Kazakhstan Encyclopedia - User contributions [en]

Bible translations into Kazakh

2017-03-31T12:58:07Z

Derek R Bullamore: Filling in 1 references using Reflinks

Work on '''translation of the Bible''' into the [[Kazakh language]] began with the work of [[Charles Fraser (missionary)|Charles Fraser]] of the Scottish Missionary Society. Fraser's translation of Matthew was published in 1818 (this was based on H. Brunton's Karass translation, and modified for Kazakh), and the New Testament in 1820 by the Russian Bible Society. J. M. E. Gottwald, a professor at Kazan University, revised it, and this was published in 1880 by the British and Foreign Bible Society in Kazan, and it was republished in 1887, and 1910. [[George W. Hunter (missionary)|George W. Hunter]], of the [[China Inland Mission]] in Ürümqi, considered this translation to be "a good translation, into Astrahan-Turki",<ref>G. W. Hunter, ''Examples of Various Turki Dialects''. Tihwafu, Sinkiang, China: China Inland Mission, 1918</ref> he does not seem to have considered it to be Kazakh. Darlow and Moule say that it was intended for Kyrgyz in the neighbourhood of Orenburg, and the language was sometimes called "Orenburg Tatar".<ref>T. H. Darlow & Horace Frederick Moule, ''Historical Catalogue of the Printed Editions of Holy Scripture in the Library of the [[British and Foreign Bible Society]]''.</ref> According to Rev. W. Nicholson of the Royal Asiatic Society in St Petersburg this translation was intended for "The Kirghese hordes—Great, Little, and Middle, as they are called—[who] occupy various regions in Southern Siberia, Central Asia, and west of the Caspian Sea."<ref>''Journal of the [[Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland]]; Volume 18, 1886, p. 156</ref> George A. King says Fraser's translation was into the language of the "Western Kirghiz or Kirghiz-Kazak, though they disown the name Kirghiz".<ref>George A. King ''In Our Tongues''; p. 81</ref>

[[Macarius II]], the [[Diocese of Tomsk|Bishop of Tomsk]], translated Mark, published by the British and Foreign Bible Society in Tomsk in 1894.<ref>George A. King ''In Our Tongues''; p. 224</ref> All four Gospels in one volume were published in Kazan by Pravoslavnoe Missionerskoe Obshchestvo in 1901. This may be related to the edition of Mark previously published in Kazan, or could be the same as I. Katerinski's translation, listed in ''Book of a Thousand Tongues'' as Kirghiz.

[[Mildred Cable]]'s biography of George Hunter just says "a Qazaq speaking Russian". This version is printed in a Cyrillic script, slightly different from what Qazaqs use today; this script has a lot of Russian/Greek words in it, and uses Russian/Greek names, instead of Qazaq/Islamic ones. The 1901 work was republished in 1972 by the [[Institute for Bible Translation]] in [[Stockholm, Sweden]].

[[George W. Hunter (missionary)|George W. Hunter]] of the China Inland Mission was aware of the Kazan 1901 translation, and after much prayer that he would be able to get a copy of it, a man approached him in the bazaar offering to exchange it (a book he could not read) for one that he could.<ref>Mildred Cable, ''George Hunter: Apostle of Turkestan''</ref> Hunter revised these translations and transliterated them into Arabic. He also translated Genesis and Acts.

==Publication==
Acts, Mark, and a tentative edition of Matthew was published by the British and Foreign Bible Society/China Inland Mission in "Tihwafu" (Ürümqi) in 1917. A 2nd edition, (new ed. of the 1917 translation by G. W. Hunter) of Mark was published in Shanghai in 1918. A 2nd edition (new ed. of the 1917 translation by G. W. Hunter) of Acts was published by the British and Foreign Bible Society in Shanghai in 1919. All four Gospels where published again by the British and Foreign Bible Society in Shanghai in 1927, and again in 1928. The Shanghai BFBS also published Genesis in 1931. There may have also been other parts of the Bible translated by G. W. Hunter, but they are lost, as is record of them.

A modern translation of the entire Kazak Bible was published by Yeni Yaşam Yayınları in 2010 in Istanbul.

