Economy of Kazakhstan

2017-04-20T11:15:25Z

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{{POV|date=June 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2012}}
{{Use American English|date=March 2017}}
{{Infobox economy
|country = Kazakhstan
|image = [[File:Central Downtown Astana 2.jpg|275px]]
|gdp = {{increase}}$461 billion (PPP, 2016)<ref name="The World Factbook">{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/resources/the-world-factbook/geos/kz.html#up|title=The World Factbook|work=cia.gov}}</ref>
{{increase}}$128 billion (nominal, 2016)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://data.worldbank.org/country/kazakhstan#up|title=The World Bank}}</ref>
|gdp rank = 43rd (PPP, 2015)<ref name="The World Factbook">{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/resources/the-world-factbook/geos/kz.html#up|title=The World Factbook|work=cia.gov}}</ref>
|width =
|caption = [[Astana]], capital of Kazakhstan.
|currency = [[Tenge]] (KZT) = [[File:Tenge symbol.svg|7px]] 1 = 0.0031 [[USD]]
|fixed exchange =
|year = calendar year
|organs = [[Eurasian Economic Union|EAEU]] and [[World Trade Organization|WTO]]
|growth = {{increase}}1.2% (Real, 2015)<ref name="The World Factbook">{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/resources/the-world-factbook/geos/kz.html#up|title=The World Factbook|work=cia.gov}}</ref>
|per capita = {{increase}}$7,138 (nominal, 2016)<ref name="The World Factbook">{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/resources/the-world-factbook/geos/kz.html#up|title=The World Factbook|work=cia.gov}}</ref>
|sectors = agriculture: 4.8%; industry: 35.3%; services: 59.9% (2015 est.)<ref name="The World Factbook">{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/resources/the-world-factbook/geos/kz.html#up|title=The World Factbook|work=cia.gov}}</ref>
|components =
|inflation = 5.2% (CPI, 2012 est.)
|poverty = 2.9% (2013)
|gini = 28.8<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2172.html|title=The World Factbook|work=cia.gov}}</ref> (2008, low)
|labor = 9 million (2015 est.)<ref>https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/resources/the-world-factbook/geos/kz.html</ref>
|occupations = agriculture: 25.8%; industry: 11.9%; services: 62.3% (2012 est.)
|unemployment = {{decrease}}5% (2015 est.)<ref name="The World Factbook">{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/resources/the-world-factbook/geos/kz.html#up|title=The World Factbook|work=cia.gov}}</ref>
|edbr = 35th (2017)<ref name=" World Bank and International Financial Corporation ">{{cite web |url=http://www.doingbusiness.org/data/exploreeconomies/kazakhstan |title=Ease of Doing Business in Kazakhstan |publisher=Doingbusiness.org |accessdate=2017-01-24 }}</ref>
|industries = oil, coal, iron ore, manganese, chromite, lead, zinc, copper, titanium, bauxite, gold, silver, phosphates, sulfur, iron and steel; tractors and other agricultural machinery, electric motors, construction materials
|exports = {{decrease}}$45 billion (2015 est.)
|export-goods = oil and oil products 59%, ferrous metals 19%, chemicals 5%, machinery 3%, grain, wool, meat, coal
|export-partners = {{flag|China}} 15.1% {{flag|Russia}} 12.3% {{flag|France}} 9.2% {{flag|Germany}} 7.9% {{flag|Italy}} 6.7% {{flag|Greece}} 4.1% (2015)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2050.html#kz|title=Export Partners of Kazakhstan|publisher=[[CIA World Factbook]]|year=2015|accessdate=2016-08-05}}</ref>
|imports = {{decrease}}$32 billion (2015 est.)
|import-goods = machinery and equipment, metal products, foodstuffs
|import-partners = {{flag|Russia}} 32.9% {{flag|China}} 25.9% {{flag|Germany}} 4.2% (2015)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2061.html#kz|title=Import Partners of Kazakhstan|publisher=[[CIA World Factbook]]|year=2015|accessdate=2016-08-05}}</ref>
|gross external debt = {{decrease}}$105.5 billion (31 December 2012 est.)
|debt = {{decrease}}12% of GDP (2012 est.)
|revenue = $43 billion (2012 est.)
|expenses = $48 billion (2012 est.)
|aid =
|credit =
*[[Standard & Poor's]]:<ref>{{cite web |title= Sovereigns rating list |publisher=Standard & Poor's |url=http://www.standardandpoors.com/ratings/sovereigns/ratings-list/en/eu/?subSectorCode=39 |accessdate=26 May 2011}}</ref> BBB+ (Domestic) BBB (Foreign) BBB+ (T&C Assessment) Outlook: Stable<ref name=guardian>{{cite news |title=How Fitch, Moody's and S&P rate each country's credit rating |date=15 April 2011 |first1=Simon |last1=Rogers |first2=Ami |last2=Sedghi |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2010/apr/30/credit-ratings-country-fitch-moodys-standard |accessdate=31 May 2011}}</ref>
*[[Moody's]]:<ref name=guardian/> Baa2 Outlook: Stable
*[[Fitch Group|Fitch]]:<ref name=guardian/> BBB- Outlook: Positive
|reserves = {{decrease}}$28 billion (31 December 2012)
|cianame = kz
|spelling = US
}}

