Kazakhstan Encyclopedia - User contributions [en]

Saiga Antelope Memorandum of Understanding

2015-12-10T11:03:47Z

Davidcannon: clean up, typo(s) fixed: Therefore → Therefore, using AWB

{{Infobox treaty
| name =Memorandum of Understanding Concerning Conservation, Restoration and Sustainable Use of the Saiga Antelope
| long_name =
|
| rep =
| image = Mongolia_Saiga_tatarica.jpg
| image_width =
| image_alt =
| caption =
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| type =
| context = [[nature conservation]]
|
| date_drafted =
| date_signed =
| location_signed =
| date_sealed =
| date_effective = 24 September 2006
| condition_effective =
| date_expiration = 
| date_expiry = 
| mediators = 
| negotiators = 
| signatories =
* {{flag|Turkmenistan}}
* {{flag|Uzbekistan}}
* {{flag|Kazakhstan}}
* {{flag|Russian Federation}}
* {{flag|Mongolia}}
| parties =
| ratifiers = 
| depositor = 
| depositories = 
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| language = 
| languages = English and Russian
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| wikisource = 
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}}

'''The Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) Concerning Conservation, Restoration and Sustainable Use of the Saiga Antelope ''' is a Multilateral Environmental [[Memorandum of Understanding]] and came into effect on 24 September 2006 under the auspices of the [[Bonn Convention|Convention on Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS)]], also known as the [[Bonn Convention]]. The MoU covers five range States (Kazakhstan, Mongolia, Russian Federation, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan), all of which have signed. A number of cooperating organizations have also signed the MoU.

== Development of MoU ==
To implement the decision of the Seventh Conference of the Parties of CMS to list the [[Saiga Antelope]] ''(Saiga tatarica)'' on Appendix II of the Convention as a consequence of its endangered status and the conviction that conservation efforts of this species are dependent on international collaboration between the range States, an Article IV agreement was concluded and took effect on 24 September 2006 after signature by the third range State.
[[File:014 Bazhanov signing.jpg|thumb|200px|alt=Signing of the Saiga Antelope MoU by the Russian Federation|Signing of the Saiga Antelope MoU by the Russian Federation, 24 June 2009]]
[[File:Signing of the Saiga Antelope MoU by Uzbekistan.JPG|thumb|200px|Signing of the Saiga Antelope MoU by Uzbekistan, 23 May 2006]]
Signatories to the Saiga Antelope MoU:
* Turkmenistan (23 November 2005)
* Uzbekistan (23 May 2006)
* Kazakhstan (24 September 2006)
* Russian Federation (24 June 2009)
* Mongolia (10 September 2010)

In addition, the following organizations have signed the MoU:
* [[UNEP]]/CMS Secretariat (23 November 2005)
* Ministry of Nature and Environment of Mongolia (23 November 2005)
* [[International Council for Game and Wildlife Conservation]] (23 November 2005)
* [[IUCN]]/SSC (23 November 2005)
* [[WWF (conservation organization)|WWF International]] (23 November 2005)
* [[Fauna and Flora International]] (24 September 2006)
* [[Frankfurt Zoological Society]] (24 September 2006)
* [[Wildlife Conservation Society]] (24 September 2006)
* Association for the Conservation of Biodiversity of Kazakhstan (10 September 2010)
* [[Saiga Conservation Alliance|The Saiga Conservation Alliance]] (10 September 2010)

== Aim of MoU==
Since the [[collapse of the Soviet Union]] in 1991, Saiga populations declined by more than 95% (scientists estimate that only 64,400-69,400 Saigas remain from a former population of nearly 2 million), primarily due to poaching for the species’ meat and horn and Chinese traditional medice.<ref>http://www.cms.int/species/saiga/saiga_bkrd.htm</ref> Being one of the fastest population collapses of large mammals recently observed, the MoU aims to reduce current exploitation levels and restore the population status of these nomads of the Central Asian steppes.

== Species covered by MoU ==
Until 2002 only the sub-species ''Saiga tatarica tatarica'' was listed on the CMS Appendix II and thus the scope of the MoU was limited to this sub-species. In 2008 however, all ''Saiga spp.'' were listed on Appendix II and at the Second Meeting of Signatories the species coverage of the MoU was extended to the entire species.<ref>CMS Species list: http://www.cms.int/pdf/en/CMS_Species_6lng.pdf</ref>

[[File:Map of Signatories to the Saiga Antelope MoU.jpg|thumb|300px|Map of Signatories to the Saiga Antelope MoU, as of 15 August 2012]]

== Fundamental components ==
All Signatories agree to collaborate to improve the conservation status of the Saiga antelope throughout its range, and undertake national and joint activities to conserve restore and sustainably use the species and those habitats and ecosystems important for its long-term survival. Therefore, they shall, individually or collectively:<ref>Text Saiga Antelope Memorandum of Understanding: http://www.cms.int/species/saiga/_Saiga_MoU_Eng_amended_10Sept2010_with_sig.pdf</ref>

# Provide effective protection for the Saiga antelope and, where feasible and appropriate, conserve, restore and sustainably use those habitats and ecosystems that are important for its long-term survival
# Implement the provisions of the Action Plan, adopted in 2006
# Assess regularly the implementation of the Saiga antelope MoU and the Action Plan
# Facilitate the exchange of scientific, technical and legal information to undertake coordinated measures to conserve, restore and sustainably use the Saiga antelope, and cooperate with other States, intergovernmental organizations, non-governmental organizations and other bodies interested in the implementation process
# Provide to the CMS Secretariat detailed reports on the implementation of the MoU

The MoU took effect immediately after at least three of the range States signed it (24 September 2006) and shall remain in effect indefinitely subject to the right of any Signatory to terminate its participation by providing one year’s written notice to all of the other Signatories.

== Meetings ==

=== Meeting of Signatories ===
Meetings of Signatories are organized regularly to review the conservation status of the Saiga antelope and the implementation of the MoU and Action Plan. National reports by individual Signatories and a report prepared by the Secretariat are also submitted.

'''The First Meeting of Signatories ''' took place in [[Almaty, Kazakhstan]], 25–26 September 2006.<ref>Report First Meeting of Signatories: http://www.cms.int/species/saiga/report_mtg1/_Report_1st_Saiga_Meeting_with_annexes_E.pdf</ref> Previous to the meeting a two-day Technical Workshop was organized. During the First Meeting of Signatories the following points were addressed:

* Share information on the conservation status of the Saiga antelope within the respective range States and the status of implementation of the Action Plan
* Adopt a Medium Term International Work Programme to support the implementation of the MoU and Action Plan

The Signatories represented at the meeting were Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan. The other two range States, the Russian Federation and Mongolia, were also represented. Additionally, China and the United States were also present. Finally, a number of organizations such as [[UNDP]] Kazakhstan, [[NABU]] and [[TRAFFIC]] attended the meeting.