In 2011, Jehovah's Witnesses published ''Мәсіхшілердің грек жазбалары. Жаңа дүние аудармасы'' (''New World Translation of the Christian Greek Scriptures'') in Kazakh;<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jw.org/en/publications/bible/?contentLanguageFilter=kk_cyrl |title=Online Bible—Read, Listen or Download Free: PDF, EPUB, Audio |website=Jw.org |date= |accessdate=2017-03-31}}</ref> the complete ''New World Translation of the Holy Scriptures'' in Kazakh was released in September 2014.{{citation needed|date=June 2015}}

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! style="text-align:center; width:25%;"|Translation
![[Gospel of John|John]] 3:16
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1880, Kazan (Orenburg)
| dir="rtl" | زيراكە خدا جھان ني اول قدر سويدي كە بر دوغمش اوغلين بيردي كە ھركيم ﺁنكا ايشانسا ھلاى بولماي لكن ابدي حيلتلي بولا.
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|1901, Kazan
|Кудай дӳнӳӧнӳ соншама жаксы кӧргендиктен, Ӧзӳнӳҥ жалгыз туган Улын бирде, Оган нанушы ӓр-ким мӓҥги турушы болсун, тек ӓлек болмасын, деп.
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|YYY 2010
|Өйткені Құдай адамзатты сондай қатты сүйгендіктен, Өзінің жалғыз рухани Ұлын құрбандыққа берді. Енді Оған сенуші әркім жаны тозаққа түспей, мәңілік өмірге ие болады.
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|Transliteration
|Öytkeni Quday adamzattә sonday qattә süygendikten, Öziniŋ žalğәz ruhani Ulәn qurbandәqqa berdi. Endi Oğan senuši ærkim žanә tozaqqa tüspey, mæŋilik ömirge i.e. boladә.
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|Modern Xinjiang version
| dir="rtl" | ويتكەنى قۇداي ادامزاتتى سونداي قاتتى سۇيگەندىكتەن، ٴوزىنىڭ جالعىز ۇلىن قۇرباندىققا بەردى. ەندى وعان سەنۋشى اركىمنىڭ جانى توزاققا تۇسپەي، ماڭگىلىك ومىرگە يە بولادى.
|-
| style="text-align:center;"|New World Translation 2011
|Құдай дүниені сондай қатты сүйгендіктен, өзінің жалғыз Ұлын берді. Ол мұны Ұлына сенген әркім жойылмай, мәңгілік өмірге ие болсын деп істеді.
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://xendek.net Xendeⱪ.net]
*[https://kkitap.net/ Киелі Кітап]

[[Category:Kazakh language]]
[[Category:Bible translations by language|Kazakh]]

Alessya Safronova

2017-03-20T22:48:47Z

Derek R Bullamore: Filling in 2 references using Reflinks

{{BLP refimprove|date=March 2017}}
{{Infobox volleyball biography
| name = Alessya Safronova
| image =
| caption =
| fullname =
| nickname =
| nationality = [[Kazakhstan]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1986|2|10|df=y}}
| birth_place =
| hometown =
| height = {{convert|175|cm|in|0|abbr=on}}
| weight = {{convert|57|kg|lb|0|abbr=on}}
| spike = {{convert|290|cm|in|0|abbr=on}}
| block ={{convert|280|cm|in|0|abbr=on}}
| college =
| position =
| currentclub =
| currentnumber = 14 (national team)
| years1 = 2013
| team1 = Iller Bankasi
| nationalyears = 2013
| nationalteam = {{flagicon|Kazakhstan}} [[Kazakhstan women's national volleyball team|Kazakhstan]]
| medaltemplates = 
| medaltemplates-expand = set to "yes" to auto-expand medaltemplates section
| updated =
}}

'''Alessya Safronova''' (born {{birth date|1986|2|10|df=yes}}) is a Kazakhstani female [[volleyball]] player.

She was part of the [[Kazakhstan women's national volleyball team]]. On club level she played for Iller Bankasi in 2013.<ref>{{cite web|title=Team Roster – Kazakhstan|url=http://www.fivb.org/EN/volleyball/competitions/WorldGrandPrix/2013/Teams.asp?Team=KAZ|website=FIVB.org|date= |accessdate=11 February 2016}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{cite web|url=http://www.fivb.org/EN/volleyball/competitions/WorldGrandPrix/2013/Players.asp?Tourn=WGP2013&Team=KAZ&No=123555 |title=FIVB Volleyball World Grand Prix 2013 |website=Fivb.org |date= |accessdate=2017-03-20}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.cev.lu/competition-area/PlayerDetails.aspx?TeamID=7614&PlayerID=23395&ID=553 |title=CEV - Confédération Européenne de Volleyball |website=Cev.lu |date= |accessdate=2017-03-20}}

{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Safronova, Alessya}}
[[Category:1986 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Kazakhstani women's volleyball players]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]