The '''economy of [[Kazakhstan]]''' is the largest economy in [[Central Asia]]. It possesses enormous oil reserves as well as minerals and metals. It also has considerable agricultural potential with its vast [[steppe]] lands accommodating both livestock and grain production, as well as developed space infrastructure, which took over all launches to the [[International Space Station]] from the [[Space Shuttle]]. The mountains in the south are important for [[apple]]s and [[walnut]]s; both species grow wild there. Kazakhstan's industrial sector rests on the extraction and processing of these natural resources and also on a relatively large machine building sector specializing in construction equipment, tractors, agricultural machinery, and some military items. The breakup of the USSR and the collapse of demand for Kazakhstan's traditional heavy industry products have resulted in a sharp contraction of the economy since 1991, with the steepest annual decline occurring in 1994. In 1995-97 the pace of the government program of economic reform and privatization quickened, resulting in a substantial shifting of assets into the private sector. The December 1996 signing of the [[Caspian Pipeline Consortium]] agreement to build a new pipeline from western Kazakhstan's [[Tengiz Field]] to the [[Black Sea]] increases prospects for substantially larger oil exports in several years. Kazakhstan's economy turned downward in 1998 with a 2.5% decline in GDP growth due to slumping oil prices and the [[1998 Russian financial crisis|August financial crisis]] in [[Russia]]. A bright spot in 1999 was the recovery of international [[petroleum]] prices, which, combined with a well-timed tenge devaluation and a bumper grain harvest, pulled the economy out of recession.

Current GDP per capita shrank by 26% in the Nineties.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://earthtrends.wri.org/text/economics-business/variable-638.html |title=What We Do |work=wri.org |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090220134324/http://earthtrends.wri.org/text/economics-business/variable-638.html |archivedate=20 February 2009 |df=dmy }}</ref> In the 2000s, Kazakhstan's economy grew sharply, aided by increased prices on world markets for Kazakhstan's leading exports—oil, metals and grain. GDP grew 9.6% in 2000, up from 1.7% in 1999. In 2006, extremely high GDP growth had been sustained, and grew by 10.6%.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rbcnews.com/free/20070403193147.shtml|title=RosBusinessConsulting - News Online|work=rbcnews.com}}</ref> Business with booming Russia and China, as well as neighboring [[Commonwealth of Independent States]] (CIS) nations have helped to propel this growth. The increased economic growth also led to a turn-around in government finances, with the budget moving from a cash deficit of 3.7% of GDP in 1999 to 0.1% surplus in 2000. The country experienced a slowdown in economic growth from 2014 sparked by falling oil prices and the effects of the [[Ukrainian crisis]]<ref name="ft.com">[http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/c4a55aa6-dd04-11e3-b73c-00144feabdc0.html#axzz3mCiNSOzr Kazakhs battle to stave off chill blowing in from Russian steppe], [[Financial Times]], 21 May 2014</ref> The country's currency was devalued by 19% in 2004 and by 22% in 2015.

In 2015, the [[World Economic Forum]] compiled its Global Competitiveness Ranking ranking Kazakhstan 50th out of 144 countries.<ref name=wef1>{{cite web|title=Kazakhstan beats Belgium and France in government efficiency ranking of World Economic Forum|url=http://en.tengrinews.kz/politics_sub/Kazakhstan-beats-Belgium-and-France-in-government-efficiency-261256/|website=http://en.tengrinews.kz}}</ref> The ranking considers multiple macroeconomic and financial factors, such as market size, GDP, tax rates, infrastructure development, etc.<ref>{{cite web|title=Competitiveness Rankings|url=http://reports.weforum.org/global-competitiveness-report-2014-2015/rankings/|website=http://reports.weforum.org}}</ref> In 2012, the World Economic Forum listed corruption as the biggest problem in doing business in the country,<ref name="OECD1">[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=BU7uK583X8MC&pg=PA112&lpg=PA112&dq=kazakhstan+corruption+ranking&source=bl&ots=ZI50X8c9BL&sig=TiPEPwdRpIq41eJ1a5PxX_GsgYs&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CFcQ6AEwBTgKahUKEwib2f2FzYPIAhVmcHIKHePYBpE#v=onepage&q=kazakhstan%20corruption%20ranking&f=false OECD Investment Policy Reviews], P112, [[OECD]], 2012</ref> while the [[World Bank]] listed Kazakhstan as a corruption hotspot, on a par with [[Angola]], [[Bolivia]], [[Kenya]], [[Libya]] and [[Pakistan]].<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/05/business/yourmoney/05giffen.html?pagewanted=all Oil, Cash and Corruption], [[New York Times]], 5 November 2006</ref>

The World Bank Vice President for Europe and Central Asia, Cyrill Muller, visited Astana in January 2017, where he praised Kazakhstan's progress made during the 25-year partnership with the World Bank. The World Bank VP also talked about Kazakhstan's improved positioning in the World Bank's Doing Business Report 2017, where Kazakhstan ranked 35th out of 190 countries worldwide.<ref>{{cite web|title=World Bank Vice President Visits Kazakhstan, Discusses 25 Year Partnership and New Opportunities to Benefit People|url=http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/press-release/2017/01/16/world-bank-vice-president-visits-kazakhstan-discusses-25-year-partnership-and-new-opportunities-to-benefit-people?cid=ECA_TT_ECA_EN_EXT|website=www.worldbank.org}}</ref>

Kazakhstan secured 2nd position in the Central and South Asia regional ranking of the 2015 Global Innovation Index (GII) released by World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) together with Cornell University and INSEAD France.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Global Innovation Index 2015: Switzerland, UK, Sweden, Netherlands, USA are Leaders|url = http://www.wipo.int/pressroom/en/articles/2015/article_0010.html#regional|website = www.wipo.int|accessdate = 2015-09-30}}</ref>

Kazakhstan is listed in the 2016 Bloomberg Innovation Index among the top 50 most innovative economies.<ref name="BII2015">{{cite web|title=These Are the World's Most Innovative Economies|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-01-19/these-are-the-world-s-most-innovative-economies}}</ref> Kazakhstan improved its position in the 2017 Bloomberg Innovation Index by 2 spots ranking 48th with total score 45.56.<ref>{{cite web|title=These Are the World's Most Innovative Economies|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-01-17/sweden-gains-south-korea-reigns-as-world-s-most-innovative-economies|website=www.bloomberg.com}}</ref>

