Kazakhstan Encyclopedia - User contributions [en]

Optional Protocol on the Involvement of Children in Armed Conflict

2017-03-18T23:25:53Z

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{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2013}}
{{Infobox treaty
| name = Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the Involvement of Children in Armed Conflict
| long_name =
| image =
| image_width =
| caption =
| type =
| date_drafted =
| date_signed = 25 May 2000<ref name=untreaty/>
| location_signed = New York<ref name=untreaty/>
| date_sealed =
| date_effective = 12 February 2002<ref name=untreaty/>
| condition_effective = 10 ratifications
| date_expiration =
| signatories = 130<ref name=untreaty/>
| parties = 166<ref name=untreaty/>
| depositor = [[Secretary-General of the United Nations|UN Secretary-General]]<ref name=article47>[http://www.unhchr.ch/html/menu3/b/k2crc.htm Article 47].</ref>
| languages = Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian and Spanish
| website =
| wikisource = Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the Involvement of Children in armed conflict
}}
The '''Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the Involvement of Children in Armed Conflict''' is an [[multilateral treaty]] whereby states agree to (1) prohibit the [[Military use of children|conscription into the military of children]] under the age of 18 and (2) ensure that military volunteers under the age of 18 are exempted from taking a direct part in hostilities. The [[United Nations General Assembly]] adopted the treaty as a supplementary protocol to the [[Convention on the Rights of the Child]] by [[United Nations General Assembly resolution|resolution]] 54/263 on 25 May 2000.<ref name="UN_ARES54263">{{UN document |docid=A-RES-54-263 |type=Resolution |body=General Assembly |session=54 |resolution_number=263 |accessdate=20 July 2008|title=Optional protocols to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the involvement of children in armed conflict and on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography|date=25 May 2000}}</ref> The protocol came into force on 12 February 2002. The protocol requires that ratifying governments ensure that while their armed forces can accept volunteers below the age of 18, they cannot be conscripted and "States Parties shall take all feasible measures to ensure that members of their armed forces who have not attained the age of 18 years do not take a direct part in hostilities".<ref>[http://www2.ohchr.org/english/law/pdf/crc-conflict.pdf Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the involvement of children in armed conflict], (see Articles 1 and 2)</ref> Non-state actors and guerrilla forces are forbidden from recruiting anyone under the age of 18 for any purpose.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Yun|first1=Seira|title=Breaking Imaginary Barriers: Obligations of Armed Non-State Actors Under General Human Rights Law – The Case of the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child|journal=Journal of International Humanitarian Legal Studies|date=2014|volume=5|issue=1-2|pages=213–257|ssrn=2556825|accessdate=}}</ref> As of the end of November 2016, 166 states are party to the protocol and another 13 states have signed but not ratified it.<ref name=untreaty>{{Cite web
| last =
| first =
| last2 =
| first2 =
| title = Signatories & Dates of Ratification of the '''Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the Involvement of Children in armed conflict'''
| work =
| publisher = UN
| date =
| url = http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-11-b&chapter=4&lang=en
| format =
| doi =
| accessdate = 23 May 2016}}
</ref>

==ICRC commentary==
The sentence "States Parties shall take all feasible measures to ensure that members of their armed forces who have not attained the age of 18 years do not take a direct part in hostilities" was adapted from Article 77.2 of the Additional [[Protocol I]] to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts, adopted in 1977, with an alteration from fifteen years to eighteen years and some other minor modifications. ("The Parties to the conflict shall take all feasible measures in order that children who have not attained the age of fifteen years do not take a direct part in hostilities and, in particular, they shall refrain from recruiting them into their armed forces.")

The ICRC commentary on Protocol I makes clear that it does not require a complete ban on the use of children in conflict. The ICRC had suggested that the Protocol require parties to "take all necessary measures;" however, the final text instead uses the wording "take all feasible measures" which is not a total prohibition on their doing so. Furthermore, refraining from recruiting children under fifteen does not exclude children who volunteer for armed service. During the negotiations over the clause "take a part in hostilities," the word "direct" was added opening up the possibility that child volunteers could be involved indirectly in hostilities, gathering and transmitting military information, helping in the transportation of arms and munitions, provision of supplies, etc.<ref>[http://www.icrc.org/ihl.nsf/COM/470-750099?OpenDocument ICRC Commentary on Protocol I: Article 77] website of the [[International Committee of the Red Cross|ICRC]] ¶ 3183–3191 also ¶ [http://www.icrc.org/ihl.nsf/COM/470-750098?OpenDocument 3171]</ref>

==National responses==
The United Kingdom, which recruits citizens into the army who are under 18, clarified its position in an explanatory memorandum, stating that "whilst Army personnel under the age of 18 may continue to undertake a limited range of duties with resident units in Northern Ireland, they do not participate in activities in direct support of the civil powers; UK military personnel under the age of 18 are not deployed as aircrew; and in line with UN policy, personnel under the age of 18 are not deployed on [[Peacekeeping|UN peacekeeping operations]]".<ref>{{cite web|title=Explanatory Memorandum on the Optional Protocol to the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child – Command Paper number: 5759|url=http://www.fco.gov.uk/en/about-the-fco/publications/treaty-command-papers-ems/explanatory-memoranda/explanatory-memoranda-2003/unchild|publisher=Foreign Office}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Committee on the Rights of the Child]]
* [[List of international instruments relevant to the worst forms of child labour]]
* [[Free Children from War conference]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.ohchr.org/EN/ProfessionalInterest/Pages/OPACCRC.aspx The full text of this convention]
*[http://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-11-b&chapter=4&lang=en List of ratifications]
*[http://www.unicef.org/publications/files/option_protocol_conflict.pdf Guide to the Optional Protocol on the involvement of children in armed conflict] UNICEF, Coalition to Stop the Use of Child Soldiers, 2003

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Paeonia anomala

2016-11-14T01:27:47Z

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{{taxobox
| image= Paeonia anomala.jpg
| regnum = [[Plant]]ae
| unranked_divisio = [[Angiosperms]]
| unranked_classis = [[Eudicots]]
| unranked_ordo = [[Core eudicots]]
| ordo = [[Saxifragales]]
| familia = [[Paeoniaceae]]
| genus = ''[[Paeonia (plant)|Paeonia]]''
| species = '''''P. anomala'''''
| binomial = ''Paeonia anomala''
| binomial_authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]
| synonyms =
''P. altaica'', ''P. laciniata'', ''P. siberica'', ''P. sinjiangensis''
}}

'''''Paeonia anomala''''' is a species of herbaceous perennial [[peony]]. The vernacular name in Russia is '''Пион необыча́йный''' (Pion neobycháynyy) meaning "anomalous peony", in Kazakh it is called '''кәдімгі Таушымылдық''' (kädimgi Tawşımıldıq) "common peony", in Mongolia '''Ягаан цээнэand''' (Yagaan tseene) "pink peony", and in China '''新疆芍药''' (xin jiang shao yao), "Xinjiang peony". These plants are ½-1 m high, have a thick irregular taproot and thin side roots, and deeply incised leaves, with leaflets themselves divided in fine segments. It has almost always only one fully developed flower per stem, magenta-red or rarely pink or white. The species occurs in a zone between northern European Russia and northern Mongolia and south to the [[Tien Shan Mountains]].<ref name=HP>{{cite journal|author1= Hong De-Yuan|author2= Pan Kai-Yu |year= 2004|title= A Taxonomic Revision of the Paeonia anomala Complex (Paeoniaceae)|journal= Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden|volume= 91|issue= 1|pages= 87–98|jstor= 3298571}}</ref> ''P. anomala'' bears flowers in early summer.