{{Kazakhstan-volleyball-bio-stub}}

Alena Popova

2017-03-20T22:42:24Z

Derek R Bullamore: Filling in 2 references using Reflinks

{{More footnotes|date=March 2017}}
{{Infobox volleyball biography
| name = Alena Popova
| image =
| caption =
| fullname =
| nickname =
| nationality = [[Kazakhstan]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1997|3|21|df=y}}
| birth_place =
| hometown =
| height = {{convert|182|cm|in|0|abbr=on}}
| weight = {{convert|66|kg|lb|0|abbr=on}}
| spike = {{convert|291|cm|in|0|abbr=on}}
| block ={{convert|275|cm|in|0|abbr=on}}
| college =
| position =
| currentclub =
| currentnumber = 15 (national team)
| years1 = 2015
| team1 = [[Karaganda]]
| nationalyears = 2015
| nationalteam = {{flagicon|Kazakhstan}} [[Kazakhstan women's national volleyball team|Kazakhstan]]
| medaltemplates = 
| medaltemplates-expand = set to "yes" to auto-expand medaltemplates section
| updated =
}}
'''Alena Popova''' (born {{birth date|1997|3|21|df=yes}}) is a Kazakhstani female [[volleyball]] player. She is part of the [[Kazakhstan women's national volleyball team]].

She participated in the [[2015 FIVB Volleyball World Grand Prix]].
On club level she played for [[Karaganda]] in 2015.<ref>{{cite web|title=Team Roster – Kazakhstan|url=http://worldgrandprix.2015.fivb.com/en/preliminary-round-group3/competition/teams/kaz-kazakhstan/team_roster|website=FIVB.org|date= |accessdate=16 February 2016}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{cite web|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316040109/http://worldgrandprix.2015.fivb.com/en/preliminary-round-group3/competition/teams/kaz-kazakhstan/players/alena-popova?id=44492 |title=Player - Alena Popova - FIVB World Grand Prix 2015 |website=Web.archive.org |date= |accessdate=2017-03-20}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.fivb.org/viewHeadlines.asp?No=47453&Language=en |title=17th Asian Women's U19 Volleyball Championship prepares for semifinals | FIVB - Headlines |publisher=FIVB |date=2014-07-22 |accessdate=2017-03-20}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Popova, Alena}}
[[Category:1997 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Kazakhstani women's volleyball players]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]

{{Kazakhstan-volleyball-bio-stub}}

Alexandra Dzigalyuk

2017-03-20T22:22:38Z

Derek R Bullamore: Filling in 1 references using Reflinks

{{More footnotes|date=March 2017}}
{{Infobox volleyball biography
| name = Alexandra Dzigalyuk
| image =
| caption =
| fullname =
| nickname =
| nationality = [[Kazakhstan]]
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1970|03|29|df=y}}
| birth_place =
| hometown =
| height = {{convert|180|cm|in|0|abbr=on}}
| weight = {{convert|65|kg|lb|0|abbr=on}}
| spike = {{convert|285|cm|in|0|abbr=on}}
| block ={{convert|275|cm|in|0|abbr=on}}
| college =
| position =
| currentclub =
| currentnumber = 18 (national team)
| years1 = 2007
| team1 =
| nationalyears = 2007
| nationalteam = {{flagicon|Kazakhstan}} [[Kazakhstan women's national volleyball team|Kazakhstan]]
| medaltemplates = 
| medaltemplates-expand = set to "yes" to auto-expand medaltemplates section
| updated =
}}
'''Alexandra Dzigalyuk''' (born {{birthdate|1970|03|29|df=yes}}) is a retired Kazakhstani female [[volleyball]] player. She was part of the [[Kazakhstan women's national volleyball team]].

She participated in the [[2007 FIVB Volleyball World Grand Prix]].
<ref>{{cite web|title=Team Roster – Kazakhstan|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080723204629/http://www.fivb.org/EN/volleyball/competitions/WorldGrandPrix/2007/Teams/Team_Roster.asp?TEAM=KAZ&TRN=WGP2007&sm=72|website=FIVB.org|date= |accessdate=16 February 2016}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{cite web|url=http://www.fivb.org/EN/BeachVolleyball/Player_DataDB.asp?No=118940 |title=Beach Volleyball |publisher=FIVB |date=1970-03-29 |accessdate=2017-03-20}}

{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Dzigalyuk, Alexandra}}
[[Category:1970 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Kazakhstani women's volleyball players]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]

{{Kazakhstan-volleyball-bio-stub}}

Yekaterina Glushkova

2017-03-10T13:05:08Z

Derek R Bullamore: Filling in 1 references using Reflinks

{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2015}}
{{Infobox sportsperson
| name = Yekaterina Glushkova
| image =
| caption =
| fullname =
| nickname =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1981|6|11|df=yes}}
| birth_place = [[Kazakhstan]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| height = 
| weight = 
| sport = [[water polo]]
| 
| show-medals = yes
| medaltemplates =
| updated = {{date|2015-08-19}}
}}
'''Yekaterina Glushkova''' (née '''Gariyeva''', born 11 June 1981) is a former female [[water polo]] player of [[Kazakhstan]].