'''The Second Meeting of Signatories ''' was convened by CMS and took place in [[Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia]], 7–10 September 2010, preceded by a technical meeting.<ref>Report Second Meeting of Signatories: http://www.cms.int/species/saiga/2ndMtg_Mongolia/Mtg_Rpt/Report_SA_2nd_Meeting_E_with_annexes.pdf</ref> The Meeting of Signatories:

* Adopted a Medium Term International Work Programme for 2011-2015
* Agreed to expand the MoU to cover all Saigas, and thus to amend its title to refer to ''“Saiga spp.”'' instead of only ''“Saiga tatarica tatarica”''. This meant that Mongolia became a formal Range State to the MoU and its signature was welcomed

The Signatories represented at the meeting were Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, the Russian Federation and Mongolia. China as well as a number of organizations such as [[IUCN]], [[CITES]] and [[IFAW]] also attended the meeting.

=== Other Saiga meetings ===
[[File:Workshop on the Conservation and Sustainable Use of Saiga Antelope Urumqi.jpg|thumb|250px|Workshop on the Conservation and Sustainable Use of Saiga Antelope Urumqi, China, 27–29 September 2010]]

From 27–29 September 2010 a Workshop on the Conservation and Sustainable Use of Saiga Antelope was organized in [[Urumqi, China]].<ref>For summary of workshop see: http://www.cms.int/news/PRESS/nwPR2010/10_oct/Saiga_WorkShop_Urumqi_FINAL_REPORT_English.pdf</ref> The workshop focused on strengthening international cooperation among consumer and range States and provide a platform for discussion between the Asian traditional medicine industry and those managing conservation activities for the species.

From 17–18 February 2011 a Workshop on the Implementation and Coordination of the Saiga Antelope (Saiga spp.) Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) and other CMS Instruments for Migratory Ungulates was held in [[Astana]], Kazakhstan.<ref>Workshop report: http://www.cms.int/species/saiga/Other_Saiga_Mtgs/Workshop_Astana_KAZ_Feb2011/Meeting_Report_Eng_with_annexes_rev.pdf</ref> During this workshop priority activities for Saiga conservation in Kazakhstan were agreed and technical coordination arrangements for 2011 for the MoU with the Association for the Conservation of Biodiversity of Kazakhstan (ACBK)<ref>http://www.acbk.kz/en/</ref> and the [[Saiga Conservation Alliance]] (SCA)<ref>http://www.saiga-conservation.com/</ref> were confirmed.

== Secretariat ==
The CMS Secretariat – located in [[Bonn, Germany]] – acts as the secretariat to the MoU. One of the main tasks of the secretariat is to prepare an overview report compiled on the basis of information at its disposal pertaining to the Saiga antelope. Furthermore, the secretariat also acts as the Depositary.

== Action Plan and Medium Term International Work Programme ==
[[File:Saiga Antelope populations Map.jpg|thumb|500px|Saiga Antelope populations Map]]
The MoU includes a detailed '''Action Plan''', which was first developed in 2002 at a preparatory meeting in [[Elista]], Russian Federation.<ref>Action Plan: http://www.cms.int/species/saiga/Action_Plan_Eng.pdf</ref> It has been drafted in consideration of biological, economic and social research, as well as practical information provided by a range of stakeholders and came into force in 2006. The Action Plan provides a road map to guide the implementation of conservation action for the Saiga antelope in the range States and in those countries which import Saiga products, such as the species’ horn. It has three main objectives:

* Restore populations to ecologically and biologically appropriate levels throughout the species’ range [[File:Saiga tatarica.jpg|thumb|200px|Saiga Antelope ''(Saiga tatarica'')]]
* Restoring the range and habitats of Saiga antelopes to optimal levels
* Enhance transboundary and international cooperation to conserve and sustainably use Saigas

To reach these objectives activities focus on:<ref>http://www.cms.int/species/saiga/saiga_bkrd.htm</ref>

* Improved monitoring of the status of individual populations, including participatory monitoring with local people
* Application of the same recommended monitoring methodology throughout range States
* Assessment of species’ distribution, spatial and temporal variation in breeding pastures and migratory routes
* Reduction and control of Saiga poaching
* Creation of alternative livelihood options in rural villages that depend on poaching for income and employment; creation of incentives for conservation at local level
* Awareness raising (regional, national and international levels)
* Improvement of the protected area network, focusing on birth and rutting areas and including transboundary protection areas
* Application of captive breeding where appropriate; knowledge transfer on techniques
* Reduction and control of illegal trade in Saiga products; compliance with CITES provisions
* Assessment of long-term conservation solutions, including sustainable use if populations have recovered to a level that would allow for such use

'''The Medium Term International Work Programme (MTIWP)''' is the primary road map for conservation actions under the Saiga antelope MoU and is regularly updated. It is this work programme which is used to implement the MoU and to review progress; it reflects the highest priorities for action for a period of five years in order to support the Action Plan’s implementation. The MTIWP for 2007-2011 was adopted at the first Meeting of Signatories in 2006;<ref>Medium Term International Work Programme 2007-2011: http://www.cms.int/species/saiga/report_mtg1/Annex_09_MediumTerm_Int_WrkProgm_E.pdf</ref> the MTIWP for 2011-2015 was adopted at the second Meeting of Signatories in 2010.<ref>Medium Term International Work Programme 2011-2015: http://www.cms.int/species/saiga/2ndMtg_Mongolia/Mtg_Rpt/Annex_5_MTIWP_2011_2015_E.pdf</ref>

== Altyn Dala Conservation Initiative ==
[[File:Locations of the Saiga Antelope in Kazakhstan (1970-2008).jpg|thumb|400px|Saiga Antelope locations in Kazakhstan (1970-2008)]]
The Altyn Dala Conservation Initiative (ADCI) is a large scale programme to conserve the northern steppe and semi desert ecosystems and their [[Critically Endangered]] species like the Saiga antelope. The ADCI is an initiative of the Kazakh Committee of Forestry and Hunting (CFH) of the Ministry of Agriculture and the Ministry of Environment Protection and is implemented by the Association for the Conservation of Biodiversity of Kazakhstan (ACBK) in partnership with the Frankfurt Zoological Society (FZS)<ref>http://www.zgf.de/?id=14&language=de</ref> and the [[Royal Society for the Protection of Birds|Royal Society for the Protection of Birds (RSPB)]].<ref>http://www.rspb.org.uk/</ref>

The programme started in 2006, uses an ecosystem approach and focuses on an area of about 55 million hectares. The main objectives are:<ref>http://www.saigak.biodiversity.ru/eng/publications/saiganewseng7.pdf</ref>