In garden cultivation, it requires full sun or half-shade and well drained soil. [[Double-flowered]] forms are cultivated.

== Description ==
[[Image:Paeonia anomala 2016-04-19 7722.JPG|{{largethumb}}|left|new growth with flowerbud]][[Image:Paeonia anomala Kuolanpioni Sibirisk pion C IMG 4757.JPG|{{largethumb}}|left|follicles]]''Paeonia anomala'' is a non-woody species of [[peony]] of ½–1 m high, with an irregular ''carrot-shaped'' taproot of over ½ m long and 2 cm thick, gradually getting thinner downwards and slender side roots. As all diploid peonies, it has 10 chromosomes (2n=10).<ref name=HP /><ref name=PZS>{{cite journal|first1= J.|last1= Pan|first2= D.|last2= Zhang|first3= T.|last3= Sang|year= 2007|title= Molecular phylogenetic evidence for the origin of a diploid hybrid of Paeonia (Paeoniaceae)|journal= American Journal of Botany|volume= 94|pages= 400–408|pmid= 21636409|doi=10.3732/ajb.94.3.400}}</ref>

=== Leaves and Stems ===
The leaves have no sheath or [[stipule]]s and are alternately arranged along the stem, are divided into a [[Petiole (botany)|leaf stalk]] and [[Leaf#Morphology (large-scale features)|leaf blade]]. The leaf blade is twice compounded or very deeply incised, first into three leaflets, themselves palmately compounded or deeply divided (this is called biternate), each leaflet being further divided into segments that themselves are lobed, resulting in seventy to one hundred segments of ¾-3¼ cm wide. At the end of the growing season the leaves may turn vivid red.<ref name=HP /><ref name=FoC>{{cite web|website= Flora of China|title= Paeonia anomala|url= http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200008028|accessdate= 2016-04-13}}</ref><ref name=WD>{{cite web|website= The families of flowering plants|title= Paeoniaceae Rudolphi|author= L. Watson and M.J. Dallwitz|url= http://delta-intkey.com/angio/www/paeoniac.htm|accessdate= 2016-04-13}}</ref><ref name=AM>{{cite web|website= Arboretum Mustila|title= Paeonia anomala - anomala peony|url= http://www.mustila.fi/en/plants/paeonia/anomala|accessdate= 2016-04-13}}</ref>

=== Inflorescence ===
One or very rarely two hermaphrodite flowers fully develop on each stem, while one or two flowerbuds are arrested in their development, and two to five leaflike [[bract]]s are present. The flowers are somewhat nodding. Each flower has three to five leathery [[sepal]]s that mostly end in a stretched tip, making it "leafy", but sometimes one and rarely two sepals may be obovate with a rounded tip, which do not fall after flowering. The corolla usually consists of six to nine oblong [[Cyclamen (color)|cyclamen]] or rarely pink to white [[petal]]s of 3-6½ × 1½-3 cm. Towards the centre of the flower are many [[stamen]]s consisting of filaments of ½–1 cm topped with anthers that ripen from the inside out, open with slits and release yellow pollen. The pollen is released in sets of four grains together. Dependent on latitude and altitude flowers open between April and July and are said to smell like [[Lily of the valley]]. Petals and stamens are shed after flowering. The two to five carpels are initially pale yellow with reddish [[stigma (botany)|stigma]]s, but eventually become green, may be hairless or covered in soft felty hairs. Within, several large, initially red but eventually shiny black seeds of 6×4 mm develop, and each carpel opens by a slit over the entire length. Ripe seedheads may be present during August and September.<ref name=HP /><ref name=FoC /><ref name=WD /><ref name=AM /><ref>{{cite web|website= RarePlants|title= Paeonia anomala|url= http://www.rareplants.co.uk/product/paeonia-anomala/|accessdate= 2016-04-20}}</ref>

=== Differences with related species ===
Few other peony species are non-woody and have finely segmented leaves. ''[[Paeonia tenuifolia]]'' has even more divided leaves with narrowed segments of up to 6 mm wide, the basal leaves consisting of more than one hundred and thirty segments. ''[[Paeonia emodi]]'' has about 15 entire segments per basal leaf. ''P. anomala'' however strongly resembles ''[[Paeonia intermedia]]'', from which it can be distinguished because the latter has many spindle-shaped roots and at least the two innermost sepals are rounded. Even more morphologically alike is ''[[Paeonia veitchii]]'' which differs only from this species because it usually has two to four flowers per stem in addition to two undeveloped buds, rather than only one flower, rarely two, in addition to few undeveloped buds.<ref name=HP />

== Taxonomy ==
[[Image:Peony anomil.jpg|{{largethumb}}|left|seeds]]

