Kazakhstan Encyclopedia - User contributions [en]

Section 123 Agreement

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Section 123 of the United States [[Atomic Energy Act of 1954]], titled "Cooperation With Other Nations", establishes an agreement for cooperation as a prerequisite for nuclear deals between the US and any other nation.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-collections/nuregs/staff/sr0980/ml022200075-vol1.pdf#pagemode=bookmarks&page=57
|title=NUREG0980 Vol.1,No.6 - Nuclear Regulatory Legislation
|accessdate=June 2002}}</ref> Such an agreement is called a '''123 Agreement'''.<ref>[http://fpc.state.gov/documents/organization/10888.pdf Nuclear Nonproliferation Issue, Issue Brief for Congress, May 10, 2002.]</ref> To date, the U.S. has entered into roughly twenty-six 123 Agreements with various countries.<ref>[http://nnsa.energy.gov/nuclear_nonproliferation/123_agreements_peaceful_cooperation.htm National Nuclear Security Administration - 123 Agreements for Peaceful Cooperation]</ref>
Countries with which the U.S. has or had or is working towards having a 123 Agreement include:
* Morocco<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-collections/commission/cvr/2001/2001-0033vtr.html
|title=NRC: SECY-01-0033 - Proposed Renewal of the Section 123 Agreement for Peaceful Nuclear Cooperation with Morocco
|accessdate=2001-03-02}}</ref>
* Ukraine<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-collections/commission/cvr/1998/1998-062vtr.html
|title=NRC: SECY-98-62 - Proposed Section 123 Agreement for Peaceful Nuclear Cooperation with Ukraine
|accessdate=1998-04-01}}</ref><ref name="nnsa.energy.gov">[http://nnsa.energy.gov/aboutus/ourprograms/nonproliferation/treatiesagreements/123agreementsforpeacefulcooperation 123 Agreements for Peaceful Cooperation, NNSA]</ref>

* Japan (with automatic re-processing rights)<ref name="reprocessing">{{cite web|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl2412/stories/20070629007011400.htm|title=Long haul ahead|accessdate=2007-06-29}}</ref>
* [[Euratom]] (with automatic re-processing rights)<ref name="reprocessing"/>
* China (with re-processing rights, requiring approval per each request)<ref name="reprocessing"/>
* Switzerland
* [[Indo-U.S. civilian nuclear agreement|India]] (With ''advance consent'' to reprocessing)<ref>http://www.ndtv.com/convergence/ndtv/story.aspx?id=NEWEN20080066944</ref>
* Russia (On September 8, 2008 [[President of the United States|Pres]]. [[George W. Bush]] notified the [[United States Congress]] that there was no basis for further consideration of a 123 agreement with Russia.)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.state.gov/secretary/rm/2008/09/109256.htm |title=Statement on U.S.-Russia 123 Agreement |accessdate=2008-09-09 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080909041435/http://www.state.gov/secretary/rm/2008/09/109256.htm |archivedate=September 9, 2008 }}</ref>
* [[U.S.–UAE 123 Agreement for Peaceful Civilian Nuclear Energy Cooperation|United Arab Emirates]]<ref>[http://www.uae-embassy.org/media/press-releases/17-Dec-2009 UAE Embassy, Press Release, December 17, 2009]</ref>
* Egypt<ref>[http://www.state.gov/t/isn/rls/rm/111757.htm State Department, November 10, 2008]</ref>
* Thailand<ref name="nnsa.energy.gov"/>
* Argentina<ref name="nnsa.energy.gov"/>
* Australia<ref name="nnsa.energy.gov"/>
* Bangladesh<ref name="nnsa.energy.gov"/>
* Brazil<ref name="nnsa.energy.gov"/>
* Canada<ref name="nnsa.energy.gov"/>
* Colombia<ref name="nnsa.energy.gov"/>
* Indonesia<ref name="nnsa.energy.gov"/>
* [[International Atomic Energy Agency]] (IAEA)<ref name="nnsa.energy.gov"/>
* Turkey<ref name="nnsa.energy.gov"/>
* Kazakhstan<ref name="nnsa.energy.gov"/>
* Republic of<ref name="nnsa.energy.gov"/>
* South Africa<ref name="nnsa.energy.gov"/>
* Taiwan<ref name="nnsa.energy.gov"/>

== Proposed ==

* Romania<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-collections/commission/secys/1998/secy1998-006/1998-006scy.html |title=NRC: SECY-98-006 - Proposed Agreement for Cooperation Between the U.S. and Romania |accessdate=1998-01-12 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20041118193812/http://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-collections/commission/secys/1998/secy1998-006/1998-006scy.html |archivedate=November 18, 2004 }}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
'''123 Agreement With India'''
* [http://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2007/aug/90050.htm Text of 123 Agreement with India]
* [http://foreignaffairs.house.gov/press_display.asp?id=555 Details of Indian 123 Agreement package before Congress]

'''123 Agreement With UAE'''
* [https://online.wsj.com/article/SB123195403132281949.html U.S. to Sign Nuclear Pact With U.A.E. Wall Street Journal, January 14, 2009]
* [http://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2008/apr/103859.htm U.S.-United Arab Emirates Memorandum of Understanding on Nuclear Energy Cooperation, State Department]
*[http://www.uae-embassy.org/uae/energy/nuclear-energy Resources on the United Arab Emirates Nuclear Energy Program]
*[http://www.voanews.com/english/2008-12-12-voa58.cfm Voice of America News, December 12, 2008]

[[Category:Energy in the United States]]
[[Category:Treaties of the United Arab Emirates]]
[[Category:United Arab Emirates–United States relations]]
[[Category:Treaties of the United States]]
[[Category:Energy treaties]]
[[Category:Treaties of Morocco]]
[[Category:Treaties of Ukraine]]
[[Category:Treaties of Romania]]
[[Category:Treaties of Japan]]
[[Category:Treaties of the People's Republic of China]]
[[Category:Treaties of Switzerland]]
[[Category:Treaties of India]]
[[Category:Treaties of Russia]]
[[Category:Treaties of Egypt]]
[[Category:Treaties of Thailand]]
[[Category:Treaties of Argentina]]
[[Category:Treaties of Australia]]
[[Category:Treaties of Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Treaties of Brazil]]
[[Category:Treaties of Canada]]
[[Category:Treaties of Colombia]]
[[Category:Treaties of Indonesia]]
[[Category:Treaties of Turkey]]
[[Category:Treaties of Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Treaties of South Korea]]
[[Category:Treaties of South Africa]]
[[Category:Treaties of Taiwan]]
[[Category:Nuclear technology treaties]]

[[ta:123 உடன்படிக்கை]]

Mongol (film)

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{{Other uses|Genghis Khan (disambiguation)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2015}}
{{Infobox film
| name = Mongol
| image = Mongol poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Theatrical release poster
| director = [[Sergei Bodrov]]
| producer = {{Plainlist|
* Sergei Bodrov
* Anton Melnik
* Sergei Selyanov}}
| writer = {{Plainlist|
* Arif Aliyev
* Sergei Bodrov}}
| starring = {{Plainlist|
* [[Tadanobu Asano]]
* [[Sun Honglei]]
* [[Chuluuny Khulan]]
* Amadu Mamadakov}}
| music = {{Plainlist|
* [[Tuomas Kantelinen]]
* [[Altan Urag]]}}
| cinematography = {{Plainlist|
* Sergey Trofimov
* Rogier Stoffers}}
| editing = {{Plainlist|
* [[Valdís Óskarsdóttir]]
* [[Zach Staenberg]]}}
| studio = {{Plainlist|
* Andreevski Flag
* Kinokompaniya CTB
* X-Filme Creative Pool}}
| distributor = {{Plainlist|
* [[Picturehouse (company)|Picturehouse]] {{small|(US)}}
* [[Universal Studios|Universal Pictures]] {{small|(UK)}}}}
| released = {{film date|df=yes|2007|09|20|Russia|2008|06|06|United Kingdom and United States|2008|06|19|Australia}}
| runtime = 125 minutes<ref>{{cite web | url=http://bbfc.co.uk/releases/mongol-2008-0 | title=''MONGOL'' (15) | work=[[British Board of Film Classification]] | date=31 March 2009 | accessdate=21 April 2015}}</ref>
| country = {{Plainlist|
* Russia
* Kazakhstan
* Mongolia}}
| language = {{Plainlist|
* [[Mongolian language|Mongolian]]
* [[Standard Chinese|Mandarin]]}}
| budget = $18 million<ref name=BoxOfficeMojo>{{cite web |url=http://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?id=mongol.htm |title=Mongol |publisher=[[Box Office Mojo]] |accessdate=2011-02-21}}</ref>
| gross = $26.5 million<ref name=BoxOfficeMojo />
}}
'''''Mongol''''' ({{lang|ru|''Монгол''}}), also known as '''''Mongol: The Rise of Genghis Khan''''' in the United States and '''''Mongol: The Rise to Power of Genghis Khan''''' in the United Kingdom, is a 2007 [[Cinema of Russia|Russian]] semi-[[Historical film|historical]] [[epic film]] directed by [[Sergei Bodrov]], about the early life of Temüjin, who later came to be known as [[Genghis Khan]]. The storyline was conceived from a screenplay written by Bodrov and Arif Aliev. It was produced by Bodrov, Sergei Selyanov and Anton Melnik and stars [[Tadanobu Asano]], [[Sun Honglei]] and [[Chuluuny Khulan]] in the main roles. ''Mongol'' explores abduction, kinship and the repercussions of war.<ref name="film"/>

The film was a co-production between companies in Russia, Germany and Kazakhstan. Filming took place mainly in the [[China|People's Republic of China]], principally in [[Inner Mongolia]] (the [[Mongols|Mongol]] [[Autonomous regions of China|autonomous region]]), and in [[Kazakhstan]]. Shooting began in September 2005, and was completed in November 2006. After an initial screening at the Russian Film Festival in [[Vyborg]] on 10 August 2007, ''Mongol'' was released in Russia on 20 September 2007. It saw a limited release in the United States on 6 June 2008 grossing $5.7 million in domestic ticket sales. It additionally earned nearly 21 million in sales through international release for a combined $26.5 million in gross revenue. The film was a minor financial success after its theatrical run, and was generally met with positive critical reviews. The film was nominated for the 2007 [[Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film]] as a submission from Kazakhstan.<ref>{{cite press release | title = 80th Academy Awards Nominations Announced | publisher = [[Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences]] | date = 2008-01-22 | url = http://www.oscars.org/press/pressreleases/2008/08.01.22.html | accessdate = 2008-01-22}}</ref>

The film is intended to be the first part of a [[trilogy]] about Genghis Khan, and initial work on the second part began in 2008.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bodrov kicks off production unit |first=Tom |last=Birchenough |url=http://www.varietyasiaonline.com/content/view/6083/53/ |newspaper=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety Asia]] |publisher=[[Reed Business Information]] |date=14 May 2008 |accessdate=25 January 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080515195418/http://www.varietyasiaonline.com/content/view/6083/53/ |archivedate=15 May 2008 }}</ref> The trilogy project was eventually put on the shelf, but in July 2013, during a visit to the annual [[Naadam|Naadam Festival]] in [[Ulan Bator]], Bodrov told the press that the production of the sequel had started, and that it may be shot in [[Mongolia]],<ref name=InfoMongolia>[http://www.infomongolia.com/ct/ci/6420 InfoMongolia, 6 August 2013: "Russian Producer Announces the Sequel to 'Mongol'"] Linked 2013-08-29</ref> as had been the intention for ''Mongol'', before local protests, fearing that the film would not correctly portray the Mongolian people and its national hero, Genghis Khan, caused the shooting to move to Inner Mongolia and Kazakhstan.<ref name=Protests>[http://www.variety.com/article/VR1117920791.html?categoryid=1019&cs=1 ''Variety'', 10 April 2005: "Mongols protest Khan project"]. Retrieved 2011-02-15.</ref>

==Plot==
The story starts in 1192 ("Year of the Black Rat") with Temüjin ([[Tadanobu Asano]]) as a prisoner in the [[Western Xia|Tangut kingdom]]. He conveys his memories about his earlier life through a series of [[Flashback (narrative)|flashback]]s.

In the first flashback, embarking on an expedition as a young boy (age 9) twenty years earlier (1172), Temüjin (Odnyam Odsuren) is accompanied by his father [[Yesugei|Yesügei]] ([[Batdorj-in Baasanjab|Ba Sen]]) to select a girl as his future wife. Temüjin meets and chooses [[Börte]] (Bayertsetseg Erdenebat), although his father wishes him to choose a mate from the [[Merkit people|Merkit]] tribe. Temüjin convinces his father to allow him to choose Börte. He promises to return after five years to marry her. On their way home, Temüjin's father is poisoned by an enemy tribe. As he lies dying, he tells Temüjin that he is now [[Khan (title)|Khan]]. However, one of his father's warriors, Targutai (Amadu Mamadakov), orders the other tribesmen to loot the dead Khan's camp. Targutai spares Temüjin's life, declaring a Mongol does not kill children. After falling through the ice of a frozen lake, Temüjin is found lying down in the snow by a young boy called [[Jamukha]] (Amarbold Tuvshinbayar). The two quickly become friends and perform a traditional ceremony declaring themselves blood brothers. Targutai later captures Temüjin, holding him in captivity. Temüjin however, escapes late one night and roams the countryside. Temüjin is later seen again as a young man (Tadanobu Asano) in 1186. He once again is apprehended by Targutai, who wishes to kill him now that he is grown. Temüjin escapes a second time finding Börte ([[Chuluuny Khulan]]), and brings her back to his family. Later that night, they are attacked by the Merkit tribe led by Chiledu (Sai Xing Ga), since Temüjin's father had years before stolen his wife from one of their tribesmen. While being chased on horseback, Temüjin is shot with an arrow. Börte whips the horse which Temüjin is on, telling it to go home. Börte is captured by the Merkit leader, as Temüjin returns safely to his family.<ref name="film">[[Sergei Bodrov]]. (2007). ''Mongol'' [Motion picture]. Russia: [[Picturehouse (company)|Picturehouse Entertainment]].</ref>

Temüjin goes to Jamukha ([[Sun Honglei]]), who is now a Khan himself. Jamukha agrees to help him get his wife back and attack the Merkit tribe, though only after a year passes. The attack on the Merkit tribe is a success, and Temüjin finds Börte alive and Chiledu dead. However, Börte is pregnant. Despite knowing that he is not the father, Temüjin takes the son as his own. Temüjin and his men leave early the next morning, and two of Jamukha's soldiers choose to join Temüjin because he distributes more plunder to his warriors than Jamukha. Jamukha chases down Temüjin, but Temüjin refuses to send back Jamukha's combatants and horses because he explains a Mongol warrior is free to choose his leader. Jamukha warns him that his actions will lead to future conflict. Taichar (Bu Ren), Jamukha's brother, is later killed while attempting to steal back Jamukha's horses; Jamukha and Temüjin go to war. Outnumbered, Temüjin's army is quickly defeated. Jamukha declares victory and decides to make Temüjin a slave rather than execute him.<ref name="film"/>

Temüjin is sold to a Tangut Garrison Chief (Zhang Jiong), despite the dire warning given to the man by a [[Buddhist]] monk (Ben Hon Sun) acting as his advisor, who senses the great potential the warrior carries and his future role in subjugating the Tangut state. While Temüjin is imprisoned, the monk pleads with him to spare his monastery when he destroys the Tangut kingdom sometime in the future. In exchange for delivering a bone fragment to Börte indicating that he is still alive, Temüjin agrees. Thereafter, the monk succeeds in delivering the bone and the message, though at the cost of his life. As a means of getting to Tangut, Börte becomes a merchant's concubine, bearing a daughter along the way. Once Börte arrives in Tangut, she abandons the merchant and bribes the guard for the key to Temüjin's cell, and the two manage to escape back to their homeland.

Temüjin, upset by the increasing loss of traditional values in Mongol society, leaves his family once more and pledges to make the Mongols abide by the law. Visiting a holy site in the mountains, Temüjin prays to [[Tengri|"The Lord of the Great Blue Sky"]] and declares three rules by which Mongols must live: never kill women and children, always honor your promises and repay your debts, and ''never'' betray your Khan. Subsequently, he gathers an army to unify all of the Mongols. In 1196, Temüjin declares war over Jamukha. By 1206, Temüjin engages Jamukha, in league with his old enemy, Targutai, in battle. However, a thunderstorm arises on the steppe, terrifying Jamukha's troops and causing their unconditional surrender, as Temüjin stands triumphant (as he is the only Mongol alive who does not fear lightning). Having defeated his "blood brother", Temüjin allows Jamukha to live, while Targutai is killed by his own soldiers while attempting to flee the battle. The traitorous men are ordered to be executed by Temüjin (as they betrayed their Khan). Jamukha's surviving troops are spared and integrated into Temujin's army. Afterwards, Temüjin is designated the Khan of all the Mongols – ''[[Genghis Khan]] of the Great Steppe''.

A postscript indicates that Genghis Khan would later go on to invade and conquer the Tangut Empire by 1227, fulfilling the monk's prophecy. While the entire civilization was destroyed by the Mongol horde, a single Buddhist monastery was left untouched, as Temüjin honored his debt to the monk.<ref name="film"/>

==Cast==
[[File:Tadanobu.jpg|thumb|190px|right|Actor Tadanobu Asano, who portrayed the elder Temüjin in the film.]]
{{div col|3}}
* [[Tadanobu Asano]] as [[Genghis Khan|Genghis Khan/Temüjin]]
** Odnyam Odsuren as young Temüjin
* [[Sun Honglei]] as [[Jamukha]]
** Amarbold Tuvshinbayar as young Jamukha
* [[Chuluuny Khulan]] as [[Börte]]
** Bayertsetseg Erdenebat as young Börte
* Amadu Mamadakov as Targutai
* [[Batdorj-in Baasanjab|Ba Sen]] as [[Yesugei|Yesügei]]
* Sai Xing Ga as Chiledu
* Bu Ren as Taichar
* Aliya as Oelun
* He Qi as Dai-Sechen
* Deng Ba Te Er as Daritai
* Zhang Jiong as Garrison Chief
* Ben Hon Sun as Monk
{{div col end}}

==Production==

===Development===
{{unreferenced section|date=January 2013}}
[[File:Sergei Vladimirovich Bodrov.jpg|170px|left|thumb|Director Sergei Bodrov at the [[66th Venice International Film Festival|66th Venice Film Festival]]]]
The premise of ''Mongol'' is the story of Genghis Khan, the Mongol leader who founded the [[Mongol Empire]], which ruled expansive areas of [[Eurasia]]. The film depicts the early life of Temüjin, not as an evil war-mongering brute, but rather an inspiring visionary leader. Director Bodrov noted that "Russians lived under Mongolian rule for around 200 years" and that "Genghis Khan was portrayed as a monster". During the 1990s, Bodrov read a book by Russian historian [[Lev Gumilev]] entitled ''The Legend of the Black Arrow'', which offered a more disciplined view of the Mongol leader and influenced Bodrov to create a film project about the warrior.

Bodrov spent several years researching the aspects of his story, discovering that Khan was an orphan, a slave and a combatant whom everyone tried to kill. He found difficulty in preparing the screenplay for the film due to the fact that no contemporary Mongol biography existed. The only Mongol history from the era is ''[[The Secret History of Mongols]]'', written for the Mongol royal family some time after Genghis Khan's death in AD 1227. Author Gumilev had used the work as a historical reference and a work of significant literature. Casting for the film took place worldwide, including Mongolia; China; Russia; and in Los Angeles. Speaking on the choice of Tadanobu Asano to portray Temüjin, Bodrov commented that although it might have seemed odd to cast a Japanese actor in the role, he explained that the Mongol ruler was seen by many Japanese as one of their own. Bodrov said, "The Japanese had a very famous ancient warrior who disappeared, and they think he went to Mongolia and became Genghis Khan. He's a national hero, Genghis Khan. Mongolians can claim he's Mongolian, but the Japanese, they think they know who he is." Bodrov felt casting actor Sun Honglei as Jamukha was a perfect mix of "gravity and humor" for the role. Describing the character interaction between Asano and Honglei, he noted "They're completely different people, Temüjin and Jamukha, but they have a strong relationship, strong feelings between them." Aside from the Chinese and Japanese actors for those roles, the rest of the cast were Mongolian. It marked the first time a tale of Genghis Khan would be acted by Asians, this in contrast to such Hollywood and European attempts like the 1956 movie flop ''[[The Conqueror (film)|The Conqueror]]'' and the 1965 film ''[[Genghis Khan]]'' with [[Omar Sharif]].

The film was initially intended to be shot in [[Mongolia]], but the plans caused much protest in the country, as many Mongolians feared that it would not correctly portray their people and their national hero.<ref name=Protests/> As a consequence, shooting was moved to the Chinese autonomous region [[Inner Mongolia]] and to [[Kazakhstan]].

===Filming===
{{unreferenced section|date=January 2013}}
[[File:MongolAsano.jpg|thumb|right|The character Temüjin, dressed in Mongolian warrior garb]]
[[Principal photography|Filming]] began in 2005, lasting 25 weeks and taking place in China, Mongolia and Kazakhstan. Production designer Dashi Namdakov helped to recreate the pastoral lifestyle of the nomadic tribesmen. Namdakov is originally from a Russian region which borders Mongolia and is home to many ethnic Mongols. Bodrov remarked, "Dashi has the Mongol culture in his bones and knows how to approach this material." To help create some of the horse-mounted stunt sequences, Bodrov called upon seasoned stuntmen from Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan, whom he was familiar with from the production of ''[[Nomad (2005 film)|Nomad]]''. Describing some of the stunt work, Bodrov claimed: "Not a single horse was hurt on this film. There's a line in the movie, when young Jamukha tells Temüjin, 'For Mongol, horse is more important than woman.' And that's how it is with the Kazakh and Kyrgyz stunt people. They took very good care of the horses and were very conscientious." Bodrov collaborated on the film with editors [[Zach Staenberg]] and [[Valdís Óskarsdóttir]].

==Release==
''Mongol'' was first released in Russia and Ukraine on 20 September 2007.<ref name=BoxOfficeRelease>{{cite web |url=http://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?page=intl&id=mongol.htm |title=International Box Office Results |publisher=[[Box Office Mojo]] |accessdate=2011-02-21}}</ref> The film then premiered in cinemas in Turkey on 14 March 2008. Between April and December 2008, ''Mongol'' was released in various countries throughout the Middle East, Europe and Africa.<ref name=BoxOfficeRelease/> France, Algeria, Monaco, Morocco and Tunisia shared a release date of 9 April 2008. In the United States and the United Kingdom, the film was released on 6 June 2008. In 2009, certain Asian Pacific countries such as Singapore and Malaysia saw release dates for the film.<ref name=BoxOfficeRelease/> Within Latin America, Argentina saw a release for the film on 11 March, while Colombia began screenings on 9 April. The film grossed $20,821,749 in non-US box office totals.<ref name=BoxOfficeRelease/>

===US box office===
In the United States, the film premiered in cinemas on 6 June 2008. During its opening weekend, the film opened in 22nd place grossing $135,326 in business showing at 5 locations.<ref name="BoxOfficeMojo"/> The film's revenue dropped by 17% in its second week of release, earning $112,212. For that particular weekend, the film fell to 25th place screening in 5 theaters. During the film's final release week in theaters, ''Mongol'' opened in a distant 80th place with $11,503 in revenue.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://boxofficemojo.com/weekend/chart/?yr=2008&wknd=36&p=.htm |title=September 5–7, 2008 Weekend |publisher=[[Box Office Mojo]] |accessdate=2011-02-21}}</ref> The film went on to top out domestically at $5,705,761 in total ticket sales through a 14-week theatrical run. Internationally, the film took in an additional $20,821,749 in box office business for a combined worldwide total of $26,527,510.<ref name=BoxOfficeMojo/> For 2008 as a whole, the film would cumulatively rank at a box office performance position of 167.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://boxofficemojo.com/yearly/chart/?yr=2008&p=.htm |title=2008 Domestic Grosses |publisher=[[Box Office Mojo]] |accessdate=2011-02-21}}</ref>

===Home media===
Following its cinematic release in theaters, the [[DVD region code|Region 1 Code]] [[widescreen]] edition of the film was released on [[DVD]] in the United States on 14 October 2008. Special features for the DVD include; scene selections, subtitles in English and Spanish, and subtitles in English for the hearing impaired.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://video.barnesandnoble.com/DVD/Mongol/Tadanobu-Asano/e/883929028788/?itm=2&USRI=mongol |title=Mongol DVD Widescreen |publisher=BarnesandNoble.com |accessdate=2011-02-15}}</ref>

The widescreen hi-definition [[Blu-ray Disc]] version of the film was also released on 14 October 2008. Special features include; scene selections and subtitles in English and Spanish.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://video.barnesandnoble.com/DVD/Mongol/Tadanobu-Asano/e/883929028771/?itm=1&USRI=mongol |title=Mongol Blu-ray Widescreen |publisher=BarnesandNoble.com |accessdate=2011-02-15}}</ref> A supplemental viewing option for the film in the media format of [[Video on demand]] is currently available too.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.amazon.com/Mongol/dp/B001I9M7GM/ref=ed_oe_vdl |title=Mongol VOD Format |publisher=Amazon.com |accessdate=2011-02-15}}</ref>

==Reception==

===Critical response===
Among mainstream critics in the U.S., the film received mostly positive reviews.<ref name="meta">[http://www.metacritic.com/movie/mongol-the-rise-of-genghis-khan Mongol]. [[Metacritic]]. CNET Networks. Retrieved 2011-02-16.</ref> [[Rotten Tomatoes]] reported that 86% of 100 sampled critics gave the film a positive review, with an average score of 7 out of 10.<ref name="rt">[http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/mongol/ Mongol (2008)]. [[Rotten Tomatoes]]. IGN Entertainment. Retrieved 2011-02-16.</ref> At [[Metacritic]], which assigns a [[weighted mean|weighted average]] out of 100 to critics' reviews, the film received a score of 74 based on 27 reviews.<ref name="meta" /> However, the film was criticized in Mongolia due to its factual errors and historical inaccuracies.<ref>[http://www.olloo.mn/modules.php?name=News&file=print&sid=76632 Г. Жигжидсvрэн: Сергей Бодровын "Монгол" кинонд бvтээсэн дvр байхгvй]. ''olloo.mn''. Retrieved 2011-02-17.</ref>

Claudia Puig of ''[[USA Today]]'', said the film "has a visceral energy with powerful battle sequences and also scenes of striking and serene physical beauty." Noting a flaw, she did comment that ''Mongol'' might have included "one battle too many." Although overall, she concluded the film was "an exotic saga that compels, moves and envelops us with its grand and captivating story."<ref name="Puig">Puig, Claudia (12 June 2008). [http://www.usatoday.com/life/movies/reviews/2008-06-12-mongol_N.htm Tepid 'Mongol' A sweeping historic tale]. ''[[USA Today]]''. Retrieved 2011-02-16.</ref>
{|class="toccolours" style="float: left; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 2em; font-size: 85%; background:#FFFFE0; color:black; width:40em; max-width: 35%;" cellspacing="5"
|style="text-align: left;"|"Centered on the rise of Genghis Khan, the film is an enthralling tale, in the style of a David Lean saga, with similarly gorgeous cinematography. It combines a sprawling adventure saga with romance, family drama and riveting action sequences."
|-
|style="text-align: left;"|—Claudia Puig, writing in ''USA Today''<ref name="Puig"/>
|}
Jonathan Kiefer, writing in the ''[[Sacramento News & Review]]'', said "At once sweeping and intimately confidential, with durably magnetic performances by Japan's Asano Tadanobu as the adored warlord and China's Honglei Sun as Jamukha, his blood brother and eventual enemy, ''Mongol'', a 2007 Best Foreign Language Film Oscar nominee, has to be by far the best action epic of 12th- and 13th-century Asian nomads you’ll see". He emphatically believed Bodrov's film was "both ancient and authentic." He added that it was "commendably unhurried, and the scope swells up in a way that feels organic to a character-driven story".<ref name="kiefer">Kiefer, Jonathan (26 June 2008). [http://www.newsreview.com/sacramento/content?oid=684906 I think I Khan ''Mongol'']. ''[[Sacramento News & Review]]''. Retrieved 2011-02-16.</ref>

Equally impressed, Walter Addiego in the ''[[San Francisco Chronicle]]'', wrote that the film offers "everything you would want from an imposing historical drama: furious battles between mass armies, unquenchable love between husband and wife, blood brothers who become deadly enemies, and many episodes of betrayal and treachery". Concerning cinematography, he believed the film included "plenty of haunting landscapes, gorgeously photographed by Sergei Trofimov on location in China, Kazakhstan and Mongolia, along with the sort of warfare scenes that define epics".<ref>Addiego, Walter (20 June 2008). [http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/c/a/2008/06/20/DDH7115QHE.DTL Review: 'Mongol' revisits Genghis Khan]. ''[[San Francisco Chronicle]]''. Retrieved 2011-02-16.</ref>

Writing for ''[[The Boston Globe]]'', [[Wesley Morris]] exuberantly exclaimed that ''Mongol'' "actually works as an old-fashioned production - one with breathtaking mohawks, a scary yoking, one daring escape, hottish sex, ice, snow, braying sheep, blood oaths, dehydrating dunes, throat singing, a nighttime urination, kidnapping, charged reunions, and relatively authentic entertainment values."<ref>Morris, Wesley (20 June 2008). [http://www.boston.com/movies/display?display=movie&id=8626 When blood runs hot and cold]. ''[[The Boston Globe]]''. Retrieved 2011-02-16.</ref>

Film critic [[Roger Ebert]] writing in the ''[[Chicago Sun-Times]]'', called the film a "visual spectacle, it is all but overwhelming, putting to shame some of the recent historical epics from Hollywood." Summing up, Ebert wrote "The nuances of an ancient and ingeniously developed culture are passed over, and it cannot be denied that ''Mongol'' is relentlessly entertaining as an action picture."<ref name="Ebert">Ebert, Roger (20 June 2008). [http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20080619/REVIEWS/944262138/1023 Mongol]. ''[[Chicago Sun-Times]]''. Retrieved 2011-02-16.</ref>

{| class="toccolours" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 2em; font-size: 85%; background:#FFFFE0; color:black; width:30em; max-width: 40%;" cellspacing="5"
| style="text-align: left;" |"''Mongol'' is a ferocious film, blood-soaked, pausing occasionally for passionate romance and more frequently for torture."
|-
| style="text-align: left;" |—Roger Ebert, writing for the ''Chicago Sun-Times''<ref name="Ebert" />
|}

[[A.O. Scott]] of ''[[The New York Times]]'', stated that ''Mongol'' was a "big, ponderous epic, its beautifully composed landscape shots punctuated by thundering hooves and bloody, slow-motion battle sequences."<ref name="Scott" /> Scott approved of how the film encompassed "rich ethnographic detail and enough dramatic intrigue to sustain a viewer's interest through the slower stretches."<ref name="Scott">Scott A.O., (6 June 2008). [https://movies.nytimes.com/2008/06/06/movies/06mong.html?ref=movies Forge a Unity of Purpose, Then Conquer the World]. ''[[The New York Times]]''. Retrieved 2011-02-16.</ref>

Similarly, [[Joe Morgenstern]] wrote in ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'' that the film consisted of battle scenes which were as "notable for their clarity as their intensity; we can follow the strategies, get a sense of who's losing and who's winning. The physical production is sumptuous." Morgenstern affirmed that ''Mongol'' was "an austere epic that turns the stuff of pulp adventure into a persuasive take on ancient history."<ref>Morgenstern, Joe (6 June 2008). [https://online.wsj.com/article/SB121271272126950681.html 'Mongol' Brings Style And Sumptuous Scale To Genghis Khan Saga]. ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]''. Retrieved 2011-02-16.</ref>

[[Lisa Schwarzbaum]] writing for ''[[Entertainment Weekly]]'' lauded the visual qualities of the film, remarking how ''Mongol'' "contrasts images of sweeping landscape and propulsive battle with potent scenes of emotional intimacy", while also referring to its "quite grand, quite exotic, David Lean-style epic" resemblance.<ref>Schwarzbaum, Lisa (6 June 2008). [http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,20204732,00.html Mongol (2008)]. ''[[Entertainment Weekly]]''. Retrieved 2011-02-16.</ref>

The film however, was not without its detractors. Marc Savlov of ''[[The Austin Chronicle]]'', viewed the film as "broken, beleaguered", and a "belittled nation's payback for the indignities inflicted upon them by ''[[Borat: Cultural Learnings of America for Make Benefit Glorious Nation of Kazakhstan|Borat]]''."<ref>Savlov, Marc (20 June 2008). [http://www.austinchronicle.com/calendar/film/2008-06-20/637770/ Mongol]. ''[[The Austin Chronicle]]''. Retrieved 2011-02-16.</ref>

Also lukewarm, [[Kyle Smith]] of the ''[[New York Post]]'' commented that the film combined the "intelligence of an action movie with the excitement of an art-house release" making ''Mongol'' "as dry as summer in the Gobi Desert." Smith did compliment director Bodrov on staging a "couple of splattery yet artful battle scenes". But ultimately thought the film "really isn't worth leaving your yurt for."<ref>Smith, Kyle (6 June 2008). [http://www.nypost.com/p/entertainment/movies/item_8rOS7t1uZ5GaL778YGJnuN;jsessionid=234EED98FA14F2F45E288D1931E248C8 Sweet Mongolia: How Genghis Got His Horde]. ''[[New York Post]]''. Retrieved 2011-02-16.</ref>

In another unfavorable opinion, author Tom Hoskyns of ''[[The Independent]]'' described the film as being "very thin plot-wise." Hoskyns commended the "desolate landscapes and seasonal variations", but he was not excited about the repetitious nature of the story showing the "hero getting repeatedly captured and escaping."<ref>Hoskyns, Tom (26 September 2008). [http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/reviews/dvd-mongol-15-943388.html DVD: Mongol]. ''[[The Independent]]''. Retrieved 2011-02-16.</ref>

Joshua Rothkopf of ''[[Time Out (company)|Time Out]]'', added to the negative sentiment by saying ''Mongol'' was a "Russian-produced dud." He noted that it included "Ridiculous dialogue and Neanderthal motivations" as well as bearing "little relation to the raw, immediate work of his countrymates—like Andrei Tarkovsky, whose epic ''[[Andrei Rublev (film)|Andrei Rublev]]'' really gives you a sense of the dirt and desperation."<ref>Rothkopf, Joshua (11 June 2008). [http://www.timeout.com/film/newyork/reviews/85544/mongol-the_rise_to_power_of_genghis_khan.html Mongol: The Rise to Power of Genghis Khan]. ''[[Time Out (company)|Time Out]]''. Retrieved 2011-02-16.</ref>

===Accolades===
The film was nominated and won several awards in 2007–09. Various critics included the film on their lists of the top 10 best films of 2008. Mike Russell of ''[[The Oregonian]]'' named it the 5th best film of 2008,<ref name=mctop08/> Lawrence Toppman of ''[[The Charlotte Observer]]'' named it the 8th best film of 2008,<ref name=mctop08/> and V.A. Musetto of the ''[[New York Post]]'' also named it the 8th best film of 2008.<ref name=mctop08>{{cite web|url=http://apps.metacritic.com/film/awards/2008/toptens.shtml |title=Metacritic: 2008 Film Critic Top Ten Lists |publisher=[[Metacritic]] |accessdate=11 January 2009}}</ref>

{|class="wikitable" border="1"
|-
! Award
! Category
! Nominee
! Result
|-
|[[80th Academy Awards]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oscars.org/awards/academyawards/oscarlegacy/2000-present/2008/winners.html |title=Nominees & Winners for the 80th Academy Awards |accessdate=2011-02-21 |publisher=Oscars.org}}</ref>
|Best Foreign Language Film
|
|{{nom}}
|-
|2007 [[Asia Pacific Screen Awards]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.asiapacificscreenawards.com/the_awards/past_winners_and_nominees/nominees/achievement_in_cinematography |title=The Awards |accessdate=2011-02-21 |publisher=Asia Pacific Screen Awards}}</ref>
|Best Achievement in Cinematography
|Sergey Trofimov
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[2nd Asian Film Awards]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.asianfilmawards.asia/2008/eng/nominations.html#b5 |title=Nominations & Winners |accessdate=2011-02-21 |publisher=Asian Film Awards}}</ref>
|Best Supporting Actor
|Sun Honglei
|{{won}}
|-
||[[14th Critics' Choice Awards|Broadcast Film Critics Association Awards 2008]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bfca.org/ccawards/2008.php |title=The 14th Critics' Choice Movie Awards Nominees |accessdate=2011-02-21 |publisher=BFCA.org}}</ref>
|Best Foreign Language Film
|
|{{nom}}
|-
|rowspan=2|[[European Film Awards 2008]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.europeanfilmacademy.org/2008/11/08/nominations-pour-les-european-film-awards-2008/ |title=Nominations for the European Film Awards 2008 |accessdate=2011-02-21 |publisher=EuropeanFilmAcademy.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.europeanfilmacademy.org/2009/04/28/2008-4/ |title=The People's Choice Award 2008 |accessdate=2011-02-21 |publisher=EuropeanFilmAcademy.org}}</ref>
|Best Cinematographer
|Sergey Trofimov, Rogier Stoffers
|{{nom}}
|-
|Best European Film
|Sergey Bodrov
|{{nom}}
|-
|rowspan=2|6th [[Golden Eagle Award (Russia)|Golden Eagle Award]]s<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kinoacademy.ru/main.php |title=Nominees & Winners |accessdate=2011-02-21 |publisher=KinoAcademy.ru}}</ref>
|Best Costume Design
|Karin Lohr
|{{won}}
|-
|Best Sound Design
|Stephan Konken
|{{won}}
|-
|2009 40th [[NAACP Image Award]]s<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.naacpimageawards.net/42/awards-show/40th/ |title=40th NAACP Image Awards |accessdate=2010-06-04 |publisher=NAACP Image Awards}}</ref>
|Outstanding Foreign Motion Picture
|
|{{nom}}
|-
|Las Vegas Film Critics Society Awards 2008<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lvfcs.org/lvfcs/2008.html |title=2008 Sierra Award winners |accessdate=2011-02-21 |publisher=lvfcs.org}}</ref>
|Best Foreign Language Film
|
|{{won}}
|-
|2008 [[National Board of Review of Motion Pictures]] Awards<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nbrmp.org/awards/past.cfm?year=2008 |title=Awards for 2008 |accessdate=2011-02-21 |publisher=National Board of Review}}</ref>
|Best Foreign Language Film
|
|{{won}}
|-
|rowspan=6|2008 [[Nika Award]]s<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kino-nika.com/ |title=Award Winners & Nominees |accessdate=2011-02-21 |publisher=Nika Awards}}</ref>
|Best Cinematography
|Sergey Trofimov, Rogier Stoffers
|{{won}}
|-
|Best Costume Design
|Karin Lohr
|{{won}}
|-
|Best Director
|Sergey Bodrov
|{{won}}
|-
|Best Film
|
|{{won}}
|-
|Best Production Design
|Dashi Namdakov, Yelena Zhukova
|{{won}}
|-
|Best Sound
|Stephan Konken
|{{won}}
|}

==Sequel==
''The Great Khan'' ({{lang|ru|''Великий Хан''}}) is the provisional title<ref>{{cite web | title = Bodrov launches production company, Director's first project to be a 'Mongol' | publisher = Variety | date = 16 May 2008 | url = http://www.variety.com/article/VR1117985966.html | accessdate = 2010-11-01}}</ref> for the second installment of Bodrov's planned trilogy on the life of Temüjin, [[Genghis Khan]]. The Mongolian pop singer, [[Amarkhuu Borkhuu]], was offered a role, but declined.<ref>{{mn icon}} {{cite news|url=http://www.postnews.mn/index.php?cp=news&task=view&news_id=6522&PHPSESSID=d97d127e45acbded6332c901ba3ee32d&page=52&PHPSESSID=d97d127e45acbded6332c901ba3ee32d|title=Б.АМАРХҮҮ С.БОДРОВТ ГОЛОГДЖЭЭ|accessdate=2011-01-03}}</ref> The trilogy project was eventually put on the shelf, but in July 2013, during a visit to the annual [[Naadam|Naadam Festival]] in [[Ulan Bator]], Bodrov told the press that the production of the sequel had started again.<ref name=InfoMongolia/>

==Soundtrack==
The soundtrack for ''Mongol'', was released in the United States by the [[Varèse Sarabande]] music label on 29 July 2008.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://music.barnesandnoble.com/Mongol/Altan-Urag/e/30206690224/?itm=1&USRI=mongol |title=Mongol Original Motion Picture Soundtrack |publisher=BarnesandNoble.com |accessdate=2011-02-15}}</ref> The score for the film was composed by [[Tuomas Kantelinen]], with additional music orchestrated by the Mongolian folk rock band [[Altan Urag]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://movies.yahoo.com/movie/1808754771/cast |title=Mongol (2008) |accessdate=2011-02-15 |publisher=Yahoo! Movies}}</ref>

{{Infobox album
| Name = Mongol: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack
| Type = [[Film score]]
| Artist = [[Tuomas Kantelinen]]
| Cover = MongolSoundtrackScore.jpg
| Released = 07/29/2008
| Length = 43:39
| Label = Varèse Sarabande
| Reviews =
}}

{{Track listing
| collapsed = no
| headline = ''Mongol: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack''
| total_length = 43:39
| title1 = Beginning
| length1 = 4:35
| title2 = At the Fireplace: Composed and Performed by Altan Urag
| length2 = 0:48
| title3 = Blood Brothers
| length3 = 1:08
| title4 = Chase 1: Composed and Performed by Altan Urag
| length4 = 0:51
| title5 = Fighting Boys
| length5 = 0:53
| title6 = Temüjin's Escape
| length6 = 2:03
| title7 = Funeral and Robbery: Composed and Performed by Altan Urag
| length7 = 2:30
| title8 = Together Now
| length8 = 1:52
| title9 = Love Theme
| length9 = 1:25
| title10 = Chase 2: Composed and Performed by Altan Urag
| length10 = 1:36
| title11 = Cold Winter
| length11 = 2:30
| title12 = Merkit Territory
| length12 = 1:53
| title13 = Attack
| length13 = 0:44
| title14 = Martial Rage
| length14 = 1:12
| title15 = Jamukha is Following
| length15 = 1:30
| title16 = Slavery
| length16 = 1:48
| title17 = Long Journey
| length17 = 0:49
| title18 = Destiny
| length18 = 1:49
| title19 = Joy in Mongolia: Composed and Performed by Altan Urag
| length19 = 3:07
| title20 = Final Battle, Showing Strength
| length20 = 2:15
| title21 = Final Battle, Tactical Order
| length21 = 0:36
| title22 = Final Battle, The First Attachment
| length22 = 1:21
| title23 = Final Battle, Death by Arrows
| length23 = 1:55
| title24 = Tengri's Help
| length24 = 0:57
| title25 = Victory to Khan
| length25 = 1:36
| title26 = No Mercy
| length26 = 1:56
}}

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==External links==
{{wikiquote|Mongol (film)|Mongol}}
* {{IMDb title|0416044|Mongol}}
* {{mojo title|mongol|Mongol}}
* {{rotten-tomatoes|10006312-mongol|Mongol}}
* {{metacritic film|mongol-the-rise-of-genghis-khan|Mongol}}

{{Sergei Bodrov}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mongol (Film)}}
[[Category:2007 films]]
[[Category:2000s biographical films]]
[[Category:2000s drama films]]
[[Category:2000s war films]]
[[Category:Russian films]]
[[Category:Russian biographical films]]
[[Category:Russian drama films]]
[[Category:Russian war films]]
[[Category:Kazakhstani films]]
[[Category:Mongolian films]]
[[Category:Mongolian-language films]]
[[Category:Mandarin-language films]]
[[Category:Depictions of Genghis Khan on film]]
[[Category:Films directed by Sergei Bodrov]]
[[Category:Films set in Mongolia]]
[[Category:Films set in the 12th century]]
[[Category:Films set in the 13th century]]
[[Category:Films set in the Mongol Empire]]
[[Category:Films shot in China]]
[[Category:Films shot in Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:War drama films]]
[[Category:War epic films]]
[[Category:War films based on actual events]]
[[Category:Universal Pictures films]]
[[Category:Picturehouse films]]

Energy Charter Treaty

2017-03-13T10:30:53Z

Bender the Bot: /* Russian participation */HTTP→HTTPS, per BRFA 8 using AWB

{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2013}}
{{Infobox organization
|name = Energy Charter Conference
|image = EnCharter Logo.jpg
|image_border =
|size = 100px
|alt =
|abbreviation =
|motto =
|formation = {{Start date|df=yes|1991}}
|extinction =
|type = [[Intergovernmental organization]]
|status =
|purpose =
| headquarters = [[Brussels]], Belgium
| location =
| region_served =
| language = English, Russian, Spanish, French, Italian, German
| general = {{flagicon|SVK}}[[Urban Rusnák]]
|leader_title = Deputy Secretary General
|leader_name = {{flagicon|TUR}}Selim Kuneralp
|leader_title2 = Chairman
|leader_name2 ={{flagicon|JPN}}[[Fumio Kishida]]
|main_organ = Energy Charter Conference
|num_staff = approx. 30
|budget =
|website = http://www.energycharter.org/
|remarks =
}}
The '''Energy Charter Treaty''' ('''ECT''') is an international agreement which establishes a multilateral framework for cross-border cooperation in the [[energy industry]]. The treaty covers all aspects of commercial energy activities including trade, transit, investments and [[Efficient energy use|energy efficiency]]. The treaty is legally binding, including dispute resolution procedures.<ref>http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/energy/external_dimension_enlargement/l27028_en.htm</ref>

Originally, the Energy Charter process was based on integrating the energy sectors of the [[Soviet Union]] and Eastern Europe at the end of the [[Cold War]] into the broader European and world markets. Its role however extends beyond East-West cooperation and through legally binding instruments strives to promote principles of openness of global energy markets and non-discrimination to stimulate [[foreign direct investment]]s and global cross-border trade.