* Address the main threats to the future viability of the Betpak-dala Saiga population and its habitats, such as poaching as well as habitat conversion and fragmentation
* Establish a network of protected areas of various categories and corridors to conserve the migration routes and habitats of Saigas
* Identify and put in place key enabling conditions such as the genuine involvement of local communities and other relevant stakeholders, as well as ensuring tangible contributions to people’s livelihoods and rural development
* Gather baseline understanding of the Kazakh steppe and semi desert ecosystems and their species in order to inform the planning and implementation of these conservation measures
* Raise awareness and understanding for steppe and Saiga conservation nationally and internationally

One of the biggest achievements to date is the improvement of the population status of the Betpak-Dala Saiga population, which increased more than fourfold since 2006 as a result of joint efforts of the Kazakhstan government, the ADCI and its partners – from estimated 18,600 individuals in 2006 to estimated 78,000 individuals in 2011.<ref>http://zgf.de/?id=132&language=de</ref>

Despite this good news, the Kazakh Saiga population is still at risk. In 2010 about 15 percent of the Saiga antelope population (around 12,000 individuals) died by an outbreak of pasteurellosis, a disease affecting the lungs, within a 4,500 hectare area of western Kazakhstan.<ref>http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/kazakhstan/7779374/Saiga-antelope-population-drops-by-15-per-cent-due-to-disease.html</ref>

== Cooperation with other organizations ==
In 1995 the Saiga antelope was included in Appendix II of the '''[[Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora|Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES)]]''' to primarily address the illegal trade in Saiga horn. Since one of the main conservation needs is to reduce and control poaching of the species for their meat and horn, CMS and CITES closely collaborate to address both Saiga population management and illegal trade in order to contribute towards the international conservation of this flagship species of the Eurasian steppes. In the Joint Work Programme between CMS and CITES for the period 2012-2014, the Saiga species are one of the target groups for joint activities.<ref>Joint Work Programme between CMS and CITES: http://www.cites.org/eng/com/SC/62/E62-14-03.pdf</ref>

To coordinate communication, the newsletter '''Saiga News ''' was launched in 2005 by the [[Saiga Conservation Alliance]]. It is published bi-annually in English and Range State languages and can be accessed through the Saiga Conservation Alliance website.<ref>Saiga News:http://www.saiga-conservation.com/saiga_news.html</ref>

==References==

<references />

== External links ==
* [http://www.cms.int/ Convention on Migratory Species of Wild Animals (CMS)]
* [http://www.cms.int/species/saiga/saiga_bkrd.htm CMS Saiga Antelope Memorandum of Understanding]
* [http://www.saiga-conservation.com/ Saiga Conservation Alliance]
* [http://www.acbk.kz/en/%20 Association for the Conservation of Biodiversity of Kazakhstan]
* [http://www.cms.int/pdf/en/summary_sheets/saig.pdf%20 Up-to-date list of MoU Signatories/summary sheet]

[[Category:2006 in the environment]]
[[Category:Fauna of Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Megafauna of Eurasia]]
[[Category:True antelopes]]
[[Category:Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals]]
[[Category:Treaties concluded in 2006]]
[[Category:Treaties entered into force in 2006]]
[[Category:Treaties of Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Treaties of Mongolia]]
[[Category:Treaties of Russia]]
[[Category:Treaties of Turkmenistan]]
[[Category:Treaties of Uzbekistan]]
[[Category:Mammal conservation]]

Radio Classic (Kazakhstan)

2015-12-09T12:26:43Z

Davidcannon: clean up, added orphan tag using AWB

{{Multiple issues|
{{Orphan|date=December 2015}}
{{Refimprove|date=July 2015}}
}}

{{Infobox company
| name = Classic Radio
| logo =
| caption =
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| romanized =
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| type = [[Radio Station]]
| traded_as =
| industry = [[Mass media]]
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| foundation = {{Start date|df=yes|2011|6|6}}
| founder =
| defunct =
| location_city = [[Almaty]]
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| area_served = [[Kazakhstan]]
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'''Classic Radio''' is the first classical music radio station in Kazakhstan. It is a joint media project of the [[Kazakhstan Radio and Television Corporation]] and the Kurmangazy Kazakh National Conservatory. The station started broadcasting on 102.8 FM, on 6 June 2011. In November 2013 the radio started also broadcasting in the city of Astana on frequency 102,7 FM.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://classicfm.kz/ru/category/about_radio |title=О радио — Радио Classic |publisher=Classicfm.kz |date= |accessdate=2015-07-17}}</ref>

==Mission==
The main objectives of Radio Classic are:
* Meeting the cultural and aesthetic needs of listeners;
* Providing free around the clock access to the best music created in the last few centuries;
* Promotion of classical music;
* Supporting local artists and composers;
* Creating of original cultural, educational and musical and programs.

==Broadcasts==
* "Grani" with Natalia Goryacheva (Monday to Friday at 12.00)
* "Kinoblyuz" Oleg Boretskaya (Monday 20.00, repeat - Friday 20.00)
* "Tylsym Pern" with zira Naurzbaevoy (Monday 18.00, repeat - Thursday 18.00)
* "Ugra v Biser" with Nurgul Yertayev (Tuesday 18.00)
* «Jazz time» Noel Shayakhmetova (Sunday 20.00, repeat - Tuesday 20.00)
* "Culturnaya Mosaica" with Jania Aubakirova (Wednesday 20.00, Saturday 20.00)
* "Klassikomaniya" (Wednesday 20.00, repeat - Sunday 16.00)
* "Musical Odyssey" (Russian) (Saturday 12.00, repeat - Sunday 17.00)
* "Musical Odyssey" (Kazakh) (Saturday 17.00, repeat - Sunday 12.00)

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Kazakh language]]

Iris tigridia

2015-11-29T11:39:32Z

Davidcannon: clean up, typo(s) fixed: chinese → Chinese, , → ,; Fixed citation parameter;  ; Fixed unbalanced brackets using AWB

