Kazakhstan Encyclopedia - User contributions [en]

Goitered gazelle

2017-04-20T21:11:41Z

Diannaa: remove copyright content, too-close paraphrasing from http://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Gazella_subgutturosa/

{{refimprove|date=April 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2012}}
{{Speciesbox
| name = Goitered gazelle
| image = Sand gazelle (gazella subgutturosa marica).jpg
| image_caption = Sand gazelle (''Gazella subgutturosa marica'') at [[Dubai Desert Conservation Reserve]], [[United Arab Emirates]]
| status = VU
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name=iucn>{{IUCN2008|assessor=Mallon, D.P.|year=2008|id=8976|title=Gazella subgutturosa|downloaded=18 August 2015}}</ref>
| taxon = Gazella subgutturosa
| authority = ([[Güldenstädt]], 1780)
}}

The '''goitered''' or '''black-tailed gazelle''' (''Gazella subgutturosa'') is a [[gazelle]] found in northern [[Azerbaijan]], eastern [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]], part of [[Iran]], parts of [[Iraq]] and southwestern [[Pakistan]], southeastern [[Turkey]], [[Afghanistan]], and in Uzbekistan <ref>http://www.rferl.org/</ref> and the [[Gobi Desert]]. The specific name, meaning "full below the throat", refers to the male having an enlargement of the neck and throat during the mating season.

The goitered gazelle inhabits sands and gravel plains and [[limestone]] plateau. It runs at high speed, without the leaping, bounding gait seen in other gazelle species. Throughout much of their range, goitered gazelles [[Animal migration|migrate seasonally]]. Herds cover 10–30 km per day in the winter, with these distances being reduced to about 1–3 km in summer.

Large herds were also present in the Near East. Some 6,000 years ago, they were captured and killed with the help of [[Desert Kites|desert kite]]s.<ref name=bbc>{{cite news|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-13123221 |title=Gazelles caught in ancient Syrian 'killing zones' |last=Amos |first=Jonathan |date=19 April 2011 |publisher=BBC News |accessdate=19 April 2011}}</ref><ref>[http://www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.1017647108 Role of mass-kill hunting strategies in the extirpation of Persian gazelle (Gazella subgutturosa) in the northern Levant. Guy Bar-Oz, Melinda Zeder, and Frank Hole. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 2010.]</ref> Rock art found in Jordan suggests [[ritual slaughter]].<ref name=bbc/>

Until recently, goitered gazelles were considered to represent a single, albeit polymorphic, species. However, recent genetic studies show one of the subspecies, ''G. s. marica'', is [[paraphyletic]] in respect to the other populations of goitered gazelles,<ref name=wacher>[http://users.iab.uaf.edu/~kris_hundertmark/Reprints/Wacher%20et%20al%202011.pdf Wacher T, Wronski T, Hammond RL, Winney B, Blacket MJ, Hundertmark KJ, Mohammed OB, Omer SA, Macasero W, Lerp H, Plath M, Bleidor C (2011) Phylogenetic analysis of mitochondrial DNA sequences reveals polyphyly in the goitered gazelle(Gazella subgutturosa). Conserv Genet 12:827–831]</ref> although gene introgression is observed in the contact zone between the two species.<ref>[http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13364-012-0079-8?null Murtskhvaladze M, Gurielidze Z, Kopaliani N, Tarkhnishvili D (2012) Gene introgression between ''Gazella subguturrosa'' and ''G. marica'': limitations of maternal inheritance analysis for species identification with conservation purposes. Acta Theriologica DOI 10.1007/s13364-012-0079-8]</ref>

== Subspecies ==
Several subspecies have been described. Groves & Leslie (2011) distinguish four forms, which they treat as separate [[monotypic]] species.<ref name="Groves & Leslie, 2011">C. P. Groves, D. M. Leslie Jr. (2011). ''Family Bovidae (Hollwo-horned Ruminants).'' (585-588). In: Wilson, D. E., Mittermeier, R. A., (Hrsg.). ''Handbook of the Mammals of the World. Volume 2: Hooved Mammals.'' Lynx Edicions, 2009. ISBN 978-84-96553-77-4</ref> Wacher ''et al.'' <ref name=wacher /> suggest ''G. s. marica'' is a separate species, ''Gazella marica''.
*[[Azerbaijani gazelle]] (''Jeyran (subgutturosa) subgutturosa'') - southeastern Turkey, Azerbaijan, [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]], Syria, northern and eastern Iraq, Iran, southern Afghanistan, western Pakistan
*Turkmen gazelle (''Gazella (subgutturosa) gracilicornis'') - [[Kazakhstan]] ([[Buzachi]]) in the east to about [[Lake Balkash]], Turkmenistan, Tajikistan
*Yarkand gazelle (''Gazella (subgutturosa) yarkandensis'') - northern and northwestern China ([[Xinjiang]], [[Qinghai]], [[Shaanxi]], [[Gansu]], [[Nei Monggol]]), Mongolia; includes subspecies ''hilleriana''
*Sand gazelle (''Gazella (subgutturosa) marica'') - Saudi Arabia, southern Syria, southwestern Iraq, United Arab Emirates, Oman, offshore [[Persian Gulf]] islands.