==Macro-economic trend==
In the 2014 Economic Freedom Index published by [[The Heritage Foundation]] in Washington, DC, Kazakhstan has gained 22 points over the past 17 years, which is noted by the authors as among the 20 best improvements recorded by any country.<ref name=EFI>{{cite web|title=2014 Economic Freedom Index: Kazakhstan|url=http://www.heritage.org/index/country/kazakhstan|publisher=The Heritage Foundation}}</ref> Kazakhstan ranks 11th out of 42 countries in the Asia–Pacific region, and its overall score is above the world and regional averages.<ref name="EFI"/>

This chart shows trends in the gross domestic product of Kazakhstan at market prices estimated by the [[International Monetary Fund]], with figures in millions of [[Kazakhstani tenge]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2006/01/data/dbcselm.cfm?G=2001 |title=Edit/Review Countries |work=imf.org |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100611172746/http://www.imf.org:80/external/pubs/ft/weo/2006/01/data/dbcselm.cfm?G=2001 |archivedate=11 June 2010 |df=dmy }}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year || Gross Domestic Product || US Dollar Exchange || Inflation Index (2000=100) || Per Capita Income (as % of USA)
|-
| 1995 || 78,014,200 || 61.11 Tenge || 64 || 3.81
|-
| 2000 || 102,599,902 || 142.26 Tenge || 100 || 3.53
|-
| 2005 || 147,453,000 || 132.88 Tenge || 140 || 9.01
|}

For purchasing-power parity comparisons, the US Dollar is exchanged at 59.95 Tenges only. Mean wages comprised $6.93 per man-hour in 2009.

Kazakhstan has managed its monetary policy well. Its principal challenge in 2001 was to manage strong foreign-currency inflows without sparking inflation. [[Inflation]] had, in fact, stayed under control, registering 9.8% in 2000, and appeared likely to be under 10% in 2001. Because of its strong economic performance and financial health, Kazakhstan became the first former Soviet republic to repay all of its debt to the [[IMF]] by paying back $400 million in 2000; 7 years ahead of schedule. Overall foreign debt amounts to{{When|date=March 2012}} about $12.5 billion, $4 billion of it owed by the government. This amounts to 6.9% of GDP, well within manageable levels.

The upturn in economic growth, combined with the results of earlier reforms in taxation and in the financial sector, dramatically improved government finances from the 1998 budget deficit level of 4.2% of GDP to a slight surplus in 2000. Government tax-revenues grew from 16.4% of GDP in 1999 to 20.6% of GDP in 2000. In 2000, Kazakhstan adopted a new tax-code in an effort to consolidate these gains. Its strong financial position also allowed the government to reduce the value-added tax (VAT) from 20% to 16% and to reduce social (payroll) taxes as of July 2001. Kazakhstan's stronger budget-position and strong export-earnings earned it credit-rating upgrades from [[Moody's]], [[Standard & Poor's|S&P]], and [[Fitch Ratings|Fitch]] during 2001.

Kazakhstan instituted a pension reform program in 1998 that was partly based on the model of the [[Chile pension system|Chilean pension system]] but included modifications. By July 2001, Kazakhstanis had contributed more than $1 billion to their own personal pension-accounts, mostly managed by the private sector. The [[National Bank of Kazakhstan|National Bank]] oversees and regulates the [[pension fund]]s. The pension funds' growing demand for quality investment outlets triggered rapid development of the debt-securities market. Pension-fund capital is being invested almost exclusively in corporate and government bonds, including Government of Kazakhstan Eurobonds. The Kazakhstani banking system is developing rapidly.{{Citation needed|date=March 2012}} Banking systems capitalization now{{When|date=January 2012}} exceeds $1 billion. The National Bank has introduced deposit insurance in its campaign to strengthen the banking sector. Several major foreign banks have branches in Kazakhstan, including [[The Royal Bank of Scotland Group]], [[Citibank]], and [[HSBC]]. Kazakhstan is also a member of the [[Economic Cooperation Organization]] (ECO).

According to the Republic of Kazakhstan Agency for Statistics, in January–March 2010 production of GDP amounted to 3,881.6 billion tenge and an increase of 7.1%.

==Economic Growth & GDP ==
Kazakhstan's GDP grew 4.1% in real terms during the period from January to September 2014.<ref name=Stat.gov.kz>{{cite web|title=Statistical Agency|url=http://stat.gov.kz/|publisher=Statistical Agency}}</ref>

Kazakhstan's real GDP growth is projected to reach 4.3% in 2014, the main driving force of the economy in Kazakhstan in 2014 is the consumer sector; the consumption in Kazakhstan is mainly boosted by the retail lending.<ref name="KZ GDP in 2014">{{cite web|title=asd|url=http://www.vestifinance.ru/articles/50508|publisher=vestifinance.ru}}</ref>

According to the Agency of Statistics of the Republic of Kazakhstan the Kazakhstan's GDP growth in the first quarter of 2014 was 3.8%.<ref name="The Kazakhstan's GDP growth in the first quarter of 2014">{{cite web|title=The Kazakhstan's GDP growth in the first quarter of 2014|url=http://newskaz.ru/economy/20140516/6488885.html|publisher=newskaz.ru}}</ref>

