Kazakhstan Encyclopedia - User contributions [en]

Sagavia

2017-02-26T07:59:06Z

Caftaric: cleanup

{{italic title}}
{{Taxobox
| image =
| image_caption =
| fossil_range = {{fossil_range| 470|444|Middle and Upper Ordovician}}
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
| phylum = [[Arthropod]]a
| classis = [[trilobite|Trilobita]]
| ordo = [[Asaphida]]
| subordo =
| superfamilia = [[Cyclopygoidea]]
| familia = [[Cyclopygidae]]
| genus = '''''Sagavia'''''
| genus_authority = Koroleva, 1967
| subdivision_ranks = [[species]]
| subdivision =
* ''S. felix'' Koroleva, 1967 ([[Type (biology)|type]])
* ''S. chuanxiensis'' (Li & Xiao, 1984) [[Synonym (taxonomy)|synonym]] ''Microparia (Microparia) chuanxiensis
* ''S. elongata'' Petrunina, 1975
* ''S. glans'' Fortey & Owens, 1987
* ''S. heterocyclopygeformis'' Koroleva, 1982
* ''S. modica'' Koroleva, 1967
* ''S. novakellaformis'' Koroleva, 1982
* ''S. zhuyegouensis'' Koroleva, 1982
}}
'''''Sagavia''''' is a genus of [[trilobite]]s that lived during the [[Ordovician|Middle and Upper Ordovician]] in what are now Northwest and Southeast China, North Kazakhstan and Wales. It is a typical [[Cyclopygidae|cyclopygid]] that can be distinguished by its large but separate eyes, elongated glabella, five thorax segments and a pygidium with clearly defined axis and border.<ref name='Z&Z'>{{cite journal|author1= Zhou Zhiyi|author2= Zhou Zhiqiang|year= 2007|title= The Late Ordovician cyclopygid trilobite ''Sagavia'' Koroleva, 1967, from the Pagoda Formation of southwestern Shaanxi, China|journal= Memoirs of the Association of Australasian Palaeontologists|volume= 34|issue= |pages= 181–187|url= http://159.226.74.248:8000/pagelinks/131880.pdf|accessdate= 18 June 2013}}</ref>

== Distribution ==
* ''S. felix'' has been collected from the Middle Ordovician of Kazakhstan (Caradoc, ''Nemagraptus gracilis'' Zone, Saga Formation, Saga River section, Stepnyak district).
* ''S. modica'' is known from the Middle Ordovician of Kazakhstan (Caradoc, ''Nemagraptus gracilis'' Zone, Saga Formation, Saga River section, Stepnyak district).
* ''S. chuanxiensis'' was found in the Middle and Upper Ordovician of China (late Caradoc-Ashgill, top of the Pagoda Formation, limestone block in a Triassic melange accumulation at Shiqu; Yuanba, Hougou and Liangshan, Nanzheng; Dangmengou and Zhuyegou, Ningqiang; Qishuba and Gaoqiaogou, Mianxian; all Northwestern Sichuan).
* ''S. zhuyegouensis'' occurs at the Middle Ordovician of China (late Caradoc, Dangmengou, Ningqiang Northwestern Sichuan).
* ''S. elongata'' is present in the Upper Ordovician of China (?Ashgill, ''Kielanella''-''Tretaspis'' Beds of the Ulugtay District, south Tien Shan).
* ''S. glans'' was excavated from the Upper Ordovician of the United Kingdom (late Arenig, Pontyfenni Formation, South Wales).
* ''S. heterocyclopygeformis'' is known from the Middle Ordovician of northern Kazakhstan (Caradoc).
* ''S. novakellaformis'' occurs at the Koroleva from the Middle Ordovician of northern Kazakhstan (late Llanvirn?), and the United Kingdom (''Hustedograptus teretiusculus'' Biozone of the Llanfawn Mudstone Formation, central Wales).<ref name='Z&Z'/>

== Description ==
The glabella of ''Sagavia'' is elongate with parallel sides or slightly converging towards the front. The large eyes are separated at the front by the glabella and the cephalic doublure. The [[Trilobite#Ventral sutures|rostral suture]] is vaulted upwards. It has a thorax of five segments. ''Sagavia'' has a pygidium with well a defined axis and border with clear furrows.<ref name='Z&Z'/>

=== Differences with related genera ===
* ''Sagavia'' is similar to ''Microparia'' but has a more elongate glabella and much better defined pygidial axis and border.
* ''Heterocyclopyge'' also has a defined pygidial axis, a five-segmented thorax, and a defined pygidial border, but has a shorter glabella and the pygidial border and axis are poorly defined medially.<ref name='Z&Z'/>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Cyclopygidae]]
[[Category:Asaphida genera]]
[[Category:Ordovician trilobites]]
[[Category:Fossils of China]]
[[Category:Fossils of Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Fossils of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Middle Ordovician first appearances]]
[[Category:Late Ordovician extinctions]]

Auliepterix

2017-02-10T17:52:44Z

Caftaric: Lepidoptera stub

{{italic title}}
{{Taxobox
| name = ''Auliepterix''
| image =
| image_width = 240px
| image_caption =
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
| phylum = [[Arthropod]]a
| classis = [[Insect]]a
| ordo = [[Lepidoptera]]
| familia = [[Micropterigidae]]
| genus = †'''''Auliepterix'''''
| genus_authority = Kozlov, 1989
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision =
*†'''''Auliepterix minima''''' Kozlov, 1989
*†'''''Auliepterix mirabilis''''' Kozlov, 1989
}}
'''''Auliepterix''''' is an extinct [[genus]] of small primitive metallic moths within the [[family (biology)|family]] [[Micropterigidae]]. The genus is represented by two species, '''''Auliepterix mirabilis''''' in the [[Karabastau Svita]] of the Upper Jurassic of Kazakhstan (near Aulye) and '''''Auliepterix minima''''' in Upper Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous rocks near Khotont Somon in the Mongolian Peoples Republic.