It is listed as an endangered species in [[Pakistan]].{{citation needed|date=June 2014}}

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Kuhertajagaselli Korkeasaari.jpg|Male of the Persian subspecies (''G. s. subgutturosa'') at [[Korkeasaari]] Zoo
File:Gazella subgutturosa.jpg|Female (''G. s. yarkandensis'') in [[Gobi Desert]]
File:Sir Bani Yas -Sandgasell.JPG|''Gazella subguttorosa marica'') at [[Sir Bani Yas]], [[United Arab Emirates]]
File:The book of antelopes (1894) Gazella subgutturosa.png|''Gazella (subgutturosa) subgutturosa''
File:The book of antelopes (1894) Gazella marica.png|''Gazella (subgutturosa) marica''
</gallery>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
{{Commons|Gazella subgutturosa}}
{{Wikispecies|Gazella subgutturosa}}
*http://www.arkive.org/goitered-gazelle/gazella-subgutturosa/
{{Artiodactyla|R.5}}
{{taxonbar}}

[[Category:Gazella]]
[[Category:Mammals of Southwest Asia|Gazelle, Goitered]]
[[Category:Mammals of Azerbaijan|Gazelle, Goitered]]
[[Category:Mammals of Pakistan|Gazelle, Goitered]]
[[Category:Mammals of China|Gazelle, Goitered]]
[[Category:Megafauna of Eurasia|Gazelle, Goitered]]
[[Category:Mammals of Afghanistan]]
[[Category:Mammals of the Middle East]]
[[Category:Mammals of Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Mammals of Kyrgyzstan]]
[[Category:Mammals of Mongolia]]
[[Category:Mammals of Tajikistan]]
[[Category:Mammals of Turkey]]
[[Category:Mammals of Turkmenistan]]
[[Category:Mammals of Uzbekistan]]
[[Category:Animals described in 1780]]

Geneva Declaration on Armed Violence and Development

2016-04-16T02:32:42Z

Diannaa: remove copyright content copied from http://www.genevadeclaration.org/influencing-processes/sdgs-and-goal-16.html

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2013}}
The '''Geneva Declaration on Armed Violence and Development''' highlights the role that states and [[civil society]] must play in preventing and reducing violence associated with war, crime, and [[social unrest]]. The Declaration was adopted on 7 June 2006 and is now endorsed by 113 states. It is the strongest political statement to date that addresses the impact of armed violence within a development context. Regular high-level diplomatic regional meetings and ministerial review conferences take place to assess progress concerning the process and implementation of the Geneva Declaration; the first two ministerial review conferences took place in 2008 and 2011. During 2014 a series of Regional Review Conferences have been organized not only to review the process in implementing the Geneva Declaration but also to reflect and gather support in integrating meaningfully armed violence reduction in national and international development processes, including the post-2015 development agenda.

By signing the Geneva Declaration states commit to:<ref>Geneva Declaration Secretariat. 2008. ''The Global Burden of Armed Violence. Geneva: Geneva Declaration Secretariat</ref>

* Support initiatives to measure the human, social and economic costs of armed violence;
* Undertake assessments to understand and respond to risks and vulnerabilities;
* Evaluate the effectiveness of armed violence prevention and reduction programs around the world; and
* To disseminate lessons and best practices.

Understanding that the fight against the global scourge of armed violence and the prospects for sustainable development are closely linked, the signatories recognize that armed violence constitutes a major obstacle to the achievement of the Millennium Development Goals.<ref>[http://www.genevadeclaration.org/fileadmin/docs/Geneva-Declaration-Millennium-Development-Goals.pdf Armed Violence Prevention and Reduction: A Challenge for Achieving the Millennium Development Goals]</ref> They agree to strengthen their efforts to integrate [[armed violence reduction]] and conflict prevention programs into national, regional, and multilateral development frameworks and strategies.