She was part of the Kazakhstani team at the [[Water polo at the 2013 World Aquatics Championships – Women's tournament|2013 World Aquatics Championships]] in Barcelona, Spain.<ref>{{cite news|title=BCN 2013 Kazakhstani Women's Water Polo Team|url=http://waterpolo.sportresult.com/pdf/WCH2013/WKAZ-R.pdf|publisher=Omega Timing|accessdate=28 August 2015}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Kazakhstan at the 2013 World Aquatics Championships]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{cite web|url=http://www.fina.org/news/water-polo-women-day-2-kaz-9-bra-5|title=Water Polo Women: Day 2: KAZ 9 BRA 5 |website=Fina.org|accessdate=2017-03-10}}
*{{cite web|url=http://archives.fina.org/H2O/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=3950:water-polo-women-day-3-hun-18-kaz-7&catid=381:bcn2013-water-polo&Itemid=1510|title=Water Polo Women: Day 3: HUN 18 KAZ 7|website=Archives.fina.org|accessdate=2017-03-10}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.swimmingworldmagazine.com/results/pdf/20130727waterpolo.pdf |format=PDF |title=15th Fina World Championships : Women's Waterpolo Quarterfinal Qualification |website=Swimmingworldmagazine.com\Accessdate=2017-03-10}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.todor66.com/Water_Polo/World/Women_2013.html|title=Women Water Polo XV World Championship 2013 Barcelona (ESP) 21.07-02.08 - Winner Spain|first=Todor|last=Krastev|website=Todor66.com|accessdate=2017-03-10}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Glushkova, Yekaterina}}
[[Category:Kazakhstani female water polo players]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:1981 births]]
[[Category:Water polo players at the 2004 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Olympic water polo players of Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Asian Games medalists in water polo]]
[[Category:Water polo players at the 2010 Asian Games]]

{{waterpolo-bio-stub}}

Tatyana Khromova

2017-03-08T19:51:05Z

Derek R Bullamore: Filling in 5 references using Reflinks

{{Infobox sportsperson
| name =
| image =
| caption =
| fullname = Tatyana Nikolayevna Khromova
| nickname =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1980|02|26|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Uzbekistan]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| nationality =
| residence =
| years_active =
| height = 173 cm
| weight = {{convert|74.86|kg|lb|abbr=on}}
| website =
| country = {{flagu|Uzbekistan}}<br>{{flagu|Kazakhstan}}
| sport = [[Olympic weightlifting|Weightlifting]]
| weight_class =
| pb =
| club =
| team = National team
| coach =
| retired =
| show-medals =
| medaltemplates =
| medaltemplates-title =
| updated = 6 September 2016
}}

'''Tatyana Nikolayevna Khromova''' ('''Татьяна Николаевна Хромова'''; born {{birth date|1980|02|26|df=yes}}) was an Uzbekistani born Kazakhstani female [[Olympic weightlifting|weightlifter]], competing in the 75 kg category and representing Kazakhstan at international competitions.

She participated at the [[2000 Summer Olympics]] in the [[Weightlifting at the 2004 Summer Olympics – Women's 75 kg|75 kg event]], and at the [[2004 Summer Olympics]] in the [[Weightlifting at the 2004 Summer Olympics – Women's 75 kg|75 kg event]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/olympics_2004/weightlifting/results/3532102.stm |title=Women's 69-75kg weightlifting results |website=[[BBC News]] |accessdate=2017-03-08}}</ref>

She competed at world championships, at the [[2010 World Weightlifting Championships]].<ref>{{cite web|title=2010 Weightlifting World Championships - Tatyana Khromova|url=http://www.iwf.net/results/results-by-events/?event=116|publisher=iwf.net|accessdate=23 June 2016}}</ref>