== References ==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Micropterigidae]]
[[Category:Fossil Lepidoptera]]
[[Category:Late Jurassic insects]]
[[Category:Fossils of Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Moth genera]]

{{Micropterigidae-stub}}
{{paleo-Lepidoptera-stub}}

Calosoma elegans

2017-02-07T06:38:34Z

Caftaric: synonyms

{{italic title}}
{{Taxobox
| name = ''Calosoma elegans''
| image = Jacobs01.jpg
| image_caption = Illustration of monographs Georgiy Jacobson "Beetles Russia and Western Europe. ''Calosoma elegans'' is number 13
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
| phylum = [[Arthropod]]a
| classis = [[Insect]]a
| ordo = [[Beetle|Coleoptera]]
| familia = [[Ground beetle|Carabidae]]
| subfamilia = [[Carabinae]]
| tribus = [[Carabini]]
| subtribus = [[Carabina]] sensu stricto
| genus = ''[[Calosoma]]''
| subgenus = ''[[Calostoma (Callisthenes)]]''
| species = '''''C. elegans'''''
| binomial = '''''Calosoma elegans'''''
| binomial_authority = [[Theodor Franz Wilhelm Kirsch|Kirsch]], 1859
| subdivision_ranks = Subspecies
| subdivision =
''C. elegans amethystinus'' Semenov & Redikorzev, 1928
 ''C. elegans ballioni'' Solsky, 1874
 ''C. elegans danilevskii'' Obydov, 1997
 ''C. elegans elegans'' s.str.
 ''C. elegans karagaicus'' Lapouge, 1924
 ''C. elegans manderstjernae'' Ballion, 1870
 ''C. elegans semenovi'' Motschulsky, 1859

| synonyms =
* ''Callisthenes elegans'' Kirsch, 1859
* ''Callisthenes (Callisthenes) elegans'' Kirsch 1859
* ''Callisthenes (Callisthenes) elegans ballioni'' (Solsky 1874)
* ''Callisthenes (Callisthenes) elegans danilevskii'' Obydov 1997
* ''Callisthenes (Callisthenes) elegans keminensis'' Obydov 2002
* ''Callisthenes (Callisthenes) elegans kolshengelicus'' Obydov 1997
* ''Callisthenes (Callisthenes) elegans manderstjernae'' Ballion 1870
* ''Callisthenes (Callisthenes) elegans purpureus'' Obydov 2002
* ''Callisthenes elegans saryarkensis'' Kabak 1992
* ''Callisthenes elegans semenovi''
* ''Callisthenes (Callisthenes) elegans'' species group
* ''Callisthenes (Callisthenes) elegans'' valentinae Obydov 1997
}}
'''''Calosoma elegans''''' is a ground beetle species in the genus ''[[Calosoma]]'' found in Kazakhstan.
[[File:Calosoma elegans from Jacobson.jpg|thumb|left|''Calosoma elegans'' in a colour plate from Jacobson 1905–1915]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==

* [http://carabidae.org/carabidae/elegans-kirsch-1859.html ''Calosoma elegans'' on carabidae.pro]

[[Category:Calosoma|elegans]]
[[Category:Beetles described in 1859]]
[[Category:Insects of Kazakhstan]]

{{Calosoma-stub}}

Quasicravenoceras

2017-01-31T18:42:40Z

Caftaric: Category:Goniatitida genera

{{italic title}}
{{Taxobox
| name = ''Quasicravenoceras''
| fossil_range = {{Fossilrange|326.4|318 |Carboniferous }}
| image =
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
| phylum = [[Mollusc]]a
| classis = [[Cephalopod]]a
| subclassis = [[Ammonoidea]]
| ordo = [[Goniatitida]]
| subordo = [[Goniatitina]]
| familia = [[Cravenoceratidae]]
| genus = '''''Quasicravenoceras'''''
| genus_authority = Ruzhentsev and Bogoslovskaya 1971
}}
'''''Quasicravenoceras''''' is a genus of ammonites in the goniatitid family [[Cravenoceratidae]] from the Carboniferous of Russia and Kazakhstan, included in the [[Neoglyphiocerataceae]]. The type species is ''Quasicravenoceras consuetum'' Ruzhencev & Bogoslovskaya, 1971.

==Diagnosis==
''Quasicravenoveras'' is characterized by a moderately large, variably involute, subdiscoidal shell, or conch.
The surface is covered with sharp lamella that can appear as narrow ribs. The sides of the ventral lobe are divergent, separated by a short median saddle

Related genera include ''[[Cravenoceras]]'', ''[[Cravenoceratoides]]'', ''[[Emstites]]'', and '[[Gorboviceras]]''.

== References ==
{{reflist}}
* ''Quasicravenoceras'' in [http://www.goniat.org/index.html in Gonait on Line]
*[http://fossilworks.org/bridge.pl?action=taxonInfo&taxon_no=13862 ''Quasicravenoceras''] in Fossilworks

[[Category:Carboniferous ammonites]]
[[Category:Goniatitida genera]]
[[Category:Fossils of Kazakhstan]]

{{ammonite-stub}}

Beleutoceras

2017-01-31T18:23:00Z

Caftaric: Category:Goniatitida genera

{{Taxobox
| fossil_range =
| image =
| image_width =
| image_caption =
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
| phylum = [[Mollusc]]a
| classis = [[Cephalopod]]a
| subclassis = [[Ammonoidea]]
| ordo = [[Goniatitida]]
| subordo = [[Goniatitina]]
| superfamilia = [[Nomismocerataceae]]
| familia = [[Nomismoceratidae]]
| genus = '''''Beleutoceras'''''
| genus_authority =
| subdivision_ranks =
| subdivision =
}}
'''''Beleutoceras''''' is a genus belonging to the [[Nomismoceratidae]] [[Family (biology)|family]]. They are an [[extinction|extinct]] group of [[ammonite|ammonoid]], which are shelled [[cephalopods]] related to [[squid]]s, [[belemnite]]s, [[octopus]]es, and [[cuttlefish]], and more distantly to the [[nautiloid]]s.