The approach is based on three pillars:

# Advocacy: dissemination and coordination initiatives for implementing the Geneva Declaration
# Measurability: country based armed violence mapping and monitoring to identify entry-points and opportunities for interventions
# Programming: practical programming on armed violence prevention and reduction

A Core Group of 14 signatory states and affiliated organizations is responsible for steering the process and guiding the implementation of the Geneva Declaration. Affiliated organizations include the Bureau for Crisis Prevention and Recovery (BCPR) of the [[United Nations Development Programme]] (UNDP), the [[Small Arms Survey]]—which also hosts the Geneva Declaration Secretariat—, the [[Development Assistance Committee]] (DAC) of the [[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development]] (OECD), and the [[Quaker United Nations Office]] (QUNO).<ref>http://www.genevadeclaration.org/the-geneva-declaration/how-does-it-work.html</ref>

Core group member states:<ref>http://www.genevadeclaration.org/the-geneva-declaration/how-does-it-work.html</ref>
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* Brazil
* Colombia
* Finland
* Guatemala
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* Indonesia
* Kenya
* Morocco
* The Netherlands
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* Norway
* The Philippines
* Spain
{{col-4}}
* Switzerland (coordinating country)
* Thailand
* United Kingdom
{{col-end}}

Signatory states:<ref>http://www.genevadeclaration.org/the-geneva-declaration/who-has-signed-it.html</ref>
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{{col-4}}
* Afghanistan (2006)
* Albania (2008)
* Angola (2007)
* Argentina (2007)
* Australia (2006)
* Austria (2006)
* Bangladesh (2008)
* Belgium (2011)
* Benin (2007)
* Bosnia and Herzegovina (2006)
* Brazil (2006)
* Brunei (2008)
* Bulgaria (2006)
* Burkina Faso (2007)
* Burundi (2007)
* Canada (2006)
* Cameroon (2007)
* Chad (2014)
* Chile (2006)
* Colombia (2008)
* Congo, Democratic Republic of the (2007)
* Costa Rica (2006)
* Côte d'Ivoire (2007)
* Croatia (2008)
* Cyprus (2009)
* Denmark (2008)
* Dominican Republic (2007)
* Ecuador (2007)
* El Salvador (2006)
{{col-4}}
* Ethiopia (2007)
* Fiji (2008)
* Finland (2006)
* France (2006)
* Georgia (2008)
* Germany (2006)
* Ghana (2006)
* Greece (2006)
* Guatemala (2006)
* Guinea (2011)
* Guyana (2008)
* Holy See (2006)
* Honduras (2006)
* Hungary (2006)
* Iceland (2007)
* Indonesia (2006)
* Ireland (2006)
* Italy (2007)
* Jamaica (2006)
* Japan (2006)
* Jordan (2006)
* Kazakhstan (2008)
* Kenya (2006)
* Korea, North (2008)
* Korea, South (2006)
* Kyrgyzstan (2008)
* Lebanon (2006)
* Lesotho (2007)
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* Liberia (2006)
* Libya (2007)
* Liechtenstein (2008)
* Lithuania (2009)
* Luxembourg (2009)
* Macedonia, Republic of (2009)
* Madagascar (2007)
* Malawi (2007)
* Malaysia (2008)
* Mali (2006)
* Mauritius (2007)
* Mexico (2006)
* Mongolia (2008)
* Montenegro (2008)
* Morocco (2006)
* Mozambique (2006)
* Nauru (2008)
* Nepal (2008)
* Netherlands (2006)
* New Zealand (2006)
* Nicaragua (2009)
* Niger (2007)
* Nigeria (2006)
* Norway (2006)
* Palau (2008)
* Panama (2007)
* Papua New Guinea (2006)
* Peru (2007)
{{col-4}}
* Philippines (2008)
* Portugal (2006)
* Qatar (2006)
* Romania (2008)
* Rwanda (2007)
* Samoa (2008)
* Senegal (2006)
* Serbia (2008)
* Sierra Leone (2006)
* Slovakia (2008)
* Slovenia (2006)
* Solomon Islands (2008)
* South Africa (2006)
* Spain (2007)
* Sudan (2007)
* Sweden (2006)
* Switzerland (2006)
* Tajikistan (2008)
* Thailand (2006)
* Timor-Leste (2006)
* Togo (2011)
* Uganda (2007)
* United Arab Emirates (2011)
* United Kingdom (2006)
* Uzbekistan (2008)
* Vanuatu (2008)
* Zambia (2007)
* Zimbabwe (2007)