=== Taxonomic history ===
''Paeonia anomala'' was first described by [[Carl Linnaeus]] in 1771, based on a plant from Siberia.<ref name=FoC /> [[Peter Simon Pallas|Pallas]] described in 1789 three further species, ''P. laciniata'' and ''P. siberiaca'' also from Siberia, and ''P. hybrida'' which developed from seed supposedly from a specimen of ''P. tenuifolia'' in the [[Saint Petersburg Botanical Garden]]. In 1818 [[Alexander Anderson (botanist)|Anderson]] merely recognized ''P. anomala'', considering ''P. hybrida'' a synonym of ''P. tenuifolia''. In the same year [[Augustin Pyramus de Candolle]] distinguished between ''P. laciniata'', ''P. anomala'' and ''P. hybrida'', but synonymized ''P. laciniata'' with ''P. anomala'' in 1824. In 1830 [[Ernst Heinrich Friedrich Meyer|Meyer]] named a fourth species, ''P. intermedia'', that had been collected in the [[Altai Mountains]]. Ledebour (1842) cited ''P. hybrida'' and ''P. intermedia'', but treated ''P. laciniata'' as a synonym of ''P. anomala''. [[Ernst Rudolf von Trautvetter|Von Trautvetter]] in 1860 thought there was but one species, and treated ''P. hybrida'' as a variety of ''P. anomala'', while considering ''P. intermedia'' as a form within that variety. The widest delineation of ''P. anomala'' was made by [[Ernst Huth]] in 1892 who included var. ''typica'', var. ''hybrida'' (now ''P. intermedia''), var. ''nudicarpa'', and var. ''emodi'' (now ''P. emodi''). [[Porfiry Krylov (botanist)|Krylov]] in 1901 thought there were two species, ''P. anomala'', and ''P. hybrida'' consisting of var. ''hybrida'' and var. ''intermedia''. In 1904 Trautvetter treated ''P. intermedia'' as a subspecies of ''P. anomala''. [[Nikolai Schipczinsky]] grouped ''P. anomala'', ''P. hybrida'' and as its variety ''intermedia'' together in the series ''Dentatae'' with the common character "leaf lobes incised or with dentate margin" in the 1937 [[Flora of the USSR]]. [[Frederick Claude Stern|Stern]] acknowledged one species, ''P. anomala'' with two varieries: ''anomala'' with hairless fruits and ''intermedia'' with soft hairs. According to Hong and Pan, hairiness of the fruits varies in both ''P. anomala'' and ''P. veitchii'' and the only character that consistently differs between the two taxa is the usual number of fully developing flowers per stem: one for ''P. anomala'' and two to four in ''P. veitchii''. This was the reason to propose to reduce the status of these taxa to ''P. anomala'' ssp. ''anomala'' and ''P. anomala'' ssp. ''veitchii'' respectively.<ref name=HP />

=== Modern classification ===
Although some modern literature still regards ''P. veitchii'' as a subspecies of ''P. anomala'', recent genetic analysis has shown that ''P. anomala'', although being a diploid, is the result of a cross between ''[[Paeonia lactiflora]]'' and ''P. veitchii''. Morphologically, ''P. anomala'' is very similar to ''P. veitchii'' nonetheless, and very different from ''P. lactiflora''.<ref name="PZS"/> ''P. anomala'' and ''P. veitchii'' also share a common chemistry, such as specific unique anthocyanins.<ref>{{cite journal|author= Ni Jia c.s.|year= 2008|title= Identification and Characterization of Anthocyanins by High-performance Liquid Chromatography–Electrospray Ionization–Mass Spectrometry in Herbaceous Peony Species|journal= Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science|volume= 133|issue= 3|pages= 418–426|url= http://journal.ashspublications.org/content/133/3/418.full.pdf+html|accessdate= 2016-04-26}}</ref>

=== Etymology ===
The species name ''anomala'', meaning "deviant" is said to refer to the autumn color, which is unique among peonies.

== Distribution and ecology ==
''P. anomala'' is known from Russia, ranging from the [[Kola Peninsula]] to the [[Altai Republic]] and [[Lake Baikal]], northeastern Kazakhstan, China (northwest [[Xinjang]]) and northern Mongolia.<ref name=HP /> It has become naturalized in Finland.<ref>{{cite web|website= Peonies - and the Rest|title= The hardiest- Paeonia anomala|url= http://peonies-of-leo.blogspot.nl/2006/06/hardiest-paeonia-anomala.html|accessdate= 2016-04-20}}</ref> It grows in relatively moist circumstances like coniferous and deciduous forests, valleys and meadows, at the southern end at 1000–2500 m altitude, but further north down to sea level.<ref name=HP /> Its northernmost population in the [[Taz River]] valley, grows in a forest with dwarfed trees like ''[[Larix sibirica]]'', ''[[Betula pubescens]]'', ''[[Alnus viridis]]'' subsp. ''fruticosa'', ''[[Sorbus aucuparia]]'' subsp. ''sibirica'', shrubs like ''[[Rosa majalis]]'', ''[[Lonicera caerulea|Lonicera pallasii]]'', ''[[Ribes spicatum]]'' subsp. ''hispidulum'', and grasses like ''[[Calamagrostis canescens]]''.<ref>{{cite journal|first1= Boris Fedorovich|last1= Sviridenko|first2= Andrey|last2= Efremov|first3= Zoya A.|last3= Samoilenko|year= 2010|title= Состояние популяций пиона уклоняющегося Paeonia anomala (Paeoniaceae) на Северной границе распространения Западной Сибири [Condition of populations of the peony Paeonia anomala (Paeoniaceae) on the northern border of Western Siberia]|journal= Bulletin of the Tomsk State University. Biology|volume= 3|issue= 11|url= http://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/sostoyanie-populyatsiy-piona-uklonyayuschegosya-paeonia-anomala-paeoniaceae-na-severnoy-granitse-rasprostraneniya-zapadnoy-sibiri|accessdate= 2016-04-21}}</ref>

''P. anomala'' is self-fertile. Mammals, such as deer or rabbits do not eat it.<ref name=PFAF>{{cite web|website= Plants For A Future|title= Paeonia anomala - L.|url= http://www.pfaf.org/user/Plant.aspx?LatinName=Paeonia+anomala|accessdate= 2016-04-20}}</ref>

== Cultivation ==
''P. anomala'' used to be grown in botanical gardens, but is now becoming available for gardeners as an ornamental. It is easy to grow and prefers a neutral or slightly alkaline, deep rich soil, but is also coping with lime. It does equally well in sun or dapple shade. Plants are intolerant of waterlogged or very dry soil. On sandy soils plants generally produce more leaves and less flowers. As can be expected from a species from Siberia, it survives temperatures down to at least -25 °C. The plants have good ornamental value and may survive in gardens for at least 50 years. This peony inhibits the growth of adjacent plants, especially legumes. All peonies dislike disturbance of their roots, and need time to recover after being replanted or divided.<ref name=PFAF />

== Use ==
In the late 19th century, ''P. anomala'' roots were eaten raw and crumbled in soup in the North-West of Siberia by the [[Khakas people]].<ref>{{cite book|title= Pioneers in European Ethnobiology|editors= Ingvar Svanberg & Łukasz Łuczaj|year= 2014|publisher= Upsala University|series= Uppsala Studies on Eastern Europe|volume= 4|page= 136|url= https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Piotr_Koehler/publication/270895838_An_involuntary_ethnobotanist_Jzef_Rostafiski_(1850-1928)_and_his_research_in_Poland/links/54bcebbf0cf29e0cb04c5686.pdf#page=131|accessdate= 2016-04-20}}</ref> In Mongolia, fruits and roots of ''Paeonia anomala'' are used to treat lower abdominal pain, indigestion, kidney diseases, nocturnal [[enuresis]], [[bleeding]], blood clotting, exhaustion and [[respiratory disease]]s in traditional medicine. Extract of the fruit protects against [[oxidative stress]], by [[Antioxidant|free radical scavenging]], higher [[glutathione]] concentrations in the cells, and inhibiting damage to the DNA. Compounds such as [[ellagic acid]], [[methyl gallate]], [[ethyl gallate]], fischeroside B, and [[quercetin]] derivatives are responsible for this protection.<ref>{{cite journal|first1= S.|last1= Oidovsambuu|first2= C.Y.|last2= Kim|first3= K.|last3= Kang|first4= B.|last4= Dulamjav|first5= T.|last5= Jigjidsuren|first6= C.W.|last6= Nho|year= 2013|title= Protective effect of Paeonia anomala extracts and constituents against tert-butylhydroperoxide-induced oxidative stress in HepG2 cells|journal= Planta Med|volume= 79|issue= 02|pages= 116–122|url= https://www.thieme-connect.com/DOI/DOI?10.1055/s-0032-1328062|accessdate= 2016-04-20|doi=10.1055/s-0032-1328062}}</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{commons category|Paeonia anomala|''Paeonia anomala''}}
{{wikispecies|Paeonia anomala|''Paeonia anomala''}}
{{taxonbar|wcsp=2661737}}