:''For the ''tiger iris'', see [[Tigridia pavonia]].''
{{italic title}}{{taxobox
|name = Iris tigridia
|image = Iris tigridia.JPG
|image caption = From Altai, Russia
|regnum = [[Plantae]]
|unranked_divisio = [[Angiosperms]]
|unranked_classis = [[Monocots]]
|ordo = [[Asparagales]]
|familia = [[Iridaceae]]
|subfamilia = [[Iridoideae]]
|tribus = [[Irideae]]
|genus = ''[[Iris (plant)|Iris]]''
|subgenus = ''[[Iris subg. Iris|Iris]]''
|sectio = ''Pseudoregelia''
|species = '''''Iris tigridia'''''
|binomial = ''Iris tigridia''
|binomial_authority = [[Alexander Andrejewitsch von Bunge|Bunge]] and [[Carl Friedrich von Ledebour|Ledeb.]]
|synonyms = {{Species list
| Iris pandurata |Maxim.
| Iris tigridia var. tigridia | (Unknown)<ref>{{cite web |title=Iris tigridia Bunge ex Ledeb. is an accepted name |date= 23 March 2012 |url=http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-322490 |publisher=theplantlist.org ([[The Plant List]]) |accessdate=17 July 2015}}</ref>
| Iris pygmaea | Pallas
| Iris pumilae affinis | Pallas
| Iris praecox | Pallas.<ref name=american>{{cite web |first=Alain |last=Franco |title=(SPEC) Iris tigridia Bunge |date=29 November 2013 |url=http://wiki.irises.org/bin/view/Spec/SpecTigridia |publisher=wiki.irises.org (American Iris Society)| accessdate=17 July 2015}}</ref>
}}}}
'''''Iris tigridia''''' is a species in the genus ''[[Iris (plant)|Iris]]'', it is also in the subgenus of [[Iris subg. Iris|Iris]] and in the ''Pseudoregelia section''. It is a [[rhizomatous]] [[perennial plant|perennial]], from [[Kazakhstan]], [[Russia]], [[Mongolia]] and [[China]]. It has dark green or greyish green, grass-like leaves, a short slender stem and a single (or rarely 2) flowers that are either violet, dark blue, blue-purple, dark purple, mauve, lilac, lavender, or light purple. It is cultivated as an ornamental plant in [[temperateness|temperate]] regions.

==Description==
It has small compact rhizomes.<ref name=british>British Iris Society (1997) {{Google books|pL6uPLo7l2gC|A Guide to Species Irises: Their Identification and Cultivation|page=107}}</ref><ref name=efloras>{{cite web |title=FOC Vol. 24 Page 311 |url=http://efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200028221 |publisher=efloras.org (Flora of China) |accessdate=19 August 2015}}</ref> Which are brown,<ref name=irisbotanique>{{cite web |title=Chapter I (Part 7) Pseudoregelia |url=http://irisbotanique.over-blog.com/ |publisher=irisbotanique.com |accessdate=17 July 2015}}</ref> yellow or white, fibrous.<ref name=csdb>{{cite web |title=Coarse roots Iris Iris tigridia Bunge ex Ledeb. |url=http://www.plants.csdb.cn/eflora/view/search/chs_contents.aspx?CPNI=CPNI-252 |publisher=plants.csdb.cn |accessdate=6 August 2015}}</ref> Underneath the rhizome are numerous fleshy, secondary roots,<ref name=british/> which are between 3 – 4 mm wide.<ref name=csdb/> On top of the rhizome are the dense, brown,<ref name=lesnoj>{{cite web |first=M.M. |last=Silanteva |title=IRIS TIGRIDIA BUNGE - IRIS (Iris) tiger |url=http://lesnoj-atlas.com/page/260/iris-tigridia-bunge-iris-kasatik-tigrovyy.html?group=2 |publisher=lesnoj-atlas.com |accessdate=17 August 2015}}</ref><ref name=icc>{{cite web |title=Iridaceae Juss. Iris tigridia Bunge |url=http://www.icc.mn/Plants/eplant/pl100.htm |publisher=icc.mn |accessdate=19 August 2015}}</ref><ref name=onego>{{cite web |title=Tiger Iris - Iris tigridia Bunge |url=http://flower.onego.ru/other/iris/irie_cae.html |publisher=flower.onego.ru |accessdate=20 July 2015}}</ref> or dark brown,<ref name=gasu>{{cite web |first=I.A. |last=Damn |title=Plants, Rdb Altai Territory |url=http://e-lib.gasu.ru/konf/sssk/arhive/2006/01/R_3_3.html |publisher=e-lib.gasu.ru (Gorno-Altaisk State University) |accessdate=19 August 2015}}</ref> fibrous remains of last seasons leaves.<ref name=handbook>{{cite web |first=William |last=Dykes |authorlink=William Rickatson Dykes |title=Handbook of Garden Irises |year=2009 |url=http://www.beardlessiris.org/reviews/handbook%20of%20garden%20irises%20-%20dykes.pdf |format=PDF |publisher=beardlessiris.org (The Group for Beardless Irises) |accessdate=1 November 2014}}</ref><ref name=red>{{cite web |first=V.M. |last=Doronkin |first2=A.G. |last2=Mans |title=Iris (Iris) tiger - Iris tigridia Bunge |url=http://www.g-abs.ru/red/red/str/41%20Iris tigridia.htm |publisher=g-abs.ru |accessdate=19 August 2015}}</ref> It creates small tufted plants.<ref name=icc/><ref name=red/>

It has dark green,<ref name=csdb/> or greyish green leaves,<ref name=efloras/><ref name=irisbotanique/><ref name=red/> that can grow up to between {{convert|5|-|30|cm|0|abbr=on}} long, and between 1.5 and 6 mm wide.<ref name=efloras/><ref name=gasu/><ref name=European>James Cullen, Sabina G. Knees, H. Suzanne Cubey (Editors) {{Google books|CkxWrDqtWLQC|The European Garden Flora Flowering Plants: A Manual for the Identification (2011) |page=251}}</ref> At the time of flowering, they are {{convert|5|-|13|cm|0|abbr=on}} long,<ref name=british/> and between 1.5 and 2 mm wide.<ref name=csdb/> They then elongate to the final height of up to 30 cm tall.<ref name=irisbotanique/><ref name=csdb/> They are grass-like, they can be erect and linear,<ref name=british/><ref name=efloras/> or slightly curved.<ref name=icc/><ref name=gasu/> They do not have a midvein,<ref name=efloras/><ref name=csdb/> but have an acuminate apex (pointed) tip.<ref name=efloras/><ref name=csdb/><ref name=icc/> This form separates them from ''[[Iris potaninii]]''.<ref name=handbook/> In mild temperate areas, they are evergreen (lasting through the winter).<ref name=onego/>

It has a slender stem,<ref name=efloras/><ref name=csdb/> that can grow up to between {{convert|3|-|15|cm|0|abbr=on}} tall.<ref name=signa>{{cite web |first=D. |last=Kramb |title=Iris tigridia |date=10 October 2004 |url=http://www.signa.org/index.pl?Iris-tigridia |publisher=signa.org (Species Iris Group of North America) |accessdate=17 August 2015}}</ref><ref name=cassidy>{{cite book |last1=Cassidy |first1=George E.| last2=Linnegar | first2=Sidney | date=1987 |edition=Revised | title= Growing Irises |location=Bromley | publisher=Christopher Helm | page=126 | isbn=0-88192-089-4}}</ref><ref name=pacific>{{cite web |title=Iris summary |date=14 April 2014 |url=http://www.pacificbulbsociety.org/pbswiki/files/Iris/Iris_Summary.pdf |format=PDF |publisher=pacificbulbsociety.org |accessdate=23 November 2014}}</ref> Sometimes, the stem seems to only just appear above ground.<ref name=british/><ref name=efloras/><ref name=csdb/>