==Major results==
{|class = "wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! rowspan="2" style="width:40px;"|Year
! rowspan="2" style="width:250px;"|Venue
! rowspan="2" style="width:60px;"|Weight
!colspan=4| Snatch (kg)
!colspan=4| Clean & Jerk (kg)
! rowspan="2" style="width:40px;"| Total
! rowspan="2" style="width:40px;"| Rank
|-
! width=40|1!! width=40|2!! width=40|3!! width=40|Rank!! width=40|1!! width=40|2!! width=40|3!! width=40|Rank
|-
! colspan=13|[[Weightlifting at the Summer Olympics|Summer Olympics]]
|-
|[[Weightlifting at the 2000 Summer Olympics|2000]] || align=left|{{flagicon|AUS}} [[Sydney]], [[Australia]]|| [[Weightlifting at the 2000 Summer Olympics – Women's 75 kg|75 kg]] |||| || || || || || || || || DNF
|-
|[[Weightlifting at the 2004 Summer Olympics|2004]] || align=left|{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Athens]], [[Italy]]|| [[Weightlifting at the 2004 Summer Olympics – Women's 75 kg|75 kg]] |||| || || || || || || || || 6
|-
! colspan=13|[[World Weightlifting Championships|World Championships]]
|-
|[[2010 World Weightlifting Championships|2010]] || align=left|{{flagicon|TUR}} [[Antalya]], [[Turkey]]|| [[2010 World Weightlifting Championships – Women's 75 kg|75 kg]] ||107||'''110'''||<s>113||10||<s>133||<s>133||'''133'''||9||'''243'''||8
|-
|[[2009 World Weightlifting Championships|2009]] || align=left|{{flagicon|South Korea}} [[Goyang]], [[South Korea]] || [[2009 World Weightlifting Championships – Women's 75 kg|75 kg]] ||<s>110||'''110'''||<s>115||6||<s>135||<s>135||'''135'''||6||'''245'''||5
|-

|[[2007 World Weightlifting Championships|2007]] || align=left|{{flagicon|Thailand}} [[Chiang Mai]], [[Thailand]] || [[2007 World Weightlifting Championships – Women's 75 kg|75 kg]] ||95||100||'''106'''||6||115||'''120'''||<s>130||14||'''226'''||10
|-

|[[2003 World Weightlifting Championships|2003]] || align=left|{{flagicon|Canada}} [[Vancouver]], [[Canada]] || [[2003 World Weightlifting Championships – Women's 75 kg|75 kg]] ||'''110'''||<s>115||<s>115||6||<s>130||'''130'''||<s>135||10||'''240'''||8
|-

|[[2001 World Weightlifting Championships|2001]] || align=left|{{flagicon|Turkey}} [[Antalya]], [[Turkey]] || [[2001 World Weightlifting Championships – Women's 75 kg|75 kg]] ||105||<s>110||'''110'''||4||'''130'''||<s>132-5||<s>132.5||5||'''240'''||5
|-

|[[1999 World Weightlifting Championships|1999]] || align=left|{{flagicon|Greece}} [[Piraeus]], [[Greece]] || [[1999 World Weightlifting Championships – Women's 75 kg|75 kg]] ||100||'''105'''||<s>107.5||4||120||125||'''130'''||5||'''235'''||5
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{sports-reference|kh/tatyana-khromova-1}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.olystats.com/individual_profile.php?AID=14832 |title=Tatyana Khromova - KAZ |website=Olystats.com |date= |accessdate=2017-03-08}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.arabnews.com/node/360803 |title=Kazakhstan breaks China’s weightlifting domination with 2 golds |publisher=[[Arab News]] |date=2010-11-18 |accessdate=2017-03-08}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.zimbio.com/photos/Tatyana+Khromova/16th+Asian+Games+Day+6+Weightlifting/F5EaSD5NWY9 |title=Tatyana Khromova Photos Photos - 16th Asian Games - Day 6: Weightlifting |publisher=[[Zimbio]] |date= |accessdate=2017-03-08}}
*{{cite web|url=http://www.gettyimages.com/photos/tatyana-khromova?excludenudity=true&sort=mostpopular&mediatype=photography&phrase=tatyana%20khromova |title=Tatyana Khromova Stock Photos and Pictures |publisher=[[Getty Images]] |date= |accessdate=2017-03-08}}
*{{cite web|author=Todor Krastev |url=http://www.todor66.com/weightlifting/World/2009/Women_under_75kg.html |title=Women under 75kg Weightlifting XX World Championship 2009 Goyang (KOR) |website=Todor66.com |date= |accessdate=2017-03-08}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khromova, Tatyana}}
[[Category:1980 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Kazakhstani female weightlifters]]
[[Category:Weightlifters at the 2000 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Weightlifters at the 2004 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Olympic weightlifters of Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Place of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Weightlifters at the 1998 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Weightlifters at the 2002 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Weightlifters at the 2010 Asian Games]]
[[Category:Asian Games medalists in weightlifting]]
[[Category:Asian Games silver medalists for Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Asian Games bronze medalists for Kazakhstan]]

{{Kazakhstan-weightlifting-bio-stub}}

Princess Taihe

2016-01-25T20:37:10Z

Derek R Bullamore: Removed clean-up tag

'''Princess Taihe''' (太和公主, personal name unknown), later known as '''Princess Ding'an''' (定安公主) or '''Princess Anding''' (安定公主), was a princess of the [[History of China|Chinese]] [[Tang Dynasty]] and a [[Khatun]] (empress) of [[Huigu]]. She was married to Huige's [[Chongde Khan]] as part of the [[Heqin]] system of marriages between Tang princesses and [[Huigu]] khans, but suffered through Huigu's subsequent collapse before being welcomed back to the Tang court.