==References==
{{reflist}}
* [http://paleodb.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl The Paleobiology Database] accessed on 10/01/07

[[Category:Goniatitida genera]]
[[Category:Carboniferous ammonites]]
[[Category:Fossils of Kazakhstan]]

{{Ammonite-stub}}

Roinghites

2017-01-31T18:07:41Z

Caftaric: Category:Goniatitida genera

{{italic title}}{{Taxobox
| fossil_range = {{fossil range|368|366.8|ref=<ref name = "GoniatDB">{{cite web |url=http://goniat.org/showTax.html?TaxId=tax00000000000000000000000006791 | title=Goniat database | accessdate=20 October 2015}}</ref><ref name = "Korn2002">Korn D, Klug C (2002) Ammoneae Devonicae. Fossilium Catalogus 138. Backhuys, Leiden</ref>|Famennian}}
| image =
| image_width =
| image_caption =
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
| phylum = [[Mollusc]]a
| classis = [[Cephalopod]]a
| subclassis = [[Ammonoidea]]
| ordo = [[Goniatitida]]
| subordo = [[Tornoceratina]]
| superfamilia = [[Dimeroceratoidea]]
| familia = [[Cheiloceratidae]]
| subfamilia = [[Raymondiceratinae]]
| genus = '''''Roinghites'''''
| genus_authority = [[Dieter Korn|Korn]], 2002
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision =
}}
'''''Roinghites''''' is genus of [[Ammonoidea|ammonoid]] cephalopod belonging to the [[Cheiloceratidae]] [[Family (biology)|family]]. Species belonging to this genus lived in late [[Devonian]] ([[Famennian]]).

==Species and distribution==
* ''Roinghites aktubensis'' Bogoslovskii, 1960: ca 370.0 - 367.6 mya of Kazakhstan (South Urals). Originally named as ''[[Raymondiceras]] aktubense''<ref name = "GoniatDB"/>
* ''Roinghites bottkei'' Korn, 2002: ca 367.6 - 366.8 mya of Germany (Rhenish mountains). Type species of genus.<ref name = "GoniatDB"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Goniatitida genera]]
[[Category:Late Devonian ammonites]]
[[Category:Fossils of Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Ammonites of Asia]]
[[Category:Famennian life]]

{{Ammonite-stub}}

Aristoceras

2017-01-31T17:37:44Z

Caftaric: Category:Goniatitida genera

{{Automatic taxobox
| fossil_range = Early [[Pennsylvanian (geology)|Pennsylvanian]] - Early [[Permian]]
| image_caption =
| taxon = Aristoceras
| authority = Ruzencev,1950
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision = See text
}}
'''''Aristoceras''''' is a Late Paleozoic [[Goniatitida|goniatitid]] genus included in the [[Goniatitina]] suborder in which the lobes of the external suture are irregularly serrate.

''Aristoceras'', named by Ruzencev, 1950, may be a synonym for ''[[Euthalassoceras]]'' Miller and Furnish, 1940. The family to which it belongs, the [[Thalassoceratidae]] is now part of the [[Thalassoceratoidea]], but used to be included in the [[Dimorphocerataceae]] with the Dimorphoceratidae.

==References==
{{reflist}}
*{{cite book| first1=W.J. |last1=Arkell |first2=B. |last2=Kummel |first3=C.W. |last3=Wright |series=Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, Part L, Mollusca 4| title=Mesozoic Ammonoidea | publisher=Geological Society of America and University of Kansas Press |location=Lawrence, Kansas|year=1957}}
*''Aristoceras'' in [http://www.goniat.org/index.html GONIAT] 6/9/12
*{{cite web|title=''Aristoceras'' |url=http://paleodb.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=checkTaxonInfo&taxon_no=13627&is_real_user=1 |work=The Paleobiology Database |accessdate=18 July 2012}}

[[Category:Fossils of Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Goniatitida genera]]
[[Category:Permian ammonites]]
[[Category:Pennsylvanian first appearances]]
[[Category:Cisuralian extinctions]]

{{Ammonite-stub}}

Lyrogoniatites

2017-01-31T17:09:37Z

Caftaric: Category:Goniatitida genera

{{taxobox
| fossil_range = Upper [[Mississippian age|Mississippian]]
| image =
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
| phylum = [[Mollusc]]a
| classis = [[Cephalopod]]a
| ordo = [[Goniatitida]]
| familia = [[Cravenoceratidae]]
| subfamilia = [[Lyrogoniatitinae]]
| genus = '''''Lyrogoniatites'''''
| genus_authority = Miller & Furnish 1940
}}
'''''Lyrogoniatitites''''' is a [[Neoglyphiocerataceae|neoglyphiocercean]] ammonite, in the order [[Goniatitida]], related to genera like ''[[Alaoceras]]'', ''[[Cravenoceras]]'', ''[[Dumbarigloria]]'' and ''[[Pachylyroceras]]''.