{{col-end}}

==See also==
* [[Direct conflict deaths]]
* [[Armed violence reduction]]
* [[Small Arms Survey]]
* [[Insecurity Insight]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* http://www.genevadeclaration.org
* [http://www.genevadeclaration.org/fileadmin/docs/GD-Declaration-091020-EN.pdf The full text of the Geneva Declaration]
* [http://www.genevadeclaration.org/measurability/global-burden-of-armed-violence.html The Global Burden of Armed Violence]
* [http://www.smallarmssurvey.org/fileadmin/docs/H-Research_Notes/SAS-Research-Note-19.pdf Research Notes on Reducing Armed Violence, Enabling Development (2012)]
* [http://www.genevadeclaration.org/fileadmin/docs/WP-AVRP/GDWP_Working-against-violence.pdf Working Paper on Working Against Violence: Promising Practices in Armed Violence Reduction and Prevention (2011)]

[[Category:Nonviolence]]
[[Category:Treaties concluded in 2006]]
[[Category:War]]
[[Category:International development treaties]]
[[Category:2006 in Switzerland]]
[[Category:Treaties of Afghanistan]]
[[Category:Treaties of Albania]]
[[Category:Treaties of Angola]]
[[Category:Treaties of Argentina]]
[[Category:Treaties of Australia]]
[[Category:Treaties of Austria]]
[[Category:Treaties of Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Treaties of Belgium]]
[[Category:Treaties of Benin]]
[[Category:Treaties of Bosnia and Herzegovina]]
[[Category:Treaties of Brazil]]
[[Category:Treaties of Brunei]]
[[Category:Treaties of Bulgaria]]
[[Category:Treaties of Burkina Faso]]
[[Category:Treaties of Canada]]
[[Category:Treaties of Cameroon]]
[[Category:Treaties of Chile]]
[[Category:Treaties of Colombia]]
[[Category:Treaties of the Democratic Republic of the Congo]]
[[Category:Treaties of Costa Rica]]
[[Category:Treaties of Ivory Coast]]
[[Category:Treaties of Croatia]]
[[Category:Treaties of Cyprus]]
[[Category:Treaties of Denmark]]
[[Category:Treaties of the Dominican Republic]]
[[Category:Treaties of Ecuador]]
[[Category:Treaties of El Salvador]]
[[Category:Treaties of Ethiopia]]
[[Category:Treaties of Fiji]]
[[Category:Treaties of Finland]]
[[Category:Treaties of France]]
[[Category:Treaties of Georgia (country)]]
[[Category:Treaties of Germany]]
[[Category:Treaties of Ghana]]
[[Category:Treaties of Greece]]
[[Category:Treaties of Guatemala]]
[[Category:Treaties of Guinea]]
[[Category:Treaties of Guyana]]
[[Category:Treaties of the Holy See]]
[[Category:Treaties of Honduras]]
[[Category:Treaties of Hungary]]
[[Category:Treaties of Iceland]]
[[Category:Treaties of Indonesia]]
[[Category:Treaties of Ireland]]
[[Category:Treaties of Italy]]
[[Category:Treaties of Jamaica]]
[[Category:Treaties of Japan]]
[[Category:Treaties of Jordan]]
[[Category:Treaties of Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Treaties of Kenya]]
[[Category:Treaties of North Korea]]
[[Category:Treaties of South Korea]]
[[Category:Treaties of Kyrgyzstan]]
[[Category:Treaties of Lebanon]]
[[Category:Treaties of Lesotho]]
[[Category:Treaties of Liberia]]
[[Category:Treaties of the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya]]
[[Category:Treaties of Liechtenstein]]
[[Category:Treaties of Lithuania]]
[[Category:Treaties of Luxembourg]]
[[Category:Treaties of the Republic of Macedonia]]
[[Category:Treaties of Madagascar]]
[[Category:Treaties of Malawi]]
[[Category:Treaties of Malaysia]]
[[Category:Treaties of Mali]]
[[Category:Treaties of Mauritius]]
[[Category:Treaties of Mexico]]
[[Category:Treaties of Mongolia]]
[[Category:Treaties of Montenegro]]
[[Category:Treaties of Morocco]]
[[Category:Treaties of Mozambique]]
[[Category:Treaties of Nauru]]
[[Category:Treaties of Nepal]]
[[Category:Treaties of the Netherlands]]
[[Category:Treaties of New Zealand]]
[[Category:Treaties of Nicaragua]]
[[Category:Treaties of Niger]]
[[Category:Treaties of Nigeria]]
[[Category:Treaties of Norway]]
[[Category:Treaties of Palau]]
[[Category:Treaties of Panama]]
[[Category:Treaties of Papua New Guinea]]
[[Category:Treaties of Peru]]
[[Category:Treaties of the Philippines]]
[[Category:Treaties of Portugal]]
[[Category:Treaties of Qatar]]
[[Category:Treaties of Romania]]
[[Category:Treaties of Rwanda]]
[[Category:Treaties of Samoa]]
[[Category:Treaties of Senegal]]
[[Category:Treaties of Serbia]]
[[Category:Treaties of Sierra Leone]]
[[Category:Treaties of Slovakia]]
[[Category:Treaties of Slovenia]]
[[Category:Treaties of the Solomon Islands]]
[[Category:Treaties of South Africa]]
[[Category:Treaties of Spain]]
[[Category:Treaties of the Republic of the Sudan (1985–2011)]]
[[Category:Treaties of Sweden]]
[[Category:Treaties of Switzerland]]
[[Category:Treaties of Tajikistan]]
[[Category:Treaties of Thailand]]
[[Category:Treaties of East Timor]]
[[Category:Treaties of Togo]]
[[Category:Treaties of Uganda]]
[[Category:Treaties of the United Arab Emirates]]
[[Category:Treaties of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Treaties of Uzbekistan]]
[[Category:Treaties of Vanuatu]]
[[Category:Treaties of Zambia]]
[[Category:Treaties of Zimbabwe]]