== Background and entry into marriage ==
It is not known when Princess Taihe was born, although it is known that she was a daughter of [[Emperor Xianzong of Tang|Emperor Xianzong]] (r. 805–820) and Emperor Xianzong's wife [[Empress Dowager Guo (Tang dynasty)|Consort Guo]],<ref>''[[Bo Yang]] Edition of the [[Zizhi Tongjian]]'', vol. 59 [842].</ref> and that she was younger than her full brother [[Emperor Muzong of Tang|Li Heng]],<ref name=ZZTJ241>''Zizhi Tongjian'', [[:zh:s:資治通鑑/卷241|vol. 241]].</ref> who was born in 795.<ref>''[[Old Book of Tang]]'', [http://www.sidneyluo.net/a/a16/016.htm vol. 16].</ref> She was Emperor Xianzong's 10th daughter over all.<ref name=BT195>''Old Book of Tang'', [http://www.sidneyluo.net/a/a16/195.htm vol. 195].</ref>

Late in Emperor Xianzong's reign, Huigu, then reigned by [[Baoyi Khan]], made repeated overtures to request a Tang princess to be married to Baoyi Khan under the [[Heqin]] system. Eventually, after a mission headed by the Huigu diplomat Hedagan (合達干), Emperor Xianzong agreed to have Princess Taihe's older sister Princess Yong'an married to Baoyi Khan — but as Emperor Xianzong died in 820, the marriage never took place.<ref name=ZZTJ241/><ref name=BT83>''Old Book of Tang'', [http://www.sidneyluo.net/a/a17/083.htm vol. 83].</ref> After Baoyi Khan died in 821 and was succeeded by [[Chongde Khan]], Chongde Khan continued to seek marriage with a Tang princess, and he sent a delegation including a number of officials and two Huigu princesses, along with a [[bride price]] of horses and camels.<ref name=BT195/> Later in 821, Li Heng, who was by now emperor (as Emperor Muzong), agreed to marry Princess Taihe to Chongde Khan. When another neighbor state, [[Tufan]], became aware of the Tang-Huigu marriage, it was incensed and attacked Fort Qingsai (青塞堡, in modern [[Yulin, Shaanxi]]), but the Tufan attack was repelled.<ref name=ZZTJ241/> On August 28,<ref>[http://www.sinica.edu.tw/ftms-bin/kiwi1/luso.sh?lstype=2&dyna=%AD%F0&king=%BFp%A9v&reign=%AA%F8%BCy&yy=1&ycanzi=&mm=7&dd=&dcanzi=%A8%AF%A8%BB] {{dead link|date=January 2016}}</ref> she departed the Tang capital Chang'an, escorted by the general Hu Zheng (胡証), assisted by the other officials Li Xian (李憲) and Yin You (殷侑).<ref name=ZZTJ242>''Zizhi Tongjian'', [[:zh:s:資治通鑑/卷242|vol. 242]].</ref> Anticipating a possible attempt to Tufan forces to intercept Princess Taihe's train, Huigu forces were dispatched to escort them as well as to attack Tufan's borders.<ref name=ZZTJ241/> Emperor Muzong issued an edict permitting Princess Taihe to maintain a staff on the same level of staffing as an imperial prince.<ref name=BT195/>

Princess Taihe's train did not arrive at the Huigu court until late 822. When they approached the Huigu court, Chongde Khan sent a group of several hundred soldiers to welcome her and escort her to the Huigu court, but Hu declined on the basis that his mission was to escort the princess ''to Chongde Khan'' and therefore he had to complete that final leg of the mission. After they arrived at the Huigu court and an appropriate date was set, Chongde Khan created her as [[Khatun]] — the Khan's wife. The wedding, as described by the ''Old Book of Tang'', went in this manner:<ref name=BT195/>

