Great Britain and Ireland.
*[[Stace, Clive]], 1995. ''New Flora of the British Isles''.
*Walters, S. M. et al., eds. 1986–. European garden flora.

==External links==
*[http://www.spuriairis.com/ ''Spuria iris Society'' homepage]
*[http://flora.nhm-wien.ac.at/Seiten-Arten/Iris-spuria.htm Images of Iris spuria]

{{Commons category-inline|Iris spuria}}
{{Wikispecies-inline|Iris spuria}}

[[Category:Iris (plant)|spuria]]
[[Category:Plants described in 1753]]
[[Category:Flora of Algeria]]
[[Category:Flora of Afghanistan]]
[[Category:Flora of Iran]]
[[Category:Flora of Turkey]]
[[Category:Flora of the Caucasus]]
[[Category:Flora of Armenia]]
[[Category:Flora of Azerbaijan]]
[[Category:Flora of Georgia (country)]]
[[Category:Flora of Russia]]
[[Category:Flora of Siberia]]
[[Category:Flora of Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Flora of Kyrgyzstan]]
[[Category:Flora of Turkmenistan]]
[[Category:Flora of Uzbekistan]]
[[Category:Flora of Mongolia]]
[[Category:Flora of China]]
[[Category:Flora of India]]
[[Category:Flora of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Flora of Europe]]
[[Category:Flora of Denmark]]
[[Category:Flora of Sweden]]
[[Category:Flora of Austria]]
[[Category:Flora of the Czech Republic]]
[[Category:Flora of Slovakia]]
[[Category:Flora of Germany]]
[[Category:Flora of Hungary]]
[[Category:Flora of Moldova]]
[[Category:Flora of Ukraine]]
[[Category:Flora of Romania]]
[[Category:Flora of France]]
[[Category:Flora of Spain]]

Kazakhstan Encyclopedia - User contributions [en]

Iris spuria