The stem has 2,<ref name=gasu/> yellow-green, (scarious) membranous, [[Bract#Spathe|spathes]] (leaves of the flower bud).<ref name=british/><ref name=efloras/>
They are lanceolate and between {{convert|3|-|4|cm|0|abbr=on}} long,<ref name=icc/> with a pointed tip.<ref name=csdb/>

The stems hold 1, (or rarely 2,<ref name=European/>) terminal (top of stem) flowers, blooming between April and May,<ref name=lesnoj/><ref name=handbook/> normally in May.<ref name=british/><ref name=efloras/><ref name=irisbotanique/>

The flowers are {{convert|3.5|-|5|cm|0|abbr=on}} in diameter,<ref name=british/><ref name=irisbotanique/><ref name=csdb/> come in shades of violet,<ref name=british/><ref name=irisbotanique/> dark blue,<ref name=irisbotanique/><ref name=European/><ref name=aril>{{cite web| title=Aril irises S-Z| date=14 April 2014 | url=http://www.pacificbulbsociety.org/pbswiki/index.php/ArilIrises | publisher= pacificbulbsociety.org | accessdate=17 August 2015}}</ref> blue-purple,<ref name=onego/><ref name=gasu/><ref name=handbook/> dark purple,<ref name=red/> mauve,<ref name=american/><ref name=stebbings>{{cite book |last=Stebbings |first=Geoff |year=1997|title=The Gardener's Guide to Growing Irises |url= |location=Newton Abbot |publisher=David and Charles |page=16 |isbn=0715305395 }}</ref> lilac,<ref name=american/><ref name=European/> lavender,<ref name=irisbotanique/><ref name=signa/><ref name=aril/> or light purple.<ref name=efloras/> The flowers have darker spots, veining or mottling.<ref name=gasu/><ref name=red/><ref name=European/>

Like other irises, it has 2 pairs of petals, 3 large [[sepals]] (outer petals), known as the 'falls' and 3 inner, smaller petals (or [[tepals]]), known as the 'standards'.<ref name=ClaireAustin>{{cite book |first=Claire |last=Austin |title=Irises; A Garden Encyclopedia |year=2005 |publisher=Timber Press |isbn=0881927309 }}</ref> The falls are
obovate, and {{convert|3|-|4|cm|0|abbr=on}} long,<ref name=british/><ref name=efloras/><ref name=icc/> and 1-1.5 cm wide.<ref name=british/><ref name=efloras/><ref name=csdb/> It has in the centre of the petal, is a white patch,<ref name=European/> and a beard,<ref name=lesnoj/><ref name=onego/><ref name=gasu/> with blue-white,<ref name=british/> or white hairs,<ref name=aril/> tipped with yellow,<ref name=american/><ref name=irisbotanique/><ref name=European/> or yellow hairs.<ref name=efloras/><ref name=csdb/>
The erect,<ref name=british/> or tilting outwards,<ref name=csdb/> standards are oblanceolate,<ref name=efloras/><ref name=csdb/> and {{convert|2.5|-|3|cm|0|abbr=on}} long and 0.4-0.7 cm wide.<ref name=british/><ref name=efloras/><ref name=csdb/> They are darker shade than the falls.<ref name=british/>

It has a 5 mm long [[Pedicel (botany)|pedicel]],<ref name=efloras/><ref name=csdb/> and 2 cm long [[perianth|perianth tube]],<ref name=efloras/><ref name=irisbotanique/><ref name=handbook/> that widens out at the top.<ref name=british/><ref name=csdb/>

It has 2.3-2.5 cm long [[Stigma (botany)#Style|styles]],<ref name=british/><ref name=efloras/><ref name=csdb/> that have triangular crests.<ref name=british/><ref name=csdb/> It has blue [[pollen]],<ref name=british/> and a long, green [[Ovary (botany)|ovary]], that is up to 1.2 cm long.<ref name=british/><ref name=efloras/><ref name=csdb/> It has 1.5 cm long stamens.<ref name=efloras/><ref name=csdb/>

After the iris has flowered, between June and July,<ref name=onego/> or up to August,<ref name=efloras/><ref name=csdb/> it produces an ovoid,<ref name=efloras/><ref name=csdb/> or fusiform (spindle shaped),<ref name=onego/><ref name=red/> seed capsule. That is between {{convert|2.5|-|4|cm|0|abbr=on}} long,<ref name=british/><ref name=csdb/><ref name=icc/> and 1.5–2 cm in diameter.<ref name=csdb/> It has a beak like top, attached to the remains of the perianth tube.<ref name=british/><ref name=efloras/><ref name=csdb/> Inside the capsule are roundish,<ref name=british/> or pear shaped (pyriform), seeds.<ref name=efloras/><ref name=csdb/>
They have a creamy,<ref name=british/> or yellowish white aril (appendage).<ref name=efloras/><ref name=csdb/>

===Biochemistry===
In 2003, a study was carried out on the chromosome sequencing of various Irises from the Siberian region of central Asia. They sequenced the [[RuBisCO|rbcL gene]] from some Siberian Iris species belonging to different subgenera including, ''[[Iris halophila]]'', ''[[Iris ludwigii]]'', ''[[Iris uniflora]]'', ''[[Iris pseudacorus]]'' and ''[[Iris laevigata]]''. Their results supported [[Brian Mathew]]’s classification from 1989. That ''[[Iris bloudowii]]'', ''[[Iris humilis]]'', ''[[Iris ivanovae]]'', ''Iris tigridia'', and ''[[Iris glaucescens]]'' form a cluster.<ref name=phlogenetic>{{cite journal |last=Makarevitch |first=Irina |last2=Golovnina |first2=Kseniya |last3=Scherbik |first3=Svetlana |last4=Blinov |first4=Alexander |date=2003 |title=Phylogenetic Relationships Of The Siberian Iris Species Inferred From Noncoding Chloroplast Dna Sequences |url=http://www.researchgate.net/publication/249158477_Phylogenetic_Relationships_of_the_Siberian_Iris_Species_Inferred_from_Noncoding_Chloroplast_DNA_Sequences |journal=Int. J. Plant Sci. |publisher=The University of Chicago |volume=164 |issue=2 |pages=229–237 |doi= |accessdate=11 February 2015}}</ref>