Awards and settlements of the [[international arbitration]]s put forward by breaking the [[international law|law]] of the Energy Charter Treaty are sometimes in the hundreds of millions of dollars. In 2014, the nearly-10 year long [[Yukos shareholders vs. Russia|Yukos]] case was decided in favor of the claimants on the basis of the Treaty, with a record-breaking $50 billion award.

Full versions of the treaty, both consolidated and official, can be found [http://www.energycharter.org/process/energy-charter-treaty-1994/energy-charter-treaty/ here].

==History==

===European Energy Charter===

The beginnings of the Energy Charter date back to a political initiative launched in Europe in the early 1990s. The time at end of the [[Cold War]] offered an unprecedented opportunity to overcome previous economic divisions between the nations on both sides of the [[Iron Curtain]]. The clearest prospect for mutually co-dependent beneficial cooperation was the [[energy sector]], given [[Russia in the European energy sector|Europe's growing energy demand]] and [[Energy superpower|vast resource availability in post-Soviet nations]]. Additionally there was a recognised need to ensure that a commonly accepted foundation was established for developing energy cooperation among the states of [[Eurasia]]. On the basis of these considerations, the Energy Charter process was born.<ref name=konoplyanik>
{{cite journal
| last1 = Konoplyanik | first1 = Andrei
| last2 = Wälde | first2 = Thomas
| year = 2006
| title = Energy Charter Treaty and its Role in International Energy
| journal = Journal of Energy & Natural Resources Law
| publisher = [[International Bar Association]]
| volume = 24
| issue = 4
| pages = 523–558
| issn = 0264-6811
| format = PDF
| url = http://konoplyanik.ru/ru/publications/articles/417_Energy_Charter_Treaty_and_its_Role_in_International_Energy.pdf
| accessdate = 8 May 2010
| deadurl = no
| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20110819133013/http://konoplyanik.ru/ru/publications/articles/410-JENRL-11.2006.pdf
| archivedate = 19 August 2011
| df=dmy}}
</ref>

The original European Energy Charter declaration was signed in [[The Hague]] on 17 December 1991. It was a political declaration of principles for international energy including trade, transit and investment, together with the intention to negotiate a legally binding treaty, setting the beginning of the development of the Energy Charter Treaty. One of the final hurdles was to find language to ensure national sovereignty over natural resources, while enshrining the principle of international cooperation in order to allow outside access to those resources. Negotiators also succeeded in assuring Austria and Switzerland that they would not bear an undue transit burden for energy resources.<ref>Charles Goldsmith (22 November 1991), [https://www.nytimes.com/1991/11/22/business/worldbusiness/22iht-ec__2.html To Help Soviets Tap Vast Resources: 36 Nations Agree on Energy Charter] "[[International Herald Tribune]]"</ref>

===Treaty===

A Secretariat was set up to accommodate the dialogue amongst the contracting parties, which later transformed into the Energy Charter Secretariat, mandated by the Energy Charter Conference. The legally binding treaty was signed in Lisbon in December 1994, together with a Protocol on Energy Efficiency and Related Environmental Aspects ([http://www.encharter.org/fileadmin/user_upload/document/EN.pdf#page=141 PEEREA]).
The treaty and the protocol came into effect in April 1998. An amendment to the trade-related provisions reflecting the change from the [[General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade]] to [[World Trade Organization]] processes was also agreed at that time.<ref name=konoplyanik/>

On 22 March 2010, a Strategy Group was established within the Energy Charter Conference, with a mandate to promote modernisation. While the origin of the Energy Charter Treaty is rooted in Russia-EU relations, the treaty is the only multilateral legal framework of its kind and is expanding beyond its original purposes.<ref>http://www.europeanenergyreview.eu/site/pagina.php?id_mailing=281&toegang=e3796ae838835da0b6f6ea37bcf8bcb7&id=3737</ref> Part of this expansion is physical, and a policy on Consolidation/Expansion/Outreach (CONEXO) was formulated to guide the approach of new countries as signatories of the declaration or Treaty. This global focus took a step forward in 2015, when a number of new countries such as China, Nigeria, and Columbia from different regions of the world signed the Intentional Energy Charter in The Hague.

===International Energy Charter===

On 20 May 2015, a major milestone in modernisation and expansion was reached, as 72 Countries plus the EU, [[European Atomic Energy Community|Euratom]] and [[Economic Community of West African States|ECOWAS]] signed the International Energy Charter at a Ministerial conference hosted by the government of The Netherlands.<ref>{{Cite web|title=72 Countries plus the EU, Euratom and ECOWAS Adopt the International Energy Charter |url=http://www.energycharter.org/news/article/72-countries-plus-the-eu-euratom-and-ecowas-adopt-the-international-energy-charter/?tx_news_pi1%255Bcontroller%255D=News&tx_news_pi1%255Baction%255D=detail&cHash=6c41bf6940672cf5b390ced07fc5b0e5 |accessdate=2015-09-30 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151001233843/http://www.energycharter.org/news/article/72-countries-plus-the-eu-euratom-and-ecowas-adopt-the-international-energy-charter/?tx_news_pi1%255Bcontroller%255D=News&tx_news_pi1%255Baction%255D=detail&cHash=6c41bf6940672cf5b390ced07fc5b0e5 |archivedate=1 October 2015 |df=dmy }}</ref> The International Energy Charter is a political declaration about principles for international energy cooperation, and is intended as a first step towards accession to the legally binding Energy Charter Treaty. The declaration attempts to reflect the changes in the energy world that have emerged since development of the original Energy Charter Treaty in the early 1990s, and address the following issues:

* The full scope of multilateral documents and agreements on energy developed in the last two decades, and the synergies among energy-related multilateral fora, including the Energy Charter, in view of follow-up action
* The growing weight of developing countries for global energy security
* The "trilemma" between energy security, economic development and environmental protection
* The role of enhanced energy trade for sustainable development
* The need to promote access to modern energy services, energy poverty reduction, clean technology and capacity building
* The need for diversification of energy sources and routes
* The role of regional integration of energy markets<ref>{{Cite web|title = International Energy Charter (2015) - Energy Charter|url = http://www.energycharter.org/process/international-energy-charter-2015/|website = www.energycharter.org|access-date = 2016-01-19}}</ref>

==Legal scope of the Treaty==
The Treaty's provisions focus on four broad areas: [[Energy Trade]], Investment, [[Efficient energy use|Energy Efficiency]], [[Dispute resolution|Dispute Settlement]], Energy Transit.

===Trade===
The Energy Charter Treaty's purpose in [[Energy Trade]] is to create open and non-discriminatory energy markets throughout its member states. This framework follows the rules of the multilateral trading system as embodied in the [[General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade]], which later became the [[World Trade Organisation]]
The Energy Charter Treaty extends the [[GATT]] and later the [[WTO]] rules in the energy sector amongst its members. Additionally the treaty covers the trade of all energy materials (e.g. [[crude oil]], natural gas, [[wood fuel]], etc.) all final energy products (e.g.petroleum, electricity, etc.) and energy related equipment. The rules of trade only cover trade in goods, not trade in [[tertiary sector|services]], nor does it concern itself with intellectual property rights.

===Investment===
As rooted in idea of creating open and non-discriminatory energy markets for energy trade, a form of international accountability for breaching these conditions was necessary to put in place. The treaty is responsible for protection of [[Foreign direct investment|direct foreign investments]]. Its provisions protect investors and their investments from political risks involved in investing into a foreign country such as [[Economic discrimination#Against businesses|discrimination]], [[expropriation]], [[nationalisation]], [[breach of contract]], damages due to war, etc. The legally binding nature of the Energy Charter Treaty make it the only of its kind in the world, setting up the only [[Multilateral treaty|multilateral framework]] for matters related with Energy.

===Dispute settlement===
Whereas Article 27 sets out the provisions for dispute resolution between two contracting states, Article 26 of the Energy Charter Treaty provides express provisions for resolving disputes arising under the Treaty between an investor of a Contracting State and another Contracting State. The choice of arbitration rules are:

* [[International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes|ICSID]] Rules
* ICSID Additional Facilities Rules
* [[United Nations Commission on International Trade Law|UNCITRAL]] ''Ad hoc'' Rules
* The Arbitration Rules of the Stockholm Chamber of Commerce

The largest claims against Russia, pertaining to the Yukos decision, arise under the provisions of Article 26.

The drafting of the Treaty has raised some difficult questions in the area of Investor-State Disputes by academics<ref>Thomas Roe, Matthew Happold and James Dingemans QC, Settlement of Investor-State Disputes under the Energy Charter Treaty (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), 2011.</ref> and has been called ambiguous at instances by the courts.<ref>http://www.encharter.org/fileadmin/user_upload/document/Petrobart.pdf</ref> Some areas of discussion are:

* the standards of protection granted by the Treaty;
* the international responsibility of States for breaches of the Treaty;
* the various procedures available for the vindication of rights under the Treaty;
* the conditions to be satisfied before a claimant's complaint may be considered on the merits;
* the impact of EU law on claims under the Treaty; and
* the Treaty's provisions concerning taxation.

===Energy efficiency===
The Charter's involvement in matters of [[Efficient energy use|energy efficiency]] and its relation to a cleaner environment was introduced in the 1991 Energy Charter Declaration. The subsequent Energy Charter Treaty, and in particular Article 19 of the Treaty, requires that each Contracting Party "... shall strive to minimise in an economically efficient manner, harmful Environmental Impacts arising from energy use."<ref>http://www.encharter.org/fileadmin/user_upload/document/EN.pdf#page=64</ref>

Nevertheless, the main provisions are excluded from ECT and the Energy Charter Protocol on Energy Efficiency and Related Environmental Aspects (PEEREA) was negotiated, opened for signature and entered into force at the same time (16 April 1998) as the Energy Charter Treaty. Building on the provisions of the Treaty, PEEREA requires its participating states to formulate clear policy aims for improving energy efficiency and reducing the energy cycle’s negative environmental impact.<ref>http://unfccc.int/files/meetings/workshops/other_meetings/application/pdf/steen.pdf</ref>

In contrast to other activities in the Charter process, the emphasis in the work on energy efficiency is not [[Law of obligations|legally binding]], but rather on practical implementation of a political commitment to improve energy efficiency. This is promoted through policy discussions based on analysis and exchange of experience between the member countries, invited independent experts and other international organisations.

The implementation of PEEREA, provides its member countries with a range of good practices and a forum in which to share experiences and policy advice on [[Environmental impact of the energy industry|energy efficiency issues]]. Within this forum, particular attention is paid to such aspects of a national energy efficiency strategy as taxation, pricing policy in the energy sector, environmentally related subsidies and other mechanisms for [[Renewable energy commercialization|financing energy efficiency objectives]].<ref>http://www.encharter.org/fileadmin/user_upload/document/EN.pdf#page=141</ref>

===Energy transit===
The Energy Charter Treaty is that it provides a set of rules that covers the entire energy chain, including not only investments in production and generation but also the terms under which energy can be traded and transported across various national jurisdictions to international markets. As such, the agreement is intended to prevent disruption of fuel passing between countries.<ref>Andrew E. Kramer (1 January 2006), [https://www.nytimes.com/2006/01/01/international/europe/01cnd-russia.html/ Russia Cuts Flow of Natural Gas to Ukraine] ''[[New York Times]]''.</ref>

====Transit Protocol====
The Energy Charter Transit Protocol is a draft protocol which negotiations are not finalized yet. The protocol would amplify and strengthen ECT provisions on energy transit issues in order to mitigate some specific operational risks that continue to affect energy transit flows. Negotiations on the text of the Transit Protocol began in early 2000 and a compromise text reflecting a continued discussion between the European Union and Russia was tabled for adoption at the meeting of the Energy Charter Conference on 10 December 2003. However, it became clear at this meeting that a unanimous decision could not be achieved on the basis of the compromise text; a complicating factor was that energy issues, including transit, were also a subject on the bilateral agenda for the European Union and Russia in the context of Russian negotiations for accession to the World Trade Organisation. The Protocol negotiations were temporarily suspended.

In December 2007, the Energy Charter Conference reaffirmed its support for the finalisation of negotiations and adoption of the Energy Charter Protocol on Transit in order to expand the existing provisions of the treaty.<ref>http://www.encharter.org/index.php?id=37</ref> This work proceeded until October 2011, when the [[European Union]] argued that, in view of current developments in the international energy situation and the lack of progress in negotiations and consultations, it appeared no longer opportune to continue the negotiations. A review of the issue at the end of 2015 noted the continued demand for a multilateral legally-binding framework for energy transit, and recommended further exploring the basis for negotiations of such an agreement, which could address various aspects of oil, gas and electricity transportation and transit.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.energycharter.org/fileadmin/DocumentsMedia/CCDECS/2015/CCDEC201522.pdf|title = DECISION OF THE ENERGY CHARTER CONFERENCE|date = |access-date = |website = |publisher = |last = |first = }}</ref>

The Energy Charter Treaty includes an obligation of member countries to facilitate energy transit across their territory, in line with the principle of freedom of transit, and to secure established transit flows. At the same time, the treaty provisions do not oblige any country to introduce mandatory third party access.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url = http://www.energycharter.org/fileadmin/DocumentsMedia/Legal/ECT_Guide_en.pdf|title = THE ENERGY CHARTER TREATY: A READER’S GUIDE|date = |access-date = |website = |publisher = |last = |first = }}</ref>

===Principle of national sovereignty===
While the Energy Charter is based on the idea that international flows of investments and technologies in the energy sector are mutually beneficial, national sovereignty over energy resources is a core principle of the treaty (ECT Article 18). An objective of the treaty is to promote transparency and efficiency in the operation of energy markets, but it is for governments to define the structure of their national energy sector. Each country is free to decide whether and how its national energy resources are developed, and also the extent to which its energy sector is open to foreign investors. The treaty does not deal with the ownership issues of the energy companies–there is no obligation to privatise state-owned energy companies, or to break up vertically integrated energy companies.<ref name=":0" />

==Membership==
The treaty has been signed or acceded to by fifty-two countries and the [[European Union]] and [[Euratom]].<ref name="Participants">[http://www.encharter.org/index.php?id=61&L=0L%200%200%2010%200%2043%200%2010%200%C2%816%C2%A55059%200%2010%200%20141 Energy Charter Members & Observers]</ref> All members have ratified the Treaty except for Australia, Belarus, Norway, and the Russian Federation. Belarus has accepted [[provisional application (treaty)|provisional application]] of the Treaty,<ref name="Belarus"/> which means that it applies the Treaty to the extent that it is consistent with its own constitutions, laws and regulations.{{citation needed|date=August 2012}}

There are four levels of participation that a state could have, depending on the instruments applied (''marking noted in brackets''):
#Organization of the Energy Charter Conference<ref>[http://www.encharter.org/index.php?id=25&L=1%5C%5C%5C%5C%5C%5C%5C%5C%5C%5C%5C%5C%5C%5C%5C Organization of the Energy Charter Conference]</ref> member or observer that is not yet party to the 1991 Energy Charter (''O'')
#*some of these states have begun, but not yet finished the process of adopting the 1991 Charter (''O+'')
#1991 Energy Charter<ref>[http://www.encharter.org/index.php?id=29&L=1%5C%5C%5C%5C%5C%5C%5C 1991 Energy Charter]</ref> signatory state (''OC'')
#*some of these states have begun, but not yet finished the process of ratifying the 1994 Treaty and Protocol (''OC+'')
#1994 Energy Charter Treaty<ref>[http://www.encharter.org/index.php?id=28&L=1%2F%5C%5C%5C%5C%5C%5C 1994 Energy Charter Treaty]</ref> and Protocol<ref>[http://www.encharter.org/index.php?id=27&L=1%2F%5C%5C%5C%5C%5C%5C%5C%5C%5C%5C%5C%5C%5C%5C%5C%5C%5C%5C%5C%5C%5C%5C%5C%5C%5C%5C%5C%5C%5C%5C%5C%5C%5C%5C%5C%5C%5C%5C%5C%5C%5C%5C%5C%5C%5C%5C%5C%5C%5C%5C%5C%5C%5C%5C Energy Charter Protocol on Energy Efficiency and Related Environmental Aspects (PEEREA)]</ref> ratifier state (''OCT'')
#*some of these states have begun, but not yet finished the process of ratifying the 1998 Amendment (''OCT+'')
#1998 Trade Amendment<ref>[http://www.encharter.org/index.php?id=26&L=1%5C%5C%5C%5C%5C%5C%5C 1998 Trade amendment to the 1994 Energy Charter Treaty]</ref> ratifier state (''OCTA'')

===Members of the Energy Charter Conference===
{|
|
*{{flagcountry|Afghanistan}} OCTA
*{{flagcountry|Belarus}}*<ref name="Belarus">[http://www.encharter.org/index.php?id=291&L=1%5C%5C%5C%5C%5C%5C%5C#c909 Belarus provisionally applies the 1994 Treaty, Protocol and the 1998 Amendment.]</ref> OC+
*{{flagcountry|Czech Republic}} OCTA
*{{flagcountry|France}} OCTA
*{{flagcountry|Ireland}} OCTA
*{{flagcountry|Lithuania}} OCTA
*{{flagcountry|Netherlands}} OCTA
*{{flagcountry|Slovakia}} OCTA
*{{flagcountry|Republic of Macedonia}} OCT+
|
*{{flagcountry|Albania}} OCTA
*{{flagcountry|Belgium}} OCTA
*{{flagcountry|Denmark}} OCTA
*{{flagcountry|Georgia}} OCTA
*{{flagcountry|Japan}} OCT
*{{flagcountry|Luxembourg}} OCTA
*{{flagcountry|Norway}}* OC+
*{{flagcountry|Slovenia}} OCTA
*{{flagcountry|Turkey}} OCT
|
*{{flagcountry|Armenia}} OCTA
*{{flagcountry|Bosnia and Herzegovina}} OCT+
*{{flagcountry|Estonia}} OCTA
*{{flagcountry|Germany}} OCTA
*{{flagcountry|Kazakhstan}} OCT+
*{{flagcountry|Malta}} OCTA
*{{flagcountry|Poland}} OCTA
*{{flagcountry|Spain}} OCTA
*{{flagcountry|Turkmenistan}} OCT+
|
*{{flagcountry|Australia}}* OC+
*{{flagcountry|Bulgaria}} OCT+
*{{flagcountry|European Union}} OCTA
*{{flagcountry|Greece}} OCTA
*{{flagcountry|Kyrgyzstan}} OCT+
*{{flagcountry|Moldova}} OCT+
*{{flagcountry|Portugal}} OCTA
*{{flagcountry|Sweden}} OCTA
*{{flagcountry|Ukraine}} OCTA
|
*{{flagcountry|Austria}} OCTA
*{{flagcountry|Croatia}} OCTA
*[[Euratom]] OCTA
*{{flagcountry|Hungary}} OCTA
*{{flagcountry|Latvia}} OCTA
*{{flagcountry|Mongolia}} OCTA
*{{flagcountry|Romania}} OCT+
*{{flagcountry|Switzerland}} OCTA
*{{flagcountry|United Kingdom}} OCTA
|
*{{flagcountry|Azerbaijan}} OCT+
*{{flagcountry|Cyprus}} OCTA
*{{flagcountry|Finland}} OCTA
*{{flagcountry|Iceland}} OCT
*{{flagcountry|Liechtenstein}} OCTA
*{{flagcountry|Montenegro}} OCTA
*{{flagcountry|Russia}}<ref>[http://www.encharter.org/index.php?id=414&L=1%5C%5C%5C%5C%5C%5C%5C#c1338 Russia is former signatory of the 1994 Treaty and Protocol, provisionally applying them between 1994–2009]</ref> OC
*{{flagcountry|Tajikistan}} OCT+
*{{flagcountry|Uzbekistan}} OCT+
|}

''Note: * – denotes state provisionally applying signed, but not yet ratified instruments''

===Observers===
Thirty-seven states and twelve international organisations have the status of observers to the Energy Charter. Observers have the right to attend all Charter meetings and to receive all related documentation, reports and analysis, and to participate in the working debates taking place within the Energy Charter. The intention is that observer status should provide the chance for a country to familiarise itself with the Charter and its functions, in order to facilitate its assessment of the benefits of accession to the Energy Charter Treaty.<ref>http://www.petform.org.tr/images/yayinlar/ozel_raporlar/petform_energy_charter_treaty_memorandum.pdf</ref>

There are three categories of observers:
# States who have signed the 1991 European Energy Charter (O)
# States who have signed the 2015 International Energy Charter (I)
# Observers By Invitation (B)

====Countries====
{|
|
*{{flagcountry|Algeria}} B
*{{flagcountry|Canada}} OC
*{{flagcountry|Egypt}} B
*{{flagcountry|Mauritania}} O
*{{flagcountry|Qatar}} B
*{{flagcountry|Syria}} OC+
*{{flagcountry|Venezuela}} B
|
*{{flagcountry|Bahrain}} B
*{{flagcountry|Chad}} O
*{{flagcountry|Indonesia}} OC+
*{{flagcountry|Morocco}} OC+
*{{flagcountry|South Korea}} I
*{{flagcountry|Tanzania}} I
*{{flagcountry|Yemen}} O
|
*{{flagcountry|Bangladesh}} I
*{{flagcountry|Chile}} I
*{{flagcountry|Iran}} B
*{{flagcountry|Niger}} O
*{{flagcountry|Saudi Arabia}} B
*{{flagcountry|Tunisia}} B
|
*{{flagcountry|Benin}} I
*{{flagcountry|China}} I
*{{flagcountry|Italy}} O
*{{flagcountry|Nigeria}} B
*{{flagcountry|Serbia}} OC+
*{{flagcountry|Uganda}} I
|
*{{flagcountry|Burundi}} O
*{{flagcountry|Colombia}} I
*{{flagcountry|Jordan}} OC+
*{{flagcountry|Pakistan}} OC+
*{{flagcountry|Oman}} B
*{{flagcountry|United Arab Emirates}} B
|
*{{flagcountry|Cambodia}} I
*[[ECOWAS]] I
*{{flagcountry|Kuwait}} B
*{{flagu|Palestinian Authority}} O
*{{flagcountry|Swaziland}} I
*{{flagcountry|United States}} OC
|}

====International organisations====
{|
|
*[[Association of Southeast Asian Nations]] (ASEAN, 2003)
*[http://www.cbss.st/basrec/ Baltic Sea Region Energy Cooperation (BASREC, 2000)]
*[[Black Sea Economic Cooperation]] (BSEC, 1991)
*[http://www.energo-cis.org/ CIS Electric Power Council] (1991)
*[[European Bank for Reconstruction and Development]] (EBRD, 1991)
*[[International Energy Agency]] (IEA, 1991)
|
*[[International Energy Forum]] (IEF, 2007)<ref>Letter of Understanding on Cooperative Activities between the Secretariats</ref>
*[[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development]] (OECD, 1991)
*[[United Nations Economic Commission for Europe]] (UNECE, 1991)
*[[World Bank]] (1991)
*[[World Trade Organisation]] (WTO, 1991)
|}

===Russian participation===
{{See also|Russia in the European energy sector|Energy policy of Russia}}
The Russian Federation signed the treaty and applied it provisionally but did not ratify it. It linked the ratification of the ECT to negotiations on an Energy Charter Transit Protocol. In October 2006, German chancellor [[Angela Merkel]] and French president [[Jacques Chirac]] proposed the creation of a ''balanced energy partnership'' between France and Germany, representing the [[European Union]], and Russia. Under the agreement, Russia would have to sign the European Energy Charter, something President [[Vladimir V. Putin]], has said impinges on Russia's national interests.<ref>Michael Schwirtz (13 October 2006), [https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9504E2D81130F930A25753C1A9609C8B63 Putin Must Eye Energy Plan of Germany and France] ''[[New York Times]]''.</ref>

In December 2006, Russia indicated that the ratification of the ECT was unlikely due to the provisions requiring third-party access to Russia's pipelines.<ref>[http://www.iht.com/articles/2006/12/12/news/energy.php Russia gets tough on energy sales to Europe: No foreign access to pipelines, official says], by Judy Dempsey, [[International Herald Tribune]] 12 December 2006</ref> On 20 August 2009, it officially informed the depository of the treaty ([[Government of Portugal]]) that it did not intend to become a contracting party to the treaty and the related protocol terminating the provisional application of the ECT and the PEEREA starting from 18 October 2009.<ref name=skadden>{{cite web |work=[[Skadden, Arps, Slate, Meagher & Flom]] |title=Arbitration Panel Holds That the 1994 Energy Charter Treaty Protects Foreign Energy Sector Investments in Former Soviet Union |date=5 February 2010 | url= https://www.skadden.com/insights/arbitration-panel-holds-1994-energy-charter-treaty-protects-foreign-energy-sector-investmen |accessdate=8 May 2010 |deadurl= no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716080855/https://www.skadden.com/content/Publications/Publications1978_0.pdf |archivedate=16 July 2011 }}</ref>

Notwithstanding the termination of provisional application of the ECT by Russia, the provisions regarding dispute settlements and investment protection are still in force for additional twenty years. On 30 November 2009, the Permanent Court of Arbitration in The Hague, which had been considering this case since 2005 under the UNCITRAL Rules, ruled that former [[Yukos]] shareholders can move on to the merits phase of their arbitration claim against the Russian government.<ref name=skadden/> GML, previously known as Menatep, the main shareholder in Yukos, is suing Russia for more than $100 billion in an international arbitration case under the ECT. The hearings took place in October 2012.<ref>James Marson (27 July 2012), [https://www.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10000872396390443931404577551010116886418 Yukos Investors Win Over $2 Million in Damages from Russia] ''[[Wall Street Journal]]''.</ref> In July 2014, the international arbitration panel in The Hague unanimously ruled in favor of the shareholders, awarding $50 billion damages for the seizure of assets and dismantling of Yukos.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Russia Stole Yukos and Owes $50 Billion, International Panel Rules|url = https://foreignpolicy.com/2014/07/28/russia-stole-yukos-and-owes-50-billion-international-panel-rules/|website = Foreign Policy|accessdate = 2015-09-28}}</ref> The Russian government has vowed not to comply with the ruling, setting off an international legal squabble which has resulted in France and Belgium seizing Russian assets for possible use as restitution for the claimants.<ref>{{Cite web|title = What’s Really Happening With the Yukos Case|url = https://foreignpolicy.com/2015/06/19/whats-really-happening-with-the-yukos-case-russia-putin-belgium-france/|website = Foreign Policy|accessdate = 2015-09-28}}</ref> However, a French court ruled against the seizure by the French authorities,<ref>{{Cite web|title = French court rules in favor of Russia’s Roscosmos in Yukos assets seizure case|url = http://www.bilaterals.org/?french-court-rules-in-favor-of&lang=en|website = Bilaterals.org|accessdate = 2016-04-12}}</ref> and a Dutch court later overturned the $50 billion ruling, arguing Russia had not ratified the Energy Charter Treaty and so was not bound by it.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Dutch court overturns $50 billion ruling against Russia in Yukos case|url = http://www.bilaterals.org/?dutch-court-overturns-50-billion&lang=en|website = Bilaterals.org|accessdate = 2016-04-21}}</ref>

==Energy Charter Conference==
All members are represented in the Energy Charter Conference and its subsidiary bodies. The conference is the organisation's governing and decision-making body which meets on a regular basis to discuss issues affecting energy cooperation among the Treaty members, to review the implementation of ECT and PEEREA provisions, and to consider possible new instruments and joint activities within the Energy Charter framework. Since 1 January 2016, the Chairman of the Energy Charter Conference is Mr. Fumio Kishida, the Japanese Minister of Foreign Affairs. The vice-chairpersons are Mariam Valishvili, Deputy Minister of Energy of [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]], Keiichi Katakami, Ambassador of [[Japan]] to the [[European Union]], and Myratgeldy Meredov, Deputy Minister of Oil and Gas Industry and Mineral Resources for [[Turkmenistan]].<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.energycharter.org/who-we-are/energy-charter-conference/|title = The Energy Charter Conference|date = |accessdate = |website = |publisher = |last = |first = }}</ref> The Energy Charter Conference has following subsidiary bodies:

* Strategy Group
* Investment Group
* Trade and Transit Group
* Working Group on Energy Efficiency and Related Environmental Aspects
* Budget Committee
* Working Group on Procedural Issues
* Legal Advisory Committee

Additionally, a consultative board – the Industry Advisory Panel – presents the [[private sector]]'s views on relevant issues related to energy investments, cross-border flows and energy efficiency to the Conference and its groups.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Industry Advisory Panel - Energy Charter|url = http://www.energycharter.org/who-we-are/industry-advisory-panel/|website = www.energycharter.org|accessdate = 2015-09-11}}</ref>

The Legal Advisory Task Force was set up by the Energy Charter Secretariat in 2001 to assist in the drafting of balanced and legally coherent Model Agreements for cross-border oil and gas pipelines.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Legal Advisory Task Force - Energy Charter|url = http://www.energycharter.org/who-we-are/legal-advisory-task-force/|website = www.energycharter.org|accessdate = 2015-09-11}}</ref>

==Secretariat==
[[File:ECS-Building.jpg|thumb|The Secretariat of the Energy Charter is located in [[Woluwe-Saint-Lambert]] an affluent municipality in [[Brussels]].]]
Since 1 January 2012, the Secretary General is Dr. [[Urban Rusnák]], and since December 2014, the Deputy Secretary General is Mr. Selim Küneralp. The Energy Charter Conference is served by a Secretariat based in Brussels. The Secretariat's functions are promotion, organisation and legal support for the Conference, carried out in conference and meeting spaces at the Secretariat. In addition the Secretariat has a [[:wikt:representative|representative]] role to the Energy Charter Treaty and its related instruments.

===Organisation===
One of the primary [[Mandate (international law)|mandates]] given by the Energy Charter Conference to the Secretariat is to organise and administer meetings of the Conference and its subsidiary bodies. In addition, the Secretariat organizes conferences and energy forums related to the global ongoing energy dialogues, such as the Rabat Energy Forum.<ref>http://www.saharawind.com/index2.php?option=com_content&do_pdf=1&id=103</ref>

===Monitor ECT and PEEREA obligations===
Article 19 of the Treaty, requires that each Contracting Party minimise, in an economically efficient manner, harmful environmental impacts arising from energy use.<ref>http://www.ena.lt/pdfai/Treaty.pdf</ref> The Secretariat monitors the enforcement of these obligations in the contracting parties of the treaty and creates various publicly available reports on each of the contracting parties such as [[Efficient energy use|energy efficiency]] [http://www.encharter.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Publications/BiH_EE_2012_ENG.pdf] and the investment [http://www.encharter.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Publications/Poland_ICMS_2011_ENG.pdf] climate.<ref>http://www.encharter.org/index.php?id=20&L=0</ref>

===Legal support===
The Energy Charter Treaty contains a comprehensive system for settling disputes on matters covered by the Treaty. The two basic forms of binding dispute settlement are [[International arbitration#Interstate Arbitration|state-state arbitration]] on the interpretation or application of almost all aspects of the Treaty (except for competition and environmental issues), and [[International arbitration#International Investment Arbitration|investor-state arbitration]] (Article 26) for investment disputes. There are special provisions, based on the WTO model, for the resolution of inter-state trade issues and the Treaty also offers a conciliation procedure for transit disputes. The Secretariat maintains legal advice to these arbitrations as well as has responsibility for maintaining the [[Travaux préparatoires]] used to clarify the intentions of the treaty by Article 32 of the [[Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties]].

The Secretariat is currently aware of over eighty cases that have been brought by investors to international arbitration. These cases have been litigated under the arbitration regulations of the [[International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes|ICSID]], Arbitration Institute of the SCC, and [[UNCITRAL]]. The Arbitration Awards or Settlements are sometimes in the hundred of millions of dollars.<ref name="dlapiper.com">http://www.dlapiper.com/tribunal-in-yukos-case-holds-russia-is-bound-by-energy-charter-treaty/</ref><ref>http://www.encharter.org/index.php?id=213&L=0</ref> Disputes concerning competition (Article 6) and environmental issues (Article 19) the Secretariat provides for bilateral (in the case of competition) or multilateral (in the case of environmental protection) non-binding consultation mechanisms.

==See also==
{{portal|Energy}}
*[[Energy law]]
*[[Russia in the European energy sector]]
*[[Energy policy of the European Union]]
*[[Energy policy of Russia]]
*[[Energy Community]]
*[[INOGATE]]

==References==
{{Reflist|3}}

==External links==
* [http://www.energycharter.org/process/energy-charter-treaty-1994/energy-charter-treaty/ Treaty texts]
* [http://www.energycharter.org/ Energy Charter website]
* [http://www.ena.lt/pdfai/Treaty.pdf The Energy Charter Treaty – Legal Document]
* [http://www.encharter.org/fileadmin/user_upload/Publications/ECT_Guide_ENG.pdf A Reader's Guide to the Energy Charter Treaty]
* [http://www.globalarbitrationreview.com/handbooks/3/sections/5/chapters/65/provisional-application-energy-charter-treaty ECT Provisional Application]
* [http://tjogel.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/Yodogawa-Peterson.pdf Noriko Yodogawa & Alexander M. Peterson, "An Opportunity for Progress: China, Central Asia, and the Energy Charter Treaty", 8 Texas Journal of Oil, Gas, and Energy Law 111 (2013).]{{dead link|date=December 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

[[Category:Energy policy]]
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[[Category:Treaties extended to Jersey]]
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[[Category:Treaties of Albania]]
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[[Category:Treaties of Austria]]
[[Category:Treaties of Azerbaijan]]
[[Category:Treaties of Bosnia and Herzegovina]]
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[[Category:Treaties of Ukraine]]
[[Category:Treaties of Uzbekistan]]

Yago Fernández

2017-03-12T08:49:34Z

Bender the Bot: /* Club statistics */HTTP→HTTPS, per BRFA 8 using AWB

{{use dmy dates|date=September 2010}}
{{Portuguese name|Fernández|Prieto}}
{{Infobox football biography
| name = Yago
| image =
| caption =
| fullname = Yago Fernández Prieto
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1988|1|5|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Lisbon]], Portugal
| height = {{height|m=1.94}}
| position = [[Defender (association football)#Centre-back|Centre back]]
| currentclub =
| clubnumber =
| youthyears1 = 1998–2001 | youthclubs1 = [[S.L. Benfica|Benfica]]
| youthyears2 = 2001–2002 | youthclubs2 = [[Sporting Clube de Portugal|Sporting CP]]
| youthyears3 = 2002–2005 | youthclubs3 = [[Real Madrid C.F.|Real Madrid]]
| youthyears4 = 2005–2007 | youthclubs4 = [[Valencia CF|Valencia]]
| years1 = 2007–2008 | clubs1 = [[Valencia CF Mestalla|Valencia B]] | caps1 = 3 | goals1 = 0
| years2 = 2008–2010 | clubs2 = [[RCD Espanyol B|Espanyol B]] | caps2 = 36 | goals2 = 0
| years3 = 2010 | clubs3 = → [[Gil Vicente F.C.|Gil Vicente]] (loan) | caps3 = 0 | goals3 = 0
| years4 = 2010–2011 | clubs4 = [[Malmö FF]] | caps4 = 23 | goals4 = 4
| years5 = 2012 | clubs5 = [[Girona FC|Girona]] | caps5 = 5 | goals5 = 1
| years6 = 2012–2013 | clubs6 = [[AEK Athens F.C.|AEK Athens]] | caps6 = 13 | goals6 = 1
| years7 = 2013 | clubs7 = [[BK Häcken|Häcken]] | caps7 = 0 | goals7 = 0
| years8 = 2014 | clubs8 = [[FC Shakhter Karagandy|Shakhter Karagandy]] | caps8 = 9 | goals8 = 1
| years9 = 2014–2015 | clubs9 = [[Clube Oriental de Lisboa|Oriental]] | caps9 = 11 | goals9 = 0
| years10 = 2015–2016 | clubs10 = [[La Roda CF|La Roda]] | caps10 = 3 | goals10 = 0
| nationalyears1 = 2003–2004 | nationalteam1 = [[Portugal national under-16 football team|Portugal U16]] | nationalcaps1 = 4 | nationalgoals1 = 0
| nationalyears2 = 2004–2005 | nationalteam2 = [[Portugal national under-17 football team|Portugal U17]] | nationalcaps2 = 12 | nationalgoals2 = 1
| nationalyears3 = 2005–2006 | nationalteam3 = [[Portugal national under-18 football team|Portugal U18]] | nationalcaps3 = 5 | nationalgoals3 = 0
| nationalyears4 = 2006–2007 | nationalteam4 = [[Portugal national under-19 football team|Portugal U19]] | nationalcaps4 = 8 | nationalgoals4 = 0
| nationalyears5 = 2008 | nationalteam5 = [[Portugal national under-20 football team|Portugal U20]] | nationalcaps5 = 1 | nationalgoals5 = 0
| club-update = 1 August 2016
| nationalteam-update =
}}
'''Yago Fernández Prieto''' (born 5 January 1988), known simply as '''Yago''', is a Portuguese professional [[Association football|footballer]] who plays as a [[Defender (association football)#Centre-back|central defender]].

==Club career==

===Early years===
Born in [[Lisbon]], Yago played for four clubs during his youth career, starting with hometown's [[S.L. Benfica]] at the age of nine then successively representing [[Sporting Clube de Portugal]], [[Real Madrid C.F.|Real Madrid]] and [[Valencia CF]]. As a senior, his first spell was with the latter's [[Valencia CF Mestalla|reserve team]] in [[Tercera División]], in a [[2007–08 Tercera División|promotion-ending campaign]].