The Government of Kazakhstan signed a Framework Partnership Agreement with IBRD, IFC, MIGA on May 1, 2014; according to this Agreement the World Bank will allocate $2.5 billion to Kazakhstan, for the diversification of the economy and reaching the sustainable development.<ref name="the WB to KZ $2.5 bln for diversification of the economy">{{cite web|title=$2.5 billion will be allocated by the World Bank for the diversification of the Kazakhstans' economy|url=http://kapital.kz/economic/29548/2-5-mlrd-potratyat-na-diversifikaciyu-ekonomiki.html|publisher=kapital.kz}}</ref>

As of 2015, the World Bank classified Kazakhstan as an upper-middle-income country with GDP per capita of nearly US$10.5 thousand.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kazakhstan Overview|url=http://www.worldbank.org/en/country/kazakhstan/overview#1|website=www.worldbank.org}}</ref>

FDI increased 30 percent in 2015 in Kazakhstan’s agricultural industry and 80 percent in the country’s petroleum products sector.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kazakhstan Shows Economic Growth in Key Sectors, President Tells Officials|url=http://astanatimes.com/2016/05/kazakhstan-shows-economic-growth-in-key-sectors-president-tells-officials/|website=astanatimes.com}}</ref>

In 2016 Kazakhstan's economy started to recover from the crisis caused by low oil prices and the tenge devaluation. According to the Minister of National Economy of Kazakhstan, in nine months of 2016 the GDP growth reached 0.4%. Sectors of economy that experienced the highest growth included construction (6.9%), agriculture (4.9%), and transport sector (4.0%).<ref>{{cite web|title=0.4% GDP growth observed in Kazakhstan since Jan 2016|url=http://www.inform.kz/en/0-4-gdp-growth-observed-in-kazakhstan-since-jan-2016_a2962419|website=inform.kz}}</ref>

==Sectors of Economy==

===Primary===

====Energy====
Kazakhstan is the leading country in the world for uranium production volumes with 35% of global production,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/Country-Profiles/Countries-G-N/Kazakhstan/#.UayAdpVXI65|title=Uranium in Kazakhstan - Nuclear Power in Kazakhstan|work=world-nuclear.org}}</ref> and it has the world's second biggest uranium reserves after [[Australia]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/Nuclear-Fuel-Cycle/Uranium-Resources/Supply-of-Uranium/#.Uax_LpVXI64|title=Uranium Supplies: Supply of Uranium|work=world-nuclear.org}}</ref>

====Oil & Gas====
{{See also|Energy policy of Kazakhstan}}
Oil and gas is the leading economic sector. In 2000, Kazakhstan produced 35,252,000 metric tons of oil (700,000 barrels per day), a 17.4% increase over 1999's 30,025,000 tons. It exported 28,883,000 tons of oil in 2000, up 38.8% from 20,813,000 tons in 1999. Production in 2001 has been growing at roughly 20%, on target to meet the government's forecast of 40,100,000 tons of oil (800,000 barrels per day). In 2000, production reached 11.5 km³ of natural gas, up from 8.2 km³ in 1999.

Kazakhstan has the potential to be a world-class oil exporter in the medium term. The landmark foreign investment in Kazakhstan is the [[TengizChevroil]] joint venture, owned 50% by [[ChevronTexaco]], 25% by [[ExxonMobil]], 20% by [[KazMunaiGas]] of Kazakhstan, and 5% by [[LukArco]] of Russia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tengizchevroil.com/about/overview|title=Company Overview|work=tengizchevroil.com}}</ref> The [[Karachaganak Field|Karachaganak natural gas and gas condensate field]] is being developed by [[BG Group|BG]], [[Agip]], ChevronTexaco, and [[Lukoil]]. The [[Agip]]-led Offshore Kazakhstan Consortium has discovered potentially huge [[Kashagan Field|Kashagan oil field]] in the northern Caspian. Kazakhstan's economic future is linked to oil and gas development. GDP growth will depend on the price of oil, as well as the ability to develop new deposits.

====Mining====
Kazakhstan is a leading producer of many mineral commodities, including [[salt]], [[uranium]], [[ferrochrome]], [[titanium]] sponge, [[cadmium]], magnesium, [[rhenium]], copper, [[bauxite]], [[gallium]] and zinc.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/country/europe.html#kz|title=USGS Minerals Information: Europe and Central Eurasia|work=usgs.gov}}</ref>

===Industry===

====Car Industry====
In June 2014 the CKD (Complete Knock-Down) assembly of Toyota Fortuner was launched in Kostanay, Kazakhstan.<ref name=toyota>{{cite web|title=Production of Toyota Fortuner kicks off in Kostanay|url=http://en.tengrinews.kz/industry_infrastructure/Production-of-Toyota-Fortuner-kicks-off-in-Kostanay-254151/|website=en.tengrinews.kz}}</ref> The expected annual output makes around 3,000 cars: 250 a month.<ref name=toyota />

The Kazakhstan's car industry was developing rapidly in 2014 producing $2 billion worth of products annually.<ref name=cars>{{cite web|title=Kazakhstan expands car production|url=http://en.tengrinews.kz/industry_infrastructure/Kazakhstan-expands-car-production-258112/|website=en.tengrinews.kz}}</ref> By 2018 the car industry in Kazakhstan is expected to reach 190,000 cars per year.<ref name=cars />

====Rail====
GE Transportation acquired 50% stake in Lokomotiv Kurastyru Zauyty in a joint venture with Kazakhstan's national railway company Temir Zholy.<ref name="GEjv">{{cite news|title=GE Transportation acquires 50% stake in Lokomotiv Kurastyru Zauyty|url=http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/business/single-view/view/ge-transportation-acquires-50-stake-in-kazakh-loco-manufacturer.html|publisher=Railway Gazette}}</ref>