In 2011, a chromosome and [[karyotype]] analysis study was carried out on the rhizomes of ''Iris tigridia''. It found that the chromosome number of Iris tigridia was 2n=18.<ref name=casb>{{cite journal |last=Xiaoying |first=Bi |last2=Zhiwei |first2=Zhao |last3= Yang |first3=Zheng |last4=Dongsheng |first4=Li |date=2011 |title=Staining and Slide-preparing Technique of Chromosome and Karyotype Analysis of Iris tigridia |url=http://www.casb.org.cn/PublishRoot/casb/2011/13/2010-3585.pdf |format=PDF |journal=Chinese Agricultural Science Bulletin |publisher= |volume=27 |issue=13 |pages=157–160 |doi= |accessdate=17 August 2015}}</ref>

As most irises are [[diploid]], having two sets of [[chromosomes]], this can be used to identify hybrids and classification of groupings.<ref name=ClaireAustin/>
It has been counted several times. Including by [[Vladimir M. Doronkin|Doronkin]] in 1984.<ref name=american/>
It has been counted as 2n=18,<ref name=casb/> 20,<ref name=american/><ref name=pacific/> 22,<ref name=irisbotanique/><ref name=signa/><ref name=pacific/> 24,<ref name=american/><ref name=pacific/> 28,<ref name=pacific/> 32,<ref name=pacific/> 34,<ref name=american/> 38,<ref name=british/><ref name=pacific/> and 40.<ref name=american/><ref name=pacific/>

== Taxonomy==
It is written as 粗根鸢尾 in [[Chinese characters|Chinese script]] and known as ''cu gen yuan wei'' in [[Pidgin]].<ref name=efloras/><ref name=grin>{{cite web |title=Taxon: Iris tigridia Bunge |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?413660 |publisher=ars-grin.gov ([[Germplasm Resources Information Network]]) |accessdate=16 July 2015}}</ref>

It is also commonly known as 'thick-root iris' in China.<ref name=grin/> or 'coarse roots iris'.<ref name=csdb/>
In Russia, it is commonly known as 'tiger Iris'.<ref name=csdb/><ref name=oopt>{{cite web |title=Iris tigridia Bunge |url=http://oopt.aari.ru/bio/43062 |publisher=oopt.aari.ru |accessdate=19 August 2015}}</ref><ref name=innature>{{cite web |title=Red Book (Flora) 2 |url=http://innature.kz/viewpage.php?page_id=383 |publisher=innature.kz |accessdate=19 August 2015}}</ref>

It is known as 'Bartsooxor tsaxildag' in Mongolian.<ref name=Palatability>{{cite web |title=Palatability Of Mongolian Rangeland Plants, Circular of Information No. 3 |date=December 2005 |publisher=Eastern Oregon Agricultural Research Center |url=http://ir.library.oregonstate.edu/xmlui/bitstream/handle/1957/3087/Palatability%20of%20Mongolian%20Rangeland%20Plants.pdf.txt?sequence=3 |accessdate=20 January 2015}}</ref>

The Latin [[Botanical name#Binary name|specific epithet]] ''tigridia'' refers to 'tigris' or tiger-like. This refers to the colour marking of the perianth,<ref>D. Gledhill {{Google books|NJ6PyhVuecwC|The Names of Plants|page=390}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Smith |first1=A.W. |last2=Stearn |first2=William T. |date=1972 |edition=Revised |publication-date=1963 | title= A Gardener's Dictionary of Plant Names | publisher=Cassell and Company | page=314 | isbn=0304937215}}</ref> or the rather motley coloured flower of the iris.<ref name=gasu/>

It was first published and described (written in [[Latin]]) by [[Carl Friedrich von Ledebour]] and [[Alexander Andrejewitsch von Bunge]] in 'Flora Altaica' Vol.1 on page 60 in 1829.<ref>Carl Friedrich von Ledebour, [[Carl Anton von Meyer|Karl Anton Meyer]] and Alexander von Bunge {{Google books|uUo-AAAAcAAJ|Flora Altaica: Classis 1 - 5, Volume 1 (1829) |page=60}}</ref><ref name=ipni>{{cite web |title=Iridaceae Iris tigridia Bunge | url=http://www.ipni.org/ipni/idPlantNameSearch.do?id=439185-1 |publisher=ipni.org (International Plant Names Index) |accessdate=17 July 2015}}</ref><ref name=kew>{{cite web |title=Iris tigridia Bunge ex Ledeb., Fl. Altaic. 1: 60 (1829) |url=http://apps.kew.org/wcsp/namedetail.do?name_id=322490 |publisher=apps.kew.org |accessdate=17 July 2015}}</ref>

It was then published by Ledebour in 'Icones Plantarum novarum vel imperfecte cognitarum Floram rossicam' (Icon. Pl. Fl. Ross.) tab. 342. in 1830 (or 1833,<ref name=csdb/>) with a colour illustration,<ref name=american/> then by [[Karl Maximovich|Maxim]] in the 'Bulletin of the Academy of Sciences St Petersburg' (Bull. Acad. Sci. St. Petersb.) Vol.26 on page530 in 1880 and by [[Charles Henry Wright|C.H. Wright]] in the 'Journal of the Linnean Society, Botany' (Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot.) Vol.36 on page 85 in 1903.

It was once placed with ''[[Iris potaninii]]'' and ''[[Iris pumila]]'' in the Pogoniris group,<ref name=handbook/> before being re-classified as in the ''Pseudoregelia section''.

It was verified by [[United States Department of Agriculture]] and the [[Agricultural Research Service]] on 19 May 1999, then updated on 1 December 2004.<ref name=grin/>

It is listed in the [[Encyclopedia of Life]].<ref name=eol>{{cite web |title=Iris cuniculiformis |url=http://eol.org/pages/2898094/overview |publisher=eol.org |accessdate= 17 August 2015}}</ref>

''Iris tigridia'' is an accepted name by the [[Royal Horticultural Society|RHS]], it was last listed in the RHS Plant Finder in 2014.<ref>{{cite web|title=Iris tigridia |url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/20970/Iris-tigridia/Details |publisher=www.rhs.org.uk| accessdate=17 August 2015}}</ref>

==Distribution and habitat==
It is [[native plant|native]] to temperate Asia.<ref name=aril/><ref name=grin/><ref name=eol/>

It is [[endemic]] to the north-east Asia,<ref name=red/> from the Altai mountain range and Siberia to Manchuria in China.<ref name=handbook/><ref name=cassidy/><ref name=kew/>