Subsequently, Yago continued in [[Spain]], playing two years for [[RCD Espanyol B]], helping the side [[2008–09 Tercera División|promote]] to [[Segunda División B]] and being relegated in [[2009–10 Segunda División B|his second season]]. In January 2010, he returned to his country for an unassuming loan spell with [[Gil Vicente F.C.]] in the [[Segunda Liga]] (no appearances whatsoever).

===Malmö===
In July 2010, after not having his contract renewed by Espanyol, Yago was taken on trial by [[Sweden|Swedish]] club [[Malmö FF]], which had just lost [[Jasmin Sudić]] with a ruptured [[cruciate ligament]]. He played against [[Fulham F.C.|Fulham]] in a 0–0 [[Exhibition game|friendly]] draw, and his performance earned him a contract for the rest of the year, with the deal being confirmed by manager [[Roland Nilsson]].<ref>[http://www.svenskafans.com/fotboll/mff/artikel.asp?id=364656 Yago Fernández klar för Malmö FF (Yago Fernández ready for Malmo FF)]; Svenska Fans, 30 July 2010 {{sv icon}}</ref>

On 8 December 2010, shortly after [[2010 Allsvenskan|winning]] the [[Allsvenskan]] title, Yago signed a new one-year deal with Malmö.<ref>[http://www.mff.se/Aktuellt/Nyheter/2010-12-08_Yago_och_Malm_klara.aspx Yago och Malm klara! (Yago and Malm done!)]; Malmö FF, 8 December 2010 {{sv icon}}</ref> However, they chose not to offer him a new contract after the [[2011 Allsvenskan|2011 season]].<ref>[http://www.sydsvenskan.se/malmo/article1582340/Inget-MFF-kontrakt-for-Nkili.html Inget MFF-kontrakt för Nkili (No MFF contract for Nkili)]; [[Sydsvenskan]], 29 November 2011 {{sv icon}}</ref>

===AEK Athens===
In August 2012, following a five-month spell with [[Girona FC]] in [[Segunda División]],<ref>[http://futbol.as.com/futbol/2012/01/24/mas_futbol/1327359638_850215.html El Girona ficha al defensa portugués Yago Fernández (Girona signs Portuguese defender Yago Fernández)]; [[Diario AS]], 24 January 2012 {{es icon}}</ref> during which he scored in a 5–3 home win against [[Xerez CD]],<ref>[http://www.mundodeportivo.com/20120310/liga-segunda-division/5-3-el-girona-respira-en-un-partido-con-alternativas-y-polemica_54266603762.html 5–3: El Girona respira en un partido con alternativas y polémica (5–3: Girona breathes in game of alternatives and controversy)]; [[Mundo Deportivo]], 10 March 2012 {{es icon}}</ref> Yago agreed to a three-year contract with [[AEK Athens F.C.|AEK Athens FC]].

===Häcken===
On 19 August 2013, Yago signed for [[BK Häcken]], thus returning to Sweden.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aftonbladet.se/sportbladet/fotboll/sverige/allsvenskan/hacken/article17318273.ab?|title=Guldhjälte i Malmö ska rädda Häcken|trans_title=Golden hero in Malmö will save Hacken|publisher=[[Aftonbladet]]|language=Swedish|date=19 August 2013|accessdate=17 June 2014}}</ref> In November, after failing to make an appearance, he left the club.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fotbolltransfers.com/site/news/35442|title=Officiellt: BK Häcken släpper sex spelare|trans_title=Official: BK Häcken releases six players|publisher=Fotbolltransfers|language=Swedish|date=5 November 2013|accessdate=17 June 2014}}</ref>

===Oriental===
Yago moved to [[Clube Oriental de Lisboa]] in early August 2014, after a short stint in Kazakhstan with [[FC Shakhter Karagandy]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://visao.sapo.pt/defesa-yago-fernandez-reforca-oriental-por-uma-temporada=f791854|title=Defesa Yago Férnandez reforça Oriental por uma temporada|trans_title=Defender Yago Fernández strengthens Oriental for one season|publisher=[[Visão]]|language=Portuguese|date=2 August 2014|accessdate=4 August 2014}}</ref> He played his first game as a professional in his country on 5 October, featuring the full 90 minutes in a 0–0 home draw against [[G.D. Chaves]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.record.xl.pt/futebol/futebol-nacional/2--liga/detalhe/oriental-chaves-0-0-jogo-muito-disputado-a-meio-campo-908157.html|title=Oriental-Chaves, 0–0: Jogo muito disputado a meio campo|trans_title=Oriental-Chaves, 0–0: Hard-fought game in midfield|publisher=[[Record (newspaper)|Record]]|language=Portuguese|date=5 October 2014|accessdate=6 July 2016}}</ref>

==Club statistics==
{{updated|20 February 2015}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
!rowspan="2"|Club
!rowspan="2"|Season
!colspan="3"|League
!colspan="2"|Cup
!colspan="2"|League Cup
!colspan="2"|Continental
!colspan="2"|Other
!colspan="2"|Total
|-
!Division!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals!!Apps!!Goals
|-
|rowspan="1"|[[Valencia CF Mestalla|Valencia B]]
|[[2007–08 Tercera División|2007–08]]<ref name="FJ">{{cite web|url=https://www.foradejogo.net/player.php?player=198801050005&language=2|title=Yago|publisher=ForaDeJogo|accessdate=18 January 2015}}</ref>
|[[Tercera División]]
|3||0||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||3||0
|-
|rowspan="3"|[[RCD Espanyol B|Espanyol B]]
|[[2008–09 Tercera División|2008–09]]<ref name="FJ"/>
|Tercera División
|19||0||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||19||0
|-
|[[2009–10 Segunda División B|2009–10]]<ref name="FJ"/>
|[[Segunda División B]]
|17||0||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||17||0
|-
!colspan="2"|Total
!36!!0!!colspan="2"|—!!colspan="2"|—!!colspan="2"|—!!colspan="2"|—!!36!!0
|-
|rowspan="1"|[[Gil Vicente F.C.|Gil Vicente]] (loan)
|[[2009–10 Liga de Honra|2009–10]]<ref name="FJ"/>
|[[Segunda Liga]]
|0||0||0||0||0||0||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||0||0
|-
|rowspan="3"|[[Malmö FF|Malmö]]
|[[2010 Allsvenskan|2010]]<ref name="SW">{{cite web|url=http://uk.soccerway.com/players/yago-fernandez/140738/|title=Yago|publisher=Soccerway|accessdate=18 January 2015}}</ref>
|[[Allsvenskan]]
|10||3||0||0||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||10||0
|-
|[[2011 Allsvenskan|2011]]<ref name="SW"/>
|Allsvenskan
|13||1||0||0||colspan="2"|—||1{{efn|Appearances in [[UEFA Champions League]]|name=UCL}}||0||1{{efn|Appearances in [[Svenska Supercupen]]|name=SSC}}||0||15||0
|-
!colspan="2"|Total
!23!!4!!0!!0!!colspan="2"|—!!1!!0!!1!!0!!25!!4
|-
|rowspan="1"|[[Girona FC|Girona]]
|[[2011–12 Segunda División|2011–12]]<ref name="SW"/>
|[[Segunda División]]
|5||1||0||0||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||5||1
|-
|rowspan="1"|[[AEK Athens F.C.|AEK Athens]]
|[[2012–13 Superleague Greece|2012–13]]<ref name="SW"/>
|[[Superleague Greece]]
|13||1||1||0||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||14||1
|-
|rowspan="1"|[[FC Shakhter Karagandy|Shakhter Karagandy]]
|[[2014 Kazakhstan Premier League|2014]]<ref name="SW"/>
|[[Kazakhstan Premier League]]
|9||1||0||0||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||1{{efn|Appearances in [[Kazakhstan Super Cup]]|name=KSC}}||0||10||1
|-
|rowspan="1"|[[Clube Oriental de Lisboa|Oriental]]
|[[2014–15 Segunda Liga|2014–15]]<ref name="SW"/>
|Segunda Liga
|7||0||1||0||1||0||colspan="2"|—||colspan="2"|—||9||0
|-
!colspan="3"|Career total
!96!!7!!2!!0!!1!!0!!1!!0!!2!!0!!102!!7
|}
{{notelist}}

==Honours==
;Malmö FF
*[[Allsvenskan]]: [[2010 Allsvenskan|2010]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.mff.se/Personer/A_truppen/Utespelare/Yago%20Fernandez.aspx Malmö official profile] {{sv icon}}
*{{Zerozero}}
*{{ForaDeJogo}}
*{{BDFutbol|300497}}
*[http://svenskfotboll.se/allsvenskan/person/?playerid=6934 Svensk Fotboll profile] {{sv icon}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Yago Fernandez}}
[[Category:1988 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Portuguese people of Spanish descent]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Lisbon]]
[[Category:Portuguese footballers]]
[[Category:Association football defenders]]
[[Category:Segunda Liga players]]
[[Category:Gil Vicente F.C. players]]
[[Category:Clube Oriental de Lisboa players]]
[[Category:Segunda División players]]
[[Category:Segunda División B players]]
[[Category:Tercera División players]]
[[Category:Valencia CF Mestalla footballers]]
[[Category:RCD Espanyol B footballers]]
[[Category:Girona FC players]]
[[Category:Allsvenskan players]]
[[Category:Malmö FF players]]
[[Category:BK Häcken players]]
[[Category:Superleague Greece players]]
[[Category:AEK Athens F.C. players]]
[[Category:Kazakhstan Premier League players]]
[[Category:FC Shakhter Karagandy players]]
[[Category:Portugal youth international footballers]]
[[Category:Portuguese expatriate footballers]]
[[Category:Expatriate footballers in Spain]]
[[Category:Expatriate footballers in Sweden]]
[[Category:Expatriate footballers in Greece]]
[[Category:Expatriate footballers in Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Portuguese expatriates in Spain]]
[[Category:Portuguese expatriates in Sweden]]
[[Category:Portuguese expatriates in Greece]]
[[Category:Portuguese expatriates in Kazakhstan]]

Vladimir Kim

2017-03-12T06:31:58Z

Bender the Bot: /* Biography */HTTP→HTTPS, per BRFA 8 using AWB

'''Vladimir Sergeyevich Kim''' ({{lang-ru|Владимир Серге́евич Ким}}; born 29 October 1960) is a [[Kazakhstan]] businessman and billionaire.<ref name="forbes">[http://www.forbes.com/profile/vladimir-kim/ Forbes profile]</ref><ref name="business">[http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/people/person.asp?personId=26200410&ticker=KZMYF:US BusinessWeek profile]</ref><ref name="telegraph">Richard Orange, 'Vladimir Kim reverses plans to sell more of Kazakhmys stake', in ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'', 15 Feb 2011 [http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/industry/8324056/Vladimir-Kim-reverses-plans-to-sell-more-of-Kazakhmys-stake.html]</ref><ref name="company">[http://www.kazakhmys.com/en/about_us/senior_management Kazakhmys biography]</ref>

==Biography==
Vladimir Kim was born in 1960. He is of Korean ethnicity:<ref name="forbes"/> his family, among other Koreans and among many other ethnic minorities within the [[USSR]], had been forcibly relocated to Kazakhstan, during the [[Stalin]]ist era. He graduated from Alma-Ata Architectural Institute in 1982, it was transformed into [[Kazakh Leading Academy of Architecture and Civil Engineering]] (KAZGASA) in 1992. He holds an [[MBA]] degree and received his [[PhD]] in business and administrative management in United States in 1998<ref name="business"/><ref name="Vladimir Kim Bio">{{cite web|url=http://www.biografia.kz/promyishlennost/kim-vladimir.html|title=Ким Владимир Сергеевич|publisher=Biografia.kz|accessdate=2015-04-13}}</ref>

In 1995, Kim was appointed managing director and chief executive officer of Zhezkazgantsvetmet JSC, [[Kazakhmys]]’ core subsidiary at the time; he was elected chairman of the board of directors of Zhezkazgantsvetmet in 2000, and Chairman of [[Kazakhmys]] PLC upon its listing on the [[London Stock Exchange]] in October 2005. Vladimir Kim stepped down as Chairman of Kazakhmys PLC in May 2013 to become a non-executive director.<ref name="business"/><ref name="LSE Vladimir Kim steps down as Chairman">{{cite web|url=http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:c8ztByrimooJ:m.londonstockexchange.com/exchange/mobile/news/detail/11502952.html+&cd=3&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=uk|title=Kazakhmys Announces Changes to the Board of Directors|publisher=London Stock Exchange|accessdate=2015-04-13}}</ref><ref name="II Vladimir Kim steps down as Chairman">{{cite web|url=http://www.iii.co.uk/research/LSE:KAZ/news/item/643338|title=Kazakhmys Announces Changes to the Board of Directors|publisher=Interactive Investor|accessdate=2015-04-13}}</ref> Following the completion of the Group restructuring in 2014,<ref name="ReutersProposedRestructuring">{{cite web|url=http://www.reuters.com/finance/stocks/KAZ.L/key-developments/article/3034586|title=Kazakhmys PLC announces proposed group restructuring|publisher=Reuters|accessdate=2015-04-13}}</ref> Mr Kim remained a Non-executive Director and a major shareholder in KAZ Minerals PLC.<ref name="Londonstockexchange">{{cite web|url=http://m.londonstockexchange.com/exchange/mobile/news/detail/12135519.html|title=Kazakhmys announces completion of restructuring|publisher=London Stock Exchange|accessdate=2014-12-12}}</ref><ref name="BloombergKazakhmys">{{cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-10-31/kazakhmys-completes-restructuring-changes-name-to-kaz-minerals.html|title=Kazakhmys Completes Restructuring, Changes Name to KAZ Minerals|publisher=Bloomberg|accessdate=2014-12-12}}</ref><ref name="ReutersUk">{{cite web|url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/2014/10/31/uk-kazakhstan-copper-idUKKBN0IK0ZN20141031|title=Copper miner Kazakhmys restructuring over, now called Kaz Minerals|publisher=Reuters|accessdate=2014-12-12}}</ref>

[[KAZ Minerals]] PLC is a mining company quoted on the [[London Stock Exchange]], [[Hong Kong Stock Exchange]] and [[Kazakhstan Stock Exchange]].

He holds approximately 33% of KAZ Minerals.<ref name="Shareholders information KAZ Minerals">{{cite web|url=http://tools.morningstar.co.uk/uk/stockreport/default.aspx?tab=5&vw=own&SecurityToken=0P00007OIV%5d3%5d0%5dE0WWE%24%24ALL&Id=0P00007OIV&ClientFund=0&CurrencyId=BAS|title=KAZ Minerals Shareholders Information on Morningstar|publisher=Morningstar|accessdate=2015-04-13}}</ref>

According to ''[[Forbes]]'' magazine, as of March 2011, he is the richest person in Kazakhstan, and the 223rd richest in the world, with an estimated wealth of US$4.7 billion.<ref name="forbes"/> He is married, and has three children.<ref name="forbes"/> He resides in [[Almaty, Kazakhstan]].<ref name="forbes"/>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kim, Vladimir}}

[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1960 births]]
[[Category:Koryo-saram]]
[[Category:Kazakhstani billionaires]]
[[Category:Kazakhstani businesspeople]]
[[Category:Kazakhstani people of Korean descent]]
[[Category:Kazakhmys]]

{{Kazakhstan-bio-stub}}

Valeri Polyakov

2017-03-12T05:46:33Z

Bender the Bot: /* Cosmonaut career */HTTP→HTTPS, per BRFA 8 using AWB

{{for|Russian footballer|Valeri Ivanovich Polyakov}}
{{good article}}
{{Infobox astronaut
|name = Valeri Polyakov
|image = Cosmonaut Polyakov Watches Discovery's Rendezvous With Mir crop.jpg
|type = [[RKA]] Cosmonaut
|status = Retired
|nationality = Russian
|birth_name = Valeri Vladimirovich Polyakov
|birth_date = {{birth date and age|1942|4|27}}
|birth_place = [[Tula, Russia|Tula]], [[Tula Oblast]], [[Russian SFSR]]
|occupation = [[Medical Doctor]]
|selection = [[List of astronauts by year of selection#1972|Medical Group 3]]
|time = 678d 16h 32m
|mission = [[Mir EO-3]] / [[Mir EO-4]] ([[Soyuz TM-6]] / [[Soyuz TM-7]]), [[Mir EO-15]] / [[Mir EO-16]] / [[Mir EO-17]] ([[Soyuz TM-18]] / [[Soyuz TM-20]])
|insignia = [[File:Soyuz TM-6 patch.svg|35px]] [[File:Soyuz TM-18 patch.png|50px]]
|awards = [[Hero of the Soviet Union]]/[[Hero of the Russian Federation|Russian Federation]], [[Order of Lenin]], [[Legion of Honour|Order of the Legion of Honour]], [[Order of Parasat]]
|}}
'''Valeri Vladimirovich Polyakov''' ({{lang-ru|Валерий Владимирович Поляков}}, born '''Valeri Ivanovich Korshunov''' on April 27, 1942) is a Russian former [[cosmonaut]]. He is the holder of the record for the longest single [[human spaceflight|spaceflight]] in human history, staying aboard the [[Mir]] [[space station]] for more than 14 months (437 days 18 hours) during one trip.<ref name=nytimes>{{cite news|last=Schwirtz|first=Michael|title=Staying Put on Earth, Taking a Step to Mars|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/31/science/space/31mars.html|accessdate=15 May 2010|newspaper=The New York Times|date=30 March 2009}}</ref> His combined space experience is more than 22 months.<ref name=nmmuseum>{{cite web|title=Valeri Vladimirovich Polyakov|url=http://www.nmspacemuseum.org/halloffame/detail.php?id=132|publisher=New Mexico Museum of Space History|accessdate=27 January 2011}}</ref>

Selected as a cosmonaut in 1972, Polyakov made his first flight into space aboard [[Soyuz TM-6]] in 1988. He returned to Earth 240 days later aboard [[Soyuz TM-7|TM-7]]. Polyakov completed his second flight into space in 1994–1995, spending 437 days in space between launching on [[Soyuz TM-18]] and landing on [[Soyuz TM-20|TM-20]], setting the record for the longest time continuously spent in space by an individual in human history.<ref name=nmmuseum/>

== Early life ==
Polyakov was born in [[Tula, Russia|Tula]], [[Tula Oblast]], [[Russian SFSR]] on April 27, 1942. Born Valeri Ivanovich Korshunov, Polyakov legally changed his name after being adopted by his stepfather in 1957. He was educated at the Tula Secondary School No. 4, from which he graduated in 1959.<ref name=nmmuseum/>

He enrolled in the I. M. Sechenov 1st Moscow Medical Institute, where he graduated with a doctoral degree. After, he enrolled in the Institute of Medical and Biological Problems, Ministry of Public Health, Moscow, where he specialized in [[Aerospace medicine|astronautics medicine]]. Polyakov dedicated himself to the field of space medicine in 1964 after the flight of the first physician in space, [[Boris Yegorov]], aboard [[Voskhod 1]].<ref name=nmmuseum/>

== Cosmonaut career ==

[[File:Cosmonaut Polyakov Watches Discovery's Rendezvous With Mir - GPN-2002-000078.jpg|thumb|right|Polyakov observes rendezvous operations with the [[Space Shuttle Discovery|Space Shuttle ''Discovery'']] on its [[STS-63]] mission through a window on the [[Mir Core Module]] in February 1995.]]

Polyakov was selected as a cosmonaut in [[List of astronauts by year of selection#1972|Medical Group 3]] on March 22, 1972. His first flight into space occurred on [[Soyuz TM-6]] in 1988. After staying aboard the Mir space station and conducting research for 240 days, Polyakov returned to Earth aboard [[Soyuz TM-7]].<ref name=nmmuseum/>

Polyakov's second spaceflight, the longest human spaceflight in history, began on January 8, 1994 with the launch of the [[Soyuz TM-18]] mission. He spent approximately 437 days aboard Mir conducting experiments and performing scientific research. During this flight, he completed just over 7,000 orbits of the Earth. On January 9, 1995, after 366 days in space, Polyakov formally broke the spaceflight duration record previously set by [[Vladimir Titov]] and [[Musa Manarov]] six years earlier.<ref name=leavingearth>{{cite book|last=Zimmerman|first=Robert|title=Leaving earth: space stations, rival superpowers, and the quest for interplanetary travel|year=2003|publisher=Joseph Henry Press|location=Washington, DC|isbn=0-309-08548-9|pages=366–372|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0e2vl0sev2IC&pg=PA372&dq=valeri+polyakov#v=onepage&q=valeri%20polyakov&f=false}}</ref> He returned to Earth aboard [[Soyuz TM-20]] on March 22, 1995.<ref name=nmmuseum/> Upon landing, Polyakov opted not to be carried the few feet between the [[Soyuz-TM|Soyuz capsule]] and a nearby lawn chair, instead walking the short distance. In doing so, he wished to prove that humans could be physically capable of working on the surface of [[Mars]] after a long-duration transit phase.<ref name=wired>{{cite news|last=Madrigal|first=Alexis|title=March 22, 1995: Longest Human Space Adventure Ends|url=https://www.wired.com/2010/03/0322cosmonaut-space-record/|accessdate=23 June 2016|newspaper=Wired.com|date=22 March 2010}}</ref>

Polyakov volunteered for his 437-day flight to learn how the human body would respond to the [[Micro-g environment|micro-gravity]] environment on long-duration missions to Mars.<ref name=wired/> Upon returning from his second spaceflight, Polyakov held the record for the most total time in space. This record, however, was later broken by [[Sergei Avdeyev]] and is currently held by [[Gennady Padalka]].<ref name=wired/><ref name=mirnasa/> Data from Polyakov's flight has been used by researchers to determine that humans are able to maintain a healthy mental state during long-duration spaceflight just as they would on Earth.<ref name="journal">{{cite journal|last1=Manzey|first1=Dietrich |last2=Lorenz|first2=Bernd |last3=Poljakov|first3=Valeri |title=Mental performance in extreme environments: results from a performance monitoring study during a 438-day spaceflight|journal=Ergonomics|date=1 April 1998|volume=41|issue=4|pages=537–559|doi=10.1080/001401398186991|url=http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/content~db=all?content=10.1080/001401398186991|accessdate=28 January 2011|pmid=9557591}}</ref>

Polyakov underwent medical assessments before, during, and after the flight. He also underwent two follow-up examinations six months after returning to Earth. When researchers compared the results of these medical exams, it was revealed that although there were no impairments of [[Jungian cognitive functions|cognitive functions]], Polyakov experienced a clear decline in mood as well as a feeling of increased workload during the first few weeks of spaceflight and return to Earth.<ref name="journal"/><ref name=sy>{{cite web|title=March 22nd, 1995 – 15th Anniversary of Valeri Polyakov’s return to Earth|url=http://spaceyuga.com/march-22nd-1995-15th-anniversary-valeri-polyakovs-return-earth/|publisher=Space Yuga|accessdate=2 June 2011}}</ref> However, Polyakov's mood stabilized to pre-flight levels between the second and fourteenth month of his mission. It was also revealed that Polyakov did not suffer from any prolonged performance impairments after returning to Earth. In light of these findings, researchers concluded that a stable mood and overall function could be maintained during extended duration spaceflights, such as [[Manned mission to Mars|manned missions to Mars]].<ref name="journal"/>

=== Spaceflights ===
*[[Soyuz TM-6]] / [[Soyuz TM-7]] – August 28, 1988 to April 27, 1989 – 240 days, 22 hours, 34 minutes
*[[Soyuz TM-18]] / [[Soyuz TM-20]] – January 8, 1994 to March 22, 1995 – 437 days, 17 hours, 58 minutes

== Personal life ==

Polyakov retired from his position as a cosmonaut in June 1995, with a total of just over 678 days in space.<ref name=nmmuseum/><ref name=astronautix>{{cite web|title=Polyakov |url=http://www.astronautix.com/astros/polyakov.htm |publisher=Encyclopedia Astronautica |accessdate=27 January 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090302031757/http://www.astronautix.com/astros/polyakov.htm |archivedate=March 2, 2009 }}</ref> He participated in experiment SFINCSS-99 (Simulation of Flight of International Crew on Space Station) in 1999.<ref>{{cite book|title=Валерий Владимирович Поляков|year=2011|url=http://www.astronaut.ru/crossroad/210.htm}}</ref> Polyakov is currently the Deputy Director of the Ministry of Public Health in Moscow, where he oversees the medical aspects of long-duration space missions.<ref name=nmmuseum/> He is a member of the Russian Chief Medical Commission, participating in the qualification and selection of cosmonauts. He also holds membership in the International Space Researcher's Association and the [[International Academy of Astronautics]].<ref name=nmmuseum/><ref name=iaa>{{cite web|title=Membership List|url=http://www.iaaweb.org/iaa/Membership/membershiplist.pdf|publisher=International Academy of Astronautics|accessdate=19 July 2011}}</ref> Polyakov is married and has one child.<ref name=astronautix/>

Since returning from space, Polyakov remained active in the discipline of international spaceflight, becoming a "cosmonaut-investigator" for the United States, Austria, Germany, and France during their respective space science missions to the Mir space station.<ref name=nmmuseum/>

== Legacy ==

Polyakov has won several awards for his spaceflight and academic achievements, including the [[Hero of the Soviet Union]]/[[Hero of the Russian Federation|Russian Federation]], [[Order of Lenin]], [[Legion of Honour|Order of the Legion of Honour]], and the [[Order of Parasat]]. He is a member of organizations related to [[astronautics]], including the Russian Chief Medical Commission on cosmonauts' certification.<ref name=nmmuseum/>

Polyakov holds the title of "Pilot-Cosmonaut of the USSR" and has published several works pertaining to [[life sciences]], medical aspects of space missions, and the results of research conducted on long-duration spaceflights.<ref name=nmmuseum/>

Polyakov's record for longest ''cumulative'' time in space of 678 days over two missions stood until surpassed in 1999 by cosmonaut [[Sergei Avdeyev]] with a total of 747 days in space during three different missions.<ref name=nmmuseum/><ref name=mirnasa>{{cite web|title=Mir Space Station|url=http://history.nasa.gov/SP-4225/mir/mir.htm|publisher=National Aeronautics and Space Administration|accessdate=24 September 2011}}</ref>

==Honours and awards==
*[[Hero of the Russian Federation]]
*[[Hero of the Soviet Union]]
*[[Pilot-Cosmonaut of the USSR]]
*[[Order of Lenin]]
*[[Medal "For Merit in Space Exploration"]]
*[[Order of Parasat]] (Kazakhstan)
*Officer of the [[Legion of Honour]] (France)
*Hero of the Republic of Afghanistan
*Order "The Sun of Liberty" (Afghanistan)

==See also==
{{Portal|Biography|Russia|Spaceflight}}
*[[List of spaceflight records]]
*[[Manned mission to Mars]]
*[[Human spaceflight]]

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
*[http://www.spacefacts.de/bios/cosmonauts/english/polyakov_valeri.htm Spacefacts biography]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Polyakov, Valeri}}
[[Category:Heroes of the Russian Federation]]
[[Category:Heroes of the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of Parasat]]
[[Category:People from Tula, Russia]]
[[Category:Russian cosmonauts]]
[[Category:Soviet cosmonauts]]
[[Category:1942 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Physician astronauts]]
[[Category:Soviet physicians]]
[[Category:20th-century physicians]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of Lenin]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Medal "For Merit in Space Exploration"]]
[[Category:Officiers of the Légion d'honneur]]

Potential Kontinental Hockey League expansion

2017-03-11T03:19:05Z

Bender the Bot: /* Central Europe */HTTP→HTTPS, per BRFA 8 using AWB

The potential of including addition franchises to the [[Kontinental Hockey League]] (KHL) has been an ongoing topic since the league's inception. In June 2012, the league presented a plan that would see expansion to as many as 64 teams in up to 22 countries.<ref name="KHL">{{cite news |title=KHL presents plan with 64 teams |url=
http://www.iihf.com/channels1112/hockeyforum/news/news-singleview/?tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=7042&cHash=9bde9c5652636a8a00a2a6478f869da7
|publisher=[[IIHF]] |date=2012-06-13 |accessdate=2012-10-28 }}</ref> It has later been stated that the league only can comprise 32 teams, because of problems with logistics with more teams.<ref name=" ">{{cite news |title=У министра конструктивная позиция по легионерам |url=http://www.championat.com/hockey/article-195235-prezident-kkhl--o-ska-spartake-limite-fkhr.html |date=2014-04-22 |accessdate=2014-04-24 }}</ref>

==Proposed pan-European league==
''United Hockey Europe'' was the first proposed pan-European [[ice hockey]] [[sports league|league]]. It was announced at the [[International Ice Hockey Federation]]'s September 2009 congress by [[Alexander Medvedev]], president of the [[Kontinental Hockey League]] (KHL).<ref name="uhe">{{cite web|url=http://www.thehockeynews.com/articles/28609-.html|title=Eye on Europe: Supersized KHL?|publisher=TheHockeyNews.com|date=2009-10-16}}</ref>

The proposed league would have consisted of two conferences split into four divisions. The current KHL would have made up one of the conferences. The other conference would have been composed of a [[Scandinavia]]n division and a [[Central Europe]]an division. The winners of the two conferences would have played each other for the overall championship.<ref name="uhe"/>

The proposal of June 2012 at the International Hockey Forum in Barcelona was an updated version of this plan, that would see two conferences of 32 teams each, playing a 62-game regular schedule followed by five rounds of playoffs.<ref name="KHL"/>

The KHL would essentially replace the [[Professional sports league organization|current model of European hockey]] based on [[relegation and promotion]] within national systems, supplemented by an international tournament, most recently the [[Champions Hockey League]], and replace it with a system of [[Professional sports league organization|franchise]]s much like that of the North American [[National Hockey League]] (NHL).

==Central Europe==
The [[Czech Republic]]'s [[HC Karlovy Vary|HC Energie Karlovy Vary]]<ref>{{cite web| last=ЮРИН | first=Владимир | url=http://www.sport-express.ru/art.shtml?159104 | script-title=ru:ЧЕРЕЗ ГОД БУДЕМ ИГРАТЬ С "КАРЛОВЫМИ ВАРАМИ" | language=Russian | publisher=Sport-Express | date=2008-05-16}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.praguemonitor.com/en/414/czech_sports/27561/ |title=Jaromír Jágr now world's best-paid hockey player |publisher=Prague Daily Monitor |date=2008-09-03 |accessdate=2008-07-17 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080907032529/http://www.praguemonitor.com/en/414/czech_sports/27561/ |archivedate=September 7, 2008 }}</ref> signed letters of intent with the KHL in 2008 and hoped to begin playing in the 2009-10 season.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://khl.ru/news/2008/10/10/4562.html | script-title=ru:КХЛ и "Энергия" (Карловы Вары) подписали протокол о намерениях | language=Russian | publisher=KHL | date=2008-10-10}}</ref> However, they had to annul plans to join the league<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hokejkv.cz/clanek.asp?id=4365 |title=HC Energie Karlovy Vary | KHL se v Karlových Varech hrát nebude |publisher=Hokejkv.cz |date=2009-03-26 |accessdate=2013-12-12}}</ref> due to the [[financial crisis of 2007–2010]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Clark |first=Torrey |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601077&sid=aZ7cLyu.Wkvo |title=Published May 17, 2009, looked at May 19, 2009 |publisher=Bloomberg.com |date=2009-05-18 |accessdate=2013-12-12}}</ref>

[[Ice hockey in Germany|German]] teams [[Eisbären Berlin]]<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.spox.com/de/sport/eishockey/0808/Artikel/berlin-in-die-khl.html | title= KHL lockt Berlin — Verlassen die Eisbären die DEL?| language=German | date=2008-08-12}}</ref> and [[Kölner Haie]]<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.sportbild.de/sportbild/generated/article/eishockey/2008/08/28/10175700000.html | title= KHL - eine neue NHL-Ost?| language=German | date=2008-08-28}}</ref> have been approached by the KHL but are currently not considering joining the league. The KHL also wants to expand to [[Austria]] by affiliating [[EC Red Bull Salzburg]]. [[SKA Saint Petersburg]] General manager Barry Smith said that an affiliation may be possible in three or four years. [[Red Bull GmbH|Red Bull]] and team owner [[Dietrich Mateschitz]], however, favours playing in the German [[Deutsche Eishockey Liga]].<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.dolomiten.it/nachrichten/artikel.asp?KatId=ac&ArtId=122840| title=Russische KHL will Salzburg | publisher=Suedtirol online | language=German| date=2009-05-28 | accessdate=2008-09-06}}</ref><ref name="Pressball">{{cite news | url=http://www.pressball.by/news.php?t=0206&id=26542 | script-title=ru:Эксклюзив. Александр Медведев: я как Лукашенко | publisher=Pressball | language=Russian | date=2008-05-30 | accessdate=2008-07-17}}</ref>

Italian hockey club [[Hockey Milano Rossoblu]] was slated to join the KHL in the 2012–13 season<ref name="exp2012">{{cite web |url=http://www.eurohockey.com/article/801-milano-rossoblu-set-to-join-khl-in-2012.html|title=Milano Rossoblu set to join KHL in 2012 |publisher=Eurohockey.com |accessdate=2011-12-23}}</ref> but the move was delayed due to a small arena, tight finances and the club being too underdeveloped. In October 2012, they indicated plans intending to join in 2013–14.<ref name="Milan’s big league aspirations">{{cite web|url=http://www.iihf.com/home-of-hockey/news/news-singleview/recap/7280.html?tx_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=955&cHash=097cc663b7 |title=Milan’s big league aspirations |publisher=Iihf.com |date= |accessdate=2013-12-12}}</ref> There has been doubt about Milano's accession to KHL, as the negotiations has lasted for several years. However, both KHL and Milano are still positive to accession, concluded from a meeting in February 2014.<ref name="Hockey Milano Rossoblu incontra la K.H.L.">{{cite web|url=http://www.hockeymilano.it/main/?p=10417|title=Hockey Milano Rossoblu incontra la K.H.L.|publisher=hockeymilano.it |date= |accessdate=2014-05-24}}</ref>

A group from [[Switzerland]] was interested in starting an expansion team in [[Huttwil]] for the 2014–15 season.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eurohockey.com/article/941-khl-team-in-switzerland-.html |title=KHL team in Switzerland? |publisher=Eurohockey.com |date=2011-12-23 |accessdate=2013-12-12}}</ref>

The owners of Polish club [[Olivia Gdańsk|Olivia]], based in [[Gdańsk]], have applied in January 2013 for a new team, Oliva Gdansk, to join the KHL and play home games at [[Ergo Arena]].<ref name="Gdansk applies to join KHL">{{cite news|url=http://www.eurohockey.com/article/2268-gdansk-is-ready-to-land-in-khl.html |title=Gdansk is ready to land in KHL |publisher=Eurohockey.com |accessdate=2013-01-28}}</ref>

In September 2016, KHL president [[Dmitry Chernyshenko]] stated, while they were still negotiating with a new team from London, there were also requests from Milan, Dresden and Geneva.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.championat.com/hockey/article-255602-prezident-khl-chernyshenko--o-sovete-direktorov-dolgah-klubov-i-kunlune.html |title=Чернышенко: до 15 сентября замораживаем трансферы трёх клубов КХЛ |accessdate=9 September 2016 }}</ref>

==Northern Europe==
[[File:Scandinavium at night.jpg|thumb|right|[[Scandinavium]] in Gothenburg has hosted the [[Ice Hockey World Championships|World Championships]] in 1981 and 2002.]]
On 28 April 2009, it was reported that [[Ice hockey in Sweden|Swedish]] teams [[HV71]], [[Linköpings HC]], [[Färjestad BK]], [[Frölunda HC]] and [[Djurgårdens IF Hockey|Djurgårdens IF]] (of which Färjestad and Frölunda have had offers previously from the KHL) had terminated their [[shareholders' agreement]]s with [[Swedish Hockey League|Elitserien]] (now named the SHL).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aftonbladet.se/sportbladet/hockey/sverige/elitserien/article11789911.ab |title=Elitserieklubbar vill starta liga med KHL |publisher=''[[Aftonbladet]]'' |author= |language=Swedish |date=2009-04-28 |accessdate=2014-02-24}}</ref> This caused speculation as to whether they wanted to join the KHL or create a new league as an expansion of the [[European Trophy|Nordic Trophy]]. None of the clubs officially said that they wanted to stop playing in the Elitserien, although the seven remaining clubs drew such conclusions.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.corren.se/sport/ishockey/?articleId=4867063&date=&menuids= | date=2009-04-28 | publisher=[[Östgöta Correspondenten]] | title = LHC lämnar elitserien?}}</ref> The quarrel was resolved on 16 November 2011, when the plans were officially put down. All clubs agreed to continue their operation in Elitserien.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gp.se/sport/ishockey/1.776344-skippar-europaligan |title=Skippar Europaligan |work=[[Göteborgsposten]] |publisher=gp.se |last=Pettersson Kymmer |first=Peter |language=Swedish |date=2011-11-16 |accessdate=2014-02-24}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://hockey.expressen.se/nyheter/1.2625392/svenska-planer-pa-europaliga-laggs-ned |title=Svenska planer på Europaliga läggs ned |work=[[Tidningarnas Telegrambyrå]] |publisher=[[Expressen|hockey.expressen.se]] |language=Swedish |date=2011-11-17 |accessdate=2014-02-24}}</ref>

It is possible that the KHL will have a new team from [[Vilnius]], [[Lithuania]]. In Autumn 2009, KHL's SKA Petersburg and Bars Kazan played an exhibition game there, with more such games likely in the future. The main hurdles to be overcome for bringing a team there is funding, as well as the fact that [[basketball]] is a more popular sport in the region.<ref name="IIHF East-West">{{cite news|url=http://www.iihf.com/home-of-hockey/news/news-singleview/?tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=3854&cHash=027ec944cc071e7f1324d77cd19e91db
|title=Going East and West |first=Martin |last=Merk |publisher=International Ice Hockey Federation |date=2009-10-14 |accessdate=2010-04-02}}</ref> The team would be called Vėtra Vilnius, and would be an expansion of the Sports Association Vėtra.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Grellet|first1=Jared|title=A second KHL team for the Baltics?|url=http://balticreports.com/2009/10/31/a-second-khl-team-for-the-baltics/|website=Baltic Reports|accessdate=27 October 2016|date=31 October 2009}}</ref>

In November 2009, the KHL and [[AIK IF]] from [[Stockholm]], [[Sweden]] (at that time playing in the [[HockeyAllsvenskan]]) signed a document inviting AIK to become a member of the KHL, and join the league beginning in the 2010–11 season, provided that AIK observed all the terms and conditions, and met all KHL admission criteria.<ref>[http://en.khl.ru/news/2009/11/19/23723.html Swede dreams]. en.khl.ru, November 19, 2009</ref> AIK's interest was largely due to the club's serious financial problems at that time, however, in the end, AIK were unable to join after the plan was rejected by the [[Swedish Ice Hockey Association]].<ref name="Plan rejected by the SIHA">{{cite web |url=http://www.aftonbladet.se/sportbladet/hockey/sverige/allsvenskan/article12186886.ab |title=AIK får inte spela i KHL |work=[[Sportbladet]] |last=Grefve |first=Daniel |language=Swedish |date=2010-02-23 |accessdate=2014-02-24}}</ref> Later during the 2009–10 season, AIK were promoted back to the [[Swedish Hockey League|top Swedish league]], which stabilized their finances for the time being. In January 2016, Sweden Hockey Federation manager Mikael Lundström stated that they're stopping all Swedish teams from joining the KHL. According to ''Russia Today News'', [[Ice hockey in Finland|Finnish]] team [[Oulun Kärpät|Kärpät]] from [[Liiga]] was also interested.<ref>{{cite video | title=Russian league set to rival NHL | url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YWPNTU5D-Ko | location=YouTube | medium=Television News Production | date=2008-04-10}}</ref> Another real candidate from Finland may be the [[Espoo Blues]].<ref name="gopoprad">{{cite web |url=http://hockey.sport-express.ru/reviews/12474/ |script-title=ru:Александр Медведев: "Всех ждет драфт отказов" | date=21 March 2011 |publisher=[[Sport Express]] |accessdate=29 March 2011 |language=Russian}}</ref>

In March 2016, information reached media about plans to form a team in Sweden- ''the Crowns'' - that has applied to join KHL prior to the 2016-17 season. In the case of inclusion, the team will hold the matches in [[Malmö]], [[Oslo]], [[Copenhagen]], [[Lillehammer]] and [[Stockholm]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.news-4-u.ru/next-season-in-the-khl-you-may-receive-a-club-from-sweden.html |title=Next season in the KHL, you may receive a club from Sweden |date=14 April 2016 |accessdate=16 April 2016 }}</ref>

==Eastern Europe==
The [[Belarus Ice Hockey Federation]] has announced that it plans to include up to four Belarusian teams in the KHL, with league VP Vladimir Shalaev confirming the prospect of adding a second Belarusian KHL team for the 2009-10 season.<ref name="Pressball"/><ref name="news.sport-express.ru">{{cite web|url=http://news.sport-express.ru/online/ntext/28/nl283275.html |title=ХОККЕЙ - С ШАЙБОЙ - КХЛ|accessdate=May 11, 2009 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090314074622/http://news.sport-express.ru/online/ntext/28/nl283275.html |archivedate=March 14, 2009 }}</ref> Of these, [[Yunost Minsk]], along with [[HK Homiel]] (which may relocate to [[Babruysk]] due to arena complications) of the [[Belarusian Extraleague]], are actively taking steps to join the KHL.<ref name="news.sport-express.ru"/><ref>{{cite web|author=26.04.2008 02:47 |url=http://www.gazeta.ru/news/sport/2008/04/26/n_1211615.shtml |title="Юность" хочет участвовать в КХЛ - Газета.Ru | Новости |publisher=Gazeta.ru |date=2008-04-26 |accessdate=2013-12-12}}</ref>

Ukraine's [[Sokil Kiev]] has attempted to join, but financial issues have delayed a bid. They have a new 12,000 seat arena due in 2012 and are currently in negotiation with the KHL to join in the near future. President of the Hockey Federation of Ukraine, Anatoliy Brezvin, stated "I can not say under what brand it will be [...] [[Sokil Kyiv|Sokil]], ''HC Kyiv'' or some other. But there is some agreement that the next season will be [a] team from Ukraine, with Ukrainian players in the KHL."<ref>{{cite web|author= Сергей Гапшенко, iSport.ua |url=http://isport.ua/hockey/ukraine/news/88560.html |title=Сокол будет в КХЛ? |publisher=iSport.ua |date= |accessdate=2013-12-12}}</ref> Also from Kyiv, the expansion [[HC Budivelnyk]] had signed letters of intent and planned on joining the KHL for the 2010–11 season, but support fell through due to bureaucratic complications with the arena. Budivelnyk had even signed several players and personnel in order to ice a team for the coming season. [[HC Berkut]] has stated its goals are to build a new arena and join the KHL.<ref name=hcdarticle1>{{cite web|title=ПХЛ выходит на старт|url=http://www.hcdonbass.com/home/news/club/5490?lang=ru|work=ПХЛ выходит на старт|publisher=HCDonbass.com|accessdate=15 September 2011}}</ref>

Russian team [[Krylya Sovetov Moscow|Krylya Sovetov]] were interested to join the league for the 2010–11 season;<ref>{{cite web|url=http://allhockey.ru/news/54419/ |title=Хоккей на AllHockey.Ru - "Крылья Советов" планируют через год играть в КХЛ |publisher=Allhockey.ru |date= |accessdate=2013-12-12}}</ref> however, after 2011 they were not able to continue to operate as a professional hockey club and withdrew from the championship on all levels.