==Description==
''Lyrogoniatites'' is similar to ''[[Neoglyphioceras]]'', but with broader shell and a smaller number (30-60) of longitudinal lirae and with a ventral (hyponomic) sinus and ventrolateral salients (projections) in all growth stages. As with ''Neoglyphioceras'' the ventral lobe is rather narrow.

==Taxonomic relations==
W.M. Furnish, et al., 2009, in the revised [[Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology|Treatise]] includes ''Lyrogoniatites'' in the neoglyphioceratid subfamily, [[Lyrogoniatitinae]], along with ''Alaoceras'', ''Caenolyroceras'', ''Dombarigloria'', and ''Pachylyroceras''. D. Korn (2006) on the other hand put ''Lyrogoniatites'' in the neoglyphioceratacean family [[Cravenoceratidae]] instead, and in the subfamily Lyrogoniatitinae along with such as ''Caenolyroceras'' and ''Pachylyroceras''. Others, (e.g. GONIAT) also include ''Lyrogoniatites'' in the Cravenoceratidae but in the Cravenoceratinae.

The older Treatise (Miller, Furnish, and Schindiwold 1957) puts ''Lyrogoniatites'' along with ''Neoglyphioceras'' in the [[Goniatitidae]] and subfamily [[Neoglyphioceratinae]], differentiating the two on the basis of the umbilicus -- that of ''Lyrogoniatites'' being moderately large, that of ''Neoglyphioceras'' being narrow.

==''References''==
{{reflist}}
* [http://www.goniat.org/index.html GONIAT online]
* W.M. Furnish, et al., 2009, Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, Part L (Revised) Vol 2. Paleozoic Ammonoidea ... [http://paleodb.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?action=basicTaxonInfo&taxon_no=13767]
* D. Korn, 2006. Paleozoic ammonoid classification. [http://paleodb.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=displayReference&reference_no=18963]
* Miller, Furnish, and Schindewolf, 1957. Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology, Part L, Ammonoidea.
* Saunders, Work, and Nikolaeva, 1999. Evolution of Complexity in Paleozoic Ammonoid Sutures, Supplementary Material. [http://www.sciencemag.org/site/feature/data/1043099.xhtml]

[[Category:Mississippian ammonites]]
[[Category:Goniatitida genera]]
[[Category:Fossils of Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Ammonites of Asia]]

Iliella

2017-01-27T16:01:08Z

Caftaric: Category:Branchiopoda genera

{{Italic title}}{{Taxobox
| name = ''Iliella spinosa''
| image = Iliella_spinosa.JPG
| image_width = 150px
| image_caption = Artist's reconstruction
| fossil_range = {{fossil range|Lower Jurassic}}
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
| phylum = [[Arthropod]]a
| subphylum = [[Crustacean|Crustacea]]
| classis = [[Branchiopoda]]
| ordo = [[Kazacharthra]]
| familia = [[Ketmeniidae]]
| genus = '''''Iliella'''''
| genus_authority = Chernyshev, 1940 <ref name="Treatise">[[Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology]], Arthropoda, Part Q</ref>
| species = '''''I. spinosa'''''
| binomial = ''Iliella spinosa''
| binomial_authority = Chernyshev, 1940
}}
'''''Iliella spinosa''''' is an extinct species of [[kazacharthran]] [[branchiopod]] [[crustacean]]s from the Lower [[Jurassic]] of [[Kazakhstan]].<ref name="Treatise"/> It had a unique [[carapace]] that was shaped like a spiny double-oval.<ref name="Treatise"/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Branchiopoda genera]]
[[Category:Prehistoric crustacean genera]]
[[Category:Jurassic crustaceans]]
[[Category:Fossils of Kazakhstan]]

{{Branchiopoda-stub}}
{{paleo-crustacean-stub}}

International Plant Protection Convention

2016-12-06T08:27:22Z

Caftaric: cleanup

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2013}}
{{Infobox treaty
| name = International Plant Protection Convention
| long_name =
| image =
| image_width =
| caption =
| type = agricultural; environmental
| date_drafted =
| date_signed = 6 December 1951
| location_signed = [[Rome]], [[Italy]]
| date_sealed =
| date_effective = 3 April 1952
| condition_effective = three ratifications
| date_expiration =
| signatories = 29
| parties = 182
| depositor = Director-General of the [[Food and Agriculture Organization]]
| language =
| languages = Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian, and Spanish
| website =
| wikisource =
}}

The '''International Plant Protection Convention''' ('''IPPC''') is a 1951 [[multilateral treaty]] overseen by the [[Food and Agriculture Organization]] that aims to secure coordinated, effective action to prevent and to control the introduction and spread of [[Pest (organism)|pest]]s of plants and plant products. The Convention extends beyond the protection of cultivated plants to the protection of natural flora and plant products. It also takes into consideration both direct and indirect damage by pests, so it includes weeds.

The Convention created a governing body consisting of each party, known as the '''Commission on Phytosanitary Measures''', which oversees the implementation of the Convention. As of September 2015, the Convention has 182 parties, which includes 179 [[United Nations member states]], the [[Cook Islands]], [[Niue]], and the [[European Union]]. The Convention is recognized by the World Trade Organization's (WTO) [[Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures]] (the SPS Agreement) as the only international standard setting body for plant health.

While the IPPC's primary focus is on plants and plant products moving in international trade, the Convention also covers research materials, biological control organisms, germplasm banks, containment facilities, food aid, emergency aid and anything else that can act as a vector for the spread of plant pests – for example, containers, packaging materials, soil, vehicles, vessels and machinery.

The IPPC was created by member countries of the [[Food and Agriculture Organization]] of the United Nations. The IPPC places emphasis on three core areas: international standard setting, information exchange and capacity development for the implementation of the IPPC and associated international phytosanitary standards. The Secretariat of the IPPC is housed at FAO headquarters in Rome, Italy, and is responsible for the coordination of core activities under the IPPC work program.