===Services===

====Technology====
On 22 December 2014 the World Bank approved an $88 million loan that would support Kazakhstan’s efforts to facilitate commercially and socially viable innovation in technology.<ref name=WB>{{cite web|title=World Bank finances innovation in Kazakhstan|url=http://cistranfinance.com/news/world-bank-finances-innovation-in-kazakhstan/5746/|website=cistranfinance.com}}</ref> The Fostering Productive Innovation Project aims to improve the country in areas that are able to foster and support technological innovation.<ref name=WB />

====Retail====
According to A.T. Kearney's 2015 Global Retail Development Index, Kazakhstan ranked 13 out of 30.<ref>{{cite web|title=Global Retail Development Index 2015|url=https://www.atkearney.com/consumer-products-retail/global-retail-development-index/2015|website=www.atkearney.com}}</ref> In the 2016th Index, Kazakhstan ranked as the 4th best developing country for retail investments, scoring 56.5 out of 100.<ref>{{cite web|title=Global Retail: Expansion at a Crossroads|url=https://www.atkearney.com/documents/10192/8226719/Global+Retail+Expansion+at+a+Crossroads–2016+GRDI.pdf/dc845ffc-fe28-4623-bdd4-b36f3a443787|website=www.atkearney.com}}</ref> Kazakhstan's market attracted large international retailers, such as French retail chains Carrefour and Leroy Merlin, as well as food giants McDonald's and KFC.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kazakhstan follows China, India and Malaysia in Offering Potential for Retailers|url=http://www.cnbc.com/2016/06/06/kazakhstan-follows-china-india-and-malaysia-in-offering-potential-for-retailers-at-kearney-says.html|website=www.cnbc.com}}</ref>

==External Trade and Investment==

===Trade===
[[File:Kazakhstan Export Treemap.jpg|thumb|450px|A proportional representation of Kazakhstan's exports.]]
[[Image:2006Kazakhstani exports.PNG|thumb|350px|Kazakh export destinations, 2013.]]
Sherin Suzhikova, Counselor of Kazakhstan's Chamber of Commerce and Industry and Chao yon-chuan, Secretary-General of the Taiwan External Trade Development Council, signed an agreement on 13 October 2006 in [[Taipei]] to improve economic relations through "exchanges of market information and visits by trade professionals." TAITRA has an office in [[Almaty]], Kazakhstan.<ref name=TAIWAN>http://english.www.gov.tw/TaiwanHeadlines/index.jsp?recordid=25753&action=CNA</ref>

In 2006, [[North Dakota]]'s then Lieutenant Governor [[Jack Dalrymple]] led an 18-member delegation of the North Dakota Trade Office representing seven North Dakota companies and [[Dickinson State University]] on a trip to Kazakhstan, [[Ukraine]] and [[Russia]]. North Dakota exports mostly machinery to Kazakhstan, the eighth largest destination for North Dakotan exports; machinery exports increased from $22,000 to $25 million between 2000 and 2005.<ref name=DAKOTA>{{cite web|url=http://www.kxnet.com/getArticle.asp?s=rss&ArticleId=55510 |author=Lt. Gov. Dalrymple|title= N.D. Companies To Attend Trade Mission To Kazakhstan, Ukraine And Russia|website=kxnet.com|date= 16 October 2006}}</ref>

The percentage of high-tech exports (as a share of manufactured exports) from Kazakhstan have grown from just 4.46% in 1995 to 37.17% in 2014. One of the main factors that triggered this growth was the Technology Commercialization Project developed and implemented by the World Bank Group and the Kazakh Government. Through this project, 65 Kazakh tech startups received funding and training helping them get their innovations into markets.<ref>{{cite web|title=Chart: High-Tech Exports Gaining Ground in Kazakhstan|url=http://blogs.worldbank.org/opendata/chart-high-tech-exports-gaining-ground-kazakhstan?CID=ECR_TT_worldbank_EN_EXT|website=blogs.worldbank.org}}</ref>

China is Kazakhstan's important trade partner. In late March 2015 the two countries signed 33 deals worth $23.6 billion.<ref name=china1>{{cite web|title=China, Kazakhstan Sign $23.6 Billion In Deals|url=http://www.ibtimes.com/china-kazakhstan-sign-236-billion-deals-1862472|website=http://www.ibtimes.com}}</ref> The deals cover different industries, such as oil refining, cars, steel.<ref name="china1"/>

During the press conference on July 20, 2015 Minister of Investment and Development of Kazakhstan said: "As of today, we export about 850 types of goods. Kazakhstan is among the top-50 best exporting countries globally and takes the 49th place."<ref>{{cite web|title=Kazakhstan among top-50 best exporting countries|url=http://www.inform.kz/eng/article/2798565|website=http://www.inform.kz}}</ref>

===FDI===
In June 2014 Kazakhstan's President, Nursultan Nazarbayev, signed into law tax concessions to promote foreign investment, including a 10-year exemption from corporation tax, an 8-year exemption from property tax, and a 10-year freeze on most other taxes.<ref name=taxes>{{cite web|title=Kazakhstan Enacts Investor Tax Breaks|url=http://www.tax-news.com/news/Kazakhstan_Enacts_Investor_Tax_Breaks____65000.html|website=tax-news.com}}</ref> Other measures include a refund on capital investments of up to 30 percent once a production facility is in operation.<ref name=taxes /> In order to attract FDI, Kazakhstan lowered the tax burden for foreign investors. The corporate income tax rate dropped from 30% to 20%. The government also gradually reduced VAT from 16% in 2006 to 12% in 2009.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kazakhstan Investment Climate Statement 2015|url=http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/241825.pdf|website=www.state.gov}}</ref>