[[Category:Peonies|anomala]]
[[Category:Garden plants]]
[[Category:Flora of China]]
[[Category:Flora of Russia]]
[[Category:Flora of Mongolia]]
[[Category:Flora of Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Plants described in 1771]]

Old Uyghur language

2016-11-14T01:12:00Z

CitationCleanerBot: clean up, url redundant with jstor, and/or remove accessdate if no url using AWB

{{Infobox language
|name=Old Uyghur
|nativename=
|era=9th–14th century
|states=[[Uyghur Khaganate]], [[Kingdom of Qocho]], [[Gansu Uyghur Kingdom]]
|region=[[Hami City]], [[Turpan]], [[Gansu]]
|familycolor=Altaic
|fam1=[[Turkic languages|Turkic]]
|fam2=[[Common Turkic languages|Common Turkic]]
|fam3=[[Siberian Turkic languages|Siberian]]
|ancestor=[[Old Turkic language]]
|script=[[Old Turkic alphabet]],<ref name="Erdal1991">{{cite book|author=Marcel Erdal|title=Old Turkic Word Formation: A Functional Approach to the Lexicon|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1r6EeUA2s8oC&pg=PA5#v=onepage&q&f=false|year=1991|publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag|isbn=978-3-447-03084-7|pages=5–}}</ref> [[Old Uyghur alphabet]]
|iso3=oui
|glotto=oldu1238
|glottorefname=Old Uighur
}}

The '''Old Uyghur language''' ({{zh|t=回鶻語|回鶻語|s=回鹘语|回鹘语|p=Huíhú yǔ}}) was a [[Turkic languages|Turkic language]] which was spoken in the [[Kingdom of Qocho]] from the 9th–14th centuries and in [[Gansu]].

==History==
[[File:Yuntai Uyghur east wall.jpg|thumb|Uyghur inscription on the east interior wall of the [[Cloud Platform at Juyong Pass]].]]

[[File:Yuntai Uyghur west wall.jpg|thumb|Uyghur inscription on the west interior wall of the [[Cloud Platform at Juyong Pass]].]]
The Old Uyghur language evolved from Old Turkic after the [[Uyghur Khaganate]] broke up and remnants of it migrated to Gansu and Turfan and Hami in the 9th century. The Uyghurs in Turfan and Qomul founded the [[Kingdom of Qocho]] and adopted Manichaeism and Buddhism as their religions, while those in Gansu first founded the [[Gansu Uyghur Kingdom]] (Ganzhou Uyghur Kingdom) and then became subjects of the [[Western Xia]], and their descendants are the [[Yugur]].

The Kingdom of Qocho survived as a client state of the [[Mongol Empire]] but was conquered by the Muslim [[Chagatai Khanate]] which conquered Turfan and Qomul and Islamisized the region. The Old Uyghur language then became extinct in Turfan and Qomul.

The [[Uyghur language]] is not descended from Old Uyghur; rather, it is a descendant of the [[Karluk languages]] spoken by the [[Kara-Khanid Khanate]],<ref>Arik 2008, p. 145</ref> in particular the ''Xākānī'' language described by [[Mahmud al-Kashgari]] while [[Western Yugur language|Western Yugur]] is considered to be the true descendant of Old Uyghur, and is also called "Neo-Uygur" according to Gerard Clauson.{{sfn|Clauson|1965p=57}} According to Frederik Coene and Martina Roos, Modern Uyghur and Western Yugur belong to entirely different branches of the Turkic language family, respectively southeastern (Karluk) and northeastern ([[Siberian Turkic languages|Siberian Turkic]]).{{sfn|Coene|2009|p=75}}<ref>Roos, Martina Erica. 2000. The Western Yugur (Yellow Yugur) Language: Grammar, Texts, Vocabulary. Diss. University of Leiden. Leiden, page 5.</ref>

==Features==
Old Uyghur had an anticipating counting system and a [[copula (linguistics)|copula]] ''dro'', which is passed on to Western Yugur.<ref>Chen et al, 1985</ref>

==Literature==
Much of Old Uyghur literature is religious texts regarding [[Manichaeism]] and [[Buddhism]],<ref>[http://hk.plm.org.cn/e_book/xz-11348.pdf 西域、敦煌文献所见回鹊之佛经翻译]{{dead link|date=March 2014}}</ref> with examples found among the [[Dunhuang manuscripts]]. Multilingual inscriptions including Old Uyghur can be found at the [[Cloud Platform at Juyong Pass]] and the [[Stele of Sulaiman]].

==Script==
{{main article|Old Uyghur alphabet}}
Old Uyghur was written in the [[Old Uyghur alphabet]] which was derived from the [[Sogdian alphabet]].

==References==
{{reflist}}
* {{cite book|title= One Thousand Languages: Living, Endangered, and Lost |first=Kagan|last=Arik|editor-first=Peter|editor-last=Austin|volume=|edition=illustrated|year=2008|publisher=University of California Press|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q3tAqIU0dPsC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false|isbn=0520255607|accessdate=10 March 2014| ref = {{harvid||}} }}
* Chén Zōngzhèn & Léi Xuǎnchūn. 1985. Xībù Yùgùyǔ Jiānzhì [Concise grammar of Western Yugur]. Peking.
* {{Cite journal | ref=harv | last1 = Clauson | first1 = Gerard | last2 = | first2 = | year = Apr 1965 | title = Review An Eastern Turki-English Dictionary by Gunnar Jarring | journal = The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland | volume = | issue = 1/2 | publisher = Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland | jstor = 25202808}}
* {{cite book|ref=harv|last=Coene|first=Frederik|title=The Caucasus - An Introduction|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FqFMmVbfRfEC&pg=PA75|date=8 October 2009|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-203-87071-6}}