==North Asia==
[[Kazzinc-Torpedo]], currently playing in the Higher Hockey League, has been in negotiations to join the KHL.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eurohockey.net/news/story.html?id=20081212140033_khl_monthly_interviews_second_issue|title=Torpedo|accessdate=2009-11-09}}</ref> The club, formerly known as Torpedo Ust-Kamenogorsk, used to play in the highest division during the Soviet era. Torpedo has typically been the most dominant developmental club in Kazakhstan. Most Kazakh players who have reached the NHL trace their roots to Torpedo.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nhl.com/ice/news.htm?id=401105 |title=Young Kazakhs gaining international experience - NHL.com - Across the Pond |publisher=NHL.com |date=2008-12-31 |accessdate=2013-12-12}}</ref>

==East Asia==
Former ice hockey player and member of the council of the Ice hockey Federation [[Viacheslav Fetisov]], has expressed hopes of expanding the KHL into several countries in [[East Asia]], including [[China]], [[Japan]], [[South Korea]] and even [[North Korea]];<ref>{{cite web|author=Farid Bektemirov, Gazeta.ru |url=http://rbth.asia/culture/2013/06/25/russian_hockey_goes_east_47541.html |title=Russian hockey goes east | Russia Beyond The Headlines ASIA |publisher=Rbth.asia |date= |accessdate=2013-12-12}}</ref> and the development of a Far East division in KHL was discussed in a meeting with the board in July, 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.khl.ru/news/2014/07/15/225334.html|title=Состоялись заседания руководящих органов КХЛ|date=2014-07-15|accessdate=2014-07-15}}</ref>

[[Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk]] is the largest city on the [[Sakhalin|Island of Sakhalin]], and prior to the 2014–15 season a newly created team from the city, [[Sakhalin Sea Lions|the Sea Lions]], is affiliated to the [[Asia League Ice Hockey]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eliteprospects.com/league_home.php?leagueid=147&startdate=2014|title=Asia League Ice Hockey, 2014–15 season, eliteprospects|accessdate=2014-07-07}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://allhockey.ru/news/191883/|title=Александр Третьяк формирует команду для участия в Азиатской Лиге|date=2014-06-29|accessdate=2014-07-07}}</ref> Moreover, HC Rys' of the Higher Hockey League is in negotiations to relocate the team there, and a new arena ([[Kristall Ice Palace]]) has been built under the auspices of Gazprom,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gazprom.com/about/subsidiaries/news/2013/april/article160777/|title=Ice Palace opened in Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk|date=2013-04-09|accessdate=2014-07-13}}</ref> it is likely that a team from the area, in some way, will be involved in KHL in the future.

==Teams currently involved==
{| class="navbox wikitable" style="width:100%; text-align:left"
|-
!| Team
!| City/Area
!| League
!| Status
|-
| '''{{flagicon|CHE}} [[Genève-Servette HC]]'''
| [[Geneva]]
| style="text-align:center;"| [[National League A]]
| Expressed hopes to join in the future.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.championat.com/hockey/article-255602-prezident-khl-chernyshenko--o-sovete-direktorov-dolgah-klubov-i-kunlune.html |accessdate=9 September 2016 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://slapshot.ch.sportalsports.com/sportch/generated/article/eishockey/2016/09/03/50492100000.html |accessdate=9 September 2016 }}</ref>
|-
| '''{{flagicon|EST}} [[Ilves Tallinn]]'''
| [[Tallinn]]
| style="text-align:center;"| Expansion
| Had intentions to join prior to 2016–17 season.<ref name="suki">{{cite web|url=http://www.suomikiekko.com/2016/04/tallinnan-ilves-ei-pelaa-khlssa-ensi-kaudella/|title=Tallinnan Ilves ei pelaa KHL:ssä ensi kaudella|date=3 April 2016|accessdate=6 April 2016}}</ref><ref name="eurohockey">{{cite web|title=Who can really join the KHL?|url=http://www.eurohockey.com/article/4376-who-can-really-join-the-khl.html|website=Eurohockey|accessdate=26 February 2016}}</ref>
|-
| '''{{flagicon|SWE}} Crowns'''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aftonbladet.se/sportbladet/hockey/internationellt/khl/article22624955.ab |title=Legendarer leder svenskt KHL-lag |date=13 April 2016 |accessdate=13 April 2016}}</ref>
| [[Malmö]] and [[Stockholm]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.expressen.se/kvallsposten/sport/uppgifter-malmo-kan-fa-ett-khl-lag-snart/ |title=Uppgifter: Malmö kan få ett KHL-lag snart |date=26 February 2016 |accessdate=6 April 2016}}</ref>
| style="text-align:center;"| Expansion
| Had intentions to join prior to 2016–17 season;<ref name="suki"/> now possible for the 2017–18 season.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://rsport.ru/hockey/20160518/923666347.html |title=Шведский клуб "Краунс" в ближайшем сезоне в КХЛ выступать не будет - Кобылянский |date=May 18, 2016 |website=rsport.ru }}</ref>
|-
| '''{{flagicon|GBR}} [[London Emperors]]'''
| [[London]]
| style="text-align:center;"| Expansion
| Had intentions to join prior to 2016–17 season.<ref name="suki"/> Requires new arena.<ref name="eurohockey" />
|-
| '''{{flagicon|CHN}} ORG Star Ice Hockey Club'''
| [[Beijing]]
| style="text-align:center;"| Expansion
| Expressed hopes to join in the future.<ref>[http://bloggar.expressen.se/ek/2016/05/khl-vill-ha-tva-lag-i-kina/ KHL vill ha två lag i Kina], Retrieved May 14, 2016</ref>
|-
| '''{{flagicon|NOR}} [[Vålerenga Ishockey]]'''
| [[Oslo]]
| align=center | [[GET-ligaen]]
| Vålerenga discussed joining the KHL in 2014–15,<ref name="Vålerenga Ishockey er ett steg nærmere en plass i KHL">{{cite web|url=http://www.dagbladet.no/2013/12/16/sport/valerenga/valerenga_ishockey/ishockey/jan_tore_kjer/30876446/|title=Vålerenga Ishockey er ett steg nærmere en plass i KHL|accessdate=2014-05-02}}</ref> and again in 2015–16.<ref name="Vålerengas KHL-drøm lagt på is til 2015/16">{{cite web|url=http://www.tv2.no/2014/04/30/sport/ishockey/get-ligaen/5550286|title=Vålerengas KHL-drøm lagt på is til 2015/16|accessdate=2014-05-02}}</ref>
|-
| '''{{flagicon|SWE}} [[Malmö Redhawks]]'''
| [[Malmö]]
| align=center | [[Swedish Hockey League]]
| Expressed hopes to join in the future.<ref name="malmo">{{cite web|author=Daniel Hultqvist |url=http://www.aftonbladet.se/sportbladet/hockey/sverige/allsvenskan/malmo/article18028072.ab |title="Malmö är intressant om KHL vill utöka" | Malmö | Allsvenskan | Sverige | Hockey | Sportbladet | Aftonbladet |publisher=Aftonbladet.se |date=2013-12-15 |accessdate=2014-02-02}}</ref>
|-
| '''{{flagicon|NOR}} [[Stavanger Oilers]]'''
| [[Stavanger]]
| align=center | [[GET-ligaen]]
| Expressed hopes to join in the future.<ref name="Norskt lag mot KHL-spel? Idén stöttas av landslagsstjärnorna">{{cite web|author=Robert Pettersson robert.pettersson@hockeysverige.se |url=http://www.hockeysverige.se/article/14077447/norskt-lag-mot-khl-spel |title=Norskt lag mot KHL-spel? |publisher=Hockeysverige.se |date=2013-02-10 |accessdate=2013-12-12}}</ref>
|-
| '''{{flagicon|RUS}} [[Rubin Tyumen]]'''
| [[Tyumen]]
| align=center | [[Supreme Hockey League]]
| Requires new arena.<ref name="exp41">{{cite web|url=http://www.sovsport.ru/news/text-item/378916|title=Владимир Шалаев: Серьезно рассматриваем только "Югру" и "Будевельник" |accessdate=1 April 2010}}</ref>
|-
| '''{{flagicon|ITA}} [[Hockey Milano Rossoblu]]'''
| [[Milan]]
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Elite.A]] (formally Serie A)
| Have had partnership with the KHL since 2011.<ref name="Milan’s big league aspirations"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hockeymilano.it/main/?p=4512|title=Presentata la partnership tra Hockey Milano e KHL|language=Italian|date=23 June 2011}}</ref> Unclear if and when the team will join the league.
|-
| '''{{flagicon|POL}} [[Olivia Gdańsk]]'''
| [[Gdańsk]]
| align=center | Expansion
| Applied for KHL expansion prior to 2013-14 season, but were not approved for financial reasons.<ref name="exp44">{{cite web|url=http://www.webhokej24.sk/rusko/khl-aktualne/khl-gdansk-podal-oficialnu-prihlasku |title=KHL: Gdaňsk podal oficiálnu prihlášku - KHL - aktuálne - Rusko |publisher=Webhokej24.sk |date= |accessdate=2014-02-02}}</ref>
|-
| '''{{flagicon|SUI}} [[Huttwil Helvetics]]'''
| [[Huttwil]]
| align=center | Expansion
| Planned to join league in 2015.
|-
! style="background:lightblue;" ; color:white;" colspan=4 | Teams that left the league prior to the 2014–15 season with intentions to return in the future
|-
| '''{{flagicon|CZE}} [[HC Lev Praha|Lev Praha]]'''
| [[Prague]]
|
|Did not participate in the 2014–15 season, because of financial problems.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hokej.cz/cz/lev-v-khl/smutne-ocekavani-potvrzeno-prazsky-lev-neprezil-klinickou-smrt-v-pristi-sezone-khl-bude-chybet/?1=rw|title=Smutné očekávání potvrzeno! Pražský Lev nepřežil klinickou smrt, v příští sezoně KHL bude chybět|date=2014-07-01|accessdate=2014-08-30}}</ref>
|-
| '''{{flagicon|UKR}} [[HC Donbass|Donbass Donetsk]]'''
| [[Donetsk]]
|
| Withdrawn from KHL, due to the instability in Ukraine.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.khl.ru/news/2014/06/19/227566.html|title=Donbass to miss 2014-15 season|date=2014-06-19|accessdate=2014-08-30}}</ref> Joined the [[Ukrainian Hockey Extra League]] from the [[2015–16 Ukrainian Hockey Extra League season|2015–16 season]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hel.net.ua/|title=www.hel.net.ua |accessdate=8 January 2016 }}</ref>
|-
|}

==See also==
* [[Kontinental Hockey League team changes]]

==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

{{Kontinental Hockey League}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Potential Kontinental Hockey League Expansion}}
[[Category:Kontinental Hockey League]]
[[Category:Kontinental Hockey League expansion teams| ]]

Politics of Kazakhstan

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{{refimprove|date=March 2012|reason=So far only one reference is included}}
{{Politics of Kazakhstan}}
The '''politics of Kazakhstan''' takes place in the framework of a [[presidential system|presidential]] [[republic]], whereby the [[President of Kazakhstan]] is [[head of state]] and nominates the [[head of government]]. [[Executive power]] is exercised by the government. [[Legislative power]] is vested in both the [[Forms of government|government]] and the two chambers of parliament.

==Executive branch==
{{Main|Government of Kazakhstan}}

{{office-table}}
|[[List of Presidents of Kazakhstan|President]]
|[[Nursultan Nazarbayev]]
|[[Nur Otan]]
|16 December 1991
|-
|[[Prime Minister of Kazakhstan|Prime Minister]]
|[[Bakhytzhan Sagintayev]]
|[[Nur Otan]]
|8 September 2016
|}

The president is elected by popular vote for a [http://www.kazakhstanlive.com/3en.aspx five-year term.] The prime minister and first deputy prime minister are appointed by the president. Council of Ministers is also appointed by the president. President Nazarbayev expanded his presidential powers by decree: only he can initiate constitutional amendments, appoint and dismiss the government, dissolve Parliament, call referendums at his discretion, and appoint administrative heads of regions and cities.

The president is the head of state. He also is the commander in chief of the armed forces and may veto legislation that has been passed by the Parliament. President [[Nursultan Nazarbayev]], who has been in office since Kazakhstan became independent, won a new 7-year term in the 1999 election that the [[Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe]] said fell short of international standards. A major political opponent, former prime minister Akezhan Kazhegeldin, was prohibited from running against the president because he had attended an unauthorized meeting of "the movement for free elections". On top of this the election was unconstitutionally called two years ahead of schedule. Free access to the media is also denied to opposing opinions. In 2002 a law set very stringent requirements for the maintenance of legal status of a political party, which lowered the number of legal parties from 19 in 2002 to 8 in 2003. The prime minister, who serves at the pleasure of the president, chairs the Cabinet of Ministers and serves as Kazakhstan's head of government. There are three deputy prime ministers and 16 ministers in the Cabinet. [[Bakhytzhan Sagintayev]] became the Prime Minister in September 2016.

==Legislative branch==
The [[legislature]], known as [[Parliament of Kazakhstan|the Parliament]] ('''Parliament'''), has two [[bicameralism|chambers]]. The Lower House [[Majilis|Assembly]] (''Mazhilis'') has 107 seats, elected for a four-year term, 98 seats are from party lists, 9 - from Assembly of People. All MPs are elected for 5 years.<ref>[http://www.parlam.kz/ Parliament of the Republic of Kazakhstan]</ref> The Upper House [[Senate of Kazakhstan|Senate]] has 47 members, 40 of whom are elected for six-year terms in double-seat constituencies by the local assemblies, half renewed every two years, and 7 presidential appointees. In addition, ex-presidents are ''ex officio'' [[senators for life]].
Majilis deputies and the government both have the right of legislative initiative, though most legislation considered by the Parliament is proposed by the government. Several deputies are elected from the [[Assembly of People of Kazakhstan]].

==Judicial branch==

There are 44 judges on the [[Supreme Court of Kazakhstan]]. There are seven members of the [[Constitutional Council of Kazakhstan|Constitutional Council]]. Out of the 7 members, 3 are appointed by the president.

There are local and [[oblast]] (regional) level courts, and a national-level Supreme Court. Local level courts serve as courts of first instance for less serious crimes such as [[theft]] and [[vandalism]]. Oblast level courts hear more serious criminal cases and also hear cases in rural areas where no local courts have been established. A judgment by a local court may be appealed to the oblast level. The [[Supreme court|Supreme Court]] hears appeals from the oblast courts.

The constitution establishes a seven-member Constitutional Council to determine the constitutionality of laws adopted by the [[legislature]]. It also rules on challenges to elections and [[referendums]] and interprets the constitution. The president appoints three of its members, including the chair.

Under constitutional amendments of 1998, the president appoints a chairperson of a Supreme Judicial Council, which nominates judges for the Supreme Court. The Council consists of the chairperson of the Constitutional Council, the chairperson of the Supreme Court, the [[Prosecutor General]], the [[Minister of Justice]], senators, judges, and other persons appointed by the president. The president recommends and the Senate (upper legislative chamber) approves these nominees for the Supreme Court. Oblast judges (nominated by the Supreme Judicial Council) are appointed by the president. Lower level judges are appointed by the president from a list presented by the Ministry of Justice. The Ministry receives the list from a Qualification Collegiums of Justice, composed of deputies from the Majlis (lower legislative chamber), judges, prosecutors, and others appointed by the president. Under legislation approved in 1996, judges serve for life. <ref>{{cite web|last=Republic of Kazakhstan|first=Embassy|title=Kazakhstan Democracy|url=http://www.kazakhembus.com/page/kazakhstan-democracy|accessdate=2 April 2014}}</ref>

==Political parties and elections==
{{elect|List of political parties in Kazakhstan|Elections in Kazakhstan}}
{{main|Kazakhstan presidential election, 2005}}
On December 4, 2005, [[Nursultan Nazarbayev]] was reelected in a landslide victory. The electoral commission announced that he had won over 90% of the vote. The Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) concluded the election did not meet international standards despite some improvements in the administration of the election. <ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.osce.org/odihr/elections/kazakhstan/16553?download=true | title=REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN PRESIDENTIAL ELECTIONS 4 December 2005 OSCE/ODIHR Needs Assessment Mission Report | publisher=Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news | url=https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=a2ml5vt5j2_M&refer=top_world_news | title=Kazakhstan's Nazarbayev Wins Re-election With 91% of Vote |date=2005-12-05 | publisher=Bloomberg}}</ref>

{{main|Kazakhstan legislative election, 2007}}
{{Kazakhstan legislative election, 2007}}

==International organization participation==
In 1999, Kazakhstan applied for observer status at the [[Council of Europe Parliamentary Assembly]]. The official response of the Assembly was that Kazakhstan could apply for full membership, because it is partially located in Europe, but that they would not be granted any status whatsoever at the Council until their [[democracy]] and [[human rights]] records improved. Improvement in these areas has been made for in 2012, Kazakhstan was elected by United Nations members to serve on the [[UN Human Rights Council]].<ref name=unhrc>{{cite web|title=Results of the election of 18 members of the Human Rights Council held on 12 November 2012|url=http://www.un.org/en/ga/67/meetings/elections/hrc.shtml|publisher=United Nations}}</ref>

[[Asian Development Bank|AsDB]], [[Commonwealth of Independent States|CIS]], [[Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council|EAPC]], [[European Bank for Reconstruction and Development|EBRD]], [[United Nations Economic Commission for Europe|ECE]], [[Economic Cooperation Organization|ECO]], [[Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific|ESCAP]], [[Food and Agriculture Organization|FAO]], [[International Atomic Energy Agency|IAEA]], [[International Bank for Reconstruction and Development|IBRD]], [[International Civil Aviation Organization|ICAO]], [[International Development Association|IDA]], [[Islamic Development Bank|IDB]], [[International Fund for Agricultural Development|IFAD]], [[International Finance Corporation|IFC]], [[International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement|IFRCS]] (associate), [[International Labour Organization|ILO]], [[International Monetary Fund|IMF]], [[International Maritime Organization|IMO]], [[Interpol (organization)|Interpol]], [[IOC]], [[International Organization for Migration|IOM]], [[International Organization for Standardization|ISO]], [[International Telecommunication Union|ITU]], [[Non-Aligned Movement|NAM]] (observer), [[Nuclear Suppliers Group|NSG]], [[Organization of American States|OAS]] (observer), [[Organisation of Islamic Cooperation|OIC]], [[Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons|OPCW]], [[Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe|OSCE]], [[Partnership for Peace|PFP]], [[Shanghai Cooperation Organization|SCO]], [[United Nations|UN]], [[United Nations Conference on Trade and Development|UNCTAD]], [[UNESCO]], [[United Nations Industrial Development Organization|UNIDO]], [[Universal Postal Union|UPU]], [[World Confederation of Labour|WCL]], [[World Federation of Trade Unions|WFTU]], [[World Health Organization|WHO]], [[World Intellectual Property Organization|WIPO]], [[World Meteorological Organization|WMO]], [[World Tourism Organization|WToO]], [[World Trade Organization|WTrO]] (observer)

==See also==
* [[Government of Kazakhstan]]

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==External links==
* [http://www.carnegieendowment.org/events/index.cfm?fa=eventDetail&id=779&&prog=zru Will Kazakhstan Be Next? - On Political Developments in Kazakhstan by the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace]
* [http://www.centralasiacommerce.com Central Asia Commerce]
{{Asia topic|Politics of}}
{{Politics of Asia}}
{{Kazakhstan topics}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Politics Of Kazakhstan}}
[[Category:Government of Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Politics of Kazakhstan| ]]

Oleg Novachuk

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{{Infobox person
| name = Oleg Novachuk
| image =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1971|02|09}}
| birth_place =
| death_date =
| death_place =
| death_cause =
| residence =
| nationality = Kazakh
| ethnicity =
| education =
| alma_mater = [[Al-Farabi University|Kazakh State University]]
| occupation = Businessman
| years_active = 1993–present
| salary = £1,587,000<ref name="Annual Report 2014">[http://asp-gb.secure-zone.net/v2/index.jsp?id=624/3348/9925&lng=en Annual Report 2014 flipbook], page. 96.</ref>
| title = Chief Executive of [[KAZ Minerals]] PLC<ref name="Londonstockexchange">{{cite web|url=http://m.londonstockexchange.com/exchange/mobile/news/detail/12135519.html|title=Kazakhmys announces completion of restructuring|publisher=London Stock Exchange|accessdate=2014-12-12}}</ref><ref name="BloombergKazakhmys">{{cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-10-31/kazakhmys-completes-restructuring-changes-name-to-kaz-minerals.html|title=Kazakhmys Completes Restructuring, Changes Name to KAZ Minerals|publisher=Bloomberg|accessdate=2014-12-12}}</ref><ref name="ReutersUk">{{cite web|url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/2014/10/31/uk-kazakhstan-copper-idUKKBN0IK0ZN20141031|title=Copper miner Kazakhmys restructuring over, now called Kaz Minerals|publisher=Reuters|accessdate=2014-12-12}}</ref>
| term = 2007–present
| predecessor =
| successor = '''Incumbent'''
| spouse =
| children =
}}
'''Oleg Novachuk''' (born 9 February 1971) is a Kazakh businessman, currently Chief Executive of [[KAZ Minerals]], a UK-registered copper mining company whose main assets are located in [[Kazakhstan]].

==Early life==
He has a master's degree in applied mathematics from [[Al-Farabi University|Kazakh State University]].<ref name="BW_01">{{cite web|url=http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/people/person.asp?personId=26200371&ticker=KAZ:LN | title=Executive Profile: Oleg N. Novachuk |publisher=Business Week |date=|accessdate=28 November 2012}}</ref>

==Career==
Oleg Novachuk has been Chief Executive of [[Kazakhmys]] since 15 March 2007, having been Finance Director from 23 September 2005 to 15 March 2007, and joining the company in 2001.<ref name="BW_01" />

From 1998 to 2001, he served as Deputy Chairman, then Chairman, of JSC Kazprombank, at that time one of the largest private banks in [[Kazakhstan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kazminerals.com/en/investors_media/news/press_release.jsp?id=33| title=Kazakhmys PLC Appointment of Oleg Novachuk as CEO |publisher=Kazakhmys PLC |date=24 January 2007|accessdate=2015-04-13}}</ref>

Following the completion of the Restructuring of Kazakhmys PLC<ref name="ReutersProposedRestructuring">{{cite web|url=http://www.reuters.com/finance/stocks/KAZ.L/key-developments/article/3034586|title=Kazakhmys PLC announces proposed group restructuring|publisher=Reuters|accessdate=2015-04-13}}</ref> Novachuk continued as the CEO of KAZ Minerals PLC.<ref name="Londonstockexchange"/><ref name="BloombergKazakhmys"/><ref name="ReutersUk"/>

As at 13 April 2015 he holds 7.82% of KAZ Minerals.<ref name="Shareholders information KAZ Minerals">{{cite web|url=http://tools.morningstar.co.uk/uk/stockreport/default.aspx?tab=5&vw=own&SecurityToken=0P00007OIV%5d3%5d0%5dE0WWE%24%24ALL&Id=0P00007OIV&ClientFund=0&CurrencyId=BAS|title=KAZ Minerals Shareholders Information on Morningstar|publisher=Morningstar|accessdate=2015-04-13}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Novachuk, Oleg}}
[[Category:1971 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Kazakhstani businesspeople]]
[[Category:Al-Farabi University alumni]]
[[Category:Kazakhmys]]

{{UK-business-bio-stub}}
{{Kazakhstan-bio-stub}}

Nordgold

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{{COI|date=April 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2013}}
{{Infobox company
| name = Nord Gold N.V.
| logo = Nordgold logo.jpg
| caption =
| type = Public company
| traded_as = {{London Stock Exchange|NORD}}
| fate =
| predecessor =
| successor =
| foundation = {{start date|2007}}
| founder = [[Severstal]]
| defunct =
| location_city = Moscow
| location_country = Russia
| location =
| locations =
| area_served =
| key_people = Nikolai Zelenski (CEO), David Morgan (Chairman), [[Alexey Mordashov]] (principal shareholder)
| industry = [[Gold mining]]
| products = Gold
| services =
| revenue =
| operating_income =
| net_income =
| assets =
| equity =
| owner =
| num_employees = 8,000
| parent =
| divisions =
| subsid =
| homepage = [http://www.nordgold.com www.nordgold.com]
| footnotes =
| intl =
}}

'''Nord Gold N.V.''', ('''Nordgold''', LSE: NORD) is a [[gold mining]] company with assets in Russia, [[Kazakhstan]], [[Burkina Faso]] and [[Guinea]].

==History==

Nordgold was established as Severstal Gold, a gold producing subsidiary of [[Severstal]], the Russian steel company owned by [[Alexey Mordashov]].<ref name=morhist>http://www.forbes.com/profile/alexey-mordashov/</ref>

In early 2007, Severstal acquired the Suzdal and Zherek mines in [[Kazakhstan]], as well as the Aprelkovo and Neryungri mines in Russia. In August 2008, Severstal acquired control over the Balazhal mine in Kazakhstan as well as Irokinda, Zun-Holba and Berezitovy mines in Russia and the Taparko and Bissa mines in [[Burkina Faso]]. In late 2010 – early 2011, the company acquired control over the Lefa mine in [[Guinea]].

In early 2012, Nordgold separated from Severstal and became a publicly listed company via the listing of [[Global Depositary Receipt]]s on the London Stock Exchange.<ref name= morhist />

In January 2013, Nordgold launched the new Bissa mine in Burkina Faso.

==Operations==
Nordgold's production was originally concentrated in Russia and the CIS but later expanded to West Africa. The region generates about half of the company's gold production.<ref name=vedo>http://www.reuters.com/article/nord-gold-nv-idUSnBw72dKTza+10c+BSW20130117</ref>

As of 31 December 2015, proven and probable reserves of Nordgold stood at 14.0 Moz of gold while measured, indicated and inferred resources were estimated at 28.5 Moz.<ref name=resres>http://www.nordgold.com/operations/reserves-and-resources/</ref>

===Active mines===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Mine !! Country !! 2015 Production, koz !! [[Mineral resource classification|Proven and probable reserves]], koz
|-
| Bissa || {{flag|Burkina Faso}} || 235.3|| 2,067
|-
| Taparko || {{flag|Burkina Faso}} || 83.2 || 502
|-
| [[Lefa mine|Lefa]] || {{flag|Guinea}} || 214.2 || 3,003
|-
| Buryatzoloto (Zun-Holba, Irokinda) || {{flag|Russia}} || 112.7|| 485
|-
| Berezitovy || {{flag|Russia}} || 125.3 || 612
|-
| Neryungri || {{flag|Russia}} || 84.1 || 769
|-
| Aprelkovo || {{flag|Russia}} || 19.8 || 49
|-
| [[Suzdal mine|Suzdal]] || {{flag|Kazakhstan}} || 75.3 || 763
|-

|}

===Development projects and exploration===

Bouly is the project under constraction located 5 km from Nordgold’s Bissa mine in [[Burkina Faso]]. The project represents a large low-grade gold mineralisation, favourable for heap leach treatment. Bouly’s average annual production will be approximately 120 koz over a life of mine of 10 years at AISC of US$730/oz. Bouly production expected to start in H2 2016. Total capex of the project is planned of $155 mln.

Shortly Nordgold will start construction of Gross mine, an all-season open-pit heap leach project located in southwestern [[Yakutia]], Russia, 4 km east of the Neryungri mine. Production is to begin up to two years later. The project will require c. US$250 million of total capital investment during construction. At full production, Gross is expected to mine and process c. 12 million tonnes of ore, producing c. 230 koz of gold per year for 17 years.

The Montagne d’Or gold deposit is the development project of Nordgold located in north-west [[French Guiana]]. In January 2016, Nordgold assumed operational ownership of the project. Pursuant to an agreement with [http://www.columbusgoldcorp.com/s/Home.asp Columbus Gold Corp.] Nordgold has the right to earn a 50.01% interest in the Montagne d'Or gold deposit, by funding a minimum of US$30 million in expenditures and completing a Feasibility Study by no later than the end of Q1 2017. On top of that in January 2016, Nordgold acquired an additional 5% interest in the project in the form of an advance. Formal acquisition and transfer of the 5% interest will occur along with the initial 50.01% interest. If Nordgold does not earn the 50.01% interest Columbus will be required to refund the advance. The PEA of the project demonstrated positive economic data for an open pit mine with conventional CIL processing technology and average annual production of 273 koz for the first 10 years.

The Pistol Bay Gold Project is a high grade exploration project located in Nunavut Territory, northern [[Canada]], on the west coast of [[Hudson Bay]]. Nordgold holds a 51.5% interest in [http://www.northquest.biz/ Northquest Ltd.] , the owner of the project. The exploration programme at Pistol Bay in 2015 confirmed the project’s potential as a high quality deposit of substantial scale with high grade ore.

==Shareholders==
As at April 7, 2016,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nordgold.com/investors-and-media/Share-and-GDR-Buyback/|title=Share and GDR Buyback|publisher=Nordgold - more than gold|accessdate=2016-04-25}}</ref> issued share capital consists of 370,396,229 ordinary shares, almost 9.25% of which are listed on the LSE in form of GDRs.

[[Alexey Mordashov]] is the principal shareholder of Nordgold with a 90.73% stake in the Company.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.nordgold.com/en/index.aspx Official website]
* [https://www.bloomberg.com/quote/NORD:LI Nordgold on Bloomberg.com]

[[Category:Gold mining companies]]
[[Category:Gold mining companies of Russia]]
[[Category:Companies of Burkina Faso]]
[[Category:Companies of Guinea]]
[[Category:Companies of Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Companies listed on the London Stock Exchange]]

Mukhtar Ablyazov

2017-03-10T07:54:59Z

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{{pp|small=yes}}
{{Infobox person
|name = Mukhtar Kabulovich Ablyazov
|image = File:Mukhtar.Ablyazov.jpg
|birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1963|5|16}}
|birth_place = Galkino, [[Kazakh SSR]]
|death_date =
|death_place =
|other_names =
|spouse = Alma Shalabaeva
|alma_mater =
|occupation = Businessman
|nationality = Kazakh
|website =
}}

'''Mukhtar Ablyazov''' (born 16 May 1963, [[Galkino]], [[South Kazakhstan]]) is a [[Kazakhstan|Kazakh]] dissident, politician, economist, businessman, and banker. He is the founder and leader of ‘[[Democratic Choice of Kazakhstan]]’ (DCK), a political party which directly opposes the authoritarian rule of Nursultan Nazarbayev. He is also the author of ''Ablyazov against Nazarbayev''.

Ablyazov is currently fighting extradition from France to Russia. In Russia, Ablyazov faces ill-treatment and unfair trial.<ref name="rferl.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.rferl.org/content/kazakhstan-france-ablyazov-russia-embezzlement-extradition/26654608.html|title=French Court Authorizes Extradition Of Fugitive Kazakh Banker|work=RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty}}</ref> Many Human Rights organisations, such as Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch, as well as European Parliamentarians have written to the French government advising against the extradition of Mukhtar Ablyazov.<ref name="amnesty.org">{{cite web|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2014/10/france-stop-extradition-kazakhstani-opposition-activist-risk-torture/|title=France|publisher=}}</ref><ref name="hrw.org">{{cite web|url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2015/05/21/france/kazakhstan-letter-french-prime-minister-manuel-valls-case-mukhtar-ablyazov|title=France/Kazakhstan: Letter to French Prime Minister Manuel Valls on Case of Mukhtar Ablyazov|work=Human Rights Watch}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.lemonde.fr/police-justice/article/2015/10/12/l-extradition-vers-la-russie-de-l-opposant-kazakh-moukhtar-abliazov-a-ete-validee-par-paris_4788076_1653578.html}}</ref>

==Early life and education==

In 1986, Ablyazov graduated from the Moscow Engineering and Physics Institute. There he earned a degree in theoretical physics.<ref name=rferl>{{cite web|last=Sindelar|first=Daisy|title=How Far Will Nazarbaev Go To Take Down Mukhtar Ablyazov?|url=http://www.rferl.org/content/kazakhstan-nazarbaev-ablyazov/25010488.html|publisher=Radio Free Europe Radio Library|accessdate=13 June 2013}}</ref> After graduation, he worked as a junior researcher at the Kazakh National University.

In 1987, Ablyazov married Shalabayeva Alma.

In 1990, Ablyazov was enrolled in postgraduate studies in the Moscow Engineering and Physics Institute. For that reason, he was fired from his role as a junior researcher at the Kazakh National University.

==Career==

Ablyazov started working during the fall of the Soviet Union and the start of Kazakhstan's Independence. His first job was the buying and selling of computers and copying machines. In 1991, Ablyazov registered his first company and called it "Madina," which is the name of his first daughter.

In 1992, Ablyazov started his business by supplying all the regions of Kazakhstan with products such as salt, sugar, flower, matches, tea, chocolate, and medicine. In order to run this business, Ablyazov established [[Astana Holding]] in [[Kazakhstan]], a multi-sector private holding company, which established and consisted of: "Astana-Sugar", "Astana-Food","Aral-Salt", "The Chimkent Pasta Factory", "Astana- Medical Service", "Astana-Motors", "Astana-Interotel", "Astana-Bank", "Trade House Zhanna (furniture)."

In 1998, together with a consortium of Kazakh investors, Ablyazov acquired a loan to buy the shares in [[BTA Bank|Bank TuranAlem]] in a privatization auction for $72 million. He later paid back the loan. The bank later came to be known as BTA Bank.

In 1997, Ablyazov was appointed as head of the state-owned [[KEGOC|Kazakhstan Electricity Grid Operating Company]]. KEGOC was a company close to buncruptcy at the time of his appointment as its head. In one year, he managed to make the state-owned company profitable.

In 1998, as head of KEGOC, Ablyazov was named Minister for Energy, Industry, and Trade.<ref name="BBC Timeline: Kazakhstan">[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/country_profiles/1298395.stm BBC Timeline: Kazakhstan] - BBC chronology of key events, 11 March 2010</ref>

Ablyazov has been described by [[Radio Free Europe]]/[[Radio Liberty]] (RFE/RL) as “part of a younger generation” that [[Nursultan Nazarbaev]], president of Kazakhstan, “hoped to harness as he pushed his resource-rich nation into the 21st century.” Yet after a few years, “Ablyazov and the others had broken ranks, citing disenchantment with endemic corruption in Nazarbaev's inner circle.”<ref name=rferl />

==Political career==

In November 2001, Ablyazov and other colleagues, including fellow disenchanted proteges of Nazarbaev, co-founded the [[Democratic Choice of Kazakhstan]] (DCK), an opposition political movement that challenged the Nazarbayev regime. The DCK included a combination of existing politicians and major businessmen and called for the decentralisation of political power, a strong legislature, and an independent judiciary to balance the power concentrated in the executive branch. This opposition initiative, according to RFE/RL, “quickly drew the wrath of the regime.”<ref name=rferl/>

In July 2002, as one of the main leaders of the DCK, Ablyazov was convicted of “abusing official powers as a minister” and sentenced to six years in prison. Also sent to prison were his fellow would-be reformers and former Nazarbaev proteges Galymzhan Zhakiyanov and Altynbek Sarsenbaev.<ref name=rferl />

Many observers, including the European Parliament<ref>[http://www.kub.biz/print.php?sid=3206] - ''European Parliament Resolution on Kazakhstan''</ref> and Amnesty International,<ref name="unhcr.org">[http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/country,,AMNESTY,ANNUALREPORT,KAZ,,3edb47d81c,0.html] - 'Amnesty International Report on Kazakhstan 2003''</ref> considered the charges against Ablyazov to be politically motivated. His trial failed to meet international fair trial standards.<ref name="unhcr.org"/>

It is alleged that Ablyazov was subject to torture, beatings and other ill-treatment while he was in prison.<ref>[http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/type,ANNUALREPORT,AMNESTY,KAZ,40b5a1f810,0.html Amnesty International Report 2004] - Kazakhstan</ref> In response to pressure from the international community, including Amnesty International and the European Parliament,<ref>[http://www.thisislondon.co.uk/standard/article-23870765-living-in-fear-in-london-the-exiled-kazakh-banker-accused-of-dollar-2-billion-fraud.do Living in fear in London] - Evening Standard, 25 August 2010</ref> he was released in May 2003 after only serving ten months, on the condition that he renounce politics.<ref name="BBC Timeline: Kazakhstan"/>

Unlike Ablyazov, Zhakiyanov refused a pardon. Sarsenbaev was released from prison and later became head of Ak Zhol, an opposition party. He was assassinated in 2006.

Ablyazov moved to Moscow in 2003 to rebuild his business ties and in 2005 became the Chairman of the Board of Directors of BTA Bank.

After his release from prison, Ablyazov reportedly spent “millions of dollars funding opposition groups and independent media.” RFE/RL has quoted Yevgeny Zhovtis, head of the Kazakhstan International Bureau for Human Rights and Rule of Law, as saying that “Nazarbaev to a certain extent felt betrayed” by Ablyazov and the others, given that “he thinks that he provided them the space to become wealthy, to become well-known, to make a career in state service or in business, and they challenged him. When he pardoned Ablyazov in 2003 and allowed him to return to business in exchange for a promise not to be involved in politics and then found out that he was again involved in politics, of course Nazarbaev felt betrayed twice.”<ref name=rferl />

While living in [[Russia]] and Kazakhstan, Ablyazov was the target of assassination attempts and an effort was made to kidnap his son from school.<ref name=Standard>{{cite web|last=Cheston|first=Paul|title=Living in fear in London: the exiled Kazakh banker accused of $2 billion fraud|url=http://www.standard.co.uk/news/living-in-fear-in-london-the-exiled-kazakh-banker-accused-of-2-billion-fraud-6506705.html|publisher=London Evening Standard|accessdate=13 June 2013}}</ref>

===BTA Bank growth===
Ablyazov served as the Chairman of the Board of Directors of BTA Bank from 2005 to 2009. During Ablyazov's leadership, BTA Bank reported dynamic growth,{{Clarify|reason=vague|date=January 2016}} and became one of the most promising banks in the CIS. By 2008, BTA Bank had grown to become the leader in the emerging markets, the fourth-largest bank among the CIS countries, and one of the three fastest-growing banks in the world. In 2007, ''Euromoney'' magazine named BTA Bank the best bank in Central Asia and in 2008 BTA Bank received the Global Finance award.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bta.kz/en/press/news/2007/07/19/224/|title=BTA Bank - News|publisher=}}</ref>

At the same time, between 2006 and 2008, Mukhtar Ablyazov had been pressured by the President of Kazakhstan, Nursultan Nazarbayev, to transfer 50% of shares of BTA Bank to the state. Ablyazov refused to transfer the bank's assets into the control of Nazarbayev, and, as a result, in February 2009, the bank was nationalised under the pretext of the need to save the banking sector from bankruptcy.

In 2008, BTA Bank was the largest commercial financial institution in Kazakhstan, with internal reserves allowing for cooperation with foreign and domestic owners of the shares. At the same time, BTA Bank was the largest creditor of the Kazakh economy – the bank owned about 30% of all the loans granted to legal entities. The control over BTA Bank has been illegally adopted by the National Welfare Fund ‘Samruk-Kazyna’, a holding company owned entirely by the state, despite the healthy condition of the bank. Timur Kulibayev, Nazarbayev’s son-in-law, was the president of this fund.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.mukhtarablyazov.org/p/37,bank-bta|title=Bank BTA|work=Mukhtar Ablyazov}}</ref>

===Alleged fraud charges===
24 March 2009 [[BTA Bank]] launched legal proceedings against Ablyazov in the UK [[High Court]] shortly after his arrival in London.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/23571482-e584-11e2-ad1a-00144feabdc0.html#axzz3wCYbKtZ7|title=Mukhtar Ablyazov at centre of fight over Kazakhstan’s BTA Bank|work=Financial Times}}</ref>

In September 2009, Kazakhstan's [[sovereign wealth fund]], [[Samruk-Kazyna]], injected significant funds into BTA in an effort to keep the bank solvent, effectively becoming its majority shareholder.<ref name="reuters.com">[http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSLM16723920090922 Kazakh bank BTA signs debt restructuring MOU] - Reuters, 22 September 2009</ref> Shortly before [[Samruk-Kazyna]]'s intervention Ablyazov fled Kazakhstan to London.