As of September 30, 2014, total foreign investment in Kazakhstan reached USD 211.5 billion. Of that total, net Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) constituted USD 129.3 billion, with portfolio and other investments comprising the remaining USD 82.2 billion.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kazakhstan Investment Climate Statement 2015|url=http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/241825.pdf|website=www.state.gov}}</ref>

As of July 2015, Kazakhstan attracted $16 billion in the manufacturing industry over the past five years, which is 2.5 times more than over the previous five years.<ref name=invest1>{{cite web|title=Kazakhstan attracted $16 billion to the manufacturing industry|url=http://www.azernews.az/region/84773.html|website=www.azernews.az}}</ref> Kazakhstan put into operation four hundred new products, such as car industry, railway engineering, manufacture of basic chemical products, uranium industry, the industry of rare earth metals.<ref name="invest1"/> The volume of new enterprises amounted to 580 billion tenge.<ref name="invest1"/>

In June 2015 – June 2016 the total number of enterprises owned by foreign investers in Kazakhstan increased by 2.3 percent and reached 9,000. 8,691 foreign companies operating in the Kazakhstan are small businesses.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kazakhstan remains attractive for foreign investors|url=http://en.trend.az/business/economy/2563814.html|website=en.trend.az}}</ref>

As of the beginning of 2016, the World Bank invested over $6.8 billion in Kazakhstan since 1992. These funds were invested in development of roads and social infrastructure, increasing of competitiveness of SME's, education, healthcare, environment protection, etc.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kazakhstan to ratify 3 new joint projects with WB in 2016|url=http://www.inform.kz/eng/article/2892247|website=www.inform.kz}}</ref>

In 2012, Kazakhstan conducted the first review of the OECD investment standards, which resulted in 12 recommendations on how to improve the investment climate of the country. After adopting Law on public - private partnership that extends the use of the mechanism and revising standards of intellectual property protection and the rules of attracting foreign labor, Kazakhstan started a second review of the OECD in 2016.<ref>{{cite web|title=Investments and Development Ministry attracted over $200 bln investments since 2005 - Issekeshev|url=http://www.inform.kz/eng/article/2910538|website=inform.kz}}</ref>

According to Ministry of Investment and Development of Kazakhstan, as of May 2016, attraction of foreign investment in oil refining increased by 80%, food industry - 30%, in engineering - by 7 times. The Ministry also reported that there were 200 investment projects in country worth more than $40 billion.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kazakhstan launches proactive policy to attract investment|url=http://www.turkishweekly.net/2016/05/30/news/kazakhstan-launches-proactive-policy-to-attract-investment/|website=www.turkishweekly.net}}</ref>

In mid-2016 a group of companies led by Chevron announced a $36.8 billion investment in Kazakhstan's Tengiz oil field.<ref>{{cite web|title=Chevron Drives Oil Companies and Kazakhstan to Boost Oil Production in a Major Way|url=http://fortune.com/2016/07/06/chevron-oil-kazakhstan/|website=fortune.com}}</ref>

In the first quarter of 2016, Kazakhstan attracted $2.7 billion in foreign direct investment. The largest investor in the Kazakh economy is The Netherlands ($66 billion), followed by the United States ($26 billion) and Switzerland ($15 billion).<ref>{{cite web|title=Kazakhstan Attracts $2.7 Billion in FDI in Q1|url=http://astanatimes.com/2016/09/kazakhstan-attracts-2-7-billion-in-fdi-in-q1/|website=astanatimes.com}}</ref> According to the Chairman of Kazakhstan National Bank, a key factor triggering the increased inflow of foreign investment is implementation of the Nurly Zhol state program that provides for the creation of favorable conditions. As of September 2016, foreign investments in the Kazakh economy totaled $5.7 billion, which is 4,8% more than during the same period of the previous year.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kazakh Economy Experiences Inflow of Foreign Investments|url=http://astanatimes.com/2016/09/kazakh-economy-experiences-inflow-of-foreign-investments/|website=astanatimes.com}}</ref>

Summarizing 2016, Kazakhstan's Foreign Minister Erlan Idrissov noted that Kazakhstan attracted $20 billion of foreign direct investment during the year.<ref>{{cite web|title=Kazakh FM Reports on 2016 Results: UNSC Membership, Attracting Investment Major Achievements|url=http://astanatimes.com/2016/12/kazakh-fm-reports-on-2016-results-unsc-membership-attracting-investment-major-achievements/|website=astanatimes.com}}</ref> The gross inflow of FDI in 2016 grew by 40% compared to 2015 and surpassed the previous record of 2008. The main recipients of FDI were the mining industry, geological exploration and processing. The top four investors include the Netherlands, the United States, Switzerland and France.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://astanatimes.com/2017/04/kazakhstan-attracts-record-amount-of-foreign-investment-in-2016/|title=Kazakhstan attracts record amount of foreign investment in 2016 - The Astana Times|date=2017-04-18|work=The Astana Times|access-date=2017-04-18|language=en-US}}</ref>

Kazakhstan introduced a visa-free regime for citizens of EAEU, OECD, Monaco, Malaysia, United Arab Emirates, and Singapore starting from 2017. The visa-free entry is expected to increase cooperation with investors and businesses of these countries.<ref>{{cite web|title=Growing FDI in Kazakhstan|url=http://kazakh-tv.kz/en/view/news_kazakhstan/page_177686_/|website=kazakh-tv.kz}}</ref>

Agriculture is one of Kazakhstan's most important sectors where the country seeks to attract foreign investments to boost the competitiveness of this sector of economy. To that end, KazAgro negotiated with the European Investment Bank (EIB) a €200 loan for the period of 15 years.<ref>{{cite web|title=EIB to provide €200 mln loan to KazAgro|url=http://www.inform.kz/en/eib-to-provide-200-mln-loan-to-kazagro_a3006323|website=inform.kz}}</ref>