===Range===
It is found in Russia,<ref name=csdb/><ref name=signa/><ref name=pacific/> within the Russian states of [[Aga-Buryat]], [[Buryatia]],<ref name=onego/> [[Chita Oblast|Chita]],<ref name=onego/> [[Chukchi Peninsula|Chukchi]], [[Gorno-Altay]], [[Irkutsk Oblast|Irkutsk]], [[Magadan Oblast|Magadan]], [[Tuva]],<ref name=lesnoj/><ref name=onego/><ref name=red/> and [[Sakha Republic|Yakutia (Sakha)]].<ref name=grin/> Including the [[Altai mountains]],<ref name=lesnoj/><ref name=ipni/><ref>M.S. Mani {{Google books|NHvoCAAAQBAJ|Ecology and Biogeography of High Altitude Insects|page=358}}</ref> [[Altai Republic]],<ref name=lesnoj/><ref name=red/>
and [[Transbaikal|Trans-Baikal]] region.<ref name=onego/>

Within middle Asia, it is found in Mongolia,<ref name=csdb/><ref name=stebbings/><ref>P.D. Gunin, Elizabeth A. Vostokova, Nadezhda I. Dorofeyuk, Pavel E. Tarasov, Clanton C. Black (Editors) {{Google books |USf2CAAAQBAJ|Vegetation Dynamics of Mongolia|page=185}}</ref>(in the territories of [[Khövsgöl Nuur|Khubsugul]], Khentei, [[Khangai, Arkhangai|Khangai]], Mongol-Daurian and Middle Khalkha,<ref name=icc/>) and in Kazakhstan.<ref name=efloras/><ref name=irisbotanique/><ref name=grin/>

It is also found in China,<ref name=onego/><ref name=signa/><ref name=pacific/> within the [[Provinces of China|provinces]] of [[Gansu]], [[Heilongjiang]],<ref name=csdb/> [[Jilin]],<ref name=csdb/> [[Liaoning]],<ref name=csdb/> [[Nei Monggol]],<ref name=csdb/> [[Qinghai]], [[Shanxi]],<ref name=csdb/> and [[Sichuan]].<ref name=irisbotanique/><ref name=grin/><ref name=eol/>

It is listed with ''[[Iris bloudowii]]'', ''[[Iris glaucescens]]'', ''[[Iris ruthenica]]'', ''[[Iris sibirica]]'', ''[[Iris tenuifolia]]'' and ''[[Iris psammocola]]'' (another ''Pseudoregelia Iris'') as being found in the [[Altai-Sayan region]] (where Russia, China, Mongolia and Kazakhstan come together).<ref>{{cite web |title=Biodiversity of Altai-Sayan Ecoregion |url=http://www.bioaltai-sayan.ru/regnum/eng/species_all.php?right=box-spec-p/iris.php |publisher=bioaltai-sayan.ru |accessdate=15 August 2015}}</ref>

===Habitat===
It grows in (rocky or gravelly) screes,<ref name=lesnoj/><ref name=onego/><ref name=greif>{{cite web |title=Scientific name:Iris tigridia Bunge |url=http://greif.uni-greifswald.de/floragreif/?flora_search=taxon&taxon_id=2068 |publisher=greif.uni-greifswald.de |accessdate=17 August 2015}}</ref> on the dry hillsides (or slopes),<ref name=lesnoj/><ref name=icc/><ref name=red/> in dunes,<ref name=eol/> in sandy meadows or grasslands,<ref name=csdb/><ref name=gasu/><ref name=eol/> in steppes,<ref name=icc/><ref name=onego/><ref name=greif/> and beside forest margins.<ref name=efloras/><ref name=irisbotanique/>

They can be found at an altitude of {{convert|0|-|2000|m|ft|abbr=on}} above sea level.<ref name=onego/><ref name=red/>

==Conservation==
It is listed as 'rare' in Russia,<ref>{{cite web |title=The exhibition "Iris Russia" |url=http://flower-iris.ru/en/knigi-pro-iridariy/zaglyanut-v-knigu/66/ |publisher=flower-iris.ru |accessdate=17 August 2015}}</ref> only single specimens are found.<ref name=onego/>
It is also rare in Mongolia.<ref name=icc/>

It is listed in the [[Red Data Book of the Russian Federation]],<ref name=red/><ref name=oopt/> the Data Book of the Altai Republic,<ref name=oopt/> (or Territory),<ref name=lesnoj/><ref name=red/> of USSR,<ref name=red/><ref name=oopt/> of the Tuva Republic,<ref name=red/><ref name=oopt/> and the Republic of [[Khakassia]],<ref name=red/><ref name=oopt/> and of Kazakhstan.<ref name=innature/>

It is found in [[Dauria]] and Sokhondinsky State Biosphere Reserve (in Chita).<ref name=oopt/>

==Cultivation==
It is [[Hardiness (plants)|hardy]] to Zone H3 in Europe.<ref name=European/> Meaning that it is hardy to -10 to -15oC (14 to 5oF).<ref>{{cite web |title=Plant Hardiness |url=http://theseedsite.co.uk/hardiness.html |publisher=theseedsite.co |accessdate=3 August 2015}}</ref> In non-hardy areas, it can be grown in an [[alpine house]] or [[bulb frame]].<ref name=cassidy/> Due to the fact that the plant needs to be protected from winter moisture.<ref name=onego/>

It has been tested for hardiness in Russia, in the botanical gardens of [[Barnaul]] (The South-Siberian Botanical Garden), [[Novosibirsk]] (Central Siberian Botanical Garden), [[Chita, Zabaykalsky Krai|Chita]] (Trans-Baikal Botanical Garden) and [[Saint Petersburg Botanical Garden]]. Only in St. Petersburg, it was found to be not hardy.<ref name=onego/>

It can be grown in well drained soils, in a sunny position.<ref name=onego/><ref name=cassidy/>

It can be grown in a rock garden.<ref name=onego/><ref name=handbook/>

It is thought best planted between August and September.<ref name=handbook/>

===Propagation===
It can be propagated by [[Division (horticulture)|division]] or by seed growing. It can only be divided, when the plant makes new side-shoots.<ref name=lesnoj/>