In 2010, a warrant was also issued for Ablyazov's arrest in Russia, where he was charged on four counts of financial crime and placed on an international wanted list.<ref name=zero>{{cite web|last=Durden|first=Tyler|title=Iran Escalates Again, Cuts Off Oil Shipments To Spain|url=http://www.zerohedge.com/news/iran-escalates-again-cuts-oil-shipments-spain|publisher=Zero Hedge|accessdate=13 June 2013}}</ref>

Ablyazov was the subject of seven legal claims in the English High Court totalling $3.7 billion (£2.26 billion).<ref>[https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-02-03/bta-banks-sues-ex-chairman-ablyazov-for-1-2-billion-in-london.html BTA Bank Sues Ex-Chairman Ablyazov for $1.2 Billion in London] - Bloomberg, Erik Larson, 4 February 2011</ref>

The first decision that Ablyazov lost in the UK courts was passed down by William Blair, brother of Tony Blair. Shortly after, Tony Blair was hired by Nazarbayev to be an economic advisor. Tony Blair was paid a multi-million dollar salary.

In October 2010, Ablyazov lost a legal fight to prevent his assets from being subject to a receivership order. The ruling came after Justice Teare stated that Ablyazov “cannot be trusted” not to dissipate his assets prior to trial.<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/dec/03/ablyazov-kazakh-bank-court-ruling Kazakh Banker Loses Courtroom Battle Over Assets] - The Guardian, Simon Goodley, 3 December 2010</ref>

Ablyazov argued, in his defense, that the takeover of BTA Bank by Samruk-Kazyna in February 2009 was “the culmination of the campaign by President Nazarbayev and his allies to wrest ownership and control of [BTA] from [Ablyazov].”<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/business/2010/dec/02/kazakhstan-regime-link-to-ftse-firms Court documents allege 'corrupt' Kazakhstan regime's link to FTSE firms] - The Guardian, Simon Goodley, 2 December 2010.</ref>

In a May 2011 letter, Ablyazov accused Nazarbaev and his advisor Bulat Utemuratov of being the real owners of a 48.73% share in [[KazZink]], a firm that [[Glencore International]] was planning to buy at the time. Ablyazov wrote that “in 2005-2009, when Mr. Utemuratov was blackmailing me on behalf of” Nazarbaev, demanding a share in BTA Bank, “he asked me to transfer the stocks to the companies that control KazZink now.” Ablyazov said that he had testified to this effect in a London court.<ref name="kazakhstan voice">{{cite web|title=Mukhtar Ablyazov- the president of the Republic of Kazakhstan Nursultan Nazarbayev and his trusted adviser Bulat Utemuratov are the real owners of 48,73% share in "KazZink"|url=http://kazakhstanvoice.blogspot.no/2011/05/mukhtar-ablyazov-president-of-republic.html|publisher=kazakhstan voice|accessdate=13 June 2013}}</ref> Ablyazov was granted asylum in the [[UK]] in July 2011, a recognition that he would face political persecution if sent back to Kazakhstan.<ref name=case>{{cite journal|title=Case of Yefimova v. Russia|journal=European Court of Human Rights|date=19 February 2013|pages=1–73}}</ref>
Kazakhstan's request for his extradition was ignored.<ref name="forum 18">{{cite web|last=Corley|first=Felix|title=Kazakhstan: Why was Muslim prisoner of conscience extradited to Uzbekistan|url=http://www.forum18.org/archive.php?article_id=1833|publisher=Forum 18|accessdate=13 June 2013}}</ref> According to the Daily Telegraph, the Kazakh government threatened to punish British firms by awarding lucrative contracts to [[China]] if the UK granted Ablyazov asylum.<ref>[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/kazakhstan/7958777/Asylum-case-could-lead-to-rift-with-Kazakhstan.html] - The Daily Telegraph, 22 August 2010</ref>

In early 2012, Kazakh authorities sought to impliciate Ablyazov in an alleged terror plot. One report suggested that an “obvious reason for trying to nail Ablyazov” was that “unlike other political figures in exile, he has a presence inside Kazakhstan through his links to an opposition group and local media outlets.” The accusation was, according to this report, “designed to tarnish his reputation – and that of his associates, too – in the eyes of the international community,” as well as to provide “a useful distraction from the embarrassment which the government suffered after violence in the western town of Janaozen in December [2011], in which its police force is accused of opening fire on protesters, killing 14 and injuring over 100.” The report said that “authorities seem dead set on eliminating Ablyazov’s capacity to exert any influence in Kazakstan (sic).”<ref name=iwpr>{{cite web|title=Questions Over Kazakstan "Terror Plot"|url=http://iwpr.net/report-news/questions-over-kazakstan-terror-plot|publisher=IWPR|accessdate=13 June 2013}}</ref>

In November 2012, a U.K. court ordered Mukhtar Ablyazov to pay £1.02 bln ($1.63 bln) plus interest. The court also ordered "new post-judgment asset-freezing orders be made against Mr. Ablyazov in an unlimited sum and new asset-freezing orders in relation to certain other defendants."<ref>{{cite news|title=BTA Bank: Court Rules Against Ablyazov in $2 bln Suit|url=http://www.satrapia.com/news/article/bta-bank-court-rules-against-ablyazov-in-2-bln-suit/|newspaper=The Gazette of Central Asia|date=28 November 2012|publisher=Satrapia}}</ref>

===BTA Bank efforts===
Shortly thereafter, Kazakhstan's sovereign wealth fund, Samruk-Kazyna, injected significant funds into BTA in an effort to keep the bank solvent, effectively becoming its majority shareholder.<ref name="reuters.com"/>

It has been argued that BTA Bank “threatened to dominate the other Kazakh banks – banks that Nazarbayev controlled” and that the bank's forced nationalization in 2009 was part of an effort by Nazarbayev “to dispose of Ablyazov.”<ref name=mukhtar>{{cite web|title=Mukhtar Ablyazov has experienced first hand the political persecution and absence of law in Kazakhstan under President Nursultan Nazarbayev|url=http://www.mukhtar-ablyazov.com/|publisher=Friends of Ablyazov|accessdate=13 June 2013}}</ref>

===Ablyazov's persecution and Osman warning===
Following the issuing of the Kazakh warrant, Ablyazov left Kazakhstan for [[London]].<ref name=rian>{{cite web|title=British Court Orders Fugitive Kazakh Banker to Pay $2.1 Bln|url=http://en.rian.ru/world/20121123/177701543.html|publisher=Rianovosti|accessdate=13 June 2013}}</ref> This made him, according to RFE/RL, one of “dozens of former high-ranking Kazakh officials who have fled abroad after falling out of favor.”<ref name=rferl />

During his time in London, Ablyazov told ''The Standard'' that he was an “innocent...victim of persecution” by Nazarbaev and was “in fear of his life from his country's secret police, the KNB.”<ref name=Standard />
Claiming to be innocent of all charges, he “employed tight security to protect him from murder attempts” while living in London.<ref name=business>{{cite web|last=Wachtel|first=Katya|title=Exiled Kazakh Banker Says The Government Is Trying To Kill Him|url=http://www.businessinsider.com/mukhtar-ablyazov-bta-bank-2010-8|publisher=Business Insider|accessdate=13 June 2013}}</ref> Once, while he was being driven in London, a car “rammed his vehicle repeatedly.”<ref name=Standard />

While in Britain, Ablyazov maintained close ties to opposition media in Kazakhstan. RFE/RL has noted that in 2011, the broadcaster K+ and the newspapers Vzglyad and Golos Respubliki, along with other private Kazakh media with ties to Ablyazov, “gave full-scale coverage to the bloody police crackdown on striking oil workers in the western city of Zhanaozen.” Not long after, Kazakh courts ordered these media outlets closed, along with the opposition Algha party, headed by Avladimir Kozlov, an Ablyazov ally, who was sentenced to a long prison term. The Nazarbaev regime reportedly considered Ablyazov to be implicated in these media outlets' critical coverage of the regime.<ref name=rferl />

Also during his time in Britain, Ablyazov was the main source of funding for Aksara, an independent theater company whose productions challenge the Nazarbaev regime and seek to provide an alternative to the state-subsidized theater, which toes the government line.<ref name=IPS>{{cite web|last=Lillis|first=Joanna|title=Theatre with a Political Edge in Kazakhstan|url=http://www.ipsnews.net/2013/05/theatre-with-a-political-edge-in-kazakhstan/|publisher=IPS News|accessdate=13 June 2013}}</ref>

On 29 January 2011, London metropolitan police served Mukhtar Ablyazov with a so-called ‘Osman warning’, notifying him of an assassination and kidnapping threat. Simultaneously, the police informed him that they couldn’t ensure him protection against this threat on a daily and hourly basis. In July 2011, the Home Office (british Ministry of the Interior) granted him asylum, citing the political motives behind the criminal charges initiated against him.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.mukhtarablyazov.org/p/38,biography|title=Biography|work=Mukhtar Ablyazov}}</ref>

In 2012, a British judge ordered Ablyazov imprisoned for purportedly lying in court about his financial assets.<ref name=guardian>{{cite news|last=Neate|first=Rupert|title=Arrest warrant for Kazakh billionaire accused of one of world's biggest frauds|url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2012/feb/16/arrest-warrant-kazakh-billionaire-mukhtar-ablyazov|publisher=The Guardian|accessdate=13 June 2013|location=London|date=16 February 2012}}</ref> Shortly thereafter, Ablyazov left Britain. It was charged that he exited the country in order to avoid imprisonment. His lawyers, however, said that he left because he had received a death threat. The lawyers further maintained that Ablyazov “did not embezzle the $6 billion claimed by the Kazakh government, but restructured the bank's holdings in order to protect them from precisely the kind of government takeover that took place in 2009.”<ref name=rferl />

Since his departure from Britain, it has been unclear where Ablyazov is living, although he was widely believed to have gone to [[France]].<ref name=telegraph>{{cite news|last=Russell|first=Jonathan|title=Banker Mukhtar Ablyazov 'fled to France on coach'|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/financial-crime/9104787/Banker-Mukhtar-Ablyazov-fled-to-France-on-coach.html|publisher=The Telegraph|accessdate=13 June 2013|location=London|date=24 February 2012}}</ref>

===Kidnapping of Ablyazov's wife and daughter===

On May 29, 2013, Italian police raided a villa in [[Rome]] and took Ablyazov's wife, Alma Shalabaeva, and 6-year-old daughter, Alua Ablyazova, into custody. They were forcibly deported, on a private jet hired by the Kazakh embassy in Italy, within 72 hours to Almaty, Kazakhstan, despite having legal British and European residence permits.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.mukhtarablyazov.org/p/53,alma-shalabayeva|title=Alma Shalabayeva|work=Mukhtar Ablyazov}}</ref> According to Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (RFE/RL), the explanation for this action was that Nazarbaev was taking them as “political hostages.” Ablyazov’s oldest daughter, Madina, told RFE/RL that Nazarbaev wants to get his hands on Ablyazov. “Not as a hostage. Probably, the minute they have him, they will just kill him. They want to kill him, because my father is the biggest opponent for the president.”<ref name=rferl /> Ablyazov's lawyer, Riccardo Olivo, rejected the claim that Ablyazov's wife and child had false papers, saying that both of them had “valid Kazakh passports and EU residency permits issued by Latvia.”

Olivio also charged that their rapid deportation from Italy “raised suspicions that Italian and Kazakh authorities had colluded on the deal.” A lawyer close to the Ablyazov family said: “A person could get arrested committing a violent crime in broad daylight and get better due process than they did.” Italy's Justice Ministry claims to have been unaware of the arrests and deportation until after the fact; Emma Bonino, the Italian Foreign Minister, has called the operation “abnormal.” Ablyazov, for his part, accused Nazarbaev of “kidnapping” his wife and child and of employing “outright terrorist tactics.”<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/0/0d35c07c-e57f-11e2-ad1a-00144feabdc0.html|title=Deportation of Kazakh mother and child shakes Italy|work=Financial Times}}</ref>

The Italian media blamed the Interior Minister and the Deputy Prime Minister of Italy, Angelino Alfano simultaneously,, for the illegal deportation. He is also a member of the centre-right party ‘The People of Freedom’ headed by Silvio Berlusconi, known for his friendly relations with the President of Kazakhstan, Nursultan Nazarbayev.

The president of Italy, Giorgio Napolitano, expressed his stark criticism of the deportation of Alma Shalabayeva. He noted that the decision to deport her was made without necessary verification or thorough examination of the situation by the Italian bodies: “For any country, it is unacceptable to give in to the pressure and interference of foreign diplomacy, which resulted in the hasty expulsion of a mother and child from Italy on the basis of distorted information. I also believe that we need to fully guarantee fundamental rights of persons, regardless of the status which they have in our country”.

On 24 December 2013, a representative of the Kazakh Ministry of Foreign Affairs announced a change in the restriction of liberty measure for Alma Shalabayeva and the withdrawal of her prohibition from leaving Almaty. Shalabayeva and her daughter, Alua received their passports and left Kazakhstan.

On 18 April 2014, the Italian authorities granted Ablyazov’s wife and daughter refugee status. Alma and Alua received a 5-year renewable permit of stay. The decision on the award of refugee status was made by the Territorial Commission in Rome for Recognition of International Protection, under Article 1 of the Geneva Convention.

===Ablyazov supporters===
Ablyazov's is awaiting extradition from France to Russia. In Russia, Ablyazov faces ill-treatment and unfair trial.<ref name="rferl.org"/> Many Human Rights organisations, such as Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch, as well as European Parliamentarians have written to the French government advising against the extradition of Mukhtar Ablyazov.<ref name="amnesty.org"/><ref name="hrw.org"/>

==Personal life==

During his time in London, Ablyazov was described as not fitting “the Western stereotype of the fabulously wealthy businessman from the old Soviet Union. No bling, no yachts, no trophy wife and no ostentatious cars, he cuts a modest figure, favouring Marks and Spencer suits.”<ref name=Standard />

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ablyazov, Mukhtar}}
[[Category:1963 births]]
[[Category:Kazakhstani prisoners and detainees]]
[[Category:Prisoners and detainees of Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Kazakhstani businesspeople]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Kazakhstani emigrants to Russia]]
[[Category:Democratic Choice of Kazakhstan politicians]]

Moukhtar Dzhakishev

2017-03-10T07:46:51Z

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'''Moukhtar Dzhakishev''' ({{lang-kk|Мұхтар Жәкiшев}}; {{lang-ru|Мухтар Джакишев}}) is a notable [[Kazakhs|Kazakh]] businessman and the former head of [[Kazatomprom]].

Dzhakishev graduated from the [[Moscow Engineering Physics Institute]] in 1986, majoring in the Physics of Solid Bodies.<ref>[http://www.touchbriefings.com/pdf/2402/mirshanov.pdf Kazakhstan – Set to Become the World’s Number One Uranium Producer] Touch Briefings</ref> He remained there until 1990 to complete post-graduate work. From 1992 to 1997 he served as the head of Butya, then as the head of Alautransgaz from 1997 to 1998. He became the head of [[Kazakhstan|Kazakhstan's]] National Atomic Company (Kazatomprom), the position he held until 2001, when he became the Deputy Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources. In 2002 he once again became the head of Kazatomprom.<ref>[http://www.world-nuclear.org/sym/2004/dzhakishevbio.htm Biography - Moukhtar Dzhakishev] World Nuclear Association</ref>

In late May 2009, he was removed from his position and arrested on charges of embezzling funds from the country's uranium industry.<ref>{{cite news|last=Gizitdinov|first=Nariman|author2=Carli Lourens|title=Ex-Kazatomprom Head Accused of Uranium Asset Theft|publisher=Bloomberg|date=May 27, 2009|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601082&sid=a.TbDoI9pWAQ&refer=canada}}</ref> According to the country's [[National Security Committee of the Republic of Kazakhstan|National Security Committee]], Dzhakishev allegedly appropriated 60% of Kazakhstan's uranium deposits as his personal property, which would amount to tens of billions of dollars.<ref name=lillis>{{cite news|last=Lillis|first=Joanna|author2=Carli Lourens|title=Business Climate Grows Gloomy Amid Arbitrary Arrest Controversy|publisher=EurasiaNet|date=June 10, 2009|url=http://www.eurasianet.org/departments/insightb/articles/eav061009.shtml}}</ref> Several notable Kazakh entrepreneurs have criticized the arrest as politically motivated, and 22 executives signed an open letter criticizing the arrest's effects on the business environment in the country.<ref name=lillis/> In March 2010, he was sentenced to 14 years in a high security penitentiary. Despite Kazatomprom achieved the world leadership in uranium production in 2009 [http://www.world-nuclear.org/info/inf23.html] Dzhakishev has also been deprived of the right to occupy government positions for the following seven years, and was stripped of the [[Order of Kurmet]], the Kazakh state award.<ref name=wnn150310>
{{cite news
| url = http://www.world-nuclear-news.org/IT-Prison_sentence_for_former_KazAtomProm_head-1503104.html
| publisher=World Nuclear News
| date=2010-03-15
| title= Prison sentence for former KazAtomProm head
| accessdate=2010-03-15}}
</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* {{ru icon}} [https://www.youtube.com/user/1568854322#p/u Video clips] of Dzhakishev discussing his vision for Kazatomprom following his arrest

{{DEFAULTSORT:Dzhakishev, Moukhtar}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Energy in Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Kazakhstani businesspeople]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of Kurmet]]

{{Kazakhstan-bio-stub}}

Marc Lamothe

2017-03-08T13:46:18Z

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{{Infobox ice hockey player
| league =
| played_for = [[Chicago Blackhawks]] [[Detroit Red Wings]] [[Lokomotiv Yaroslavl]] [[Severstal Cherepovets]] [[SKA St. Petersburg]] [[Barys Astana]] [[Pelicans (ice hockey)|Pelicans]] [[Hamburg Freezers]]
| image =
| image_size =
| position = [[Goaltender (ice hockey)|Goalie]]
| height_ft = 6
| height_in = 2
| weight_lb = 214
| catches = Left
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1974|2|27}}
| birth_place = [[Temiskaming Shores|New Liskeard]], [[Ontario|ON]], [[Canada|CAN]]
| ntl_team =
| draft = 92nd overall
| draft_year = 1992
| draft_team = [[Montreal Canadiens]]
| career_start = 1994
| career_end = 2011
}}
'''Marc Lamothe''' (born February 27, 1974 in [[New Liskeard, Ontario|New Liskeard]], [[Ontario]]) is a professional [[ice hockey]] [[goaltender]] who is currently a [[Free Agent]]. He last played in the [[Deutsche Eishockey Liga]] for [[Hamburg Freezers]] during the [[2010–11 Deutsche Eishockey Liga season|2010–11]] season.

== Playing career ==
=== Montreal Canadiens ===
Lamothe began his Junior hockey career with the [[Kingston Frontenacs]] before being drafted by the [[National Hockey League]]'s [[Montreal Canadiens]], 92nd Overall, in the [[1992 NHL Entry Draft]]. When he turned pro in the 1994–95 season, the Canadiens assigned [[Patrick Labrecque]] and [[Martin Brochu]] to their top minor league affiliate, the [[Fredericton Canadiens]] of the [[American Hockey League|AHL]], leaving Lamothe to spend the majority of his rookie season with the [[Wheeling Thunderbirds]] of the [[East Coast Hockey League|ECHL]]. Despite this, Lamothe did play in 9 contests for the Fredericton Canadiens that year.
During the 1995–96 season, Montreal gave him a spot on their AHL team. However, he did not see much action aside from 23 appearances. By season's end, it was clear he was not going to factor into the Canadiens plans and was subsequently released to free agency.

=== Chicago Blackhawks ===
The [[Chicago Blackhawks]] signed Lamothe to a contract on 21 August 1996. Lamothe spent the next three seasons with Chicago's top minor league affiliate, the [[Indianapolis Ice]] of the [[International Hockey League (1945–2001)|IHL]]. With Indianapolis, Lamothe honed his game while waiting for his chance to be called up to the NHL. At the start of the 1999–2000 season, Lamothe left Indianapolis to play for the [[Cleveland Lumberjacks]], though his rights were still maintained by Chicago. Early in the 1999–2000 campaign, Lamothe got the call from the Blackhawks who needed him to suit up as [[Jocelyn Thibault]]'s back up as in injury fill in for [[Steve Passmore]].

Just four minutes into the game, Thibault went down with an injury and Lamothe made his NHL debut. The [[St. Louis Blues]], however, were merciless, scoring seven times en route to an 8–3 victory. He was able turn things around after this tough first game a week later, when he stopped 22 of 25 shots against the [[Boston Bruins]] and posted his first NHL victory.

=== Columbus Blue Jackets ===
After the season was over Lamothe signed a deal with the [[Columbus Blue Jackets]] on 1 September 2000. Lamothe spent the entire year in the minors, playing for the [[Syracuse Crunch]] of the AHL.

=== Edmonton Oilers ===
After a year with Columbus, Lamothe signed on with the [[Edmonton Oilers]] for the 2001–02 season. Despite having a strong showing in training camp, the Oilers elected to go with [[Jussi Markkanen]] to back up [[Tommy Salo]], leaving Lamothe to play for the [[Hamilton Bulldogs (AHL)|Hamilton Bulldogs]] for the AHL.

=== Detroit Red Wings ===
The [[Detroit Red Wings]] signed Lamothe on 6 August 2002 to a one-year contract. Upon his arrival with the organization, he was assigned to the club's AHL affiliate, the [[Grand Rapids Griffins]], to act as a mentor for the developing goaltender [[Joey MacDonald]]. Lamothe had a strong season in the AHL that year, winning the [[Aldege "Baz" Bastien Memorial Award]] for being the AHL's best goaltender and sharing the [[Harry "Hap" Holmes Memorial Award]] with MacDonald for combining to have the lowest [[Goals against average]] in the AHL. His efforts did not go unnoticed by the Red Wings organization. On 1 July 2003, the first day of NHL free agency, Lamothe was re-signed to another year-long contract with the Red Wings. He would again begin the season assigned to the Griffins with MacDonald. However, as the season progressed, [[Dominik Hašek]] left the team due to injury while [[Curtis Joseph]] would become injured as well, leaving the Red Wings to call up Lamothe to support [[Manny Legace]]. While he was never needed to relieve Legace, Lamothe would start against his former club, the Edmonton Oilers, on 23 February 2004, skating to a 1–1 tie. The next morning, newspaper articles were printed in Canada documenting Lamothe's story, where he spent 10 years almost exclusively in the minors before starting in net for one of hockey's most popular and successful teams. Lamothe would get one more start before the season was over, making 26 saves for a 3–2 victory over the St. Louis Blues.

===European career===
At the end of the season, economic woes befell the NHL and ultimately lead to the [[2004–05 NHL lockout]]. Despite his success at the AHL level, Lamothe never caught on as a NHL goaltender before the lockout. However, Lamothe was generating interest from Russian Super League, which offered both a higher level of competition and a higher salary than the AHL could offer. On 14 June 2004, Lamothe moved overseas and signed with the [[Lokomotiv Yaroslavl]]. He appeared in 54 contests for them that season.

On 22 July 2005, Lamothe signed with the [[Severstal Cherepovets]]. He would appear in 83 contests with them over 2 seasons, in addition to 8 playoff games during that same timeframe. With [[Severstal Cherepovets|Severstal]] Lamothe won LenVO cup in August 2005. On 16 July 2007, Lamothe was signed by [[SKA Saint Petersburg]] and played with them for the remainder of that season. Lamothe left after the season was over and signed with Barys Astana for the 2008–09 season.

Lamothe left Russia in the 2009–10 season, signing as a free agent to a one-year contract with [[Pelicans (ice hockey)|Pelicans]] of the Finnish [[SM-liiga]]. Lamother played in 14 games with Pelicans before his season was abruptly ended in suffering a medial ligament tear in his knee.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.welt.de/die-welt/sport/article7093521/Freezers-setzen-auf-Erfahrung-im-Tor-und-holen-Kanadier-Lamothe.html | title = Freezers rely on experience in goal and get Canadian Lamothe | language = German | publisher = ''welt.de'' | date = 2010-04-07 | accessdate = 2010-04-07}}</ref>

On April 7, 2010, Lamothe signed a one-year contract with the [[Hamburg Freezers]] of the [[Deutsche Eishockey Liga]] for the 2010–11 season.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.hamburg-freezers.de/cgi-bin/adframe/de/news/detail.html?ADFRAME_MCMS_ID=1711 | title = Freezers complete Marc Lamothe signing | publisher = ''[[Hamburg Freezers]]'' | date = 2010-04-07 | language= German | accessdate = 2010-04-07}}</ref> With a lack of form, Lamothe was relegated to backup goaltender and seldom used after 15 games, he released by the Freezers and returned to North America on November 23, 2010.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.hamburgfreezers.de/index.php?link=http://www.hamburgfreezers.de/html/news_1a66a15d-2b56-4e1b-a4e0-ef599f98cf37.html | title = Marc Lamothe leaves the Hamburg Freezers | publisher = ''[[Hamburg Freezers]]'' | date = 2010-11-23 | accessdate = 2010-11-23 | language = German}}</ref>

==Career statistics==
===Regular season===
{| BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="3" CELLSPACING="0" width="90%"
|- bgcolor="#e0e0e0"
! colspan="3" bgcolor="#ffffff" |  
! rowspan="99" bgcolor="#ffffff" |  
|- bgcolor="#e0e0e0"
! Season
! Team
! League
! GP
! W
! L
! T
! MIN
! GA
! SO
! GAA
! SV%
|- ALIGN="center" bgcolor="#f0f0f0"
| [[1991–92 OHL season|1991–92]]
| [[Kingston Frontenacs]]
| [[Ontario Hockey League|OHL]]
| 42
| 10
| 25
| 2
| 2378
| 189
| 1
| 4.77
|
|- ALIGN="center"
| [[1992–93 OHL season|1992–93]]
| Kingston Frontenacs
| OHL
| 45
| 23
| 12
| 6
| 2489
| 162
| 1
| 3.91
|
|- ALIGN="center" bgcolor="#f0f0f0"
| [[1993–94 OHL season|1993–94]]
| Kingston Frontenacs
| OHL
| 48
| 23
| 20
| 5
| 2828
| 177
| 2
| 3.76
|
|- ALIGN="center"
| [[1994–95 AHL season|1994–95]]
| [[Fredericton Canadiens]]
| [[American Hockey League|AHL]]
| 9
| 2
| 5
| 0
| 428
| 32
| 0
| 4.49
| .873
|- ALIGN="center" bgcolor="#f0f0f0"
| 1994–95
| [[Wheeling Thunderbirds]]
| [[ECHL]]
| 13
| 9
| 2
| 1
| 737
| 38
| 0
| 3.09
| .892
|- ALIGN="center"
| [[1995–96 AHL season|1994–95]]
| Fredericton Canadiens
| AHL
| 23
| 5
| 9
| 3
| 1165
| 73
| 1
| 3.76
| .894
|- ALIGN="center" bgcolor="#f0f0f0"
| 1996–97
| [[Indianapolis Ice]]
| [[International Hockey League (1945–2001)|IHL]]
| 38
| 20
| 14
| 4
| 2271
| 100
| 1
| 2.64
| .918
|- ALIGN="center"
| 1997–98
| Indianapolis Ice
| IHL
| 31
| 18
| 10
| 2
| 1773
| 72
| 3
| 2.44
| .920
|- ALIGN="center" bgcolor="#f0f0f0"
| 1998–99
| Indianapolis Ice
| IHL
| 32
| 9
| 16
| 6
| 1823
| 115
| 1
| 3.78
| .881
|- ALIGN="center"
| 1999–2000
| [[Cleveland Lumberjacks]]
| IHL
| 44
| 23
| 18
| 4
| 2455
| 112
| 2
| 2.74
| .915
|- ALIGN="center" bgcolor="#f0f0f0"
| [[1999–2000 NHL season|1999–2000]]
| [[Chicago Blackhawks]]
| [[National Hockey League|NHL]]
| 2
| 1
| 1
| 0
| 116
| 10
| 0
| 5.17
| .800
|- ALIGN="center"
| [[2000–01 AHL season|2000–01]]
| [[Syracuse Crunch]]
| AHL
| 42
| 17
| 15
| 7
| 2323
| 112
| 2
| 2.89
| .921
|- ALIGN="center" bgcolor="#f0f0f0"
| 2000–01
| [[Hamilton Bulldogs (AHL)|Hamilton Bulldogs]]
| AHL
| 1
| 0
| 1
| 0
| 59
| 5
| 0
| 5.05
| .821
|- ALIGN="center"
| [[2001–02 AHL season|2001–02]]
| Hamilton Bulldogs
| AHL
| 45
| 22
| 19
| 2
| 2569
| 102
| 3
| 2.38
| .918
|- ALIGN="center" bgcolor="#f0f0f0"
| [[2002–03 AHL season|2002–03]]
| [[Grand Rapids Griffins]]
| AHL
| 60
| 33
| 18
| 8
| 3438
| 122
| 6
| 2.13
| .923
|- ALIGN="center"
| [[2003–04 AHL season|2003–04]]
| Grand Rapids Griffins
| AHL
| 43
| 21
| 16
| 5
| 2535
| 87
| 4
| 2.06
| .924
|- ALIGN="center" bgcolor="#f0f0f0"
| [[2003–04 NHL season|2003–04]]
| [[Detroit Red Wings]]
| NHL
| 2
| 1
| 0
| 1
| 125
| 3
| 0
| 1.44
| .948
|- ALIGN="center"
| 2004–05
| [[Lokomotiv Yaroslavl]]
| [[Russian Super League|RSL]]
| 55
| 30
| 14
| 11
| 3357
| 90
| 6
| 1.61
|
|- ALIGN="center" bgcolor="#f0f0f0"
| 2005–06
| [[Severstal Cherepovets]]
| RSL
| 42
|
|
|
| 2379
| 79
| 4
| 1.99
| .920
|- ALIGN="center"
| 2006–07
| Severstal Cherepovets
| RSL
| 41
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 2.21
|
|- ALIGN="center" bgcolor="#f0f0f0"
| 2007–08
| [[SKA St. Petersburg]]
| RSL
| 41
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 2.10
| .912
|- ALIGN="center"
| [[2008-09 KHL season|2008–09]]
| [[Barys Astana]]
| [[Kontinental Hockey League|KHL]]
| 15
| 5
| 6
| 1
| 687
| 47
| 0
| 4.10
| .881
|- ALIGN="center" bgcolor="#f0f0f0"
| [[2009-10 SM-liiga season|2009–10]]
| [[Pelicans (ice hockey)|Pelicans]]
| [[SM-liiga|SM-l]]
| 14
| 4
| 7
| 1
| 766
| 43
| 0
| 3.37
| .905
|- ALIGN="center"
| [[2010–11 Deutsche Eishockey Liga season|2010–11]]
| [[Hamburg Freezers]]
| [[Deutsche Eishockey Liga|DEL]]
| 15
| 4
| 10
| 0
| 865
| 44
| 0
| 3.05
| .912
|- bgcolor="#e0e0e0"
! colspan=3 | NHL totals
! 4
! 2
! 1
! 1
! 242
! 13
! 0
! 3.22
! .880
|}

===Post season===
{| BORDER="0" CELLPADDING="3" CELLSPACING="0" width="90%"
|- bgcolor="#e0e0e0"
! colspan="3" bgcolor="#ffffff" |  
! rowspan="99" bgcolor="#ffffff" |  
|- bgcolor="#e0e0e0"
! Season
! Team
! League
! GP
! W
! L
! MIN
! GA
! SO
! GAA
! SV%
|- ALIGN="center" bgcolor="#f0f0f0"
| 1992–93
| Kingston Frontenacs
| OHL
| 15
| 8
| 5
| 733
| 46
| 1
| 3.77
|
|- ALIGN="center"
| 1993–94
| Kingston Frontenacs
| OHL
| 6
| 2
| 2
| 224
| 12
| 0
| 3.21
|
|- ALIGN="center" bgcolor="#f0f0f0"
| 1995–96
| Fredericton Canadiens
| AHL
| 3
| 1
| 2
| 160
| 9
| 0
| 3.38
|
|- ALIGN="center"
| 1996–97
| Indianapolis Ice
| IHL
| 1
| 0
| 0
| 20
| 1
| 0
| 3.00
| .909
|- ALIGN="center" bgcolor="#f0f0f0"
| 1997–98
| Indianapolis Ice
| IHL
| 4
| 1
| 3
| 178
| 10
| 0
| 3.37
| .896
|- ALIGN="center"
| 1998–99
| Indianapolis Ice
| IHL
| 6
| 3
| 3
| 338
| 10
| 2
| 1.78
| .934
|- ALIGN="center" bgcolor="#f0f0f0"
| 1998–99
| [[Detroit Vipers]]
| IHL
| 1
| 0
| 1
| 80
| 5
| 0
| 3.75
| .885
|- ALIGN="center"
| 1999–2000
| Cleveland Lumberjacks
| IHL
| 4
| 2
| 2
| 325
| 12
| 0
| 2.21
| .924
|- ALIGN="center" bgcolor="#f0f0f0"
| 2001–02
| Hamilton Bulldogs
| AHL
| 9
| 6
| 3
| 551
| 18
| 0
| 1.96
| .933
|- ALIGN="center"
| 2002–03
| Grand Rapids Griffins
| AHL
| 15
| 10
| 5
| 945
| 29
| 1
| 1.84
| .935
|- ALIGN="center" bgcolor="#f0f0f0"
| 2003–04
| Grand Rapids Griffins
| AHL
| 4
| 0
| 3
| 200
| 12
| 0
| 3.60
| .890
|- ALIGN="center"
| 2004–05
| Lokomotiv Yaroslavl
| RSL
| 9
| 3
| 3
| 521
| 21
| 0
| 2.41
|
|- ALIGN="center" bgcolor="#f0f0f0"
| 2005–06
| Severstal Cherepovets
| RSL
| 4
|
|
|
|
|
| 2.26
|
|- ALIGN="center"
| 2006–07
| Severstal Cherepovets
| RSL
| 4
|
|
|
|
|
| 1.64
|
|- ALIGN="center" bgcolor="#f0f0f0"
| 2007–08
| SKA St. Petersburg
| RSL
| 9
|
|
|
|
|
| 2.02
|
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{hockeydb|13789}}
*[http://www.hockeygoalies.org/bio/lamothe.html Marc Lamothe's Profile at hockeygoalies.org]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Lamothe, Marc}}
[[Category:1974 births]]
[[Category:Barys Astana players]]
[[Category:Canadian ice hockey goaltenders]]
[[Category:Chicago Blackhawks players]]
[[Category:Cleveland Lumberjacks players]]
[[Category:Detroit Red Wings players]]
[[Category:Detroit Vipers players]]
[[Category:Expatriate ice hockey players in Russia]]
[[Category:Fredericton Canadiens players]]
[[Category:Grand Rapids Griffins players]]
[[Category:Hamburg Freezers players]]
[[Category:Hamilton Bulldogs (AHL) players]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Temiskaming Shores]]
[[Category:Indianapolis Ice players]]
[[Category:Kingston Frontenacs players]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Lokomotiv Yaroslavl players]]
[[Category:Montreal Canadiens draft picks]]
[[Category:Lahti Pelicans players]]
[[Category:Severstal Cherepovets players]]
[[Category:SKA Saint Petersburg players]]
[[Category:Syracuse Crunch players]]
[[Category:Wheeling Thunderbirds players]]
[[Category:Ice hockey people from Ontario]]

Ermukhamet Ertysbayev

2017-03-06T13:29:38Z

Bender the Bot: /* External links */HTTP→HTTPS, per BRFA 8 using AWB

'''Ermukhamet Qabidenuly Ertysbayev''' ({{lang-kk|'''Ертісбаев, Ермұхамет Қабиденұлы'''}}) served as the Minister of Culture, Information, and Sport in the [[Government of Kazakhstan]] until [[List of Presidents of Kazakhstan|President]] [[Nursultan Nazarbayev]] split the Ministry of Culture, Information and Sport into a Culture and Information Ministry and a Tourism and Sport Ministry through a presidential decree on 27 March 2006. Nazarbayev appointed Ertysbayev the Minister of Culture and Information and [[Temirkhan Dosmukhanbetov]] the Minister of Tourism.<ref name=SPLIT>[http://www.rferl.org/newsline/2006/03/280306.asp Kazakh President Splits Ministry] RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty</ref>

Ertysbayev has been called Nazarbayev's "wily political adviser."<ref name=WILY>[http://www.ft.com/cms/s/6dee8d84-607d-11da-a3a6-0000779e2340,dwp_uuid=4e612cca-6707-11da-a650-0000779e2340,print=yes.html Election history in Kazakhstan leaves opposition with little hope] Financial Times</ref>

==Altynbek Sarsenbayev==
A court sentenced [[Erzhan Utembayev]], the head of the Senate administration, to twenty years in prison for his involvement in the assassination of opposition politician [[Altynbek Sarsenbayev]] on 11 February 2006. [[Dariga Nazarbayeva]], one of the most powerful Kazakh politicians and daughter of the President, responded to the conviction by calling on [[Nurtai Abykayev]], the Speaker of the Senate, to resign. [[Global Insight]], an international [[think tank]], linked her criticism of Abykayev to her rivalry with [[Timur Kulibayev]], the husband of her sister [[Dinara Nazarbayeva|Dinara]]. Global Insight reports that the move "backfired" and President Nazarbayev had Ertysbayev take control of the [[Khabar]] television channel while coercing his daughter to merge the [[Asar (Kazakhstan)|Asar]] party with the [[Fatherland (Kazakhstan)|Otan]] party.<ref name=SARSENBAYEV>[http://www.globalinsight.com/SDA/SDADetail6811.htm Questions Linger as Kazakh Court Convicts All 10 Defendants for Opposition Leader's Murder] Global Insight</ref> Bagila Bukharbayeva of the ''[[Associated Press]]'' also drew this conclusion.<ref name=BUKHARBAYEVA>[http://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory?id=2114884&page=1 Kazakh Leader, Daughter at Political Odds] Associated Press</ref> Ertysbayev said the take over of Khabar would help Kazakhstan improve's "information security."<ref name=IS>[http://www.irinnews.org/report.asp?ReportID=53314&SelectRegion=Asia Central Asia] IRIN</ref><ref name=MOREKHABAR>[http://www.turkishdailynews.com.tr/article.php?enewsid=42513 Kazakh government to take over TV channel] Turkish Daily News</ref>

==Tulip Revolution==
{{main|Tulip Revolution}}
In March 2005 Ertysbayev called the possibility of a [[color revolution]] occurring in Kazakhstan as it did in [[Kyrgyzstan]]. The weakness of [[Kyrgyz President]] [[Askar Akayev]] led to a "mass spontaneous riot". The political opposition in Kazakhstan will "have to wait for another 10 years" before they can take control of the government because Nazarbayev is popular and will be reelected due to the strength of [[Economy of Kazakhstan|the economy]]. He called Kazakhstan a "very strong state" that if need be, will "quell a mob... with clubs and [[tear gas]]."<ref name=REVOLUTION>[http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/n/a/2005/03/30/international/i104209S69.DTL&type=printable Kazakhstan Opposition Promises Change] SF Gate</ref>

==Interviews==
===Associated Press: Borat===
{{main|Borat: Cultural Learnings of America for Make Benefit Glorious Nation of Kazakhstan}}
Reporters for ''[[Kazakhstanskaya Pravda]]'' interviewed Ertysbayev in November 2006, asking him how he felt about British comedian [[Sacha Baron Cohen]]'s movie ''[[Borat: Cultural Learnings of America for Make Benefit Glorious Nation of Kazakhstan]]''. Ertysbayev said the film "above all mocks [[United States|American]] manners and rural people and their intellect. Sasha Cohen's 'art' clearly isn't a masterpiece... But in reality there are truly funny parts. And people like to laugh." However, he criticized Cohen's sense of humor as "black, insulting, insolent, and openly stupid... Paradoxically, after the film's release, we have seen a more ardent and avid interest in Kazakhstan."<ref name=BORAT>[http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,20867,20794379-1702,00.html 'Funny' Borat film pokes fun mostly at US: Kazakh official] The Australian</ref>

===Interfax Agency: Nurzhan Subkhanberdin===
When [[Interfax]] interviewed Ertysbayev in November 2004 he referred to [[Nurzhan Subkhanberdin]], chairman of Kazkommertsbank bank, as a Kazakhstani "[[Mikhail Khodorkovsky|Khodorkovsky]]." Ertysbayev, speaking in favor of legislation that would limit the abilities of "various elite groups" to influence politics through [[lobbying]], told Interfax that "in the transition period, in the post-[[Soviet Union|Soviet]] area, any attempt from the [[Russian oligarch|oligarch]]s to influence... the president, [[Parliament of Kazakhstan|the Parliament]] and the government can result in serious political cataclysms." Critics, such as reporters for ''[[Respublika (Kazakh newspaper)|Respublika]]'', said the government's de-[[monopolization]] campaign would give Kazakhstanis a chance "to see how the government will put monopolists and their protectors from the head of state's inner circle in their place."<ref name=OLIGARCHY>[http://www.eurasianet.org/departments/business/articles/eav111804.shtml Nazarbayev seeks to close Kazakhstani political sphere by opening economy] EurasiaNet</ref>

==''Assandi-Times'' controversy==
Unknown individuals distributed a fake edition of the ''[[Assandi-Times]]'' on 4 June 2004. The paper, which has become the most read paper in Kazakhstan for its criticism of corruption, instead criticized political rivals of President Nazarbayev in the fake edition. Galina Dyrdina, deputy editor of the ''Assandi-Times'', said, "We confidently state that the publication of the fake ''Assandi-Times'' was sanctioned either by the president's administration or by structures close to it." Ertysbayev said Dyrdina's statements about government involvement "did not reflect reality."<ref name=ASSANDI>[http://www.irinnews.org/report.asp?ReportID=41416&SelectRegion=Central_Asia&SelectCountry=CENTRAL_ASIA Central Asia] IRIN</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://eurasia.org.ru/archive/english/decembre/ELC0128.htm Ermukhamet Ertysbayev: 'The contention may prove quite an exciting one.']
*[http://kazakhstan.neweurasia.net/?m=200511 If the election is not fair, I will go out on the street myself]
*[http://www.kazakhembus.com/120502.html New permanent Council on Democratization established, Provides platform for direct dialogue of all those willing to get engaged]
*[http://www.cacianalyst.org/view_article.php?articleid=4596 Kazakhstan learns to love Borat]
*[http://www.internews.org/articles/2004/20040422_eurasianet_kaz.htm Eurasia Media Forum: Central Asia's Masters of Spin]
*[http://www.ft.com/cms/s/4e2d63bc-6000-11da-a3a6-0000779e2340,_i_rssPage=9d5b9ebe-c8bc-11d7-81c6-0820abe49a01.html Fair elections may fall victim to Kazakh success]
*[http://www.silkroadstudies.org/new/docs/CEF/Maria_Kielmas.pdf China’s Foreign Energy Asset Acquisitions: From Shopping Spree to Fire Sale?]
*[http://www.kub.kz/print.php?sid=13383 OSCE asks Kazakhstan to withdraw media law amendments]
*[http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2006/05/c68b3eb0-8c9f-4ae1-9b39-344a33610ea7.html Kazakhstan: Apparent Rift Opens Within Nazarbaev Family]
*[https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=20601088&sid=aAs8KyTEq8uE&refer=muse Kazakh Minister Says `Borat' Film Has Lifted Nation's Profile]
{{Current Kazakh Cabinet}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ertysbayev, Ermukhamet}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Government ministers of Kazakhstan]]

2009 Astana season

2017-03-04T19:38:16Z

Bender the Bot: /* Disposition of riders for 2010 */HTTP→HTTPS, per BRFA 8 using AWB

{{good article}}
{{Infobox cycling team season
| team = Astana
| season = 2009
| men = yes
| image = [[File:Volvo 4X4 Astana 1.jpg|300px]]
| image_caption = The Astana [[Volvo]] team car in 2009.
| ucicode = AST
| status = [[UCI ProTour]] team
| wrrank = 1st (1100 points)
| chairman =
| owner =
| manager = [[Johan Bruyneel]]
| sponsor = [[Samruk-Kazyna]]
| base = [[Kazakhstan]]
| bikes = [[Trek Bicycle Corporation|Trek]]
| groupset = ?
| onedaywins = none
| stageraceoverall = 5
| stageracestages = 13
| gtwins = [[2009 Tour de France|1]]
| natcwins = 2
| mostwins = [[Alberto Contador]] (10 wins)
| bestrider = [[Alberto Contador]] ([[2009 UCI World Ranking|1st]])
| kitimage =
| previous = [[2008 Astana season|2008]]
| next = [[2010 Astana season|2010]]
}}

The 2009 season for the {{ct|AST|2009}} cycling team began in January with the [[2009 Tour Down Under|Tour Down Under]] and ended in October with the [[2009 Giro di Lombardia|Giro di Lombardia]]. As a [[UCI ProTour]] team, they were automatically invited to and obliged to attend every [[UCI ProTour]] event, and were invited to every event in the inaugural [[UCI World Ranking|UCI World Calendar]] as well.