In recent years the Commission of Phytosanitary Measures of the IPPC has developed a strategic framework with the objectives of:
* protecting sustainable agriculture and enhancing global food security through the prevention of pest spread;
* protecting the environment, forests and biodiversity from plant pests;
* facilitating economic and trade development through the promotion of harmonized scientifically based phytosanitary measures, and:
* developing phytosanitary capacity for members to accomplish the preceding three objectives.

By focusing the Convention's efforts on these objectives, the Commission on Phytosanitary Measures of the IPPC intends to:
*Protect farmers from economically devastating pest and disease outbreaks.
*Protect the environment from the loss of species diversity.
*Protect ecosystems from the loss of viability and function as a result of pest invasions.
*Protect industries and consumers from the costs of pest control or eradication.
*Facilitate trade through International Standards that regulate the safe movements of plants and plant products.
*Protect livelihoods and food security by preventing the entry and spread of new pests of plants into a country.

==See also==
*[[Conservation (ethic)]]

==External links==
*[https://www.ippc.int International Plant Protection Convention]
*[https://www.fao.org Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations]
*[http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/user_upload/legal/docs/004s-e.pdf Ratifications].

{{DEFAULTSORT:Plant Protection Convention}}
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Uralopronorites

2016-08-18T06:42:56Z

Caftaric: Category:Ammonite genera

{{italic title}}
{{Taxobox
| name = Uralopronorites
| fossil_range = U [[Carboniferous|Carb]] ([[Pennsylvanian (geology)|Penn]])
| image =
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
| phylum = [[Mollusc]]a
| classis = [[Cephalopod]]a
| subclassis = [[Ammonoidea]]
| ordo = [[Prolecanitida]]
| familia = [[Pronoritidae]]
| genus = '''''Uralopronorites'''''
}}
'''''Uralopronorites''''' is a genus of very involute and smooth, medium-sized, [[Prolecanitida|prolecanitid]]s with a distinct furrow along the venter and closed umbilicus. The adult suture has 22 lobes in all, 18 of which, nine on either side, are umbilical.

''Uralopronorites'' comes from the Upper Carboniferous (Pennsylvanian equivalent) of Kazakhstan. It is an ammonite.

== References ==
{{reflist}}
* [http://www.goniat.org/showTax.html?TaxId=tax00000000000000000000000005610 Uralopronorites GONIAT-online] 8/21/10
* [http://paleodb.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?action=basicTaxonInfo&taxon_no=13999 Paleobiology Database -Uralopronorites] 8/21/10

[[Category:Ammonite genera]]
[[Category:Pennsylvanian ammonites]]
[[Category:Fossils of Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Ammonites of Asia]]

{{Ammonite-stub}}

Lyrolepis

2016-06-13T05:39:11Z

Caftaric: cleanup

{{italic title}}
{{Taxobox
| name = Lyrolepis
| image =
| image_caption =
| fossil_range = 
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
| phylum = [[Chordate|Chordata]]
| subphylum = [[Vertebrate|Vertebrata]]
| infraphylum = [[Gnathostomata]]
| superclassis = [[Osteichthyes]]
| classis = [[Actinopterygii]]
| subclassis =
| ordo =[[Elopiformes]]
| superfamilia =
| familia =
| subfamilia =
| genus = '''''Lyrolepis'''''
| species =
| binomial =
| binomial_authority =
}}
'''''Lyrolepis''''' is an extinct genus of prehistoric [[Actinopterygii|ray-finned fish]].<ref name="sepkoskidb">{{cite journal | last = Sepkoski | first = Jack | title = A compendium of fossil marine animal genera | journal = Bulletins of American Paleontology | volume = 364 |page=560 | year = 2002 | url = http://strata.ummp.lsa.umich.edu/jack/showgenera.php?taxon=611&rank=class | accessdate = 2009-02-27 }}</ref>

==See also==
{{Portal|Paleontology|Fish}}
* [[Prehistoric fish]]
* [[List of prehistoric bony fish]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Prehistoric ray-finned fish genera]]
[[Category:Eocene fish]]
[[Category:Elopiformes]]
[[Category:Fossils of Kazakhstan]]

{{paleo-rayfinned-fish-stub}}

Praeornis

2016-05-24T06:20:04Z

Caftaric: Jerzy Dzik

{{italic title}}{{speciesbox
| name = ''Praeornis''
| fossil_range = [[Late Jurassic]], {{fossilrange|154|earliest=164|latest=150}}
| greatgrandparent_authority = Rautian, 1978
| grandparent_authority = Rautian, 1978
| parent_authority = Rautian, 1978
| genus = Praeornis
| species = sharovi
| authority = Rautian, 1978
}}
'''''Praeornis''''' is a [[nomen dubium|dubious]] [[genus]] of possible early [[bird]], named on the basis of a single possible feather discovered in the [[Balabansai Formation]] of [[Kazakhstan]] by Sharov in 1971. A second specimen has been discovered in 2010 by [[Jerzy Dzik|Dzik]] et al.<ref name="Dzik"/>