==Further reading==
*[https://archive.org/details/tisastvustikeini00tishuoft Tisastvustik; ein in türkischer Sprache bearbeitetes buddhistisches Sutra. I. Transcription und Übersetzung von W. Radloff. II. Bemerkungen zu den Brahmiglossen des Tisastvustik-Manuscripts (Mus. A. Kr. VII) von Baron A. von Stäel-Holstein (1910)]
*{{cite book|author=Kahar Barat|title=The Uygur-Turkic Biography of the Seventh-Century Chinese Buddhist Pilgrim Xuanzang: Ninth and Tenth Chapters|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NilkAAAAMAAJ|year=2000|publisher=Indiana University, Research Institute for Inner Asian Studies|isbn=978-0-933070-46-2}}
*{{cite book|author=Giovanni Stary|title=Proceedings of the 38th Permanent International Altaistic Conference (PIAC): Kawasaki, Japan, August 7-12, 1995|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rlULAQAAMAAJ|year=1996|publisher=Harrassowitz Verlag in Kommission|isbn=978-3-447-03801-0}}

{{Turkic languages}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Yugur, Western, Language}}
[[Category:Agglutinative languages]]
[[Category:Uyghurs]]
[[Category:Turkic languages]]
[[Category:Languages of China]]
[[Category:Extinct languages of Asia]]

Iris songarica

2016-11-08T02:33:02Z

CitationCleanerBot: clean up, url redundant with pmc, add pmc, and/or remove accessdate if no url using AWB

{{italic title}}{{Taxobox
|name = ''Iris songarica''
|image =
|image caption =
|regnum = [[Plantae]]
|unranked_divisio = [[Angiosperms]]
|unranked_classis = [[Monocots]]
|ordo = [[Asparagales]]
|familia = [[Iridaceae]]
|subfamilia = [[Iridoideae]]
|tribus = [[Irideae]]
|genus = ''[[Iris (plant)|Iris]]''
|subgenus = ''[[Iris subg. Limniris|Limniris]]''
|series=''[[Iris series Tenuifoliae]]''
|species = '''''I. songarica'''''
|binomial = ''Iris songarica''
|binomial_authority = [[Alexander von Schrenk|Schrenk]]
| synonyms = {{Species list
|Iris multiflora |V.J.Zinger
|Joniris songarica |(Schrenk) Klatt
|Sclerosiphon songaricum |(Schrenk) Nevski<ref name=plantlist>{{cite web |title=Iris songarica Schrenk is an accepted name |date=23 March 2012 |url=http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-322394 |publisher=theplantlist.org ([[The Plant List]]) |accessdate=26 January 2015}}</ref>}}
}}
'''''Iris songarica''''' is a beardless [[iris (plant)|iris]] in the genus ''[[Iris (plant)|Iris]]'', in the subgenus ''[[Iris subg. Limniris|Limniris]]'' and in the ''[[Iris series Tenuifoliae|Tenuifoliae series]]'' of the species. It is a [[rhizomatous]] [[herbaceous plant|herbaceous]] [[perennial plant|perennial]], from
Central Asia, located in [[Afghanistan]], [[Pakistan]], [[Iran]], [[Kazakhstan]], [[Tajikistan]], [[Turkmenistan]] and [[Uzbekistan]]. It has long strap-like leaves, a long stem and 2-3 flowers in shades of violet, dark blue, to lavender blue.

==Description==
''Iris songarica'' flowers are similar in form to ''[[Iris spuria]]'' but differ in the colour shades.<ref name=handbook/>

It has a slender, knobbly, dark rhizome.<ref name=efloras/><ref name=rangelands/><ref name=plantae>{{cite web |title=Iris songarica |url=http://wiki.plantae.se/index.php/Iris_songarica |publisher=plantae.se |accessdate=26 January 2015}}</ref><ref name=ussrflora>{{cite web |first=V.L. | last=Komarov | year=1935 | title=Akademiya Nauk SSSR (FLORA of the U.S.S.R.) Vol. IV |publisher=archive.org | url=https://archive.org/stream/floraofussr04bota/floraofussr04bota_djvu.txt |accessdate=9 October 2014}}</ref>
Under the rhizome, are filamentous (feeder) roots, that can grow to a depth of {{convert|1|-|1.5|m|0|abbr=on}} into the soils and extend outwards between {{convert|20|-|80|cm|0|abbr=on}}.<ref name=rangelands/> On top of the rhizome, is the vestiges or remains of last seasons leaves, the maroon-brown fibres interweave, creating a spiral like effect. They also surround the base of the new leaves, as a sheath.<ref name=handbook/><ref name=efloras/><ref name=rangelands/><ref name=ussrflora/><ref name=onego/>

It has rigid, strap-like,<ref name=signa>{{cite web |first=Ray |last=Mills |title=Iris songarica |date=19 April 2007 |url=http://www.signa.org/index.pl?Iris-songarica |publisher=signa.org (Species Iris Group of North America) |accessdate=26 January 2015}}</ref> linear, greyish-green leaves, which are {{convert|15|-|23|cm|0|abbr=on}} long and 2-3mm wide, (at flowering time). Afterwards, they then extend up to {{convert|70|-|80|cm|0|abbr=on}} long and 7-10mm wide.<ref name=efloras/><ref name=rangelands/><ref name=plantae/><ref name=ussrflora/><ref name=onego/> It has a visible longitudinal vein.<ref name=ussrflora/>

It has a [[terete]] (round in cross-section), flowering stem, that can grow up to {{convert|25|-|50|cm|0|abbr=on}} long.<ref name=efloras/><ref name=rangelands/><ref name=plantae/><ref name=ussrflora/><ref name=signa/><ref name=pacific>{{cite web |title=Iris summary |date=14 April 2014 |url=http://www.pacificbulbsociety.org/pbswiki/files/Iris/Iris_Summary.pdf |format=PDF |publisher=pacificbulbsociety.org |accessdate=23 November 2014}}</ref> The stem often is longer than the leaves.<ref name=onego/>

It has 3 pointed (acuminate), green, between {{convert|7|-|14|cm|0|abbr=on}} long and 1.8–2 cm wide, [[spathe]]s (leaves of the flower bud).<ref name=efloras/><ref name=ussrflora/>

The stems hold normally 2-3 (normally), 3-5 (rarely) terminal (top of stem) flowers,<ref name=rangelands/><ref name=plantae/><ref name=ussrflora/> blooming in spring,<ref name=onego/> between June and July.<ref name=efloras/> The multiple flowering plants were originally called ''Iris songarica var. multiflora'', but this has been classified as a synonym.<ref name=plantlist/>