===Intellectual Property===

Kazakhstan has legislatively addressed the issues of Legal Regulation of Intellectual Property, patent law, and copyright protections.<ref name="wipo15">{{cite web|title=Kazakhstan|url=http://www.wipo.int/wipolex/en/details.jsp?id=15869|website=www.wipo.int|publisher=World Intellectual Property Organization}}</ref>

==Public Policy==

===New Economic Policy "Nurly Zhol"===
On November 11, 2014 in his address to the nation for 2015 Nursultan Nazarbayev proclaimed Kazakhstan’s New Economic Policy – The Path to the Future (Nurly Zhol).<ref name=NurlyZhol>{{cite web|title=NURLY ZHOL - THE PATH TO THE FUTURE|url=http://www.kazakhembus.com/content/nurly-zhol-path-future|website=http://www.kazakhembus.com}}</ref> The new economic policy implies massive state investment in infrastructure over the next several years.<ref name=NurlyZhol1>{{cite web|title=In Surprise State of the Nation Address, Kazakh President Unveils Massive Infrastructure Investments|url=http://astanatimes.com/2014/11/surprise-state-nation-address-kazakh-president-unveils-massive-infrastructure-investments/|website=http://astanatimes.com}}</ref> In the short term, the program "Nurly Zhol" will apply the anti-crisis measures to overcome the turbulence in the global economy.<ref name=NurlyZhol2>{{cite web|title=THE PROGRAM "NURLY ZHOL" CREATES A STRONG BASE FOR THE ECONOMIC GROWTH OF KAZAKHSTAN|url=http://ortcom.kz/en/news/the-program-nurly-zhol-creates-a-strong-base-for-the-economic-growth-of-kazakhstan.5664|website=ortcom.kz}}</ref> The long-term measures of the state program of infrastructure development will help to create a strong platform for new growth.<ref name="NurlyZhol2"/>

Kazakhstan has identified five priorities for modernization of the state and the economy to maintain competitiveness in the [[Fourth Industrial Revolution]].<ref name="modern">{{cite news|title=Kazakh Leader Outlines Five Priorities of Kazakhstan’s Third Stage of Modernisation|url=http://astanatimes.com/2017/02/kazakh-leader-outlines-five-priorities-of-kazakhstans-third-stage-of-modernisation/|publisher=The Astana Times}}</ref>

==Doing Business in Kazakhstan==
Kazakhstan was ranked 35th in the [[Ease of doing business index|Ease of Doing Business]] report released by the [[World Bank Group]] in October 2016. In the previous rating Kazakhstan was on the 51st place.<ref>{{cite web|title=Ease of doing business in Kazakhstan|url=http://www.doingbusiness.org/data/Exploreeconomies/Kazakhstan|website=www.doingbusiness.org}}</ref> The report's methodology implies that higher rankings (a low numerical value) indicate better, usually simpler, regulations for businesses and stronger protections of property rights.

The Heritage Foundation, a Washington DC - based research center, ranked Kazakhstan 42nd in its Index of Economic Freedom 2017. Previous year, Kazakhstan ranked 69th. According to the Heritage Foundation, Kazakhstan's improved ranking in 2017 is explained by its "beneficial structural reforms." <ref>{{cite web|title=2017 Index of Economic Freedom|url=http://www.heritage.org/index/country/kazakhstan|website=www.heritage.org}}</ref>

Kazakhstan aims to boost economy by attracting private investors interested in developing national companies. This is the main goal of privatization that is expected to decrease the share of public property to 15% of GDP. Such companies as Kazakhstan Railways, Samruk-Energo, Kazatomprom, Kaspost, KazMunayGas and Air Astana are expected to be sold through IPO.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.inform.kz/en/national-companies-increasing-their-profitability_a3012342|title=National companies increasing their profitability|website=www.inform.kz|language=ru|access-date=2017-03-30}}</ref>

==Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises==
A new program to support small businesses was launched in Kazakhstan in February 2015.<ref name=smallbiz>{{cite news|title=Kazakhstan launches a new program to support small businesses|url=http://en.tengrinews.kz/politics_sub/Kazakhstan-launches-a-new-program-to-support-small-businesses-258807/|publisher=Tengri News}}</ref> 2015 is expected to be a pilot period of the program.<ref name="smallbiz" /> During that period the initiative will be focused on three major areas, notably agribusiness, machinery building and production of construction materials, and is to be further extended to other industries.<ref name="smallbiz"/>

According to the [[Global Entrepreneurship Monitor]]-2014, Kazakhstan has a very positive image of the entrepreneurs.<ref name=gem>{{cite web|title=Kazakhstan has low business closing index|url=http://www.azernews.az/region/77214.html|website=azernews.az}}</ref> Nearly 70 percent of the population sees entrepreneurship as a good choice for building a career and achieving a high status in the society.<ref name=gem /> Kazakhstan can also boast one of the lowest closing index, according to the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor-2014, meaning that only 2.9% of entrepreneurs were forced to cease their business.<ref name=gem />

Another important business trend in Kazakhstan is the growing role of women in this field.<ref name=bnews>{{cite web|title=More than 50% of entrepreneurs in Kazakhstan are women: Y.Tarasenko All rights reserved. Any use of the materials published on www.bnews.kz for any purpose except personal needs is possible only with placing a hyperlink to the BNews.kz website as the source. Reproducing BNews.kz materials : - in print or other forms of tangible media - paper, film, etc., the user must quote www.bnews.kz as the source in each case; - in the Internet or other electronic forms, the user must place a hyperlink to the BNews.kz News Agency home page - www.bnews.kz.|url=http://bnews.kz/en/news/post/256571/|website=http://bnews.kz/}}</ref> Over 50% of entrepreneurs in Kazakhstan are women.<ref name="bnews"/>