In 1978, Rautian officially named the feather (cataloged as specimen PIN 2585/32) ''Praeornis sharovi''. He believed it belonged to a bird more primitive than ''[[Archaeopteryx]]'', and assigned it to its own sublcass (Praeornithes), order (Praeornithiformes) and family (Praeornithidae).<ref>Rautian (1978). "A unique bird feather from Jurassic lake deposits in the Karatau." ''Paleontological Journal'', '''4''': 520-528.</ref> However, in 1986, Bock published a paper arguing that the "feather" was in fact the leaf of a [[cycad]].<ref>Bock (1986). "The arboreal origin of avian flight." Pp. 57-72 in Padian, K. (ed.). ''The Origin of Birds and the Evolution of Flight''. California Academy of Sciences, Memoir 8.</ref> This opinion was followed by Doludenko and colleagues in 1990, who noted that it was similar to the leaves of the cycad species ''[[Paracycas harrisii]]''. L.A. Nessov, in 1992, also suggested that it belonged to a cycad, but synonymized it with the species ''[[Cycadites saportae]]''. The opinion that it represents a leaf has since been followed by [[Alan Feduccia]] in 1996 and [[Peter Wellnhofer]] in 2004.<ref>Feduccia, A. (1996). ''The Origin and Evolution of Birds''. New Haven: Yale University Press. 420 pp.</ref><ref>Wellnhofer, P. (2004). "The plumage of ''Archaeopteryx'': Feathers of a dinosaur." Pp. 282-300 in Currie, Koppelhus, Shugar and Wright (eds). ''Feathered Dragons: Studies on the Transition from Dinosaurs to Birds''.</ref>

Three studies since the original description has supported the identification of ''Praeornis'' as a feather, rather than a leaf. In 1991, Glazunova and colleagues examined the specimen using an [[electron microscope]], and found that the microstructure had features in common with the "primitive" feathers of [[ratite]] birds [since ratites are now known to be secondarily flightless paleognathous birds, their feathers are not primitive but degenerate flight and contour feathers].<ref>Glazunova, Rautian and Filin (1991). "''Praeornis sharovi'': Bird feather or plant leaf?" ''Materialy 10 Vsesoyuznoi Ornitologicheskoi Konferentzii, Vitebsk,'' '''2'''(1): 149-150. [in Russian]</ref> In a 2001 paper, [[Yevgeny Kurochkin|Kurochkin]] also accepted its identity as a feather.<ref>Kurochkin (2001). "Mesozoic birds of Mongolia and the former USSR." Pp. 533-559 in Benton, Shishkin, Unwin and Kurochkin (eds.). ''The Age of Dinosaurs in Russia and Mongolia.''</ref> A more comprehensive study was published in 2010 by Dzik et al., in which the authors conducted a biochemical analysis of a ''Praeornis'' feather and other fossils from the same site, including plants and fish. The analysis showed that the chemical markers of the ''Praeornis'' fossil was more similar to the fish scales than to the plant leaves, supporting the hypothesis that the feathers were animal in origin.<ref name=Dzik>Dzik, J., Sulej, T. and Niedzwiedzki, G. (2010). "Possible link connecting reptilian scales with avian feathers from the early Late Jurassic of Kazakstan." ''Historical Biology'', '''22'''(4): 394–402. [http://www.paleo.pan.pl/people/Dzik/Publications/Praeornis.pdf]</ref> Besides identifying ''Praeornis'' as a feather, Dzik et al. also noticed similarities between the purported feathers of ''[[Longisquama]]'' and those of ''Praeornis''.<ref name=Dzik/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{portal|Paleontology}}
[[Category:Fossils of Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Basal Aves]]
[[Category:Cycads]]
[[Category:Bird genera]]
[[Category:Jurassic birds]]

Trimerocephalus

2016-05-14T08:17:06Z

Caftaric: Category:Trilobites of Australia

{{italic title}}
{{Taxobox
| name = ''Trimerocephalus''
| fossil_range = {{Geological range|372|359|[[Famennian]]}}
| image = Trimerocephalus interruptus ceph2 CRF.jpg
| image_caption = Two cephalons of the trilobite ''Trimerocephalus interruptus''
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
| phylum = [[Arthropod]]a
| classis = [[trilobite|Trilobita]]
| ordo = [[Phacopida]]
| superordo = [[Phacopina]]
| superfamilia = [[Phacopoidea]]
| familia = [[Phacopidae]]
| genus = '''''Trimerocephalus'''''<ref name='Crônier'>{{cite journal|last= Crônier|first= C.|year= 2003|title= Systematic relationships of the blind phacopine trilobite ''Trimerocephalus'', with a new species from Causses−et−Veyran, Montagne Noire|journal= Acta Palaeontologica Polonica|volume= 48|issue= 1|pages= 55–70|accessdate= 4 November 2013|url= http://www.app.pan.pl/archive/published/app48/app48-055.pdf}}</ref><ref name='FMcNCL-A'>{{cite journal|last1= Feist|first1= R. |last2= McNamara|first2= K.J.|last3= Crônier|first3= C.|last4= Lerosey-Aubril|first4= R.|year= 2009|title= Patterns of extinction and recovery of phacopid trilobites during the Frasnian-Famennian (Late Devonian) mass extinction event, Canning Basin, Western Australia|journal= Geological Magazine|volume= 146|issue= 1|pages= 12–33|accessdate= 5 November 2013|url= ftp://ftp.esc.cam.ac.uk/pub/kmcn07/KEN'S%20PAPERS/Feistetal2009.pdf|doi=10.1017/s0016756808005335}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1= Kin|first1= A.|last2= Blazejowski|first2= B.|year= 2013|title= A new ''Trimerocephalus'' species (Trilobita, Phacopidae) from the Late Devonian (Early Famennian) of Poland|journal= Zootaxa|volume= 3626|issue= 3|pages= 345–355|url= http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/2013/f/z03626p355f.pdf|doi=10.11646/zootaxa.3626.3.3}}</ref>
| genus_authority= M'Coy, 1849
| synonyms = ''Eutrimerocephalus''
| subdivision_ranks = [[species]]
| subdivision =
* ''T. mastophthalmus'' Reinh. Richter, 1856 ([[Type (biology)|type]]) [[Synonym (taxonomy)|synonym]] ''Phacops mastophthalmus'', ''Trinucleus laevis''
* ''T. caecus'' (Gürich, 1896) synonym ''Phacops caecus''
* ''T. chopini'' Kin & Blazejowski, 2013
* ''T. cryptophthalmoides'' (Maksimova, 1955) synonym ''Phacops cryptophthalmoides''
* ''T. dianopsoides'' Osmólska, 1963
* ''T. interruptus'' Berkowski, 1991
* ''T. lacunosus'' (Pfeiffer, 1959) synonym ''Phacops lacunosus''
* ''T. lelievrei'' Crônier & Feist, 1997
* ''T. lentiginosus'' (Maksimova, 1955) synonym ''Phacops lentiginosus''
* ''T. mimbi'' Feist, McNamarra, Crônier & Lerosey-Aubril, 2009
* ''T. nigritus'' Crônier, 2003
* ''T. polonicus'' Osmólska, 1958
* ''T. procurvus'' Arbizu, 1985
* ''T. shotoriensis'' Feist, Yasdi & Becker, 2003
* ''T. sponsor'' Chlupač, 1966
* ''T. steinachensis'' (Richter & Richter, 1926) synonym ''Phacops steinachensis''
* ''T. tardispinosus'' Feist & Becker, 1997
* ''T. trifolius'' (Osmólska, 1958) synonym ''Dianops trifolius''
* ''T. vodorezovi'' (Maksimova, 1955) synonym ''Phacops vodorezovi''
}}
'''''Trimerocephalus''''' is a genus of eyeless trilobites from the order [[Phacopida]], family [[Phacopidae]]. It lived during the final [[Stage (stratigraphy)|stage]] of the Devonian, the [[Famennian]], and became extinct at the end of this stage, together with all other trilobites with the exception of some [[Proetida]]. It can be found in Australia, the Czech Republic, France, Germany, Iran, Kazakhstan, Morocco, Poland, the Russian Federation (Urals), Spain, and the United Kingdom (England).