The funnel-like flowers are {{convert|8|-|9|cm|0|abbr=on}} in diameter, and come in shades of violet, dark blue,<ref name=rangelands/> to lavender blue.<ref name=handbook/><ref name=efloras/><ref name=plantae/><ref name=onego/><ref name=signa/><ref name=pacific/>
It has 2 pairs of petals, 3 large [[sepals]] (outer petals), known as the 'falls' and 3 inner, smaller petals (or [[tepals]], known as the 'standards'.<ref name=ClaireAustin/> The falls are fiddle shaped, {{convert|5|-|5.5|cm|0|abbr=on}} long and 1 cm wide, with an ovate or elliptic limb (at the tips).<ref name=efloras/><ref name=ussrflora/> They have violet or purple spots or blotches.<ref name=handbook/><ref name=rangelands/><ref name=plantae/><ref name=ussrflora/> The oblanceolate, erect standards are {{convert|3.5|cm|0|abbr=on}} long and 5mm wide.<ref name=efloras/> They also can have a darker colour veining, spots or blotches.<ref name=handbook/><ref name=plantae/><ref name=ussrflora/>

It has a {{convert|4|-|6|cm|0|abbr=on}} long perianth tube,<ref name=handbook/><ref name=efloras/><ref name=ussrflora/> 4.5 cm long pedicel,<ref name=efloras/><ref name=ussrflora/> 2.5 cm long ovary and 2.5 cm long stamens.<ref name=efloras/> It has linear, reddish-brown anthers,<ref name=efloras/><ref name=rangelands/><ref name=ussrflora/>
The style branches are 3.5 cm long and 1 cm wide,<ref name=efloras/> similar in size to the standards,<ref name=ussrflora/> but a different shade of colour.
It has 2-lobed stigmas, with triangular shaped teeth and purple filaments.<ref name=ussrflora/>

After the iris has flowered, it produces an ovoid to cylindric, sometimes oblong, seed capsule,<ref name=ussrflora/><ref name=onego/> {{convert|4|-|6.5|cm|0|abbr=on}} long and 1.5–2 cm wide,<ref name=rangelands/> in mid to late summer,<ref name=onego/> between May and June (in Central Asia)<ref name=rangelands/> or August and September (in China)<ref name=efloras/> It is leather-like, veined and has a long beak-like appendage on the top.<ref name=efloras/>
It can carry up 20 seeds.<ref name=rangelands/>

The seeds are maroon-brown to dark brown, pyriform (pear-shaped) or elliptical, rugose (wrinkled), with a hard coating.<ref name=efloras/><ref name=rangelands/><ref name=ussrflora/><ref name=onego/><ref name=seed/> They have a basal [[Hilum (biology)|hilum]].<ref name=seed/>

===Biochemistry===
In 2004, a study of 'Iris songarica'' found the presence of 2 [[isoflavones]], ''Irilin A'' and ''Irisone B'' which were isolated from the Iris using a [[spectrophotometer]] and Column chromatography.<ref name=isoflavones/>

In May 2008, a study was carried out on the [[anatomical]] structure of the leaf and drought resistance of 4 different species of Iris (''Iris songarica'', ''[[Iris potaninii]]'', ''[[Iris loczyi]]'' and ''[[Iris lactea]]'') from [[Qinghai]], China. It showed that all the species were strongly adaptable to drought conditions.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Wang |first=Jun |last2=Gao |first2=Yi-ke |date=May 2008 |title=Study on the Relationship between Leaf Anatomical Structure and Drought Resistance of Four Species of Iris |url=http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-HLJN200805040.htm |journal=Heilongjiang Agricultural Sciences |publisher=Landscape Architecture College of Beijing Forestry University, Beijing |volume= |issue= |pages= |doi= |accessdate=22 January 2015}}</ref>

In October 2008, a study was carried out to isolate the [[flavonoid]]s from the roots and rhizome of ''Iris songarica'', and what effect they had on [[estrogenic]] activity. It found a new dihydro-flavonol (called ''songaricol''), and seven known flavonoids. Some of these compounds had some [[antioxidant]] activity in certain cells and some effected yeast cells expressing human estrogen.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Moein |first=Mahmood R. |last2=Khan |first2=Shabana I. |last3=Ali |first3=Zulfiqar |last4=Ayatollahi |first4=Syed A. |last5=Kobarfard |first5=Farzad |last6=Nasim |first6=Shama Nasim |date=October 2008 |title=Flavonoids from Iris songarica and their antioxidant and estrogenic activity. |journal=Planta Med. |publisher=ncbi.nlm.nih.gov |volume=74 |issue=12 |pages=1492–1495 |doi=10.1055/s-2008-1081342 |pmid=18816429}}</ref>

In 2008, in previous studies it was known that irises contain iso-flavonoids. A new study was carried out to determine the [[Phytoestrogens|phytoestorgenic]] activity of ''Iris songarica'' rhizomes and roots.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Moein |first=Mahmood R. |last2=Ayatollahi |first2=Syed M. |last3=Kobarfard |first3=Farzad |last4=Nasim |first4=Shama |last5=Ali |first5=Zulfiqar |last6=Choudhary |first6=Muhmmad Iqbal |last7=Khan |first7=I. A. |date=2008 |title=Phytoestrogenic activity from Iris songarica Schrenk |url=https://www.thieme-connect.com/products/ejournals/abstract/10.1055/s-0028-1084144 |journal=Planta Med |publisher= |volume=74 |issue= |pages= |doi=10.1055/s-0028-1084144 |accessdate=26 January 2015}}</ref>

In 2014, several plant species seed were studied including ''Iris stocksii'' (Baker), ''Iris aitchisonii'' (Baker) Boiss. and ''Iris songarica'' Shrenk.<ref name=seed>{{cite journal |last=Abid |first=Rubina |last2=Kanwal |first2=Durdana |last3=Qaiser |first3=M. |date=2014 |title=Seed Morphological Studies On Some Monocot Families (Excluding Gramineae) And Their Phylogenetic Implications |url=http://www.pakbs.org/pjbot/PDFs/46(4)/20.pdf |format=PDF |journal=Pakistan Journal Botany |publisher=University of Karachi |volume=46 |issue=4 |pages= 1309–1324 |accessdate=26 January 2015}}</ref>

As most irises are [[diploid]], having two sets of [[chromosomes]]. This can be used to identify hybrids and classification of groupings.<ref name=ClaireAustin>{{cite web| first=Claire | last=Austin | title=Irises A Garden Encyclopedia| pages=274–275 | url=https://worldtracker.org/media/library/Reference/Encyclopedia's/Encyclopedia%20of%20Irises.pdf | format=pdf | publisher=worldtracker.org | accessdate=29 October 2014}}</ref>
It has a chromosome count: 2n=20.<ref name=irisbotanique/> It was also counted as 2n=22, 44 by (Zahareva and Makeushenko 1968) and (Fedorov 1969).<ref name=rangelands/>