File:FC Ordabasy.png

2013-05-10T14:51:06Z

Diannaa: decline speedy; file is in use

== Summary ==
{{Non-free use rationale logo
| Article = FC Ordabasy
| Use = Infobox
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| Website = www.topgol.com.br
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| Source = www.topgol.com.br
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== Licensing ==
{{Non-free logo|Kazakhstani football logos|image has rationale=yes}}

==History of Image:FC Ordabasy.gif==
*2008-02-28T06:26:04Z [[User:Dj nix|Dj nix]] ([[User talk:Dj nix|Talk]] | [[Special:Contributions/Dj nix|contribs]]) ''(<nowiki>uploaded a new version of "[[Image:FC Ordabasy.gif]]"</nowiki>)''
*2008-02-16T23:59:25Z [[User:Nanonic|Nanonic]] ([[User talk:Nanonic|Talk]] | [[Special:Contributions/Nanonic|contribs]]) (597 bytes) ''(<nowiki>recat</nowiki>)''
*2008-02-14T12:05:30Z [[User:Nanonic|Nanonic]] ([[User talk:Nanonic|Talk]] | [[Special:Contributions/Nanonic|contribs]]) (652 bytes) ''(<nowiki>adding [[fair use rationale|FUR]] using [[User:AWeenieMan/furme|FURME]]</nowiki>)''
*2008-02-13T21:37:26Z [[User:BetacommandBot|BetacommandBot]] ([[User talk:BetacommandBot|Talk]] | [[Special:Contributions/BetacommandBot|contribs]]) (518 bytes) ''(<nowiki>tagging as invalid rationale per [[WP:NONFREE]]</nowiki>)''
*2007-05-01T01:06:04Z [[User:Cydebot|Cydebot]] ([[User talk:Cydebot|Talk]] | [[Special:Contributions/Cydebot|contribs]]) (141 bytes) ''(<nowiki>Robot - Renaming non-free template "sports-logo" per [[Wikipedia:Non-free content/templates]].</nowiki>)''
*2007-01-10T23:57:43Z [[User:Calapez|Calapez]] ([[User talk:Calapez|Talk]] | [[Special:Contributions/Calapez|contribs]])
*2006-12-08T16:45:22Z [[User:Jogurney|Jogurney]] ([[User talk:Jogurney|Talk]] | [[Special:Contributions/Jogurney|contribs]]) ''(<nowiki>{{sports-logo|football logos}}</nowiki>)''
*2006-10-15T01:43:03Z [[User:Calapez|Calapez]] ([[User talk:Calapez|Talk]] | [[Special:Contributions/Calapez|contribs]])