In May 2015 the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD) and the government of Kazakhstan have signed three agreements to provide €41 million for technical cooperation projects, advisory support to small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) and a Women in Business program.<ref name=ebrd1>{{cite web|title=EBRD to expand SME support with €41 million from the government of Kazakhstan|url=http://www.ebrd.com/news/2015/ebrd-to-expand-sme-support-with-41-million-from-the-government-of-kazakhstan-.html|website=http://www.ebrd.com}}</ref> This initiative demonstrates that Kazakhstan invests in developing women businesses and supports diversity in this field.<ref name="ebrd1"/>

In 2016 the number of Kazakhstan's telecom start-ups increased by 10% compared to 2015. Around 9,400 small telecom companies are currently registered in the country.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.telecompaper.com/news/number-of-telecom-start-ups-up-10-in-kazakhstan-in-2016--1192073|title=Number of telecom start-ups up 10% in Kazakhstan in 2016|website=www.telecompaper.com|access-date=2017-04-13}}</ref>

==2014 and 2015 developments==
The country experienced a slowdown in economic growth from 2014 sparked by falling oil prices and the effects of the [[Ukrainian crisis]]<ref name="ft.com"/> The country devalued its currency by 19% in February 2014.<ref>"Tenge Fever", [[The Economist]], 22 February 2014</ref> Another 22% devaluation occurred in August 2015.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2015/08/21/business/international/kazakhstans-currency-plunges.html Kazakhstan's currency plunges], [[New York Times]], 21 August 2015</ref> Kazakhstan was ranked 52nd among 159 countries in the 2014 Economic Freedom of the World report published by Fraser Institute in September 2016. The country improved three spots compared to the previous year.<ref>{{cite web|title=Economic Freedom of the World: 2016 Annual Report|url=https://www.fraserinstitute.org/studies/economic-freedom|website=www.fraserinstitute.org}}</ref>

Despite the slowdown in economic growth, the living wage per capita in Kazakhstan increased on average by 7.8% in April 2016 compared to April 2015.<ref>{{cite web|title=Living wage per capita growing in Kazakhstan|url=http://en.trend.az/casia/kazakhstan/2529635.html|website=en.trend.az}}</ref>

==Privatization 2016 - 2020==
In December 2015, Kazakhstan Government approved new privatization plan for 2016 - 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.worldfinancereview.com/issue/New%20Wave.pdf|title=New Wave of Privatization in Kazakhstan|last=|first=|date=|website=www.worldfinancereview.com|publisher=|access-date=}}</ref> It is a large-scale privatization program that continues the privatization of 2014 and includes 60 major state-owned companies.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.hg.org/article.asp?id=37033|title=Kazakhstan Launches Privatization of 60 Largest State-Owned Companies|last=|first=|date=|website=www.hr.org|publisher=|access-date=}}</ref> According to Kazakh Finance ministry, the state budget got 6.99 billion tenges ($20.6 million) from the deals reached within the 2014-2016 privatization program as of Sept. 20, 2016. Kazakhstan’s privatization program aims to reduce the state participation in the economy to 15 percent, which is the level set for countries of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD).<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://en.trend.az/business/economy/2663009.html|title=Kazakhstan gets over $20M from privatization program|date=2016-09-21|newspaper=Trend.Az|language=ru-RU|access-date=2016-10-13}}</ref>

==Other Information==
In recent years a trade route has been established between Kazakhstan and the United States. It now makes up 54% of the World's salt imports and exports by volume (350,000 tonnes per year).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://atlas.media.mit.edu/en/profile/country/kaz/#Exports|title= OEC exports|work=mit.edu}}</ref>

Miras

==See also==
*[[Yerbolat Dosayev]], Minister of National Economy
*[[Aset Isekeshev]], Minister of Industry and Development
*[[Vladimir Shkolnik]], Minister of Energy
*[[Asylzhan Mamytbekov]], Minister of Agriculture

{{Economy of Europe}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
* [http://wits.worldbank.org/CountryProfile/Country/KAZ/Year/2012/Summary World Bank Summary Trade Statistics Kazakhstan]
* [http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/kazak.html U.S. Department of Energy Country Analysis Brief]
* [https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601085&sid=a1uHU_qaeIYo Kazakhstan Plans to Build Highway Connecting China and Europe]
* [http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/15316714/ Kazakh central bank misspells 'bank' on money]
* [https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F40C15FE35550C748DDDAA0894DE404482&n=Top%2fNews%2fWorld%2fCountries%20and%20Territories%2fKazakhstan International Business; China Pays Dearly for Kazakhstan Oil]
* [http://www.rferl.org/features/features_Article.aspx?m=10&y=2006&id=E6D03F65-19D6-481E-8D8C-C27473F2D624 Kazakh President's Daughter Chides Steel Baron Mittal]
* [http://www.mineweb.net/junior_mining/312680.htm Commercial gold and copper discoveries in Kazakhstan]
* [http://www.kommersant.com/p715515/r_528/Kazakhstan_Changes_Energy_Strategy/ Kazakhstan Changes Energy Strategy on the Way to WTO]
* [http://in.news.yahoo.com/061128/139/69t2b.html Kazakhstan to be top oil producer by 2011: Nazarbayev]
* [http://bs-agro.com/index.php/news/kazakhstan "Agriculture in Kazakhstan"]
* Tariffs applied by Kazakhstan as provided by ITC's [http://www.macmap.org/QuickSearch/FindTariff/FindTariff.aspx?subsite=open_access&country=398&source=1|ITC Market Acces Map], an online database of customs tariffs and market requirements

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