With a strong identity as a stage racing team, Astana's leaders in 2009 were [[Alberto Contador]], [[Levi Leipheimer]], and [[Lance Armstrong]], who returned to competitive cycling in 2009 after a four-year absence. The team's manager up through the [[2009 Tour de France|Tour de France]] was [[Johan Bruyneel]].

The team's biggest success in 2009 was Contador's overall victory in the [[2009 Tour de France|Tour de France]]. Elsewhere, their main successes in 2009 were in small stage races, with Contador winning the [[Volta ao Algarve]] and the [[2009 Vuelta al País Vasco|Vuelta al País Vasco]] as well as two stages in [[2009 Paris–Nice|Paris–Nice]], and Leipheimer winning the [[2009 Tour of California|Tour of California]] and the [[2009 Vuelta a Castilla y León|Vuelta a Castilla y León]]. The team also won the team classification at numerous events. The team failed to live up to lofty expectations in the [[2009 Giro d'Italia|Giro d'Italia]]; Leipheimer was widely considered a favorite for victory, as was Armstrong before a collarbone injury sustained weeks before, but Leipheimer finished sixth overall and the team did not win any stage.

Away from competition, the team's season was marked by financial troubles with their sponsors in the [[Kazakhstan]]i government, which threatened the team's makeup and very existence for a time. The return of [[Alexander Vinokourov]] from retirement and a ban for doping, which ended just as the 2009 Tour de France did, changed the team's makeup for 2010.

== 2009 team roster ==
Ages as of January 1, 2009
{{Cycling squad start}}
{{Cycling squad rider|name=[[Lance Armstrong]]|nat=USA|birthdate={{Birth date and age2|2009|1|1|1971|9|18}}}}
{{Cycling squad rider|name=[[Assan Bazayev]]|nat=KAZ|birthdate={{birth date and age2|2009|1|1|1981|2|22}}}}
{{Cycling squad rider|name=[[Janez Brajkovič]]|nat=SLO|birthdate={{birth date and age2|2009|1|1|1983|12|18}}}}
{{Cycling squad rider|name=[[Alberto Contador]]|nat=ESP|birthdate={{birth date and age2|2009|1|1|1982|12|6}}}}
{{Cycling squad rider|name=[[Valeriy Dmitriyev]]|nat=KAZ|birthdate={{birth date and age2|2009|1|1|1984|10|10}}}}
{{Cycling squad rider|name=[[Alexsandr Dyachenko]]|nat=KAZ|birthdate={{birth date and age2|2009|1|1|1983|10|17}}}}
{{Cycling squad rider|name=[[Jesús Hernández (cyclist)|Jesús Hernández]]|nat=ESP|birthdate={{birth date and age2|2009|1|1|1981|9|28}}}}
{{Cycling squad rider|name=[[Chris Horner]]|nat=USA|birthdate={{birth date and age2|2009|1|1|1971|10|23}}}}
{{Cycling squad rider|name=[[Maxim Iglinskiy]]|nat=KAZ|birthdate={{birth date and age2|2009|1|1|1981|4|18}}}}
{{Cycling squad rider|name=[[Roman Kireyev]]|nat=KAZ|birthdate={{birth date and age2|2009|1|1|1987|2|14}}}}
{{Cycling squad rider|name=[[Andreas Klöden]]|nat=GER|birthdate={{birth date and age2|2009|1|1|1975|6|22}}}}
{{Cycling squad rider|name=[[Berik Kupeshov]]|nat=KAZ|birthdate={{birth date and age2|2009|1|1|1987|1|30}}}}
{{Cycling squad rider|name=[[Levi Leipheimer]]|nat=USA|birthdate={{birth date and age2|2009|1|1|1973|10|24}}}}
{{Cycling squad rider|name=[[Steve Morabito]]|nat=SUI|birthdate={{birth date and age2|2009|1|1|1983|1|30}}}}
{{Cycling squad mid}}
{{Cycling squad rider|name=[[Dmitriy Muravyev]]|nat=KAZ|birthdate={{birth date and age2|2009|1|1|1979|2|11}}}}
{{Cycling squad rider|name=[[Daniel Navarro]]|nat=ESP|birthdate={{birth date and age2|2009|1|1|1983|7|8}}}}
{{Cycling squad rider|name=[[Benjamín Noval]]|nat=ESP|birthdate={{birth date and age2|2009|1|1|1979|1|23}}}}
{{Cycling squad rider|name=[[Sérgio Paulinho]]|nat=POR|birthdate={{birth date and age2|2009|1|1|1980|3|26}}}}
{{Cycling squad rider|name=[[Yaroslav Popovych]]|nat=UKR|birthdate={{birth date and age2|2009|1|1|1980|1|4}}}}
{{Cycling squad rider|name=[[Bolat Raimbekov]]|nat=KAZ|birthdate={{birth date and age2|2009|1|1|1986|12|25}}}}
{{Cycling squad rider|name=[[Grégory Rast]]|nat=SUI|birthdate={{birth date and age2|2009|1|1|1980|1|17}}}}
{{Cycling squad rider|name=[[Sergey Renev]]|nat=KAZ|birthdate={{birth date and age2|2009|1|1|1985|1|3}}}}
{{Cycling squad rider|name=[[José Luis Rubiera]]|nat=ESP|birthdate={{birth date and age2|2009|1|1|1973|1|27}}}}
{{Cycling squad rider|name=[[Michael Schär]]|nat=SUI|birthdate={{birth date and age2|2009|1|1|1986|9|29}}}}
{{Cycling squad rider|name=[[Tomas Vaitkus]]|nat=LTU|birthdate={{birth date and age2|2009|1|1|1982|2|4}}}}
{{Cycling squad rider|name=[[Alexander Vinokourov]]<ref group="N">Vinokourov joined the team on August 29, at the beginning of the Vuelta a España</ref>|nat=KAZ|birthdate={{birth date and age2|2009|1|1|1973|9|16}}}}
{{Cycling squad rider|name=[[Andrey Zeits]]|nat=KAZ|birthdate={{birth date and age2|2009|8|29|1986|12|14}}}}
{{Cycling squad rider|name=[[Haimar Zubeldia]]|nat=ESP|birthdate={{birth date and age2|2009|1|1|1977|4|1}}}}
{{Cycling squad end}}

{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
;Riders who joined the team for the 2009 season<ref name="transfers">{{cite web |date=2008-10-27 |title=Rider transfers for 2008-2009 |url=http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road.php?id=road/2008/transfers08/riders |work=Cycling News |publisher=Future Publishing Limited |accessdate=2009-07-07| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20090629030929/http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road.php?id=road/2008/transfers08/riders| archivedate= 29 June 2009 | deadurl= no}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Rider
!2008 team
|-
|[[Lance Armstrong]]||''ex-pro'' ({{ct|DSC|2005}}, 2005)
|-
|[[Valeriy Dmitriyev]]||Ulan
|-
|[[Alexsandr Dyachenko]]||Ulan
|-
|[[Jesús Hernández (cyclist)|Jesús Hernández]]||[[Relax-Gam]]
|-
|[[Yaroslav Popovych]]||{{ct|SIL|2008}}
|-
|[[Bolat Raimbekov]]||Ulan
|-
|[[Sergey Renev]]||Ulan
|-
|[[Haimar Zubeldia]]||{{ct|EUS|2008}}
|}
{{col-2}}
;Riders who left the team during or after the 2008 season<ref name="transfers" />
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Rider
!2009 team
|-
|[[Antonio Colom]]||{{ct|KAT|2009}}
|-
|[[Koen de Kort]]||{{ct|SKS|2009}}
|-
|[[Thomas Frei]]||{{ct|BMC|2009}}
|-
|[[Vladimir Gusev (cyclist)|Vladimir Gusev]]||No contract (signed with {{ct|KAT|2010}} in 2010)
|-
|[[René Haselbacher]]||{{ct|VBG|2009}}
|-
|[[Sergeui Ivanov]]||{{ct|KAT|2009}}
|-
|[[Benoît Joachim]]||[[Continental Team Differdange]]
|-
|[[Aaron Kemps]]||{{ct|RRC|2009}}
|-
|[[Julien Mazet]]||[[Auber 93]]
|}
{{col-end}}

== One-day races ==

=== Spring classics ===
By their own admission, Astana did not aim for the classics.<ref>{{cite web |author=Steve Frothingham|title=Bruyneel on Astana: There is no stronger Tour team |url=http://velonews.competitor.com/2008/01/road/bruyneel-on-astana-there-is-no-stronger-tour-team_71649 |work=VeloNews |publisher=Competitor Group, Inc. |date=2008-01-30 |accessdate=2011-01-30}}</ref> Astana's first one-day race of the season was [[Omloop Het Nieuwsblad]]. Their best-placed rider was [[Michael Schär]] in 35th.<ref>{{cite web |author=Bjorn Haake|title=Hushovd delivers in messy finale |url=http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road/2009/feb09/hetvolk09/?id=results |work=CyclingNews |publisher=Future Publishing Limited |date=2009-02-28 |accessdate=2009-07-07| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20090624131857/http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road/2009/feb09/hetvolk09/?id=results| archivedate= 24 June 2009 | deadurl= no}}</ref> Aside from their one podium finish, with [[Maxim Iglinsky]] in [[E3 Prijs Vlaanderen]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Pozzato blasts Boonen in Belgium's E3 Prijs |url=http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road/2009/mar09/E3prijs09/?id=results |work=CyclingNews |publisher=Future Publishing Limited |date=2009-03-28 |accessdate=2009-12-13}}</ref> the seventh place attained by [[Daniel Navarro]] in the [[Gran Premio di Lugano]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Pauriol claims second Grand Prix in Lugano |url=http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road.php?id=road/2009/mar09/gplugano09 |work=CyclingNews |publisher=Future Publishing Limited |date=2009-03-01 |accessdate=2009-07-07| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20090619200550/http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road.php?id=road/2009/mar09/gplugano09| archivedate= 19 June 2009 | deadurl= no}}</ref> was the team's best result in a one-day race in the spring season. Through [[Kuurne–Brussels–Kuurne]], [[2009 Milan – San Remo|Milan – San Remo]] (which saw the participation of Armstrong), the [[2009 Tour of Flanders|Tour of Flanders]], [[2009 Gent–Wevelgem|Gent–Wevelgem]], [[2009 Paris–Roubaix|Paris–Roubaix]], the [[2009 Amstel Gold Race|Amstel Gold Race]], [[2009 La Flèche Wallonne|La Flèche Wallonne]], and [[2009 Liège–Bastogne–Liège|Liège–Bastogne–Liège]] they did not have a rider finish higher than 16th ([[Assan Bazayev]] in Milan – San Remo)<ref>{{cite web |author=Bjorn Haake and Susan Westemeyer|title=Cavendish pips Haussler at the line |url=http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road/2009/mar09/msr09/?id=results |work=CyclingNews |publisher=Future Publishing Limited |date=2009-03-21 |accessdate=2009-07-07| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20090620233434/http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road/2009/mar09/msr09/?id=results| archivedate= 20 June 2009 | deadurl= no}}</ref>

=== Fall races ===

Astana raced a light schedule in the fall, with the pinnacle of their season having come at the Tour de France. The team sent squads to the [[2009 Clásica de San Sebastián|Clásica de San Sebastián]], [[2009 Vattenfall Cyclassics|Vattenfall Cyclassics]], the [[2009 GP Ouest-France|GP Ouest-France]], the [[Giro dell'Emilia]], the GP Beghelli, the [[Giro del Piemonte]], and the [[2009 Giro di Lombardia|Giro di Lombardia]]. Their best results from this crop of races came from [[Alexander Vinokourov]], who finished seventh in Lombardy and fifth in the Giro dell'Emilia.<ref>{{cite web
|author=Shane Stokes
|url=http://www.cyclingnews.com/races/103rd-giro-di-lombardia-his/results
|title=Gilbert triumphs in Lombardia
|date=2009-10-17
|work=Cycling News
|publisher=Future Publishing Limited
|accessdate=2009-12-13
| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20091121191510/http://www.cyclingnews.com/races/103rd-giro-di-lombardia-his/results| archivedate= 21 November 2009 | deadurl= no}}</ref><ref>{{cite web
|author=Gregor Brown
|url=http://www.cyclingnews.com/races/103rd-giro-di-lombardia-his/results
|title=Gesink rules on San Luca to win Emilia
|date=2009-10-10
|work=Cycling News
|publisher=Future Publishing Limited
|accessdate=2009-12-13
| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20091121191510/http://www.cyclingnews.com/races/103rd-giro-di-lombardia-his/results| archivedate= 21 November 2009 | deadurl= no}}</ref>

== Stage races ==
[[File:Armstrong and Sherwen 2.jpg|left|thumb|Armstrong being interviewed by [[Paul Sherwen]] before his first race back from retirement, the [[2009 Tour Down Under|Tour Down Under]].|alt=A man in his late thirties in a blue and white cycling jersey with yellow trim stands next to a man in his mid-fifties wearing a light blue collared shirt and holding a microphone. They stand in front of a red backdrop, and a woman in a cowboy hat is partly visible behind the cyclist.]]

The first event in which the team participated in 2009 was the [[2009 Tour Down Under|Tour Down Under]]. As it was Armstrong's first event back after four years of retirement, he made lots of headlines<ref>{{cite web |title=Lance is the word... but not the favorite |url=http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road/2009/jan09/tdu09/ |work=Cycling News |publisher=Future Publishing Limited |accessdate=2009-07-07| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20090628210347/http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road/2009/jan09/tdu09/| archivedate= 28 June 2009 | deadurl= no}}</ref> and was even specially promoted on the event's webpage, though neither he nor the team were especially competitive in the event. Armstrong finished 29th overall, with the same time as [[Jesús Hernández (cyclist)|Jesús Hernández]] in 28th as the best-placed Astana riders.<ref>{{cite web |author=Les Clarke |title=Chicchi claims in messy finale |url=http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road/2009/jan09/TDU09/?id=results/TDU096 |work=Cycling News |publisher=Future Publishing Limited |date=2009-01-25 |accessdate=2009-07-07| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20090624134021/http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road/2009/jan09/TDU09/?id=results/TDU096| archivedate= 24 June 2009 | deadurl= no}}</ref> The team did not finish in the top ten in any stage. In February, the team competed in the [[2009 Tour of California|Tour of California]], where Leipheimer won the [[individual time trial]] in [[Solvang, California|Solvang]] and the Tour itself for the third straight year. The team also won the teams classification.<ref>{{cite web |author= Kirsten Robbins |title=Levi proven unbeatable in the Solvang Time Trial |url=http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road/2009/feb09/california09/?id=results/california096 |work=Cycling News |publisher=Future Publishing Limited |date=2009-02-20 |accessdate=2009-07-07}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author= Laura Weislo and Kirsten Robbins |title=Leipheimer's triple tour triumph |url=http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road/2009/feb09/california09/?id=results/california098 |work=CyclingNews |publisher=Future Publishing Limited |date=2009-02-22 |accessdate=2009-07-07| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20090617223004/http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road/2009/feb09/california09/?id=results/california098| archivedate= 17 June 2009 | deadurl= no}}</ref> While the Tour of California was ongoing, the team sent another eight-man squad including Contador and [[Andreas Klöden]] to the [[Volta ao Algarve]]. Contador and Klöden were first and third, respectively, in the time trial in Stage 4,<ref>{{cite web |author= Gregor Brown |title=Tour champion Contador makes early-season mark in Algarve |url=http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road.php?id=road/2009/feb09/algarve09/algarve094 |work=Cycling News |publisher=Future Publishing Limited |date=2009-02-21 |accessdate=2009-07-07}}</ref> giving Contador the overall lead which he retained through the conclusion of the race the next day.<ref>{{cite web |author= Gregor Brown |title=Haussler wins final Algarve stage, Contador overall |url=http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road.php?id=road/2009/feb09/algarve09/algarve095 |work=Cycling News |publisher=Future Publishing Limited |date=2009-02-22 |accessdate=2009-07-07| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20090624134245/http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road.php?id=road/2009/feb09/algarve09/algarve095| archivedate= 24 June 2009 | deadurl= no}}</ref>

[[File:Levi Leipheimer Yellow Jersey.jpg|right|thumb|Leipheimer dons the yellow jersey after stage 2 of the [[2009 Tour of California|Tour of California]].|alt=A bearded man in his mid-thirties stands in front of a partly visible woman who is zipping up the back of his yellow cycling jersey. He wears a black baseball cap with sunglasses on the cap.]]

At [[2009 Paris–Nice|Paris–Nice]] in March, Contador appeared well in line to repeat his victory there from two years prior, winning the opening individual time trial <ref>{{cite web |author= Bjorn Haake and Jean-François Quénet |title=Contador quickly steps up to favourite's status |url=http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road/2009/mar09/parisnice09/?id=results/parisnice091/castillaleon095 |work=Cycling News |publisher=Future Publishing Limited |date=2009-03-08 |accessdate=2009-07-07}}</ref> and the mountainous sixth stage.<ref>{{cite web |author= Bjorn Haake |title=Contador takes control |url=http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road/2009/mar09/parisnice09/?id=results/parisnice096 |work=Cycling News |publisher=Future Publishing Limited |date=2009-03-13 |accessdate=2009-07-07| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20090618162748/http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road/2009/mar09/parisnice09/?id=results/parisnice096| archivedate= 18 June 2009 | deadurl= no}}</ref> He dramatically faltered in Stage 7, however, losing the yellow jersey and three minutes to [[Luis León Sánchez]], and ultimately finishing fourth. He was unable to chase down Sánchez because of what was later blamed on dietary problems.<ref>{{cite web |author= Bjorn Haake |title=Sánchez topples Contador |url=http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road/2009/mar09/parisnice09/?id=results/parisnice097 |work=Cycling News |publisher=Future Publishing Limited |date=2009-03-14 |accessdate=2009-07-07}}</ref> The team experienced both success and hardship in the [[2009 Vuelta a Castilla y León|Vuelta a Castilla y León]] later in the month. Leipheimer won the event overall, with Contador having ridden the event in support for him.<ref>{{cite web |author= Bjorn Haake |title=Valverde takes another stage, Leipheimer the overall |url=http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road.php?id=road/2009/mar09/castillaleon09/castillaleon095 |work=Cycling News |publisher=Future Publishing Limited |date=2009-03-27 |accessdate=2009-07-07}}</ref> The first day, however, Armstrong was involved in a crash and taken to the hospital with was later revealed as a fractured [[clavicle]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Sobrino scores one for the locals |url=http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road.php?id=road/2009/mar09/castillaleon09/castillaleon091 |work=Cycling News |publisher=Future Publishing Limited |date=2009-03-23 |accessdate=2009-07-07}}</ref> The injury was thought to take away from Armstrong's previously high odds to win the Giro d'Italia, and there was briefly speculation that he would even pull out of the Giro because of the injury.<ref>{{cite news |author= Samuel Abt |title=Armstrong Faces Race to Compete in Giro d’Italia |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/31/sports/cycling/31iht-BIKE.html |work=The New York Times |publisher=The New York Times Company |date=2009-03-30 |accessdate=2009-07-07}}</ref>

In April, Contador claimed a convincing victory in the [[2009 Vuelta al País Vasco|Vuelta al País Vasco]], taking the race lead by winning the mountainous Stage 3 and dominating the final time trial.<ref>{{cite web |author=Monika Prell |title=Contador storms to stage, overall lead |url=http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road/2009/apr09/paisvasco09/?id=results/paisvasco093 |work=Cycling News |publisher=Future Publishing Limited |date=2009-04-07 |accessdate=2009-07-07| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20090623020223/http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road/2009/apr09/paisvasco09/?id=results/paisvasco093| archivedate= 23 June 2009 | deadurl= no}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Monika Prell |title=Contador untouchable in Basque country |url=http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road/2009/apr09/paisvasco09/?id=results/paisvasco096 |work=Cycling News |publisher=Future Publishing Limited |date=2009-04-11 |accessdate=2009-07-07}}</ref> Though they did not race as Astana due to UCI rules, Armstrong, Leipheimer, and [[Chris Horner]] took part in the [[Tour of the Gila]] at the end of April and early May in what was Armstrong's first race back from the collarbone injury, with Leipheimer and Armstrong finishing in the top two places.<ref>{{cite web |author=Kirsten Robbins |title=Flying Zajicek shows V means victory |url=http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road.php?id=road/2009/apr09/gila09/gila095 |work=Cycling News |publisher=Future Publishing Limited |date=2009-05-03 |accessdate=2009-07-07| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20090624133947/http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road.php?id=road/2009/apr09/gila09/gila095| archivedate= 24 June 2009 | deadurl= no}}</ref> With a squad made up of riders that normally ride in support for others, the team took a stage win (Klöden) and second overall ([[Janez Brajkovič]]) in the [[Giro del Trentino]], also in April.<ref>{{cite web |title=Astana 1-2 in Arco |url=http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road.php?id=road/2009/apr09/trentino09/trentino091 |work=Cycling News |publisher=Future Publishing Limited |date=2009-04-22 |accessdate=2009-07-07}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Gregor Brown |title=Basso back, Di Luca stage |url=http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road.php?id=road/2009/apr09/trentino09/trentino094 |work=Cycling News |publisher=Future Publishing Limited |date=2009-04-25 |accessdate=2009-07-07}}</ref>

Astana participated in the [[2009 Volta a Catalunya|Volta a Catalunya]] in May, while the Giro d'Italia was ongoing. The team did not win any stage, but [[Haimar Zubeldia]] took third overall in the event, and the team won the teams classification.<ref>{{cite web |title=Henderson takes F1 finale |url=http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road/2009/may09/catalunya09/?id=results/catalunya097 |work=Cycling News |publisher=Future Publishing Limited |date=2009-05-24 |accessdate=2009-07-07| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20090606052649/http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road/2009/may09/catalunya09/?id=results/catalunya097| archivedate= 6 June 2009 | deadurl= no}}</ref> In the [[2009 Critérium du Dauphiné Libéré|Critérium du Dauphiné Libéré]] in June, Contador was thought to be a favorite for victory,<ref>{{cite web |author=Jean-François Quénet |title=A surprise winner on a surprising parcours? |url=http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road/2009/jun09/dauphinelibere09/ |work=Cycling News |publisher=Future Publishing Limited |accessdate=2009-07-07| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20090624132205/http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road/2009/jun09/dauphinelibere09/| archivedate= 24 June 2009 | deadurl= no}}</ref> but he did not seem to try his hardest to win, not attacking or taking any pulls on the mountainous Stage 5 and seeming to work for [[Alejandro Valverde]] on the race's last two days.<ref>{{cite web |author=Jean-François Quénet |title=Moncoutié wins again 10 years later |url=http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road/2009/jun09/dauphinelibere09/?id=results/dauphinelibere097 |work=Cycling News |publisher=Future Publishing Limited |date=2009-06-13 |accessdate=2009-07-07| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20090625185539/http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road/2009/jun09/dauphinelibere09/?id=results/dauphinelibere097| archivedate= 25 June 2009 | deadurl= no}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Jean-François Quénet |title=A first for Clement, a last for Valverde?|url=http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road/2009/jun09/dauphinelibere09/?id=results/dauphinelibere098 |work=Cycling News |publisher=Future Publishing Limited |date=2009-06-14 |accessdate=2009-07-07| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20090629021254/http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road/2009/jun09/dauphinelibere09/?id=results/dauphinelibere098| archivedate= 29 June 2009 | deadurl= no}}</ref> The team next took part in the [[2009 Tour de Suisse|Tour de Suisse]], with Klöden in fourth their highest-placed rider.<ref>{{cite web |author=Gregor Brown |title=Cancellara captures Suisse victory |url=http://www.cyclingnews.com/races/73rd-tour-de-suisse-2009-upt/stages/stage-9/report |work=Cycling News |publisher=Future Publishing Limited |date=2009-06-21 |accessdate=2009-07-07| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20090624003853/http://www.cyclingnews.com/races/73rd-tour-de-suisse-2009-upt/stages/stage-9/report| archivedate= 24 June 2009 | deadurl= no}}</ref>

Astana sent squads to the Brixia Tour, the [[2009 Tour de Pologne|Tour de Pologne]], the [[2009 Tour of Ireland|Tour of Ireland]], the [[2009 Eneco Tour|Eneco Tour]], the [[2009 Tour of Missouri|Tour of Missouri]], and Franco–Belge, but did not obtain a stage win, podium finish, or classification victory in any of them. The squad sent to the Tour de l'Ain was more successful. [[Chris Horner]] obtained the race lead after the [[individual time trial]] in stage 3B, which was won by [[Alexander Vinokourov]] riding for the Kazakh national team.<ref>{{cite web |author=Cycling News |title=Vinokourov returns to winning in l'Ain TT |url=http://www.cyclingnews.com/races/tour-de-lain-2-1/stage-3b/results |work=Cycling News |publisher=Future Publishing Limited |date=2009-08-11 |accessdate=2009-12-13}}</ref> Though Horner fell to second behind Tour de l'Ain champion [[Rein Taaramäe]] the next day as the race concluded, he did win the points classification.<ref>{{cite web |author=Cycling News |title=Cofidis sweeps Horner aside |url=http://www.cyclingnews.com/races/tour-de-lain-2-1/stage-4/results |work=Cycling News |publisher=Future Publishing Limited |date=2009-08-12 |accessdate=2009-12-13}}</ref>

== Grand Tours ==

=== Giro d'Italia ===
Astana was one of 22 teams which participated in the [[2009 Giro d'Italia|Giro d'Italia]]. Contador chose to skip the Giro, despite his status as reigning champion, in order to concentrate on the Tour de France.<ref>{{cite web |author=VeloNews.com |title=Contador watching Giro on TV as he prepares for Tour |url=http://velonews.competitor.com/2009/05/news/contador-watching-giro-on-tv-as-he-prepares-for-tour_91653 |work=VeloNews |publisher=Competitor Group, Inc. |date=2009-05-06 |accessdate=2009-07-07}}</ref> The squad Astana sent to the Giro included Armstrong, in his first Grand Tour since the [[2005 Tour de France]] and first ever Giro, and Leipheimer, who was considered to be a favorite to win the event.<ref>{{cite news |author=Juliet Macur |title=Leipheimer Is Poised to Break Away in the Giro d’Italia |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/05/10/sports/cycling/10cycling.html |work=The New York Times |publisher=The New York Times Company |date=May 10, 2009 |accessdate=2009-07-07}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |author=Gregor Brown |title=Garzelli tips Leipheimer for Giro |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/05/10/sports/cycling/10cycling.html |work=Cycling News |publisher=Future Publishing Limited |date=May 10, 2009 |accessdate=2009-07-07}}</ref> Support riders on the squad included [[Yaroslav Popovych]], [[Chris Horner]], and [[Janez Brajkovič]].

The team started well, coming in third place in the [[team time trial]] in Stage 1, putting Leipheimer and Armstrong 13 seconds off the race lead.<ref>{{cite web |author=Anthony Tan |title=A tale of two teams, as Columbia puts Cavendish in pink |url=http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road/2009/giro09/?id=results/giro091 |work=Cycling News |publisher=Future Publishing Limited |date=2009-05-09 |accessdate=2009-07-07| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20090621002900/http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road/2009/giro09/?id=results/giro091| archivedate= 21 June 2009 | deadurl= no}}</ref> In the first mountain stage three days later, Leipheimer finished with Popovych and Horner with the same time as stage winner [[Danilo Di Luca]], while Armstrong lost 15 seconds.<ref>{{cite web |author=Anthony Tan |title=Di Luca still the cold-blooded killer |url=http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road/2009/giro09/?id=results/giro094 |work=Cycling News |publisher=Future Publishing Limited |date=2009-05-12 |accessdate=2009-07-07| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20090628192517/http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road/2009/giro09/?id=results/giro094| archivedate= 28 June 2009 | deadurl= no}}</ref> The next day, Armstrong lost nearly three minutes and effectively lost any chance in the General Classification, while Leipheimer remained within ten seconds of stage winner [[Denis Menchov]].<ref>{{cite web |author=Anthony Tan |title=Six firm favorites |url=http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road/2009/giro09/?id=results/giro095 |work=Cycling News |publisher=Future Publishing Limited |date=2009-05-13 |accessdate=2009-07-07| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20090629015052/http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road/2009/giro09/?id=results/giro095| archivedate= 29 June 2009 | deadurl= no}}</ref> Leipheimer was fourth overall after that stage and remained there until Stage 12, the very long and irregular [[individual time trial]] in [[Cinque Terre]], where he was the only rider within a minute of the winning time put up by Menchov and moved to third overall.<ref>{{cite web |author=Anthony Tan |title=Russian juggernaut's pedals pound their way to pink |url=http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road/2009/giro09/?id=results/giro0912 |work=Cycling News |publisher=Future Publishing Limited |date=2009-05-21 |accessdate=2009-07-07| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20090628050304/http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road/2009/giro09/?id=results/giro0912| archivedate= 28 June 2009 | deadurl= no}}</ref> Horner withdrew from the race after Stage 10, after sustaining a leg injury that for a time prevented him from even being able to stand.<ref>{{cite news |author=Juliet Macur |title=Teammate of Giro Favorite Is Out After Injury |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/05/21/sports/21cycle.html |work=The New York Times |publisher=The New York Times Company |date=2009-05-20 |accessdate=2011-01-30}}</ref>

Leipheimer would fall from a podium position days later, though. After stages won by sprinters and breakaways, Stage 16, with a summit finish at [[Monte Petrano]], was the next real test for riders aiming for the General Classification. Leipheimer was dropped by other leading riders on the climb and wound up losing almost three minutes on the stage, to fall to sixth overall.<ref>{{cite web |author=Anthony Tan |title="I came here for a fight": Sastre launches bid for victory |url=http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road/2009/giro09/?id=results/giro0916 |work=Cycling News |publisher=Future Publishing Limited |date=2009-05-25 |accessdate=2009-07-07| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20090624132159/http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road/2009/giro09/?id=results/giro0916| archivedate= 24 June 2009 | deadurl= no}}</ref> With their GC hopes all but dashed, Astana decided to try for stage wins on the remaining mountain days in the Giro. Armstrong attacked on Stage 17 and got clear of the leading group, but was unable to bridge to the man in first position on the road, [[Franco Pellizotti]], who went on to win the stage.<ref>{{cite web |author=Anthony Tan |title=Menchov tightens grip on pink – but still room for a crisis or two |url=http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road/2009/giro09/?id=results/giro0917 |work=Cycling News |publisher=Future Publishing Limited |date=2009-05-26 |accessdate=2009-07-07| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20090623015817/http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road/2009/giro09/?id=results/giro0917| archivedate= 23 June 2009 | deadurl= no}}</ref> Ultimately, Astana did not win any stage at the Giro, but they did win the ''Trofeo Fast Team'', beating {{ct|THR|2009a}} by over 24 minutes.<ref>{{cite web |author=Anthony Tan |title=From Russia to Roma, with love: Menchov falls for ''maglia rosa'' |url=http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road/2009/giro09/?id=results/giro0921 |work=Cycling News |publisher=Future Publishing Limited |date=2009-05-31 |accessdate=2009-07-07| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20090623003414/http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road/2009/giro09/?id=results/giro0921| archivedate= 23 June 2009 | deadurl= no}}</ref>

=== Tour de France ===
[[File:Alberto Contador (Tour de France 2009 - Stage 17).jpg|right|thumb|[[2009 Tour de France]] champion Contador|alt=Close-up of a cyclist in a yellow jersey, wearing yellow-rimmed sunglasses and a yellow helmet. His bicycle is not visible, but he is in riding position. A spectator is partly visible behind him.]]

The team was one of 20 to receive an invitation to the [[2009 Tour de France|Tour de France]]. Contador, Leipheimer, and Armstrong were all named to the team. There was much speculation and controversy, which began when Armstrong first signed with the team,<ref>{{cite web |author=ESPN.com news services |title=Contador says Armstrong could pose 'difficult' situation on team |url=http://sports.espn.go.com/oly/cycling/news/story?id=3604414 |work=ESPN.com |publisher=ESPN Internet Ventures |date=2008-09-24 |accessdate=2009-07-07}}</ref> over who would be the team's protected rider in the Tour. Though Armstrong's express goal in returning from retirement was to win an eighth Tour de France,<ref>{{cite news |author=FOXNews.com |title=Lance Armstrong to Return for 2009 Tour de France |url=http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,419862,00.html |date=2008-09-09 |accessdate=2009-07-07 | work=Fox News}}</ref> Contador had won his last three Grand Tours and insisted that he deserved leadership of the team and hinted that he might leave if forced to support Armstrong.<ref>{{cite web |author=Dale Robertson |title=Cycling Notebook:Contador an Armstrong rival? |url=http://www.chron.com/disp/story.mpl/sports/6021406.html |work=Houston Chronicle |publisher=Hearst Corporation |date=2008-09-25 |accessdate=2009-07-07}}</ref> Bruyneel assured Contador that he would be the leader before the season began. Contador was also publicly named team leader shortly before the Tour began.<ref>{{cite web |author=AFP & Bike Radar |title=Contador named Astana's Tour leader |url=http://www.bikeradar.com/news/article/contador-named-astanas-tour-leader-22177 |work=Bike Radar |publisher=Future Publishing Limited |date=2009-06-25 |accessdate=2009-07-07| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20090628084304/http://www.bikeradar.com/news/article/contador-named-astanas-tour-leader-22177| archivedate= 28 June 2009 | deadurl= no}}</ref>

The team showed well in the Stage 1 individual time trial, with Contador, Klöden, Leipheimer, and Armstrong all finishing in the top ten, and Contador just 19 seconds off the time put up by stage winner [[Fabian Cancellara]].<ref>{{cite web |author=Anthony Tan |title=Spartacus pounds his way to maillot jaune; And guess what: Contador is right up there with him |url=http://www.cyclingnews.com/races/96th-tour-de-france-gt/stages/stage-1/results |work=Cycling News |publisher=Future Publishing Limited |date=2009-07-04 |accessdate=2009-07-07}}</ref> Two days later, a surprising move made by {{ct|THR|2009b}} resulted in the field being split, as eight members of that team pushed a 28-man breakaway toward the finish line ahead of the main peloton. Armstrong, Popovych, and Zubeldia were in the first group, as Popovych and Zubeldia had helped to drive the break, while Leipheimer, Contador, and the other members of the team were in the second group 41 seconds back. This resulted in Armstrong rising to third overall and displacing Contador as the team's best-placed rider.<ref>{{cite web |author=Anthony Tan |title= Cavendish wins dramatic stage into La Grande-Motte |url=http://www.cyclingnews.com/races/96th-tour-de-france-gt/stages/stage-3/results |work=Cycling News |publisher=Future Publishing Limited |date=2009-07-06 |accessdate=2009-07-07}}</ref> Speculation ensued that this move was meant to firmly install Armstrong as the team's leader, and Contador was visibly stunned by the stage result when interviewed afterward.<ref>{{cite web |author=Richard Moore |title= Armstrong tactics leave Contador reeling |url=http://www.cyclingnews.com/news/armstrong-tactics-leave-contador-reeling |work=Cycling News |publisher=Future Publishing Limited |date=2009-07-07 |accessdate=2009-07-07}}</ref>

[[File:Lance Armstrong (Tour de France 2009 - Stage 17).jpg|right|thumb|Armstrong climbing the [[Col de la Colombière]] during stage 17.|alt=Close-up image of Armstrong with a strained look on his face as he climbs a mountain. Spectators are visible behind him.]]