{{quote|The Khan first ascended a tower and sat to the east, and set up a tent under the tower for the Princess. He sent a group of Huigu princesses to teach the Princess in the ways of Huigu. The Princess took off her Tang robes and put on Huigu robes. Accompanied by an old woman servant, she exited the tent and approached the tower from the west, bowing. The Khan sat and accepted her bow. She then bowed again and then reentered the tent. She took off her robes and put on Khatun robes, and all of her clothes were [[rubia|madder]]-colored. She also bore a gold crown with protrusions like horns. She then exited the tent and again bowed to the Khan. A large [[litter (vehicle)|litter]] was set up, with a small seat in the front. A fortune teller assisted her in ascending the litter, and the chieftains of Huigu's nine tribes bore the litter. They made nine right turns before stopping at the tower. The Princess then descended from the litter and ascended the tower, and she sat with the Khan in the same eastern direction. The Huigu officials then bowed to both the Khan and the Khatun. The Khatun had her own headquarter tent, and two chancellors served her.}}

Before Hu and his staff were ready to depart, Princess Taihe held a feast for them, and it was said that she wept for over a day and kept them for that duration, before they actually departed. Chongde Khan awarded them with great treasure.<ref name=BT195/>

== As Khatun ==
In 824, Chongde Khan died and was succeeded by his brother [[Zhaoli Khan|Yaoluoge Hesa]] (藥羅葛曷薩) (as Zhaoli Khan).<ref>''Zizhi Tongjian'', [[:zh:s:資治通鑑/卷243|vol. 243]].</ref> Princess Taihe remained in Huigu, although it is not clear whether she remarried Zhaoli Khan or any other person. In 832, Zhaoli Khan was assassinated by his subordinates, and his nephew [[Zhangxin Khan|Yaoluge Hu]] (藥羅葛胡) succeeded him (as Zhangxin Khan).<ref>''Zizhi Tongjian'', [[:zh:s:資治通鑑/卷244|vol. 244]].</ref>

In 839, after a rebellion by the officials Anyunhe (安允合) and Chaile (柴勒), Zhangxin Khan was able to defeat and kill them, but a subsequent attack by another official, Jueluowu (掘羅勿), along with the [[Shatuo]] chief [[Li Guochang|Zhuye Chixin]], defeated Zhangxin Khan, and Zhangxin Khan committed suicide. The nobles supported another member of the royal family, [[Yaoluoge Hesa]] (藥羅葛闔馺, not same person as Zhaoli Khan) as khan. That year, it was said that in addition to these wars, there was a major plague and major snow storm, causing great deaths of the Huigu livestock and leading to its sudden decline.<ref name=ZZTJ246>''Zizhi Tongjian'', [[:zh:s:資治通鑑/卷246|vol. 246]].</ref>

In 840, a major [[Xiajiasi]] attack on Huigu destroyed the Huigu headquarters, and both Yaoluoge Hesa and Jueluowu were killed in battle. The remaining Huigu forces scattered. In 841, one of the major generals, [[Li Sizhong|Wamosi]], submitted to Tang (which was then ruled by Emperor Muzong's son [[Emperor Wuzong of Tang|Emperor Wuzong]]), and Emperor Wuzong issued an edict to Wamosi ordering him to seek out Princess Taihe. Meanwhile, though, Princess Taihe was actually taken captive by the Xiajiasi khan Are (阿熱), but Are, who claimed ancestry from the [[Han Dynasty]] general [[Li Ling]] and thus a common ancestry with Tang emperors (through Li Ling's grandfather [[Li Guang]]), treated her with respect and sent a group of generals to escort Princess Taihe back to Tang territory. On the way, though, one of the remnant Huigu leaders who had claimed khan title, [[Wujie Khan|Yaoluoge Wuxi]] (藥羅葛烏希, with title of Wujie Khan) ambushed the Xiajiasi escort and took Princess Taihe. He had her write to Emperor Wuzong requesting that Emperor Wuzong create him the new khan and also lend the border city of Zhenwu (振武, in modern [[Hohhot]], [[Inner Mongolia]]) to him to allow him to plan the rebuilding of Huigu. Emperor Wuzong responded with an edict that instructed Wujie Khan to remain outside Tang borders and requested Princess Taihe to personally return to Chang'an to report on Huigu's status.<ref name=ZZTJ246/>

Wujie Khan did not follow Emperor Wuzong's orders, and Huigu remnants under him pillaged Tang's northern territory in earnest. He also made another request to borrow the border city of Tiande (天德, in modern [[Bayan Nur]], [[Inner Mongolia]]), which Emperor Wuzong rejected. Emperor Wuzong further wrote a rebuking letter to Wujie Khan and warning of consequences, again ordering him to have Princess Taihe personally report and make requests. Emperor Wuzong also mobilized the forces of the circuits on the northern border, preparing a major retributive campaign against Wujie Khan. In winter 842, he also had the [[chancellor of Tang Dynasty|chancellor]] [[Li Deyu]] write a letter in his own name, addressed to Princess Taihe, sending it to the Huigu remnants along with winter clothes as a gift for Princess Taihe:<ref name=ZZTJ246/>