== Distribution ==
Species belonging to the genus ''Trimerocephalus'' have been found in Europe, Morocco, Iran and Australia.<ref name='Crônier'/><ref name='FMcNCL-A'/>
* ''T. caecus'' has been found in the [[Upper Devonian]] (Lower [[Famennian]]) of Poland ([[Holy Cross Mountains]]), Germany (Harz Mountains, Rhineland, Thuringia), the Russian Federation (Ural Mountains), North Africa, and France ([[Armorican Massif]]).
* ''T. lentiginosus'' has been excavated from the Upper Devonian of the Russian Federation (Famennian, South Ural Mountains).
* ''T. cryptophthalmoides'' is present in the Upper Devonian (Lower Famennian) of Kazakhstan, and the Russian Federation (South Ural Mountains).
* ''T. dianopsoides'' occurs in the Upper Devonian of Poland (Famennian, Holy Cross Mountains).
* ''T. interruptus'' is deposited in the Upper Devonian of Poland (Famennian, Holy Cross Mountains).
* ''T. lacunosus'' has been identified in the Upper Devonian of Germany (Famennian, Thuringia).
* ''T. lelievrei'' was collected in the Upper Devonian of Morocco (Famennian, Tafilalt).
* ''T. mastophthalmus'' is known from the Upper Devonian of Germany (Lower Famennian, Rhineland, Harz Mountains, Thuringia), Poland (Holy Cross Mountains), England, southwestern Asia, and Kazakhstan.
* ''T. mimbi'' has been found in the Upper Devonian of West-Australia (Famennian, McWhae Ridge, west side South Lawford Range, Virgin Hills Formation).
* ''T. nigritus'' is present in the Upper Devonian of France (lower Famennian, Red cephalopod limestones, lower member of "griottes" limestones formation, Lower ''Palmatolepis rhomboidea'' subzone, Old quarry of Concours-le-Haut near Causses-et-Veyran, [[Montagne Noire]]).
* ''T. polonicus'' occurs in the Upper Devonian of Poland (Famennian, Holy Cross Mountains).
* ''T. procurvus'' has been identified in the Upper Devonian (Famennian) of Spain (Cantabrian Mountains) and Germany.
* ''T. shotoriensis'' was excavated from the Upper Devonian of Eastern Iran (Famennian, lower ''Palmatolepis marginifera''- to upper ''Palmatolepis trachytera''-zone, Shotori-Range).
* ''T. sponsor'' has been identified in the Upper Devonian (Famennian) of the Czech Republic (Moravia) and Spain (Cantabrian Mountains).
* ''T. steinachensis'' is known from the Upper Devonian of Germany (Famennian, Thuringia, Harz Mountains).
* ''T. tardispinosus'' has been found in the Upper Devonian of Australia (Famennian, ''Palmatolepis rhomboidea''-zone; McWhae Ridge, west side South Lawford Range, Virgin Hills Formation).
* ''T. trifolius'' occurs in the Upper Devonian of Poland (Famennian, Holy Cross Mountains).
* ''T. vodorezovi'' is present in the Upper Devonian of Kazakhstan (Famennian).

== Taxonomy ==
[[Image:Cladogram Trimerocephalus.png|thumb|left|330px|the relationships between species assigned to ''Trimerocephalus'']]''Acuticryphops'' is probably ancestral to ''Trimerocephalus'', and mainly differs from its descendants in having an eye lobe with a small number of lenses. Crônier, 2003, erected the subgenus ''Trimerocephalus (Trifoliops)'' containing ''T. trifolius'' and ''T. nigritus''.<ref name='Crônier'/> In order not to be [[polyphyletic]], ''T. (Trifoliops)'' would need to include at least ''T. steinachensis'', and preferably ''T. dianopsoides'' as well. These species are in the same clade as ''T. mastophtalmus'' however, which is the type of the genus ''Trimerocephalus'', which would by definition be in the nominal subgenus ''Trimerocephalus (Trimerocephalus)''. This in turn would prompt the erection of an other subgenus with all remaining species shown in the cladogram.