Astana won the Stage 4 team time trial the next day, putting Armstrong a mere 22/100ths of a second off the race lead and Contador, Klöden, and Leipheimer behind him third through fifth, with Zubeldia also in the top ten at seventh.<ref>{{cite web |author=Anthony Tan |title= Four years on, it's still Armstrong's team who lays down the law |url=http://www.cyclingnews.com/races/96th-tour-de-france-gt/stages/stage-4/results |work=Cycling News |publisher=Future Publishing Limited |date=2009-07-07 |accessdate=2009-07-08}}</ref> After a couple of sprinter-friendly stages where the main contenders stuck together out of trouble, the high mountain Stage 7 shook the standings, and Astana, again. Coming to the finish line, a group of overall contenders was in ninth position on the road, as remnants of the morning's breakaway were scattered ahead of them. Instead of finishing as a cohesive group, Contador attacked from this group and gained 21 seconds, putting him ahead of Armstrong as Astana's best-placed rider again, though both were within 8 seconds of new race leader [[Rinaldo Nocentini]].<ref>{{cite web |author=Anthony Tan |title= Feillu wins first mountainous stage |url=http://www.cyclingnews.com/races/96th-tour-de-france-gt/stages/stage-7/results |work=Cycling News |publisher=Future Publishing Limited |date=2009-07-10 |accessdate=2009-07-11}}</ref> Armstrong said of Contador's attack that it "wasn't really the plan," but that he was nonetheless unsurprised by it.<ref>{{cite web |author=Richard Moore |title= Contador's Attack Not Part of Astana Plan |url=http://www.cyclingnews.com/news/contadors-attack-not-part-of-astana-plan|work=Cycling News |publisher=Future Publishing Limited |date=2009-07-10 |accessdate=2009-07-11}}</ref> The team was dealt a major blow in Stage 12, when Leipheimer, after crashing with [[Cadel Evans]] in the final kilometers of the stage, was forced to leave the Tour with a broken wrist.<ref>{{cite web |author=Anthony Tan and Les Clarke |title= Haussler escapes to claim Tour's 13th stage |url=http://www.cyclingnews.com/races/96th-tour-de-france-gt/stages/stage-14/results |work=Cycling News |publisher=Future Publishing Limited |date=2009-07-17 |accessdate=2009-07-18}}</ref>

Stage 15 proved to be a crucial one, as the Tour entered Switzerland in a stage with many high mountain climbs. With about three kilometers gone by in an 8.8 km final climb to [[Verbier]], Contador attacked and got free of the leading group, that included Klöden and Armstrong, soloing to the line for the stage win and the yellow jersey.<ref>{{cite web |author=Anthony Tan |title=Contador king of Verbier |url=http://www.cyclingnews.com/races/96th-tour-de-france-gt/stages/stage-15/results |work=Cycling News |publisher=Future Publishing Limited |date=2009-07-19 |accessdate=2009-07-21}}</ref> Armstrong said after the stage that he had given it everything he had in the climb and Contador was simply the stronger rider; it was seen as settling any lingering controversy over the squad's leader and protected rider.<ref>{{cite web |author=Gregor Brown |title=Armstrong's dream of Tour yellow over |url=http://www.cyclingnews.com/news/armstrongs-dream-of-tour-yellow-over |work=Cycling News |publisher=Future Publishing Limited |date=2009-07-21 |accessdate=2009-07-21}}</ref> Contador all but cemented the Tour title by winning the time trial in [[Annecy]] in Stage 18, just beating out Cancellara to post the day's best time. Armstrong gained a little over a minute on [[Fränk Schleck]] by finishing 16th, and climbed back into a podium position, third, with the result.<ref>{{cite web |author=Anthony Tan |title=Tour title set in concrete for Contador |url=http://www.cyclingnews.com/races/96th-tour-de-france-gt/stage-20/results |work=Cycling News |publisher=Future Publishing Limited |date=2009-07-23 |accessdate=2009-07-23}}</ref> The two finished the Tour in those positions after holding them on [[Mont Ventoux]],<ref>{{cite web |author=Anthony Tan |title=Garate grabs emphatic Ventoux victory |url=http://www.cyclingnews.com/races/96th-tour-de-france-gt/stages/stage-20/results |work=Cycling News |publisher=Future Publishing Limited |date=2009-07-26 |accessdate=2009-07-25}}</ref> and then riding home safely in the Tour's [[Champs-Élysées stage in the Tour de France|largely ceremonial finale]] in Stage 21.<ref>{{cite web | title=Cavendish celebrates with number six on the Champs-Élysées | url=http://www.cyclingnews.com/races/96th-tour-de-france-gt/stages/stage-21/results | author= Les Clarke | work=Cycling News |publisher=Future Publishing Limited | date=2009-07-26 | accessdate=2009-07-26}}</ref>

=== Vuelta a España ===
The team was one of 22 to receive an invite to the [[2009 Vuelta a España|Vuelta a España]]. After having first been named only as a reserve, the returning [[Alexander Vinokourov]] was named to the squad five days before the race began.<ref>{{cite web | title=Vinokourov to head to the Tour of Spain with Astana | url=http://www.cyclingnews.com/news/vinokourov-to-head-to-the-tour-of-spain-with-astana | author= Cycling News | work=Cycling News |publisher=Future Publishing Limited | date=2009-08-24 | accessdate=2009-08-24}}</ref>

Astana's Vuelta was a quiet one. Vinokourov placed in the top ten of the opening [[individual time trial]]<ref>
{{cite news
|url=http://www.cyclingnews.com/races/64th-vuelta-a-espana-gt/stage-1/results
|author=Gregor Brown
|title=Cancellara motors to win in Vuelta's opening time trial
|date=2009-08-29
|work=Cycling News
|publisher=Future Publishing Limited
|accessdate=2009-12-13
| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20091203153528/http://www.cyclingnews.com/races/64th-vuelta-a-espana-gt/stage-1/results| archivedate= 3 December 2009 | deadurl= no}}</ref> but he fell out of the top ten of the overall standings the next day due to a crash.<ref>
{{cite news
|url=http://www.cyclingnews.com/races/64th-vuelta-a-espana-gt/stage-2/results
|author=Gregor Brown
|title=Ciolek wins Vuelta's stage to Emmen, Cancellara retains overall lead
|date=2009-08-30
|work=Cycling News
|publisher=Future Publishing Limited
|accessdate=2009-12-13
| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20091203153620/http://www.cyclingnews.com/races/64th-vuelta-a-espana-gt/stage-2/results| archivedate= 3 December 2009 | deadurl= no}}</ref> [[Haimar Zubeldia]]'s 18th-place finish on stage 8, which was the Vuelta's first high mountain stage, propelled him into eighth overall<ref>
{{cite news
|url=http://www.cyclingnews.com/races/64th-vuelta-a-espana-gt/stage-8/results
|author=Susan Westemeyer
|title=Cunego conquers Vuelta's first mountain finish, Evans takes lead
|date=2009-09-06
|work=Cycling News
|publisher=Future Publishing Limited
|accessdate=2009-12-13
| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20091203153718/http://www.cyclingnews.com/races/64th-vuelta-a-espana-gt/stage-8/results| archivedate= 3 December 2009 | deadurl= no}}</ref> until the next day, when he lost time and fell to ninth.<ref>
{{cite news
|url=http://www.cyclingnews.com/races/64th-vuelta-a-espana-gt/stage-9/results
|author=Susan Westemeyer
|title=All hail César in Xorret de Cati
|date=2009-09-07
|work=Cycling News
|publisher=Future Publishing Limited
|accessdate=2009-12-13
| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20091202160600/http://www.cyclingnews.com/races/64th-vuelta-a-espana-gt/stage-9/results| archivedate= 2 December 2009 | deadurl= no}}</ref> In stage 10, Vinokourov figured in a winning breakaway, but his poor positioning in the four-man sprint finish meant the stage victory went to {{ct|CTT|2009}}'s [[Simon Gerrans]].<ref>
{{cite news
|url=http://www.cyclingnews.com/races/64th-vuelta-a-espana-gt/stage-10/results
|author=Richard Tyler
|title=Gerrans wins cat and mouse game to take the stage win
|date=2009-09-08
|work=Cycling News
|publisher=Future Publishing Limited
|accessdate=2009-12-13
| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20091203153533/http://www.cyclingnews.com/races/64th-vuelta-a-espana-gt/stage-10/results| archivedate= 3 December 2009 | deadurl= no}}</ref> Before stage 12, Astana held ninth overall. They continued to hold it after the stage, but the rider in that position changed; Zubeldia had been in the top ten, but finished further behind stage winner [[Ryder Hesjedal]] than [[Daniel Navarro]], so it was Navarro who was the team's highest-placed rider after the stage.<ref>
{{cite news
|url=http://www.cyclingnews.com/races/64th-vuelta-a-espana-gt/stage-12/results
|author=Gregor Brown
|title=Hesjedal wins Vuelta's Velefique mountain battle, Valverde leader
|date=2009-09-10
|work=Cycling News
|publisher=Future Publishing Limited
|accessdate=2009-12-13
| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20091203153543/http://www.cyclingnews.com/races/64th-vuelta-a-espana-gt/stage-12/results| archivedate= 3 December 2009 | deadurl= no}}</ref> After the next two stages, Navarro also fell from the top ten,<ref>
{{cite news
|url=http://www.cyclingnews.com/races/64th-vuelta-a-espana-gt/stage-14/results
|author=Cycling News
|title=Cunego conquers La Pandera
|date=2009-09-12
|work=Cycling News
|publisher=Future Publishing Limited
|accessdate=2009-12-13
| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20091203153554/http://www.cyclingnews.com/races/64th-vuelta-a-espana-gt/stage-14/results| archivedate= 3 December 2009 | deadurl= no}}</ref> and the team did not achieve anything further, with Navarro in 13th their highest-placed rider in the race's final standings.<ref>
{{cite news
|url=http://www.cyclingnews.com/races/64th-vuelta-a-espana-gt/stage-21/results
|author=Susan Westemeyer
|title=Valverde crowned Vuelta king, Greipel wins Madrid sprint
|date=2009-09-20
|work=Cycling News
|publisher=Future Publishing Limited
|accessdate=2009-12-13
| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20091203135231/http://www.cyclingnews.com/races/64th-vuelta-a-espana-gt/stage-21/results| archivedate= 3 December 2009 | deadurl= no}}</ref>

== Away from competition ==

=== Financial troubles ===
Shortly before the beginning of the Giro d'Italia, it was reported that many of the team's sponsors in [[Kazakhstan]] had not paid their full obligations to the team, and that most of the riders had been underpaid to that point in the season as a result. One sponsor, the Kazkhstani state carrier [[Air Astana]], dropped its sponsorship entirely. There was concern that the team itself may fold, as UCI ProTour teams must meet certain financial parameters to stay active, or risk losing their UCI license.<ref>{{cite news |agency=Associated Press |title=Astana facing money trouble |url=http://sports.espn.go.com/oly/cycling/news/story?id=4145429 |work=[[ESPN]].com |publisher=ESPN Internet Ventures |date=2009-05-07 |accessdate=2011-01-30}}</ref>

[[File:Lance2009.jpg|left|thumb|Armstrong during the first individual time trial of the Giro d'Italia, sporting the "faded" team jersey.|alt=A cyclist in a blue and white jersey with yellow trim, bereft of any writing on it. He is riding out of the saddle as he climbs a hill, as a spectator watches on from behind a barricade.]]

In protest to the underpayment by the team's sponsors, the team decided to change their jersey a week into the Giro.<ref>{{cite web |author=Steve Frothingham |title=Astana will wear new kit at the Giro this week to signal upcoming changes at the team |url=http://velonews.competitor.com/2009/05/news/astana-will-wear-new-kit-at-the-giro-this-week-to-signal-upcoming-changes-at-the-team_92036 |work=VeloNews |publisher=Competitor Group, Inc. |date=2009-05-13 |accessdate=2009-07-07}}</ref> The new {{not a typo|jersey}} was revealed on May 15, the date of Stage 7 when the Giro returned to Italy from Austria, as having the names of the underpaying sponsors faded out to the point of being unreadable. Of the nine Astana riders in the Giro, eight wore the new jerseys - [[Andrey Zeits]], who is from Kazakhstan, was the only one to stay with the original jersey.<ref>{{cite web |author=Andrew Hood |title=Astana changes jersey over money row |url=http://velonews.competitor.com/2009/05/news/astana-changes-jersey-over-money-row_92087 |work=VeloNews |publisher=Competitor Group, Inc. |date=2009-05-15 |accessdate=2009-07-07}}</ref> The squad at the concurrent Volta a Catalunya did not wear the faded jerseys.

It was announced on June 19 that the situation had been resolved, with the Kazakh Cycling Federation agreeing to pay what the sponsors were indebted to the team.<ref>{{cite web |author=Andrew Hood |title=Astana Financial Problems Resolved |url=http://www.roadcycling.co.nz/TeamTalk/astana-financial-problems-resolved.html |work=Roadcycling.co.nz |publisher=Roadcycling.co.nz ltd |date=2009-06-19 |accessdate=2009-07-07| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20090625220054/http://www.roadcycling.co.nz/TeamTalk/astana-financial-problems-resolved.html| archivedate= 25 June 2009 | deadurl= no}}</ref> The team reverted to its normal jerseys in the Tour de France, with nothing faded out.

Shortly after this announcement, rumors circulated that {{ct|GRM|2009}} had been close to signing Contador away from the team, should the Kazakhstani government have failed to pay its obligations and the team defaulted to the ownership of Armstrong or Bruyneel.<ref>{{cite web |author=Joe Lindsey |title=Lance's Team Split |url=http://bicycling.com/blogs/boulderreport/2009/06/23/lances-team-in-turmoil/ |publisher=Boulder Report |date=2009-06-23 |accessdate=2009-07-07| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20090628074017/http://bicycling.com/blogs/boulderreport/2009/06/23/lances-team-in-turmoil/| archivedate= 28 June 2009 | deadurl= no}}</ref> Other unspecified Spanish Astana riders were also said to be close to jumping to the American team to follow Contador. Garmin team manager [[Jonathan Vaughters]] refused to address the rumors, saying that all negotiations are confidential until finalized,<ref>{{cite web |author=Neal Rogers |title=Mr. Rogers' neighborhood – Checkin' in with the argyle king |url=http://velonews.competitor.com/2009/06/news/mr-rogers-neighborhood-checkin-in-with-the-argyle-king_93785 |work=VeloNews |publisher=Competitor Group, Inc. |date=2009-06-24 |accessdate=2009-07-07}}</ref> but Contador himself commented in September that he had been close to switching before the 2009 Tour began.<ref>{{cite web |author=Andrew Hood |title=Garmin still an option for Contador |url=http://velonews.competitor.com/2009/09/news/garmin-still-an-option-for-contador_97956 |work=VeloNews |publisher=Competitor Group, Inc. |date=2009-09-18 |accessdate=2009-09-18}}</ref>

=== Return of Alexander Vinokourov and departure of Johan Bruyneel ===
[[File:Winokurow 2006.jpg|right|thumb|[[Alexander Vinokourov]], pictured here in 2006, returned to professional cycling and to team Astana in 2009 after serving a suspension for doping.|alt=A blond-haired man in his mid-thirties, wearing a white polo shirt bearing an Adidas logo. He is looking to his right.]]

While riding for Astana in the [[2007 Tour de France]], [[Alexander Vinokourov]] tested positive for [[blood doping]],<ref>{{cite web |author=VeloNews.com |title=Vinokourov tests positive; Astana withdraws from Tour |url=http://velonews.com/article/12910 |work=VeloNews |publisher=Competitor Group, Inc. |date=2007-07-24 |accessdate=2009-07-09}}</ref> causing the entire team to be removed from the race and Vinokourov to retire after being banned from the sport by his national federation and the UCI.<ref>{{cite web |author=Gregor Brown |title=Vinokourov retires, vows to fight on |url=http://www.cyclingnews.com/editions/first-edition-cycling-news-december-7-2007 |work=Cycling News |publisher=Future Publishing Limited |date=2007-12-07 |accessdate=2009-07-09}}</ref> After confirming in October 2008 his intention to return to competitive cycling,<ref>{{cite web |author=Agence France Presse |title=Vino' confirms plans to ride again |url=http://velonews.competitor.com/2008/10/road/vino-confirms-plans-to-ride-again_84011|work=VeloNews |publisher=Competitor Group, Inc. |date=2008-10-05 |accessdate=2009-07-09}}</ref> Vinokourov stated on the eve of the 2009 Tour de France that he would rejoin Astana, the team he believes was created expressly for him, at the expiration of his two-year ban on July 24. He indicated that Astana manager Johan Bruyneel will be bound by the team's sponsors to accept him, or else Bruyneel would be forced from the team.<ref>{{cite web |author=VeloNews.com |title=Vino' says he will be on Astana ... or heads will roll |url=http://velonews.competitor.com/2009/07/news/vino-says-he-will-be-on-astana-or-heads-will-roll_94137 |quote=If Bruyneel does not want me, it will be Bruyneel who is leaving the team. |work=VeloNews |publisher=Competitor Group, Inc. |date=2009-07-02|accessdate=2009-07-09}}</ref> Bruyneel publicly stated in April 2008 that he did not want Vinokourov on a team he ran.<ref>{{cite web |author=Susan Westemeyer |title=Bruyneel "does not want" Vinokourov |url=http://www.cyclingnews.com/news/bruyneel-does-not-want-vinokourov |quote=It is one hundred percent certain that Johan Bruyneel does not want Alexander Vinokourov in our team |work=Cycling News |publisher=Future Publishing Limited |date=2008-04-28 |accessdate=2009-07-27}}</ref>

The next day, it was further revealed that not only Bruyneel stood to be forced from the team according to Vinokourov, but also Armstrong and other riders from the former [[Discovery Channel Pro Cycling Team]]. The team would be built around Vinokourov and Contador, who would be able to choose which riders he wanted his teammates. It would contain almost exclusively Kazakhstani and Spanish riders, in the image of the former [[ONCE cycling team|Liberty Seguros]] team, for which Contador previously rode. The matter was even addressed by the President of Kazakhstan [[Nursultan Nazarbayev]]. The new team organization would be in place by the Vuelta a España, which Vinokourov would ride.<ref>{{cite web |author=Susan Westemeyer|title=Kazakh coup to oust Armstrong and Bruyneel from Team Astana? |url=http://www.cyclingnews.com/news/kazakh-coup-to-oust-armstrong-and-bruyneel-from-team-astana |work=Cycling News |publisher=Future Publishing Limited |date=2009-07-03 |accessdate=2009-07-09}}</ref>

On 21 July, with Contador, Armstrong and Klöden holding three of the top four places in the Tour de France, Bruyneel told Belgian channel VRT that Astana as currently constituted was "finished" and that he would be leaving the team, as Vinokourov and the Kazakh federation had discussed, after the season.<ref name="quit">{{cite web|url=http://tdf.sbs.com.au/tdf2009/news/article/15881/Bruyneel-says-it-s-time-to-quit-Astana|title=Bruyneel says it's time to quit Astana|date=2009-07-22|publisher=[[Special Broadcasting Service]]|accessdate=2009-07-21}}</ref>

==== Disposition of riders for 2010 ====

In the wake of Bruyneel's announcement about leaving Astana during the Tour, Contador said that he would not consider his future until after the race was over.<ref name="quit" /> On 23 July, Lance Armstrong announced the formation of a new U.S. cycling team, [[Team RadioShack]], for 2010. Whether Bruyneel would take part in this venture was not addressed at the time,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sports.espn.go.com/oly/tdf2009/news/story?id=4349772|title=Source: Lance's team lands sponsor |date=2009-07-23|author=Bonnie D. Ford|work=ESPN.com|publisher=ESPN Internet Ventures|accessdate=2009-07-23}}</ref> but Armstrong then announced Bruyneel's participation on 25 August.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=aapVgx7rq1NI |title=Armstrong Says Bruyneel to Join New Team, Landis a Possibility |author=Fergal O'Brien |date=2009-08-25 |publisher=[[Bloomberg L.P.|Bloomberg.com]]| accessdate= 23 January 2011 }}</ref>

On 31 July, Contador's agent announced that Contador had turned down an offer to remain with Astana under a new four-year contract because he had felt uncomfortable being caught between the Kazakhs on one side and Bruyneel on the other, and he was hoping to leave Astana before his contract expired in 2010.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE56U1J420090731 |title=Contador turns down Astana offer, says agent |date=2009-07-31 |author=[[Reuters]] |accessdate=2009-08-01}}</ref> However, on 11 August, Contador's close friend Sergio Paulinho accepted a two-year contract with Team RadioShack, indicating that Contador might not be able to leave Astana as he and his agent wished.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://velonews.competitor.com/2009/08/news/paulinho-follows-armstrong-to-radioshack-azevedo-new-ds_96556 |title=Paulinho follows Armstrong to RadioShack; Azevedo new DS |author=Andrew Hood |date=2009-08-11 |work=VeloNews |publisher=Competitor Group, Inc. |accessdate=2009-08-18}}</ref> This was confirmed on 15 August, when a spokesperson for the Kazakh sponsors of Astana said that they intended to sponsor the Astana team on the UCI ProTour through 2013 and that they intended to enforce the last year of Contador's contract with Astana in 2010.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://velonews.competitor.com/2009/08/news/astana-intends-to-enforce-contadors-contract_96670 |title=Astana intends to enforce Contador's contract |author=[[Agence France-Presse|AFP]] |date=2009-08-15 |work=VeloNews |publisher=Competitor Group, Inc. |accessdate=2009-08-18}}</ref>

Once Bruyneel's move to Team RadioShack was confirmed, the squad began filling with transfers from the 2009 Astana team. In addition to Armstrong and Paulinho, Tomas Vaitkus and Gregory Rast joined Team RadioShack as one-day classics specialists,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cyclingnews.com/news/armstrong-brings-classics-riders-to-radioshack |title=Armstrong brings Classics riders to RadioShack |author=Gregor Brown |date=2009-08-25 |work=Cycling News |publisher=Future Publishing Limited |accessdate=17 October 2009  |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091016172053/http://www.cyclingnews.com/news/armstrong-brings-classics-riders-to-radioshack |archivedate=16 October 2009 |deadurl=no |df= }}</ref> and Jose Luis "Chechu" Rubiera joined for Grand Tour support. On September 1, Levi Leipheimer's move to Team RadioShack was confirmed<ref>{{cite web |url=http://sports.espn.go.com/oly/cycling/news/story?id=4436339 |title=Leipheimer joins Armstrong's team |author=Bonnie D. Hunt |date=2009-09-01 |work=[[ESPN]].com |publisher=ESPN Internet Ventures | accessdate= 17 October 2009 }}</ref> and on October 2, Andreas Klöden's move was confirmed.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bild.de/BILD/news/bild-english/home/regularieninhalte/sports-ticker/sports,rendertext=9966616.html |title=ANDREAS KLODEN: Cyclist joins Armstrong at RadioShack |publisher=[[Bild|Das Bild]] |date=2009-10-02 |accessdate=17 October 2009  |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091008092602/http://www.bild.de/BILD/news/bild-english/home/regularieninhalte/sports-ticker/sports,rendertext=9966616.html |archivedate=8 October 2009 |deadurl=no |df= }}</ref> On October 4, [[Chris Horner]] also signed with Team RadioShack for two years.<ref>[http://www.cyclingnews.com/news/horner-signs-on-with-radioshack-for-two-years "Horner signs on with RadioShack for two years"], Cycling News, 2009-10-04. Retrieved on 2009-10-04.</ref> On October 15, Yaroslav Popovich's move was also confirmed. It was also reported that Haimar Zubeldia was to remain with Astana, on order from Contandor,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cyclingnews.com/news/more-radioshack-transfers-confirmed |title=More RadioShack transfers confirmed |author=Hedwig Kröner |date=2009-10-15 |work=Cycling News |publisher=Future Publishing Limited |accessdate=17 October 2009  |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091017220251/http://www.cyclingnews.com/news/more-radioshack-transfers-confirmed |archivedate=17 October 2009 |deadurl=no |df= }}</ref> though for unclear reasons this changed, as Zubeldia's transfer to Team RadioShack was confirmed weeks later.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cyclingnews.com/news/zubeldia-radioshack-is-the-best-option-for-me |title=Zubeldia: RadioShack is the Best Option for Me |author=Peter Cossins |date=2009-11-24 |accessdate=2009-12-13 |work=Cycling News |publisher=Future Publishing Limited| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20091127082334/http://www.cyclingnews.com/news/zubeldia-radioshack-is-the-best-option-for-me?| archivedate= 27 November 2009 | deadurl= no}}</ref> With [[Dimitry Muravyev]]'s transfer, Astana's entire [[2009 Tour de France]] squad, Contador aside, had moved to Armstrong's new team.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cyclingnews.com/news/muravyev-out-of-astana-stangelj-in |title=Muravyev out of Astana, Stangelj in |author=Peter Cossins |date=2009-11-21 |accessdate=2009-12-13 |work=Future Publishing Limited| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20091123120243/http://www.cyclingnews.com/news/muravyev-out-of-astana-stangelj-in?| archivedate= 23 November 2009 | deadurl= no}}</ref>

Two other Astana riders moved with former Discovery Channel rider [[George Hincapie]] to team BMC for 2010: Steve Morabito and Michael Schär.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cyclingnews.com/news/bmc-strengthens-team-for-2010-with-world-champ-ballan-and-usas-hincapie |title=BMC strengthens team for 2010 with World Champ Ballan and USA's Hincapie |author=Gregor Brown |date=2009-09-01 |work=Cycling News |publisher=Future Publishing Limited |accessdate=17 October 2009  |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091005175801/http://www.cyclingnews.com/news/bmc-strengthens-team-for-2010-with-world-champ-ballan-and-usas-hincapie |archivedate=5 October 2009 |deadurl=no |df= }}</ref>

== Season victories ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Date !! Race !! Competition !! Rider !! Country !! Location
|-
| {{dts||February|20}} || [[2009 Tour of California|Tour of California]], Stage 6 || UCI America Tour || {{flagathlete|{{sortname|Levi|Leipheimer}}|USA}} || {{USA}} || [[Solvang]]
|-
| {{dts||February|21}} || [[Volta ao Algarve]], Stage 4 || UCI Europe Tour || {{flagathlete|{{sortname|Alberto|Contador}}|ESP}} || {{POR}} || [[Tavira Municipality|Tavira]]
|-
| {{dts||February|22}} || [[2009 Tour of California|Tour of California]], Overall || UCI America Tour || {{flagathlete|{{sortname|Levi|Leipheimer}}|USA}} || {{USA}} ||
|-
| {{dts||February|22}} || [[2009 Tour of California|Tour of California]], Team classification || UCI America Tour || style="text-align:center;"| <ref group="N">The riders on the squad were [[Levi Leipheimer]], [[Lance Armstrong]], [[Janez Brajkovič]], [[Chris Horner]], [[Steve Morabito]], [[Yaroslav Popovych]], [[José Luis Rubiera]], and [[Grégory Rast]]</ref> || {{USA}} ||
|-
| {{dts||February|22}} || [[Volta ao Algarve]], Overall || UCI Europe Tour || {{flagathlete|{{sortname|Alberto|Contador}}|ESP}} || {{POR}} ||
|-
| {{dts||March|8}} || [[2009 Paris–Nice|Paris–Nice]], Stage 1 || UCI World Calendar || {{flagathlete|{{sortname|Alberto|Contador}}|ESP}} || {{FRA}} || [[Amilly, Loiret|Amilly]]
|-
| {{dts||March|13}} || [[2009 Paris–Nice|Paris–Nice]], Stage 6 || UCI World Calendar || {{flagathlete|{{sortname|Alberto|Contador}}|ESP}} || {{FRA}} || [[La Montagne de Lure]]
|-
| {{dts||March|15}} || [[2009 Tirreno–Adriatico|Tirreno–Adriatico]], Stage 5 || UCI World Calendar || {{flagathlete|{{sortname|Andreas |Klöden}}|GER}} || {{ITA}} || [[Loreto (AN)|Loreto]]
|-
| {{dts||March|24}} || [[2009 Vuelta a Castilla y León|Vuelta a Castilla y León]], Stage 2 || UCI Europe Tour || {{flagathlete|{{sortname|Levi|Leipheimer}}|USA}} || {{ESP}} || [[Palencia]]
|-
| {{dts||March|27}} || [[2009 Vuelta a Castilla y León|Vuelta a Castilla y León]], Overall || UCI Europe Tour || {{flagathlete|{{sortname|Levi|Leipheimer}}|USA}} || {{ESP}} ||
|-
| {{dts||April|8}} || [[2009 Vuelta al País Vasco|Vuelta al País Vasco]], Stage 3 || UCI ProTour || {{flagathlete|{{sortname|Alberto|Contador}}|ESP}} || {{ESP}} || [[Eibar]]
|-
| {{dts||April|11}} || [[2009 Vuelta al País Vasco|Vuelta al País Vasco]], Overall || UCI ProTour || {{flagathlete|{{sortname|Alberto|Contador}}|ESP}} || {{ESP}} ||
|-
| {{dts||April|11}} || [[2009 Vuelta al País Vasco|Vuelta al País Vasco]], Stage 6 || UCI ProTour || {{flagathlete|{{sortname|Alberto|Contador}}|ESP}} || {{ESP}} || [[Zalla]]
|-
| {{dts||April|17}} || [[Sea Otter Classic]], Stage 2 || National event || {{flagathlete|{{sortname|Levi|Leipheimer}}|USA}} || {{USA}} ||
|-
| {{dts||April|22}} || [[Giro del Trentino]], Stage 1 || UCI Europe Tour || {{flagathlete|{{sortname|Andreas |Klöden}}|GER}} || {{ITA}} || [[Arco, Trentino|Arco]]
|-
| {{dts||May|3}} || [[2009 Tour de Romandie|Tour de Romandie]], Sprint classification || UCI ProTour || {{flagathlete|{{sortname|Grégory|Rast}}|SUI}} || {{SUI}} ||
|-
| {{dts||May|24}} || [[2009 Volta a Catalunya|Volta a Catalunya]], Team classification || UCI World Calendar || style="text-align:center;"| <ref group="N">The riders on the squad were [[Roman Kireyev]], [[Alexsandr Dyachenko]], [[Jesús Hernández (cyclist)|Jesús Hernández]], [[Benjamín Noval]], [[Sérgio Paulinho]], [[Sergey Renev]], [[Tomas Vaitkus]], and [[Haimar Zubeldia]]</ref> || {{ESP}} ||
|-
| {{dts||May|31}} || [[2009 Giro d'Italia|Giro d'Italia]], Trofeo Fast Team classification || UCI World Calendar || style="text-align:center;"| <ref group="N">The riders on the squad were [[Lance Armstrong]], [[Janez Brajkovič]], [[Chris Horner]], [[Levi Leipheimer]], [[Steve Morabito]], [[Daniel Navarro]], [[Yaroslav Popovych]], [[José Luis Rubiera]] and [[Andrey Zeits]]</ref> || {{ITA}} ||
|-
| {{dts||June|3}} || [[Tour de Luxembourg]], Prologue || UCI Europe Tour || {{flagathlete|{{sortname|Grégory|Rast}}|SUI}} || {{LUX}} || [[Luxembourg]]
|-
| {{dts||June|14}} || [[2009 Critérium du Dauphiné Libéré|Critérium du Dauphiné Libéré]], Team classification || UCI World Calendar || style="text-align:center;"| <ref group="N">The riders on the squad were [[Alberto Contador]], [[Alexsandr Dyachenko]], [[Jesús Hernández (cyclist)|Jesús Hernández]], [[Benjamín Noval]], [[Sérgio Paulinho]], [[Sergey Renev]], [[Tomas Vaitkus]], and [[Haimar Zubeldia]]</ref> || {{FRA}} ||
|-
| {{dts||July|7}} || [[2009 Tour de France|Tour de France]], Stage 4 || UCI World Calendar || Team time trial<ref group="N" name="tdf">The riders on the squad were [[Alberto Contador]], [[Lance Armstrong]], [[Andreas Klöden]], [[Levi Leipheimer]], [[Dimitry Muravyev]], [[Sérgio Paulinho]], [[Yaroslav Popovych]], [[Gregory Rast]] and [[Haimar Zubeldia]]</ref> || {{FRA}} || [[Montpellier]]
|-
| {{dts||July|19}} || [[2009 Tour de France|Tour de France]], Stage 15 || UCI World Calendar || {{flagathlete|{{sortname|Alberto|Contador}}|ESP}} || {{SUI}} || [[Verbier]]
|-
| {{dts||July|23}} || [[2009 Tour de France|Tour de France]], Stage 18 || UCI World Calendar || {{flagathlete|{{sortname|Alberto|Contador}}|ESP}} || {{FRA}} || [[Annecy]]
|-
| {{dts||July|26}} || [[2009 Tour de France|Tour de France]], Overall || UCI World Calendar || {{flagathlete|{{sortname|Alberto|Contador}}|ESP}} || {{FRA}} ||
|-
| {{dts||July|26}} || [[2009 Tour de France|Tour de France]], Team classification || UCI World Calendar || style="text-align:center;"|<ref group="N" name="tdf" /> || {{FRA}} ||
|-
| {{dts||August|12}} || [[Tour de l'Ain]], Points classification || UCI Europe Tour || {{flagathlete|[[Chris Horner]]|USA}} || {{FRA}} ||
|}

== Footnotes ==
{{reflist|group=N}}

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

{{Astana seasons|state=collapsed}}
{{2009 road cycling season by team}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Astana 2009}}
[[Category:2009 road cycling season by team]]
[[Category:Astana Pro Team]]
[[Category:2009 in Kazakhstani sport]]

Yugur

2017-03-03T14:21:31Z

Bender the Bot: /* top */HTTP→HTTPS for The New York Times. using AWB

{{Infobox ethnic group
|group=Yugur
|image=File:Family In Lanchow, China 1944 Fr. Mark Tennien Restored.jpg
|caption=A Yugur family in [[Lanzhou]], [[Gansu]], 1944.
|poptime=15,000 (est.)
|popplace= [[Sunan Yugur Autonomous County]], [[Gansu]], [[China]]
|langs= [[Western Yugur language|Western Yugur]], [[Eastern Yugur language|Eastern Yugur]]
|rels=[[Tibetan Buddhism]], [[Tengrism]] (Turkic [[Shamanism]])
|related=[[Old Uyghurs]], other [[Turkic peoples|Turks]] and [[Mongols]]
}}

The '''Yugurs''' ({{Zh|s=裕固族|t=裕固族|p=Yùgù Zú}}), or '''Yellow Uyghurs''',<ref name="RudelsonRudelson1997">{{cite book|author1=Justin Jon Rudelson|author2=Justin Ben-Adam Rudelson|title=Oasis Identities: Uyghur Nationalism Along China's Silk Road|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MT2D_0_eBPQC&pg=PA206&lpg=PA206&dq=sariq+yellow&source=bl&ots=swzLr-kkLa&sig=M56B6RII7O39MmQXWGW0Bc8Jd_4&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj7nOb71a3JAhVCwiYKHenjCMIQ6AEIQTAJ#v=onepage&q=sariq%20yellow&f=false|year=1997|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-10786-0|pages=206–}}</ref> as they are traditionally known, are one of China's [[List of ethnic groups in China|56 officially recognized nationalities]], consisting of 13,719 persons according to the 2000 census.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F2SRqDzB50wC&pg=PA1142&dq=yellow+uyghurs#v=onepage&q=yellow%20uyghurs&f=false|title=Concise encyclopedia of languages of the world|author=Justin Keith Brown, Sarah Ogilvie|year=2009|publisher=Elsevier|location=|isbn=0-08-087774-5|page=1142|pages=|accessdate=2010-10-31}}</ref> The Yugur live primarily in [[Sunan Yugur Autonomous County]] in [[Gansu]], [[China]]. They are [[Tibetan Buddhism|Tibetan Buddhists]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MT2D_0_eBPQC&pg=PA178&dq=yellow+uyghurs#v=onepage&q=yellow%20uyghurs&f=false|title=Oasis identities: Uyghur nationalism along China's Silk Road|author=Justin Ben-Adam Rudelson, Justin Jon Rudelson|year=1997|publisher=Columbia University Press|location=|isbn=0-231-10786-2|page=178|pages=|accessdate=2010-10-31}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | url = https://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/29/world/asia/china-yugurs-gansu.html | newspaper = [[New York Times]] | date = September 28, 2016 | last = Wong | first = Edward | title = Modern Life Presents Nomads of China's Steppe With a 'Tragic Choice' }}</ref>

==Name==
The nationality's current, official name, Yugur, derived from its autonym: the Turkic-speaking Yugur designate themselves as ''Yogïr'' "Yugur" or ''Sarïg Yogïr'' "Yellow Yugur", and the Mongolic-speaking Yugur likewise use either ''Yogor'' or ''Šera Yogor'' "Yellow Yugur". Chinese historical documents have recorded these ethnonyms as ''Sālǐ Wèiwùr'' or ''Xīlǎgǔr''. During the [[Qing dynasty]], the Yugur were also called by a term that included "fān", the Classical Chinese term for Tibetic ethnic groups ({{zh|t=西喇古兒黃番|p=Xī Lǎgǔr Huáng Fān}}. In order to distinguish both groups and their languages, Chinese linguists coined the terms ''Xībù Yùgùr'' "Western Yugur" and ''Dōngbù Yùgùr'' "Eastern Yugur" based on their geographical distribution.

==History==

The Turkic-speaking Yugurs are considered to be the descendants of a group of Uyghurs who fled from [[Mongolia]] southwards to Gansu after the collapse of the [[Uyghur Khaganate]] in 840, where they established the prosperous [[Gansu Uyghur Kingdom]] (Ganzhou Uyghur Khanate) (870-1036) with capital near present [[Zhangye]] at the base of the [[Qilian Mountains]] in the valley of the [[Ruo Shui]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X2XpddVB0l0C&pg=PA89&dq=yellow+uyghurs#v=onepage&q=yellow%20uyghurs&f=false|title=Central Asia, 130 years of Russian dominance: a historical overview|author=Edward Allworth|year=1994|publisher=Duke University Press|location=|isbn=0-8223-1521-1|page=89|pages=|accessdate=2010-10-31}}</ref> The population of this kingdom, estimated at 300,000 in [[Song dynasty|Song]] chronicles, practised [[Manichaeism]] and [[Buddhism]] in numerous temples throughout the country.

In 1037 the Yugur came under [[Tangut people|Tangut]] domination.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hQhQ3QKDezsC&pg=PA10&dq=yellow+uyghurs#v=onepage&q=yellow%20uyghurs&f=false|title=Central Xinjiang: China's Muslim far northwest|author=Michael Dillon|year=2004|publisher=Psychology Press|location=|isbn=0-415-32051-8|page=10|pages=|accessdate=2010-10-31}}</ref> The Gansu Uyghur Kingdom was forcibly incorporated into the [[Western Xia]] after a bloody war that raged from 1028–1036. [[Mahmud al-Kashgari]], who lived at the time in [[Kashgar]], stated that "Uyghur blood was pouring like a murmuring stream" during this war.

The Mongolic-speaking Yugurs are probably the descendants of one of the Mongolic-speaking groups that invaded [[North China]] during the [[Mongols|Mongol]] conquests of the thirteenth century. The Yugurs were eventually incorporated into [[Qing dynasty|Qing China]] in 1696 during the reign of the second Qing ruler, the [[Kangxi Emperor]] (1662–1723).

In 1893, Russian explorer [[Grigory Potanin]], the first Western scientist to study the Yugur, published a small glossary of Yugur words, along with notes on their administration and geographical situation.<ref>Eric Enno Tamm. (2010) "The Horse That Leaps Through Clouds: A Tale of Espionage, the Silk Road and the Rise of Modern China." Vancouver: Douglas & McIntyre, p.218. ISBN 978-1-55365-269-4. http://horsethatleaps.com/chapter-11</ref> Then, in 1907, [[Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim]] visited the Western Yugur village of Lianhua (Mazhuangzi) and the Kangle Temple of the Eastern Yugur. Mannerheim was the first to conduct a detailed ethnographic investigation of the Yugur. In 1911, he published his findings in an article for the Finno-Ugrian Society.

==Language==

About 4,600 of the Yugurs speak Western Yugur (a Turkic language) and about 2,800 Eastern Yugur (a Mongolic language). Western Yugur has preserved many archaisms of [[Old Uyghur language|Old Uyghur]].<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=wHlCi_yws4YC&pg=PA431#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=Studies on Turkish and Turkic Languages: Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Turkish Linguistics |editor= Aslı Göksel, Celia Kerslake |pages=430–431 |publisher=Harrassowitz |year= 2000 |isbn=978-3447042932 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U1009DRu_vMC&pg=PA397&dq=yellow+uyghurs#v=onepage&q=yellow%20uyghurs&f=false|title=The Turkic languages|author=Lars Johanson, Éva Csató|year=1998|publisher=Taylor & Francis|location=|isbn=0-415-08200-5|page=397|pages=|accessdate=2010-10-31}}</ref> The remaining Yugurs of the Autonomous County lost their respective Yugur language and speak [[Chinese language|Chinese]]. A very small number of the Yugur reportedly speak [[Standard Tibetan|Tibetan]]. They use Chinese for intercommunication.

Both Yugur languages are now unwritten, although the [[Old Uyghur alphabet]] was in use in some Yugur communities until end of 19th century.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ddddmhXofKoC&pg=PA212&dq=yellow+uyghurs#v=onepage&q=yellow%20uyghurs&f=false|title=Dislocating China: reflections on Muslims, minorities and other subaltern subjects|author=Dru C. Gladney|year=2004|publisher=C. Hurst & Co. Publishers|location=|isbn=1-85065-324-0|page=212|pages=|accessdate=2010-10-31}}</ref>

==People==
The Turkic speaking Yugur mainly live in the western part of the County in Mínghuā District, in the Townships of Liánhuā and Mínghǎi, and in Dàhé District, in the centre of the County.
The Mongolic speaking Yugur mainly live in the County's eastern part, in Huángchéng District, and in Dàhé and Kānglè Districts, in the centre of the County.

The Yugur people are predominantly employed in [[animal husbandry]].

==Religion==
The traditional [[religion]] of the Yugur is [[Tibetan Buddhism]], which used to be practised alongside [[shamanism]].

==Popular Culture==
The historical country of Sarig Yogir is a playable nation in the [[Paradox Interactive]] grand strategy video game [[Europa Universalis IV]].

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://horsethatleaps.com/chapter-11 Slide shows, maps and other material on the Yugur from author Eric Enno Tamm]
*Original Western Yugur texts with English translation plus PDF grammar of Sarig Yugur [http://members.home.nl/marcmarti/yugur/]

{{Ethnic groups in China}}
{{Turkic peoples}}
{{Mongol Yastan}}

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Yugur}}

[[Category:History of the Turkic peoples]]
[[Category:Mongol peoples]]
[[Category:Turkic peoples of Asia]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups officially recognized by China]]
[[Category:Uyghurs]]
[[Category:Turkic tribes]]

Steppe Geoglyphs

2017-03-03T08:04:18Z

Bender the Bot: HTTP→HTTPS for The New York Times. using AWB

The '''Steppe Geoglyphs''' are a number of [[Neolithic]] earth constructions in the [[Turgai Trough]] area of Turgai in northern [[Kazakhstan]]. There are at least 260 of these [[Earthworks (archaeology)|earthworks]].<ref name=Blumnethal>{{cite news |last=Blumenthal |first=Ralph |date=October 30, 2015 |title=NASA Adds to Evidence of Mysterious Ancient Earthworks |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/11/03/science/nasa-adds-to-evidence-of-mysterious-ancient-earthworks.html |subscription=yes |accessdate=November 1, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Epstein |first=Adam |date=October 31, 2015 |title=Even NASA is perplexed by these otherworldly 8,000-year-old formations in Kazakhstan |url=http://qz.com/537812/even-nasa-is-perplexed-by-these-otherworldly-8000-year-old-formations-in-kazakhstan/ |accessdate=November 1, 2015 |quote=Since then, Dey has found about 260 of the land designs—which resemble crop circles, but are much stranger.}}</ref>

==The constructions==
Many or all of them consist of smaller earthworks (mounds, trenches, and ramparts) arranged with each other to make geometric and other shapes (composite figures). These shapes are squares, rings, and three others.<ref name=Blumnethal/> The composite figures range from slightly under 90 m in length to over 400 m in diameter.<ref>[http://www.pitt.edu/~super1/lecture/lec53991/htm] {{dead link|date=November 2015}}</ref> Besides being made of earth dug out and piled up, some of the geoglyphs are made by placing stones next to each other.<ref>{{cite web |last=Zolfagharifard |first=Ellie |date=October 30, 2015 |title=Who drew a swastika on the steppe 8,000 years ago? NASA images reveal riddle of giant drawings that can only be seen from the air |website=dailymail.co.uk |url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-3297282/Mystery-ancient-patterns-Kazakhstan-Space-images-reveal-remarkable-structures-including-cross-swastika.html |accessdate=November 1, 2015}}</ref>

Some of the large shapes have been given names, including Bestamskoe Ring, Ushtogaysky (''or'' Ushtogay) Square, [[Turgay triradial swastika]],<ref>{{cite web |last=Jarus |first=Owen |date=September 23, 2014 |title=Nazca Lines of Kazakhstan: More Than 50 Geoglyphs Discovered |work= |url=http://www.livescience.com/47954-geoglyphs-discovered-in-kazakhstan.html |accessdate=November 1, 2015 |quote=More than 50 geoglyphs with various shapes and sizes, including a massive swastika, have been discovered across northern Kazakhstan in Central Asia, say archaeologists.}}</ref> Large cross Ashtasti, Ekedyn cross, Ashutasti ring, Kyzyloba line, Koga cross, and Shili square.<ref name=Blumnethal/><ref name=Dey>{{cite web|title=Geoglyph Turgay Trough|url=http://www.pitt.edu/~super1/lecture/lec53991/007.htm|website=turgay.kz|publisher=University of Pittsburgh|accessdate=9 November 2015|date=September 2015}}</ref>

These shapes are large enough to be easily visible on Google Earth. The Ushtogay Square is at {{Coord|50.832933|N|65.326276|E|type:landmark|display=inline}}. The Turgay triradial is at {{Coord|50.102778|N|65.360833|E|type:landmark|display=inline}}, only about half a mile from the town of [[Urpek]]. Both are inside [[Amangeldi District]], [[Kostanay Region]].