===Hybrids and Cultivars===
Several cultivars have been introduced including;
* ‘Violet Peafowl’ (purple)
* ‘Starry Diamond’ (violet blue)
* ‘Rainbow in May’ (purple-pink)
* ‘Bright Vitas’ (blue).
All 4 cultivars are between 12 cm to 14 cm tall, flower between April and May, are hardy, drought tolerant and salt tolerant.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Luo |first=Gang-Jun |last2=Bi |first2=Xiao-Ying |last3=Meng |first3=Tong-Fei |last4=Zheng |first4=Yang |last5=Xu |first5=Wen-Ji |last6=Lei |first6=Jia-Jun |date=2014 |title=New Iris tigridia Cultivars ‘Violet Peafowl’, ‘Starry Diamond’，‘Rainbow in May’ and ‘Bright Vitas’ |url=http://www.ahs.ac.cn/EN/abstract/abstract4620.shtml |journal=Acta Horticulturae Sinica |publisher= |volume=41 |issue=10 |pages=2163–2164 |doi= |accessdate=17 August 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Jim |last=Murrain |title=Perks of the "job" |date=12 August 2013 |url=http://theamericanirissociety.blogspot.co.uk/2013_08_01_archive.html |publisher=theamericanirissociety.blogspot.co.uk |accessdate=21 August 2015}}</ref>
* 'Medianite' (a lilac and pink form, but lost in cultivation)<ref name=american/>

''Iris tigridia var. fortis'' (Y. T. Zhao) is listed as a variant from (Jilin, Inner Mongolia and Shanxi) in China. It grows {{convert|10|-|20|cm|0|abbr=on}} tall, with violet flowers.<ref name=signa/><ref name=pacific/>

==Toxicity==
Like many other irises, most parts of the plant are poisonous (rhizome and leaves), if mistakenly ingested can cause stomach pains and vomiting. Also handling the plant may cause a skin irritation or an allergic reaction.<ref>David G Spoerke and Susan C. Smolinske{{Google books|a7-f66fRfzQC|Toxicity of Houseplants|page=236}}</ref>

==Uses==
It is used in gardens, also in herbal medicines,<ref name=icc/> and as a [[fodder]] plant for farm animals.<ref name=icc/><ref name=Palatability/>

It has been eaten by cattle and horses, at most times of the year. It is also consumed by goats but it is thought to be an undesirable food source.<ref name=Palatability/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

===Other sources===
* Fedtsch, B. 1935 Kom Fl URSS 4, 549.
* Czerepanov, S. K. 1995. Vascular plants of Russia and adjacent states (the former USSR).
* Fu, Y. C. et al. 1977–. Flora intramongolica.
* Lineam, Kitagawa 1939 Fl Mansh 149.
* Komarov, V. L. et al., eds. 1934–1964. Flora SSSR.
* Mathew, B. 1981. The Iris. 68.
* Waddick, J. W. & Zhao Yu-tang. 1992. Iris of China.
* Wu Zheng-yi & P. H. Raven et al., eds. 1994–. Flora of China (English edition).
* Liu Ying, Liu 1936 Chinese Journal of Botany Vol.3 Issue 2 page 947

==External links==
*{{Commons category-inline|Iris tigridia}}
* [http://www.plantarium.ru/page/view/item/20838.html Has several images of the iris growing in Russia]
* [http://www.edgewoodgardens.net/plants_album/the%20plants%20-%20%20complete%20collection/iridaceae/Iris/Subgen%20Iris%20Sect%20Pseudoregelia/I%20tigridia/slides/Iris%20tigridia%200005.html Has a large image of the iris]
*{{Wikispecies-inline|Iris tigridia}}

{{Clear}}
{{Iris subg. Iris}}

[[Category:Iris (plant)|tigridia]]
[[Category:Flora of Central Asia]]
[[Category:Flora of China]]
[[Category:Flora of Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Flora of Mongolia]]
[[Category:Flora of Siberia]]
[[Category:Garden plants of Asia]]
[[Category:Plants described in 1829]]

Asbestos Convention

2015-10-13T11:40:08Z

Davidcannon: clean up, added underlinked tag using AWB

{{Underlinked|date=October 2015}}
{{Infobox treaty
| name = C162
| long_name = Asbestos Convention, 1986
| image =AsbestosConvention.svg
| image_width =280
| caption =Parties to the convention
| type =
| date_drafted =
| date_signed =24 June 1986
| location_signed =Geneva
| date_sealed =
| date_effective = 16 June 1989
| condition_effective = 2 ratifications
| date_expiration =
| signatories =
| parties =
| ratifiers = 35
| depositor = Director-General of the International Labour Office
| language =
| languages = French and English
| wikisource =Asbestos Convention
}}

'''Asbestos Convention, 1986''' is an [[International Labour Organization]] [[International Labour Organization#International Labour Conference|Convention]], adopted at the 72nd session of the International Labour Conference.

It was established in 1986, with the preamble stating:
<blockquote>Having decided upon the adoption of certain proposals with regard to safety in the use of asbestos,...</blockquote>

== Ratifications ==
As of 2013, the convention has been ratified by 35 states from all continents.

== External links ==
*[http://www.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en/f?p=1000:12100:0::NO::P12100_ILO_CODE:C162 Text].
*[http://www.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en/f?p=1000:11300:0::NO:11300:P11300_INSTRUMENT_ID:312307 Ratifications].

[[Category:International Labour Organization conventions]]
[[Category:Health treaties]]
[[Category:Treaties concluded in 1986]]
[[Category:Treaties entered into force in 1989]]
[[Category:Asbestos]]
[[Category:Treaties of Australia]]
[[Category:Treaties of Belgium]]
[[Category:Treaties of Bolivia]]
[[Category:Treaties of Bosnia and Herzegovina]]
[[Category:Treaties of Brazil]]
[[Category:Treaties of Cameroon]]
[[Category:Treaties of Canada]]
[[Category:Treaties of Chile]]
[[Category:Treaties of Colombia]]
[[Category:Treaties of Croatia]]
[[Category:Treaties of Cyprus]]
[[Category:Treaties of Denmark]]
[[Category:Treaties of Ecuador]]
[[Category:Treaties of Finland]]
[[Category:Treaties of Germany]]
[[Category:Treaties of Guatemala]]
[[Category:Treaties of Japan]]
[[Category:Treaties of Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Treaties of South Korea]]
[[Category:Treaties of Luxembourg]]
[[Category:Treaties of Montenegro]]
[[Category:Treaties of Morocco]]
[[Category:Treaties of the Netherlands]]
[[Category:Treaties of Norway]]
[[Category:Treaties of Portugal]]
[[Category:Treaties of Russia]]
[[Category:Treaties of Serbia and Montenegro]]
[[Category:Treaties of Slovenia]]
[[Category:Treaties of Spain]]
[[Category:Treaties of Sweden]]
[[Category:Treaties of Switzerland]]
[[Category:Treaties of the Republic of Macedonia]]
[[Category:Treaties of Uganda]]
[[Category:Treaties of Uruguay]]
[[Category:Treaties of Zimbabwe]]
[[Category:Treaties extended to Greenland]]
[[Category:Treaties extended to the Faroe Islands]]
[[Category:Occupational safety and health treaties]]
[[Category:Chemical safety]]
[[Category:1986 in labour relations]]

{{International-law-stub}}