== Taxonomy==
It is written as 准噶尔鸢尾 in [[Chinese characters|Chinese script]] and known as ''zhun ga er yuan wei'' in China.<ref name=efloras>{{cite web |title=FOC Vol. 24 Page 305 |url=http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id= 200028215 |publisher=efloras.org (Flora of China) |accessdate=26 January 2015}}</ref><ref name=grin>{{cite web |title= Taxon: Iris lsongarica Schrenk ex Fisch. & C. A. Mey. |url=http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/taxon.pl?20405 |publisher=ars-grin.gov ([[Germplasm Resources Information Network]]) |accessdate=26 January 2015}}</ref>

It has the common name of ''Junggar Iris''<ref>{{cite web |title=Sect. Limniris Tausch |url=http://frps.eflora.cn/frps/Sect. Limniris |publisher=frps.eflora.cn |accessdate=19 January 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Iris songarica http://www.flph.org/s/Iris songarica |publisher=flph.org (Flora of Pan-Himalayas) |accessdate=22 January 2015}}</ref> or ''Songar Iris''.<ref name=grin/>
It is known as 'Kampir soch', 'Karakosh', 'Kamchalak', 'Kirka soch', 'Kirka-ch ash' (in [[Uzbekistan]]), ''Kum-bersh'' (in [[Kazakhstan]]) and 'Teke-sakal' (in [[Turkmenistan]]).<ref name=rangelands>International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Area (editors) {{Google books|fPzoQAsxGj4C|Rangelands of the Arid and Semi-arid Zones in Uzbekistan|page=204}}</ref> It is known as 'gharwasha' in [[Pushtu]] (India).<ref>Anthony R. Torkelson {{Google books|trUgpMbT5gcC|The Cross Name Index to Medicinal Plants, Four Volume Set (1990)|page=1762}}</ref>

The Latin [[Botanical name#Binary name|specific epithet]] ''songarica'' refers to the region of '' Songaria'' in [[China]]. Where the iris was first found.<ref name=handbook>{{cite web |first=William |last=Dykes |authorlink=William Rickatson Dykes |title=Handbook of Garden Irises |year=2009 |url=http://www.beardlessiris.org/reviews/handbook%20of%20garden%20irises%20-%20dykes.pdf |format=PDF |publisher=beardlessiris.org (The Group for Beardless Irises) |accessdate=1 November 2014}}</ref> Songaria and Kashgaria were the two provinces known as the "New Dominion," during the [[Dungan Revolt (1862–77)]]. Songaria is now part of [[Gansu]]. [[Kashgar]] still exists.

It was published and described by [[Alexander von Schrenk]] in ''Enum Pl.'' Vol.1 page3 in 1841.<ref name=ipni>{{cite web |title=Iridaceae Iris songarica Schrenk |url=http://www.ipni.org/ipni/idPlantNameSearch.do?id=439100-1 |publisher=ipni.org (International Plant Names Index) |accessdate=26 January 2015}}</ref><ref name=america>{{cite web |first=Alain |last=Franco |title=(Spec) Iris songarica Schrenk. |date=29 November 2013 |url=http://wiki.irises.org/bin/view/Spec/SpecSongarica |publisher=wiki.irises.org (American Iris Society) |accessdate=19 January 2015}}</ref>

It was later published in [[Gardeners' Chronicle]] Series 95, page 44 on 20 January 1933.<ref name=america/>

It was verified by [[United States Department of Agriculture]] [[Agricultural Research Service]] on 2 October 2014.<ref name=grin/>

As of January 2015, it is listed as a ''tentativily accepted'' name by the [[Royal Horticultural Society|RHS]].<ref name=rhs>{{cite web |title=Iris songarica |url=https://www.rhs.org.uk/Plants/ 9363/Iris-songarica/Details |publisher=rhs.org.uk |accessdate=26 January 2015}}</ref>

==Distribution and habitat==
''Iris songarica'' is a [[native plant|native]] to a wide region, of various [[temperateness|temperate]] areas of Central [[Asia]].<ref name=grin/>
Ranging from Iran (Persia) to Tibet.<ref name=handbook/><ref name=plantae/><ref name=rhs/>

===Range===
It is found in the western Asian countries of [[Afghanistan]], [[Pakistan]] and [[Iran]].<ref name=rangelands/><ref name=ussrflora/><ref name=isoflavones/> (including [[Gonabad]]).<ref>{{cite journal |last=Ekrami |first=Alireza |date=2013 |title=Plant species diversity in Gonabad |url=article_7956_6d0d4baa196922b9cae10abdc1a893e7.pdf |journal=International journal of Advanced Biological and Biomedical Research |publisher= |volume=1 |issue=12 |pages=1590–1600 |doi= }}</ref>

In the middle Asian countries of (the former [[Soviet Union]] republics of), it is found in [[Kazakhstan]], [[Tajikistan]], [[Turkmenistan]] and [[Uzbekistan]].<ref name=efloras/><ref name=rangelands/><ref name=ussrflora/><ref name=onego/><ref name=signa/><ref name=pacific/><ref name=isoflavones/><ref name=irisbotanique/><ref name=grin/><ref name=Prjahin/><ref name=rare/>

It is found within Turkestan, in the [[Kopet Dag]] mountain range.<ref>{{cite web |title=ORNAMENTAL PLANTS IN THEIR NATURAL HABITATS |url=http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/research/russia/turkmenistan.shtml |publisher=mobot.org |accessdate=26 January 2015}}</ref>

Also found in Mongolia, and northern China.<ref name=efloras/><ref name=rangelands/><ref name=ussrflora/><ref name=onego/><ref name=signa/><ref name=pacific/><ref name=isoflavones/><ref name=irisbotanique/><ref name=grin/><ref name=rare/>

In 2010, a study was carried out into the [[infiltration (hydrology)|infiltration]] rate in an arid ecosystem, in [[Yazd Province]], a central region in [[Iran]]. Various species of plant were studied including ''[[Artemiaia sieberi]]'' and ''[[Astragalus achrochlarus]]'', (native species that have expanded considerably in extent and density) Other plant species included ''[[Astragalus candolleanus]]'', ''Iris songarica'', ''[[Stachys inflate]]'', ''[[Lactuca glaucifolia]]'', ''[[Poa sinaica]]'', ''[[Stipa barbata]]'' and ''[[Agropyron desertorum]]''.<ref name=arid>{{cite journal |last=Lotfi Anari |first=P. |last2=Heshmati |first2=G.A. |last3=Bahremand |first3=A. |date=2010 |title=The Effect of Different Patches and Interpatch on Infiltration Rate in an Arid Shrubland Ecosystem |url=http://scialert.net/abstract/?doi=rjes.2010.57.63 |journal=Research Journal of Environmental Sciences |publisher= |volume=4 |pages=57–63 |doi=10.3923/rjes.2010.57.63 |accessdate=26 January 2015}}</ref>