{{quote|Before, the Empire was willing to let go its beloved daughter to intermarry with Huigu. This was to seek peace for the Empire, and it was believed that Huigu would assist us in quieting the borders and defend against foreign attacks. But recent Huigu actions were thoroughly unreasonable, and its horses often headed south. Are you, Aunt, not fearful of the anger that the spirits of [[Emperor Gaozu of Tang|Emperor Gaozu]] and [[Emperor Taizong of Tang|Emperor Taizong]] would have? As you intrude and disturb the Empire's borders, do you not think of the kindness and love of the Grand Empress Dowager [(i.e., Consort Guo)]? You, Aunt, are the mother of the state in Huigu, and you should have enough power to issue orders. If the Khan does not accept your orders, then he will be ending the relationship between the two states. After that, he will no longer be able to use you, Aunt, as his defense.}}

In 843, Wujie Khan launched an attack on Zhenwu. Tang forces, commanded by the general [[Shi Xiong]], prepared a surprise counter-attack. When he arrived near the Huigu camp, he noticed that there were some special wagons lined with rugs, and that the servants in those wagons were wearing red- and green-colored robes that appeared to be Chinese. He sent a scout to make contact and found out that these were Princess Taihe's train. He then had the scout again inform Princess Taihe of his plans to attack, and asked her and her servants to remain calm and not move during the attack. At night, he made a surprise attack on Wujie Khan's tent, and Wujie Khan's forces collapsed. Wujie Khan fled, and Shi then escorted Princess Taihe back to Tang territory.<ref name=ZZTJ247>''Zizhi Tongjian'', [[:zh:s:資治通鑑/卷247|vol. 247]].</ref>

== After return to Tang ==
On April 4, 843,<ref>[http://www.sinica.edu.tw/ftms-bin/kiwi1/luso.sh?lstype=2&dyna=%AD%F0&king=%AAZ%A9v&reign=%B7%7C%A9%F7&yy=3&ycanzi=&mm=3&dd=&dcanzi=%A9%B0%B1G] {{dead link|date=January 2016}}</ref> Princess Taihe arrived at Chang'an. Emperor Wuzong ordered the chancellors and the other officials to welcome and honor her. She took off her grand clothes and jewels, and she approached the palace, apologizing for the failure of her mission. Emperor Wuzong sent [[eunuch]]s to comfort her and put her robes and jewels back on, and then welcomed her into the palace. The next day, she had a reunion with her mother Grand Empress Dowager Guo, and she was created the title of Grand Princess Ding'an (per the ''[[New Book of Tang]]'') or Grand Princess Anding (per the ''[[Zizhi Tongjian]]'').<ref name=ZZTJ247/><ref>''[[New Book of Tang]]'', [http://www.sidneyluo.net/a/a17/083.htm vol. 83].</ref> Seven princesses did not attend the welcoming ceremony, and Emperor Wuzong, in anger, took away a portion of their stipend and the silk customarily given to them.<ref name=ZZTJ247/> This was the last historical reference to her, and it is not known when she died.

==Notes and references==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
* ''[[Old Book of Tang]]'', [http://www.sidneyluo.net/a/a16/195.htm vol. 195].
* ''[[New Book of Tang]]'', vols. [http://www.sidneyluo.net/a/a17/083.htm 83], [http://www.sidneyluo.net/a/a17/217b.htm 217, part 2].
* ''[[Zizhi Tongjian]]'', vols. [[:zh:s:資治通鑑/卷241|241]], [[:zh:s:資治通鑑/卷242|242]], [[:zh:s:資治通鑑/卷246|246]], [[:zh:s:資治通鑑/卷247|247]].

{{DEFAULTSORT:Taihe, Princess}}
[[Category:Tang dynasty princesses]]
[[Category:Uyghurs]]
[[Category:9th-century Asian people]]
[[Category:9th-century women]]

Fetisovo

2015-03-11T11:23:56Z

Derek R Bullamore: Removed clean-up tag

'''Fetisovo''' is a village located in [[Kazakhstan]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mbendi.com/place/fetisovo-kazakhstan-2660772#description |title=Fetisovo, Kazakhstan |publisher=Mbendi.com |date=2014-04-22 |accessdate=2014-06-16}}</ref> on the coast of the [[Caspian Sea]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.maplandia.com/kazakhstan/guryev/fetisovo/ |title=Fetisovo Map | Kazakhstan Google Satellite Maps |publisher=Maplandia.com |date= |accessdate=2014-06-16}}</ref> The European route E121 passes by the area.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{coord missing|Kazakhstan}}

[[Category:Populated places on the Caspian Sea]]

{{Kazakhstan-geo-stub}}