== Description ==
''Trimerocephalus'' is one of several [[Phacopidae|phacopid]] genera that is eyeless (others being ''Dianops'', ''Ductina'', and ''Trimerocephaloides''). The dorsal facial sutures are not functional, so cranidia and free cheeks (or librigenae) are not found separated. The marginal ridge bordering the cheeks is wide and convex. The part of the margin that is tucked-under (or doublure) and only visible when viewing the cephalon from the belly (or [[Anatomical terms of location#Dorsal and ventral|ventral]] side), is short and flat. The vincular furrow, a groove that fits the margin of the tailpiece or [[Trilobite#Pygidium|pygidium]] when the animal was enrolled, is wide and deep. The pygidium is about 3 times wider than long.<ref name='Treatise'>{{cite book|last= Moore|first= R.C.|year= 1959|title= Arthropoda I - Arthropoda General Features, Proarthropoda, Euarthropoda General Features, Trilobitomorpha|publisher= Geological Society of America/University of Kansas Press|series= Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology|volume= Part O.|pages=1–560|location= Boulder, Colorado/Lawrence, Kansas|isbn= 0-8137-3015-5}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Phacopidae]]
[[Category:Trilobite genera]]
[[Category:Trilobites of Australia]]
[[Category:Fossils of the Czech Republic]]
[[Category:Fossils of France]]
[[Category:Fossils of Germany]]
[[Category:Fossils of Iran]]
[[Category:Fossils of Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Fossils of Morocco]]
[[Category:Fossils of Poland]]
[[Category:Fossils of Russia]]
[[Category:Fossils of Spain]]
[[Category:Fossils of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Devonian trilobites of Asia]]
[[Category:Devonian trilobites of Africa]]
[[Category:Devonian trilobites of Europe]]

Pentagnostus

2016-05-14T08:11:06Z

Caftaric: Category:Trilobites of Australia

{{Taxobox
| fossil_range = {{fossilrange|Middle Cambrian}}
| image = Pentagnostus brighamensis sharper only.jpg
| image_caption = ''Pentagnostus brighamensis'', 6mm, Spence Formation
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
| phylum = [[Arthropod]]a
| classis = [[trilobite|Trilobita]]
| ordo = [[Agnostida]]
| subordo = [[Agnostina]]
| superfamilia = [[Agnostoidea]]
| familia = [[Peronopsidae]]
| genus = '''''Pentagnostus'''''
| genus_authority = Lermontova, 1940
| subdivision_ranks = [[Subgenus|subgenera]]
| subdivision =
* ''Pentagnostus (Pentagnostus)''
* ''Pentagnostus (Meragnostus)'' Naimark, 2012
and [[#Species and distribution|see text]] for species
<ref name='Naimark'>{{cite journal|last= Naimark|first= E.B.|year= 2012|title= Hundred species of the Genus ''Peronopsis'' Hawle et Corda, 1847|journal= Paleontological Journal|volume= 46|issue= 9|pages= 945–1057|doi= 10.1134/S0031030112090018}}</ref>
}}
'''''Pentagnostus''''' is a [[genus]] of [[trilobite]]s restricted to the [[Middle Cambrian]]. Its remains have been found in Siberia, Australia, North America, [[Scandinavia]], and [[Kazakhstan]].<ref name='Naimark'/>

== Taxonomy ==
[[File:Gradogram Pentagnostus.jpg|left|450px|thumb|Schematic showing the relationship between both subgenera of ''Pentagnostus'' (light green), the ancestral ''Archaeagnostus'' (darker green) and the descending Ptychagnostidae (red). Based on E. B. Naimark (2012). Hundred species of the genus ''Peronopsis'' Hawle et Corda, 1847. Paleontological Journal 46(9):945-1057]]
The probable ancestor of ''Pentagnostus'' is [[Archaeagnostus]]. Two subgenera can be distinguished. The nominate subgenus occurred first and developed into the later subgenus ''Pentagnostus (Meragnostus)'' and the family [[Ptychagnostidae]].<ref name='Naimark'/>

== Species and distribution ==

=== Subgenus ''Pentagnostus (Pentagnostus)'' ===
* ''P. anabarensis'' Lermontova, 1940 ([[Type (biology)|type]])
* ''P. ademptus'' (Prokovskaya and Jegorova, 1972)
* ''P. brighamensis'' (Resser, 1938)
* ''P. shergouldi'' Laurie, 2004
* ''P. veles'' Öpik, 1979 synonym ''P. endemicus''.<ref name='Naimark'/>

=== Subgenus ''Pentagnostus (Meragnostus)'' ===
* ''P. bonnerensis'' (Resser, 1939) ([[Type (biology)|type]]) synonyms ''P. admirabilis'' and ''Agnostus lautus''.
* ''P. bulkurensis'' (Prokovskaya and Pregel, 1982)
* ''P. remotus'' (Prokovskaya and Jegorova, 1969)
* ''P. segmentus'' (Robison, 1964)
* ''P. shabactensis'' Ergaliev, 2008 synonym ''Peronopsis ultima'' Ergaliev, 1980 non Poulsen 1960.<ref name='Naimark'/>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Agnostida]]
[[Category:Trilobite genera]]
[[Category:Cambrian trilobites]]
[[Category:Cambrian trilobites of Australia]]
[[Category:Fossils of Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Fossils of Russia]]