===Habitat===
It is found growing on clay desert [[steppe]]s or desert positions,<ref name=ussrflora/><ref name=onego/><ref name=irisbotanique/> in sunny grasslands or dry meadows, on stony hillside and on grassy hillsides.<ref name=efloras/><ref name=rare/>

==Cultivation==
''Iris songarica'' is not common in cultivation in the UK,<ref name=handbook/><ref name=cassidy>{{cite book |last1=Cassidy |first1=George E.|last2=Linnegar |first2=Sidney |date=1987 |edition=Revised |title= Growing Irises |location=Bromley |publisher=Christopher Helm | page=139 |isbn=0-88192-089-4}}</ref> or Europe, only be cultivated by collectors or as research plants.<ref name=irisbotanique/>

It likes sandy, well drained soils.<ref name=rare>{{cite web |title=Iris songarica |url=http://www.rareplants.de/shop/uploads/Html/Iris-songarica_6875_1.htm |publisher=rareplants.de |accessdate=26 January 2015}}</ref><ref name=cassidy/> It can also prefers alkaline soils.<ref name=irisbotanique/> It can grow on loamy soils, on sandy gritty soils and gravelly soils.<ref name=rangelands/>

It prefers positions in full sun.<ref name=rare/>

It needs to be kept dry during the winter (and autumn, if a very wet season is forecast), needing the protection of a [[bulb frame]]s or similar.<ref name=irisbotanique/><ref name=cassidy/> It only needs water during the growing season.<ref name=cassidy/>

In June 1886, a specimen of ''Iris songarica'', collected by C. Kuntze from the deserts of [[Turkmenistan]], was given to ''The William and Lynda Steere [[Herbarium]]'' of the [[New York Botanical Garden]].<ref name=jstor>{{cite web |title=Holotype of Iris songarica var. multiflora Kuntze [family IRIDACEAE] |url=http://plants.jstor.org/stable/10.5555/al.ap.specimen.ny00319391 |publisher=jstor.org |accessdate=26 January 2015}}</ref>

[[Aphid]] ''[[Dysaphis tulipae]]'' can be found on the plant.<ref>R. L. Blackman, Victor F. Eastop {{Google books|UZqkLr9m4GUC|Aphids on the World's Herbaceous Plants and Shrubs|page=553}}</ref>

==Propagation==
It can also be propagated by [[Division (horticulture)|division]] or by seed growing.
It needs [[stratification (botany)|stratification]] (at temperatures of 1-10oC for 1–2 years). This method of seed preparation can get a germination rate of up to 95%.<ref name=rangelands/>

==Uses==
In China, there are many studies about this plant, which could be described as a [[herb]], due to it is medicinal [[antioxidant]] properties. A powder of the ground up roots are mixed with curd is used as a herbal remedy to treat [[diarrhoea]] in [[Afghanistan]].<ref name=irisbotanique>{{cite web |title=Chapitre II iris a touffe et autre (partie2) |url=http://irisbotanique.over-blog.com/article-chapitre-ii-iris-a-touffe-et-autre-partie1-106517062.html |publisher=irisbotanique.over-blog.com |accessdate=20 January 2015}}</ref> The remedy is also used in [[Pakistan]].<ref name=isoflavones>{{cite journal |last=Ayatollahi |first=Seydabdul Majid |last2=Moein |first2=Mahmood Reza |last3=Kobarfard |first3=Farzad |last4=Choudhary |first4=Muhmmad Iqbal |date=2004 |title=Two Isoflavones From Iris Songarica Schrenk. |url=http://daru.tums.ac.ir/index.php/daru/article/viewFile/195/195 |journal=Daru |publisher= |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages= |doi= |accessdate=22 January 2015}}</ref>

In Russia, the fibrous leaf sheaths (on top of the rhizome, surrounding new leaves) are used in [[brush]] production.<ref name=onego>{{cite web |title=Subgenus Tenuifolia (Tenuifolia) - fine-leaved irises |url=http://flower.onego.ru/other/iris/iris_ten.html |publisher=flower.onego.ru |accessdate=22 January 2015}}</ref> They are used to create the bristles of the brush.<ref name=Prjahin>{{cite journal |last=Prjahin |first=M. I. |last2=Cevrenidi |first2=S. H. |date=1970 |title=Characteristics of natural associations of Iris songarica in Uzbekistan and South Kazahstan and possibilities of exploitation. |url=http://www.cabdirect.org/abstracts/19710304769.html;jsessionid=6014B84F84E72B5F22520D0AD4048E15 |journal=Rastitel'nye Resursy |publisher=cabdirect.org |volume=6 |pages=367–382 |doi= |accessdate=26 January 2015}}</ref>

In Uzbekistan, sheep are known to eat the seed capsules, also some shepherds consider the plant to be poisonous. The dry leaves are often harvested for litter or dry bedding for cattle in barns. It sometimes considered an 'invader' covering large arid areas or abandoned fields which are dry and poor in nutrients. The leaves are known to contain 18% [[protein]], 16% fibre and 12% fat and a large amount of [[alkaloid]]s. The roots have been used in medicine, used to treat [[toothache]] and childhood diseases. It has also been used within the cosmetic industry.<ref name=rangelands/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Other sources==
*Czerepanov, S. K. 1995. Vascular plants of Russia and adjacent states (the former USSR).
*Khassanov, F. O. & N. Rakhimova. 2012. Taxonomic revision of the genus Iris L. (Iridaceae Juss.) for the flora of Central Asia. Stapfia 97:175.
*Komarov, V. L. et al., eds. 1934–1964. Flora SSSR.
*Mathew, B. 1981. The Iris. 123.
*Rechinger, K. H., ed. 1963–. Flora iranica.
*Vladimir Komarov Leont'evič, Flora of the USSR, Jerusalem, 1963- (English edition)
*Waddick, J. W. & Zhao Yu-tang. 1992. Iris of China.
*Wu Zheng-yi & P. H. Raven et al., eds. 1994–. Flora of China (English edition).

==External links==
*{{Commons category-inline|Iris songarica}}
*[http://www.gardenworldimages.com/Details.aspx?ID=177371&TypeID=1 Has image of Iris songarica flower]
*{{Wikispecies-inline|Iris songarica}}

[[Category:Iris (plant)|songarica]]
[[Category:Flora of Central Asia]]
[[Category:Flora of China]]
[[Category:Flora of Iran]]
[[Category:Flora of Mongolia]]
[[Category:Flora of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Garden plants of Asia]]
[[Category:Plants described in 1841]]
[[Category:Flora of Afghanistan]]
[[Category:Flora of Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Flora of Tajikistan]]
[[Category:Flora of Turkmenistan]]
[[Category:Flora of Uzbekistan]]