==Discovery and suggested origins==
The earthworks were discovered in 2007 by Dimitriy Dey.<ref name=Blumnethal_a>{{cite news |last=Blumnethal |first=Ralph |date=October 30, 2015 |title=NASA Adds to Evidence of Mysterious Ancient Earthworks |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/11/03/science/nasa-adds-to-evidence-of-mysterious-ancient-earthworks.html |subscription=yes |accessdate=November 1, 2015 |quote=Spotted on Google Earth in 2007 by a Kazakh economist and archaeology enthusiast, Dmitriy Dey, the so-called Steppe Geoglyphs remain deeply puzzling and largely unknown to the outside world.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Jarus |first=Owen |date=September 23, 2014 |title=Nazca Lines of Kazakhstan: More Than 50 Geoglyphs Discovered |url=http://www.livescience.com/47954-geoglyphs-discovered-in-kazakhstan.html |accessdate=November 1, 2015 |quote=Discovered using Google Earth, the geoglyphs are designed...}}</ref> He found them by searching [[Google Earth]]'s satellite images for pyramids and similar configurations in Kazakhstan.<ref name="Blumnethal_a"/> They were first reported to the scientific community in 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.academia.edu/8610704/Steppe_Geoglyphs_mark_the_ancient_routes_of_human_migration_across_Central_Asia_introduction_to_the_research |title=Steppe Geoglyphs mark the ancient routes of human migration across Central Asia introduction to the research | Irina Shevnina |publisher=Academia.edu |date=1970-01-01 |accessdate=2016-02-16}}</ref>

Optical dating ([[optically stimulated luminescence]]) has been used to determine that one of the mounds dates to around 800 B.C.<ref name=Blumnethal/><ref>[http://www.pitt.edu/~super1/lecture/lec53991/07-018.htm] {{dead link|date=November 2015}}</ref> Dey has proposed they were produced by the [[Mahandzhar culture]] between seven and nine thousand years ago.<ref>{{cite news |author= |date=October 30, 2015 |title=NASA releases images of enormous 8,000-year-old patterns |url=https://www.rt.com/usa/320195-nasa-releases-images-of-enormous/ |accessdate=November 1, 2015 |quote=Dey's research suggests that the figures could have been constructed by the Mahandzhar culture, who thrived in the vast steppes of what is now northern Kazakhstan between 5,000 and 7,000 B.C.}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://discovery.turgay.kz/ Turgay Discovery Research project]
* [https://opendrive.gsfc.nasa.gov/shortauth/w/c1wD7oC NASA photographs from space]
* [http://www.jqjacobs.net/kml/kazakhstan.kml Kazakhstan Earthworks] KML placemarks file for Google Earth.
* {{Coord|50.101705|65.370420|name=Turgay|notes=. Turgay triradial swastika}}

[[Category:Neolithic sites]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Megalithic monuments]]
[[Category:Archaeological sites in Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Geoglyphs]]

Cinema of Kazakhstan

2017-03-01T09:03:46Z

Bender the Bot: HTTP→HTTPS for The New York Times. using AWB

{{Infobox cinema market
| name = Cinema of Kazakhstan
| image = Kazakhstan film.svg
| image_size =
| alt =
| caption =
| screens = 213 (2014)<ref name=neva/>
| screens_per_capita = 1.2 per 100,000 (2006)<ref name=screens_uis>{{cite web|title=Table 8: Cinema Infrastructure - Capacity|url=http://stats.uis.unesco.org/unesco/TableViewer/tableView.aspx?ReportId=5542|publisher=UNESCO Institute for Statistics|accessdate=February 17, 2014}}</ref>
| distributors =
| produced_year = 2009
| produced_ref = <ref name=production_uis>{{cite web|title=Table 1: Feature Film Production - Genre/Method of Shooting|url=http://stats.uis.unesco.org/unesco/TableViewer/tableView.aspx?ReportId=5545|publisher=UNESCO Institute for Statistics|accessdate=February 17, 2014}}</ref>
| produced_total =
| produced_fictional = 12 (100%)
| produced_animated = -
| produced_documentary = -
| admissions_year = 2013
| admissions_ref = <ref name=neva/>
| admissions_total = 10,900,000
| admissions_per_capita = 0.64
| admissions_national = 700,000 (6.4%)
| box_office_year = 2013
| box_office_ref = <ref name=neva>{{cite web|title=Kazakhstan Film Market|url=http://nevafilm.ru/english/reports/06-2014-kazahkstan-film-market/_titled_attachments/Kazakhstan_eng.pdf|publisher=Nevafilm|accessdate=29 July 2014}}</ref>
| box_office_total = $63.6 million
| box_office_national =
}}
{{Culture of Kazakhstan}}
'''Cinema of Kazakhstan''' refers to the [[film industry]] based in [[Kazakhstan]]. [[Film|Cinema]] in Kazakhstan can be traced back to the early 20th century. Today, Kazakhstan produces approximately fifteen full-length films each year.<ref name="Kazakhstan">{{cite web|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/oscars-kazakhstan-selects-amanat-foreign-933701 |title=Oscars: Kazakhstan Selects 'Amanat' for Foreign-Language Category |first=Nick |last=Holdsworth |work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |date=29 September 2016 |accessdate=29 September 2016}}</ref>

==History==
===1930s-1980s: the Soviet period===
The [[film industry]] in Kazakhstan has its origins in the production of documentaries in [[Almaty|Alma-Ata]] (now Almaty) in the 1930s, developed to use as instruments for [[Propaganda in the Soviet Union|Soviet propaganda]].<ref name="History of Cinema of Kazakhstan">{{cite web|url=http://www.filmbirth.com/kazakhstan.html|title=History of Cinema of Kazakhstan|accessdate=February 17, 2014|publisher=FilmBirth.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.valikhanov.si.edu/sec1_discover-kaz/sec1_3_kazakhstan.html|title=Kazakhstan Today|accessdate=February 17, 2014|publisher=Valikhanov.si.edu}}</ref> The first Kazakh feature film, ''Amangeldy'' (1939), about the leader of the 1916 revolution, Amangeldy Imanov, was however the work of [[Lenfilm]] in [[Saint Petersburg|Leningrad]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/movie/review?res=9A0DE5DF1530E53ABC4E52DFB0668382629EDE|title=The screen in review; Comedy Lifts Its Head Again in 'Clouds Over Europe' at the Music Hall--'Land of Liberty' Opens at the Fair--'Amangeldy' Is Seen at the Cameo|author=Frank S. Nugent|accessdate=February 17, 2014|publisher=The New York Times}}</ref> [[Filmmaking]] in Kazakhstan was given a boost by the dislocations caused by [[World War II]], as the main [[Cinema of the Soviet Union|Soviet film]] studios, [[Mosfilm]] and [[Lenfilm]], were both evacuated to Alma-Ata, where they combined with the [[Kazakhfilm|Alma-Ata Film Studios]] to produce the Central United Film Studio.<ref name="History of Cinema of Kazakhstan"/> As a result, the Central United Film Studio, which continued working in Alma-Ata till 1944, produced 80 percent of all Soviet domestic feature films made during the war.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kazworld.info/?p=16808|title=Kazakh Cinema Celebrates 70th Anniversary|date=October 4, 2011|accessdate=February 17, 2014|publisher=KazWorld.info}}</ref> Much of the great Soviet director [[Sergei Eisenstein]]'s two part epic ''[[Ivan the Terrible (film)|Ivan the Terrible]]'' was filmed in the [[Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic|Kazakh SSR]].<ref>Perrie, Maureen. ''The Cult of Ivan the Terrible in Stalin's Russia (Studies in Russian and Eastern European History and Society) ''. New York: Palgrave, 2001 (hardcopy, ISBN 0-333-65684-9).</ref> One of the major Soviet [[film school]]s, the [[Gerasimov Institute of Cinematography]] (VGIK), was also temporarily relocated to Alma-Ata during the war.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0812492/bio|title=Lyubov Sokolova - Biography - IMDb|accessdate=February 17, 2014|publisher=IMDb.com}}</ref> This film school became an alma-mater for the most notable Kazakh filmmakers of the 1960s, known as "the new wave".<ref>{{cite web|author=Peter Lennon|url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2003/jan/27/artsfeatures|title=The Kazakhs are coming|date=January 27, 2003|accessdate=February 17, 2014|publisher=The Guardian}}</ref> On January 6, 1961, the major Kazakh film company Alma-Ata Film Studios had its name changed to Kazakhfilm by the Ministry of the Culture of the Kazakh SSR.<ref name="History of the Kazakhfilm">{{cite web|url=http://195.210.47.145/company/our_history/history/|title=History of the Kazakhfilm|language=ru|accessdate=February 17, 2014|publisher=Kazakhfilm}}</ref>

In the post-war Soviet period, the major figure of Kazakh SSR's film industry was director [[Shaken Aimanov]], in whose honor the [[Kazakhfilm]] film studios were renamed in 1984.<ref name="History of the Kazakhfilm"/> Notable films of this period include a number of [[historical epics]], such as the love tragic story ''Kyz-Zhibek'' (1970),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt2977364/|title=Kyz-Zhibek (1970) - IMDb|accessdate=February 17, 2014|publisher=IMDb.com}}</ref> and a trio of action films involving a secret agent, played by Asanali Ashimov, who uses all manner of derring-do to defeat the enemies of [[communism]]. The first in the [[trilogy]], ''The End of the Ataman'' (1970), was set in 1921 and was directed by Shaken Aimanov.<ref name="The End of the Ataman">{{cite web|url=http://worldcinemadirectory.co.uk/component/film/?id=446|title=The End of the Ataman|accessdate=February 17, 2014|publisher=WorldCinemaDirectory.co.uk}}</ref> The second, ''The Trans-Siberian Express'' (1977),<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0076838/releaseinfo|title=Transsibirskiy ekspress (1977) - IMDb|accessdate=February 17, 2014|publisher=IMDb.com}}</ref> directed by Yeldar Orazbayev and set in 1927, featured a complicated plot involving the defeat of counter-revolutionaries planning to kill a [[Japan]]ese businessman on a train bound for [[Moscow]], on which our hero was masquerading as a cabaret manager. The third, ''The Manchurian Variant'' (1989), was set in 1945 [[Manchuria]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kazakhfilmstudios.kz/en/press/news/7022/|title=Legendary film "The end of Ataman" celebrates its 40 anniversary (video)|date=December 14, 2010|accessdate=February 17, 2014|publisher=Kazakhfilm}}</ref> The films, with their central hero played by a Kazakh actor, were, as well as entertainment, part of the efforts of the Soviet establishment to demonstrate that the Kazakh people fully supported communism.<ref name="The End of the Ataman"/>

===Late 1980s-early 1990s: Kazakh New Wave===
{{Expand section|date=February 2017}}
With [[perestroika]] in the Soviet Union of the 1980s emerged a new wave of young Kazakh filmmakers, ready to challenge the cinematic establishment. A catalyst for this new movement in Kazakh film was provided by ''[[Needle (1988 film)|The Needle]]'' (Игла;1988), the first film directed by [[Rashid Nugmanov]], who cast as his central figure [[Viktor Tsoi]], front-men of the rock group [[Kino (band)|Kino]] and also hero to disaffected Soviet youth.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.russia-ic.com/news/show/8050/#.UwF82kBSJaE|title=Cult Movie The Needle (Igla) to be Continued|date=April 13, 2009|accessdate=February 17, 2014|publisher=Russia-ic.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0637835/bio|title=Rashid Nugmanov - Biography - IMDb|accessdate=February 17, 2014|publisher=IMDb.com}}</ref> Kino also contributed a soundtrack. Tsoi's character returns to Alma-Ata to collect money he is owed, only to find out that his former girlfriend has become a drug addict. He decides to fight against the drug pushers and it all ends badly.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://sensesofcinema.com/2010/cteq/igla-the-needle/|author=Greg Dolgopolov|title=Igla (The Needle)|accessdate=February 17, 2014|publisher=SensesOfCinema.com}}</ref> Another important founding work of the movement is [[Yermek Shinarbayev|Ermek Shinarbaev]]'s 1989 film ''[[The Red Flute|Revenge]]'' (Месть), which tackles on film for the first time the tragedies experienced by the Korean population in Kazakhstan and Central Asia.

===1990s-2000s: the post-independence Kazakhstan===
[[File:Timur Bekmambetov by Gage Skidmore.jpg|thumb|right|[[Timur Bekmambetov]] is the first Kazakh director who had success in Hollywood.]]
In 1993, Nugmanov directed ''[[The Wild East]]'', loosily based on [[Akira Kurosawa]]'s ''[[Seven Samurai]]'', involves a group of dwarves, runaways from the circus, who brings the magnificent seven to protects them from the predations of motorbike-riding [[Mongolia]]n hoodlums.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://survinat.com/2012/11/wild-east-1993-3/|title=Wild East (1993)|accessdate=February 17, 2014|publisher=Survinat.com}}</ref> Nugmanov moved to [[Paris]] in 1993, where he has been associated with Kazakh political opposition groups.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.topspeaker.org/speakers/speaker-nugmanov|title=Rashid Nugmanov (Nougmanov)|accessdate=February 17, 2014|publisher=TopSpeaker.org}}</ref> Other filmmakers of the post-independence Kazakhstan to have achieved success at international festivals include Satybaldy Narimbetov.<ref name="Satybaldy Narimbetov">{{cite web|url=http://www.filmfestival.gr/2003/uk/st-narimbetov.html|title=Satybaldy Narimbetov|accessdate=February 17, 2014|publisher=Thessaloniki International Film Festival}}</ref> His ''Biography of a Young Accordion Player'' (1994) is a tale of a small boy growing up in a Kazakh village during [[World War II]].<ref name="Satybaldy Narimbetov"/> ''Leila's Prayer'' (2002) focuses on girl from a village close to the [[Semey|Semipalatinsk]] [[Anti-nuclear movement in Kazakhstan|nuclear test site]], whose mother prayer is that her baby son should live to old age.<ref name="Kazakh Cinema Between 1998 and 2003">{{cite web|url=http://www.kinokultura.com/articles/jan04.html|title=Stars Above Almaty: Kazakh Cinema Between 1998 and 2003|author=Vladimir Padunov|date=January 4, 2004|accessdate=February 17, 2014|publisher=KinoKultura.com}}</ref> [[Darezhan Omirbaev]]'s ''[[Killer (1998 film)|Killer]]'' (1998), a Kazakh-[[France|French]] [[International co-production|co-production]], is a tragic tale highlighting the economic difficulties by Kazakhstanis in the 1990s.<ref name="Kazakh Cinema Between 1998 and 2003"/><ref name="Killer (1998)">{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/movies/movie/162524/Killer/overview|title=Killer (1998)|accessdate=February 17, 2014|publisher=The New York Times}}</ref> A young driver from [[Almaty]] causes a minor motor accident when taking his wife and newborn baby back home from the hospital. Unable to pay for the damage, he gets sucked into crime.<ref name="Killer (1998)"/> Amir Karakulov has garnered critical praise for a number of films, including ''Homewrecker'' (1991), a tale of two brothers in love with the same girl.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://megabook.ru/article/РАЗЛУЧНИЦА|title=Homewrecker (''Разлучница'')|language=ru|accessdate=February 17, 2014|publisher=MegaBook.ru}}</ref> Again, it all ends badly. A new arrival on the scene is Rustem Abdrashev. His directorial debut was ''Renaissance Island'' (2004), a tale of the first love of an aspiring poet set against the historical backdrop of the desiccation of the [[Aral Sea]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kinokultura.com/reviews/R104ostrov.html|title=Rustem Abdrashev: Renaissance Island (Ostrov vozrozhdeniia) (2004)|accessdate=February 17, 2014|publisher=KinoKultura.com}}</ref>

One problem is that very few of these films have been widely seen by audiences in Kazakhstan. Domestic [[Film distribution|distributors]] have preferred to rely a diet of [[Dubbing (filmmaking)|dubbed]] [[Hollywood]] [[Blockbuster (entertainment)|blockbuster]]s and big-budget [[Russia]]n movies, with the result that post-independence Kazakh cinema has developed something of a reputation a being more likely to be found in Western art houses and international competitions than on screens in Kazakhstan. However, [[Film budgeting|the big-budget]] Kazakhstan film has arrived. ''[[Nomad (2005 film)|Nomad: The Warriors]]'' (2005), with its international crew and cast, was an officially supported attempt to bring a film based on an exploits of Kazakh warriors of the 18th century onto international screens.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0374089/|title=Nomad (2005), a Kazakh film by Sergei Bodrov and Ivan Passer|date=June 6, 2008|accessdate=February 18, 2014|publisher=IMDb.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Dina Iordanova|url=http://www.dinaview.com/?p=116|title=Кочевник (2005) ''(Nomad: The Warriors)''|accessdate=February 18, 2014|publisher=DinaView.com}}</ref> ''Racketeer'' (2007), directed by Akan Satayev, about as a young Almaty in the tough economic climate of the 1990s, was billed as the first purely commercially oriented film made in the post-independence Kazakhstan, and proved a considerable box-office draw.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1677719/|title=Рэкетир (2007) ''Racketeer (2007)''|accessdate=February 18, 2014|publisher=IMDb.com}}</ref> One Kazakh director, [[Timur Bekmambetov]], has also had success internationally in [[Commercial broadcasting|commercials cinema projects]], particularly with the Russian fantasy features ''[[Night Watch (2004 film)|Night Watch]]'' (2004) and ''[[Day Watch (film)|Day Watch]]'' (2006).<ref name="Bekmambetov Is Off To See The Warriors, The Wonderful ‘Warriors Of Oz’">{{cite web|author=Luke Ryan Baldock|url=http://www.thehollywoodnews.com/2013/07/23/bekmambetov-is-off-to-see-the-warriors-the-wonderful-warriors-of-oz/|title=Bekmambetov Is Off To See The Warriors, The Wonderful ‘Warriors Of Oz’|date=July 23, 2013|accessdate=February 18, 2014|publisher=TheHollywoodNews.com}}</ref> Bekmambetov is now directing and producing movies in [[Hollywood]].<ref name="Bekmambetov Is Off To See The Warriors, The Wonderful ‘Warriors Of Oz’"/> His notable works made in Hollywood includes ''[[Wanted (2008 film)|Wanted]]'' (2008), ''[[The Darkest Hour (film)|The Darkest Hour]]'' (2011) and ''[[Abraham Lincoln: Vampire Hunter]]'' (2012).

==Cinemas==
[[File:AKXLokomotiv.jpg|thumb|right|Lokomotiv Cinema in [[Aktobe]] was built in 1928 during the Soviet period.]]
Cinemas in Kazakhstan range from draughty Soviet survivals to modern [[Multiplex (movie theater)|multiplex complexes]]. The market of cinemas is mainly divided between the [[KinoPark Multiplex Cinemas]], [[StarCinema]], [[Arman (cinemas)|Arman]] and smaller players.<ref name="Film Industry">{{cite web|url=http://business.voxpopuli.kz/en/post/view/id/1040|title=Film Industry|date=March 29, 2013|accessdate=February 18, 2014|publisher=VoxPopuli.kz}}</ref> Kazakhstan's new cinemas are usually located in shopping malls and entertainment centers.<ref name="Film Industry"/> Ticket prices are lower than those in [[Western Europe]] and [[North America]]. In 2012, [[IMAX Corporation|IMAX Corp.]] opened those two cinemas in Kazakhstan, as the result of the deal signed with KinoPark Multiplex Cinemas in 2010.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.tengrinews.kz/cinema_and_music/PHOTO-First-IMAX-cinema-opened-in-Almaty-14338/|title=First IMAX cinema opened in Almaty|date=November 12, 2012|accessdate=February 18, 2014|publisher=The Independent}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/imax-to-open-its-first-cinemas-in-kazakhstan-2083368.html|title=IMAX to open its first cinemas in Kazakhstan|date=September 19, 2010|accessdate=February 18, 2014|publisher=TengriNews.kz}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imax.com/countries/KZ/|title=Welcome to IMAX in Kazakhstan|accessdate=February 18, 2014|publisher=IMAX.com}}</ref> Films originally made in English are almost invariably dubbed, not subtitled, but there is a little shown in English.

==Festivals==
[[File:Red Carpet at AIAFF.jpg|thumb|right|border|Red Carpet at the International Astana Action Film Festival in 2012.]]
*[[International Astana Action Film Festival]]
*[[Shaken's Stars]]
*[[Eurasia International Film Festival]]

==Film schools==
*[[Kazakh National Academy of Arts]]
*[[Kazakh National University of Arts]]

==See also==
*[[Borat]]
*[[World cinema]]
*[[History of cinema]]
*[[Cinema of the world]]

==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==External links==
{{commons}}
*[http://www.kazakhstan.com/v/cinemas/ List of Kazakhstan cinemas] on the [http://www.kazakhstan.com/ Kazakhstan.com]
*[http://kazakhworld.com/kazakh-cinema-an-epic-story-on-the-silver-screen/ Kazakh Cinema: An epic story on the silver screen]
{{Cinema of Kazakhstan}}
{{World cinema navbox}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Cinema Of Kazakhstan}}
[[Category:Cinema of Kazakhstan| ]]

Zamanbek Nurkadilov

2017-02-28T13:46:39Z

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[[File:Zamanbek Nurkadilov.jpg|230px|thumb|right]]
'''Zamanbek Qalabayuly Nurkadilov''' ({{lang-kz|Заманбек Қалабайұлы Нұрқаділов}}; 15 January – 11 November 2005) served as the Mayor of [[Almaty]] in [[Kazakhstan]] and Minister of Emergency Situations in the [[Nursultan Nazarbayev|Nazarbayev administration]]. In March 2004, he began to strongly criticize [[List of Presidents of Kazakhstan|President]] Nazarbayev. On 11 November 2005, three weeks before the [[Kazakhstani presidential election, 2005|2005 presidential election]], someone shot him twice in the chest and once in the head. The [[Government of Kazakhstan]] ruled his death a suicide, but ''[[Radio Free Europe]]'' alleges he is the victim of an assassination. Which led people many believe that President Nazarbayev was responsible for the assassination. <ref name=MES>[http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2006/10/C31615D4-5D0F-4322-9443-D5FB5D7C5B30.html Kazakhstan's fallen opposition] RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty</ref><ref name=ELECTIONS>[https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F20817F7385A0C778DDDA80994DD404482&n=Top%2fNews%2fWorld%2fCountries%20and%20Territories%2fKazakhstan Ex-Kazakh official who made a threat found slain] The New York Times</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nurkadilov, Zamanbek}}
[[Category:1944 births]]
[[Category:2005 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Almaty Region]]
[[Category:Government ministers of Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Mayors of Almaty]]
[[Category:Governors of Almaty Region]]
[[Category:Deaths by firearm in Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Multiple gunshot suicides]]
[[Category:Politicians who committed suicide]]

{{Kazakhstan-mayor-stub}}

Hajiakbar Abdulghupur

2017-02-27T05:24:27Z

Bender the Bot: /* top */HTTP→HTTPS for The New York Times. using AWB

{{Infobox War on Terror detainee
| name = Hajiakbar Abdulghupur
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth year and age|1973}}
| birth_place = [[Ghulja]], [[Xingiang]] Province, China
| death_date =
| detained_at = [[Guantanamo Bay detention camp|Guantanamo]]
| id_number = 282
| group =
| alias =
| charge = No charge
| penalty =
| status = Held in Guantanamo
| occupation =
| spouse =
| parents =
| children =
}}
'''Hajiakbar Abdulghupur''' is a citizen of [[China]], currently held in the [[United States]] [[Guantanamo Bay detention camp]]s, in [[Cuba]].<ref name=DoDList2>
{{cite web
| url=http://www.dod.mil/news/May2006/d20060515%20List.pdf
| title=List of Individuals Detained by the Department of Defense at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba from January 2002 through May 15, 2006
| author=[[OARDEC]]
| publisher=[[United States Department of Defense]]
| date=May 15, 2006
| accessdate=2007-09-29
}}</ref>

The [[United States Department of Defense|DoD]] estimate that Abdulghupur was born in 1973 in [[Ghulja]], [[Xingiang]] Province, China.

He is one of the 22 [[Uyghur detainees in Guantanamo|Uighurs held in Guantanamo]] for many years despite it became clear early on that they were innocent.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.boston.com/bostonglobe/editorial_opinion/oped/articles/2009/04/02/innocent_detainees_need_a_home/ | work=The Boston Globe | title=Innocent detainees need a home | first1=Bill | last1=Delahunt | first2=Sabin | last2=Willett | date=April 2, 2009|archiveurl = http://www.webcitation.org/5s6nTMyn0 |archivedate = 2010-08-19|deadurl=no}}</ref><ref>[http://ccrjustice.org/newsroom/press-releases/17-innocent-uighurs-detained-guant%C3%A1namo-ask-supreme-court-release 17 Innocent Uighurs Detained at Guantánamo Ask Supreme Court for Release | Center for Constitutional Rights] {{webarchive |url=http://www.webcitation.org/5s6nfQuCV?url=http://ccrjustice.org/newsroom/press-releases/17-innocent-uighurs-detained-guant%C3%A1namo-ask-supreme-court-release |date=August 19, 2010 }}</ref><ref name=AsiaTimes041104>[http://www.atimes.com/atimes/China/FK04Ad02.html China's Uighurs trapped at Guantanamo], ''[[Asia Times]]'', November 4, 2004 {{webarchive |url=http://www.webcitation.org/5iiEnVC9Y?url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/China/FK04Ad02.html |date=August 1, 2009 }}</ref>

He won his [[habeas corpus]] in 2008. Judge [[Ricardo Urbina]] declared his detention as unlawful and ordered to set him free in the [[United States]].

As of August 18, 2011, Hajiakbar Abdulghupur has been held at Guantanamo for nine years two months.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://projects.nytimes.com/guantanamo/detainees/282-hajiakbar-abdulghupur | work=The New York Times | title=Hajiakbar Abdulghupur - The Guantánamo Docket}}</ref>

In December 2013 Hajiakbar Abdulghupur was transferred to Slovakia.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/01/us/us-frees-last-of-uighur-detainees-from-guantanamo.html?_r=0|title=U.S. Frees Last of the Chinese Uighur Detainees From Guantánamo Bay|date=December 31, 2013|first=Charlie|last=Savage}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
* [http://www.andyworthington.co.uk/2008/10/09/from-guantanamo-to-the-united-states-the-story-of-the-wrongly-imprisoned-uighurs/ From Guantánamo to the United States: The Story of the Wrongly Imprisoned Uighurs] [[Andy Worthington]] October 9, 2008
* [http://ccrjustice.org/files/2008-10-09%20Kiyemba%20corrected%20release%20order%20%282008-10-09%29.pdf Judge Ricardo Urbina’s unclassified opinion (redacted version)]
* [http://ccrjustice.org/files/2008-10-07%20Kiyemba%20-%20Uighur%20hearing%20transcript.pdf MOTIONS/STATUS HEARING - UIGHURS CASES BEFORE THE HONORABLE RICARDO M. URBINA]
* Human Rights First; [http://www.humanrightsfirst.info/pdf/Habeas-Works-final-web.pdf Habeas Works: Federal Courts’ Proven Capacity to Handle Guantánamo Cases (2010)]

{{ListUyghurDetainees}}
{{Controversies surrounding people captured during the War on Terror}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Abdulghupur, Hajiakbar}}
[[Category:People held at the Guantanamo Bay detention camp]]
[[Category:Chinese extrajudicial prisoners of the United States]]
[[Category:Uyghurs]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth uncertain]]
[[Category:1973 births]]

Erkin Rakishev

2017-02-24T10:19:10Z

Bender the Bot: /* top */HTTP→HTTPS for The New York Times. using AWB

'''Erkin Rakishev''' is a prolific [[Kazakhs|Kazakh]] film director. He is working on an unauthorized film sequel to ''[[Borat]]'' titled ''[[My Brother, Borat]]''. It is a comedy intended to portray Kazakhstan in a more favorable and realistic light than [[Sacha Baron Cohen]]'s film.<ref>{{cite news|last=Rohter|first=Larry|title=Kazakh Director Plans Answer to ‘Borat’|url=http://artsbeat.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/08/09/kazakh-director-plans-borat-sequel/|accessdate=30 November 2010|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=9 August 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Levy|first=Clifford J.|title=Taking Revenge on ‘Borat,’ Amorous Donkey and All|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/10/05/world/europe/05kazakh.html?_r=1|accessdate=30 November 2010|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=4 October 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Kazakhstan director shoots Borat sequel|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-11811933|accessdate=30 November 2010|newspaper=[[BBC News]]|date=23 November 2010}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.aolnews.com/world/article/for-make-revenge-on-borat-kazakh-director-makes-real-film/19661198 Director Makes 'Real' Film in Revenge for 'Borat', ''AOL News'', October 5, 2010]
* [http://www.jpost.com/Headlines/Article.aspx?id=196586 Kazakh filmmaker shooting 'Borat' redoux, ''The Jerusalem Post'', November 24, 2010]
* [http://www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/movies/2010/10/25/2010-10-25_production_of_unofficial_borat_revenge_sequel_underway_in_kazakhstan.html Production of unofficial Borat revenge sequel underway in Kazakhstan, ''New York Daily News'', October 25, 2010]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rakishev, Erkin}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Kazakhstani film directors]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]

{{Asia-film-director-stub}}
{{Kazakhstan-bio-stub}}

Dawut Abdurehim

2017-02-24T08:28:20Z

Bender the Bot: /* Temporary Asylum in Palau */HTTP→HTTPS for The New York Times. using AWB

{{Infobox War on Terror detainee
| name = Dawut Abdurehim
| image =
| image_size =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{Birth year and age|1974}}
| birth_place = [[Ghulja, China|Ghulja]], [[China]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| detained_at = [[Guantanamo Bay detention camp|Guantanamo]]
| id_number = 289
| group =
| alias =
| charge = No charge (unlawfully detained)
| penalty =
| status = Released
| occupation =
| spouse =
| parents =
| children =
}}
'''Dawut Abdurehim''' is an [[Uyghur people|Uyghur]] refugee best known for the more than seven years he spent in the [[United States]] [[Guantanamo Bay detention camp]]s, in [[Cuba]].<ref name=DoDList2>
{{cite web
| url=http://www.dod.mil/news/May2006/d20060515%20List.pdf
| title=List of Individuals Detained by the Department of Defense at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba from January 2002 through May 15, 2006
| author=[[OARDEC]]
| publisher=[[United States Department of Defense]]
| date=May 15, 2006
| accessdate=2007-09-29
}}</ref>
American [[intelligence analysts]] estimate Abdurehim was born in 1974 in [[Ghulja, China|Ghulja]], China, and assigned him the [[Internment Serial Number]] 289.

Abdulrehim is one of 22 [[Uyghur detainees in Guantanamo|Uighurs who have been held in Guantanamo]] for many years despite it becoming clear early on that they were innocent.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.boston.com/bostonglobe/editorial_opinion/oped/articles/2009/04/02/innocent_detainees_need_a_home/ |work=The Boston Globe |title=Innocent detainees need a home |first1=Bill |last1=Delahunt |first2=Sabin |last2=Willett |date=2009-04-02 |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5s6nTMyn0?url=http://www.boston.com/bostonglobe/editorial_opinion/oped/articles/2009/04/02/innocent_detainees_need_a_home/ |archivedate=2010-08-19 |deadurl=no |df= }}</ref><ref>[http://ccrjustice.org/newsroom/press-releases/17-innocent-uighurs-detained-guant%C3%A1namo-ask-supreme-court-release 17 Innocent Uighurs Detained at Guantánamo Ask Supreme Court for Release | Center for Constitutional Rights] {{webarchive |url=http://www.webcitation.org/5s6nfQuCV?url=http://ccrjustice.org/newsroom/press-releases/17-innocent-uighurs-detained-guant%C3%A1namo-ask-supreme-court-release |date=August 19, 2010 }}</ref><ref name=AsiaTimes041104>[http://www.atimes.com/atimes/China/FK04Ad02.html China's Uighurs trapped at Guantanamo], ''[[Asia Times]]'', November 4, 2004 {{webarchive |url=http://www.webcitation.org/5iiEnVC9Y?url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/China/FK04Ad02.html |date=August 1, 2009 }}</ref>

He won his [[habeas corpus]] in 2008. Judge [[Ricardo Urbina]] declared his detention as unlawful and ordered to set him free in the [[United States]]. He was sent to [[Palau]] in October 2009.

== Combatant Status Review ==
{{main article|Combatant Status Review Tribunal}}

Abdurehim was among the 60% of prisoners who chose to participate in tribunal hearings.<ref>[[OARDEC]], [http://www.dod.mil/pubs/foi/detainees/csrt_arb/index_CSRT_detainees_testimony.pdf Index to Transcripts of Detainee Testimony and Documents Submitted by Detainees at Combatant Status Review Tribunals Held at Guantanamo Between July 2004 and March 2005], September 4, 2007</ref> A [[Summary of Evidence (CSRT)|Summary of Evidence memo]] was prepared for the tribunal of each detainee.

Abdurehim's memo accused him of the following:<ref name=CsrtSummaryOfEvidenceDawutAbdurahim>
{{cite web
| url=http://www.dod.mil/pubs/foi/detainees/csrt_arb/000300-000399.pdf#33
| title=Summary of Evidence for Combatant Status Review Tribunal - Abdurehim, Dawut
| date=10 November 2004
| author=[[OARDEC]]
| page=33
| publisher=[[United States Department of Defense]]
| accessdate=2008-04-23
}}</ref><ref name=CsrtDawutAbdurehim>
{{cite web
| url=http://www.dod.mil/pubs/foi/detainees/csrt/Set_20_1606-1644.pdf#9
| title=Detainee Unsworn Statement
| date=19 November 2004
| pages=9–17
| author=[[OARDEC]]
| publisher=[[United States Department of Defense]]
| accessdate=2008-04-23
}}</ref>

{{Quotation|
:a. The detainee is associated with the Taliban.
* The detainee is citizen of China who traveled to Afghanistan, via Kyrgyzstan and Pakistan, to receive military training at a military training camp in the Tora Bora mountains.
* The detainee lived at the Uighur training camp from June to October 2001.
* The training camp was provided to the Uighers by the Taliban.
* The East Turkistan Islamic Movement (ETIM) operated facilities in the Tora Bora region of Afghanistan in which Uighur expatriates underwent small arms training. These camps were funded by bin Laden and the Taliban
* ETIM is listed on the state departments terrorist exclusion list.
* While at the camp, the detainee received training on the Kalashnikov rifle, handguns, and other weapons.
* Following the destruction of the training camp by the United States bombing campaign, the detainee traveled to a village in Pakistan where he was captured.
}}

On March 3, 2006, in response to a [[court order]] from [[Jed Rakoff]] the [[United States Department of Defense|Department of Defense]] published a nine-page summarized transcript from his Combatant Status Review Tribunal.<ref name=TheAge20060404>
{{Cite news
|url=http://www.theage.com.au/news/World/US-releases-Guantanamo-files/2006/04/04/1143916500334.html
|title=US releases Guantanamo files
|publisher=[[The Age]]
|date=April 4, 2006
|accessdate=2008-03-15
|quote=
|location=Melbourne
|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5cbDWU3w5?url=http://www.theage.com.au/news/World/US-releases-Guantanamo-files/2006/04/04/1143916500334.html
|archivedate=2008-11-25
|deadurl=no
|df=
}}</ref>

==Dawut Abdurehim v. George W. Bush==
A [[writ of habeas corpus]], [[Dawut Abdurehim v. George W. Bush]], was submitted on
Dawut Abdurehim's behalf.<ref name=DawutAbdurehimVGeorgeWBush>
{{cite web
| url=http://www.dod.mil/pubs/foi/detainees/csrt_arb/publicly_filed_CSRT_records_1893-2014.pdf#40
| title=Dawut Abdurehim v. George W. Bush
| date=8 September 2006
| pages=40–70
| publisher=[[United States Department of Defense]]
| accessdate=2008-04-23
}}</ref>
In response, on 8 September 2006 the Department of Defense released 31 pages of unclassified documents related to his Combatant Status Review Tribunal.

===Legal Sufficiency Review===
His Combatant Status Review Tribunal's [[Legal Sufficiency Review]] was drafted on 18 January 2005 by [[Legal Advisor (OARDEC)|Assistant Legal Advisor]] [[Commander]] [[Karen M. Gibbs]].

His enemy combatant status was confirmed by [[Tribunal panel 12]].

Gibbs noted that the Tribunal panel "substantially complied" with the rules set out for Tribunals conduct.

Gibbs noted
{{Quotation|
The Tribunal's decision that detainee #289 is properly classified as an enemy combatant was unanimous.
However, the CSRT "urges favourable consideration for the detainee's release," with no forcible return to China.}}

==Testimony on behalf of Abdul Razak==
Dawut Abdurehim testified on behalf of [[Abdul Razak (Guantanamo detainee 219)|Abdul Razak]].<ref name=CsrtAbdulRazak219>
{{Cite news
| url={{DoD detainees ARB|Set_27_1901-1948.pdf#20}}
| title=Summarized Sworn Detainee Statement (ISN 219)
| pages=32–34
| publisher=[[United States Department of Defense]]
| author=[[OARDEC]]
| date=23 October 2004
| accessdate=2007-12-18
}}</ref>
Dawut Abdurehim testified that Abdul Razak had made two deliveries of food to the Uyghur camp, and that he was not involved in combat.
Dawut Abdurehim confirmed that they had fled the [[American aerial bombardment of Afghanistan]] with the other Uyghurs, through the mountains, into Pakistan, where they were turned over to the Pakistani authorities.

On Abdul Razak's detainee election form Dawut Abdurehim's name was recorded as "Sabet".<ref name=DetaineeElectionFormAbdalRazakQadirvGeorgeWBush>
{{cite web
| url=http://www.dod.mil/pubs/foi/detainees/csrt_arb/publicly_filed_CSRT_records_1344-1475.pdf#63
| title=Detainee election form (ISN 219)
| date=16 October 2004
| page=89
| publisher=[[United States Department of Defense]]
| accessdate=2007-12-18
}}</ref>

Both men testified that they had not seen the other man be trained on or carry any weapons.

Abdul Razak testified that the camp was near a village he called [[Urhurl, Afghanistan|Urhurl]].

==Current status==
Five Uyghurs, whose CSR Tribunals determined they had not been enemy combatants were transferred to detention in an Albanian refugee camp in 2006. A man who was born to Uyghur parents, in Saudi Arabia, and thus was considered a Uyghur, was nevertheless returned to Saudi Arabia. All the other Uyghurs remained in Guantanamo.

In September 2007 the Department of Defense released all the [[Summary of Evidence (ARB)|Summary of Evidence memos]] prepared for the Administrative Review Boards convened in 2006.<ref name=OardecArb1Factors>
{{cite web
| url=http://www.dod.mil/pubs/foi/detainees/csrt_arb/index_ARB_Round_1_Detention_Transfer_Factors.pdf
| title=Index to Summaries of Detention-Release Factors for ARB Round One
| author=[[OARDEC]]
| publisher=[[United States Department of Defense]]
| date=August 9, 2007
| accessdate=2007-09-29
}}</ref><ref name=OardecArb2Factors20070717>
{{cite web
| url=http://www.dod.mil/pubs/foi/detainees/csrt_arb/index_ARB_Round_2_Detention_Transfer_Factors.pdf
| title=Index of Summaries of Detention-Release Factors for ARB Round Two
| author=[[OARDEC]]
| publisher=[[United States Department of Defense]]
| date=July 17, 2007
| accessdate=2007-09-29
}}</ref>
There is no record that a Board reviewed his status in 2005 or 2006.

In September 2007 the Department of Defense released the recommendation memos from 133 of the Administrative Review Boards that convened in 2005 and the recommendation memos from 55 of the Administrative Review Boards that convened in 2006.<ref name=OardecArb1DecisionMemos20070717>
{{cite web
| url=http://www.dod.mil/pubs/foi/detainees/csrt_arb/index_transfer_release_decision_ARB_Round_1.pdf
| title=Index to Transfer and Release Decision for Guantanamo Detainees
| author=[[OARDEC]]
| publisher=[[United States Department of Defense]]
| date=July 17, 2007
| accessdate=2007-09-29
}}</ref><ref name=OardecArb2DecicsionMemo>
{{cite web
| url=http://www.dod.mil/pubs/foi/detainees/csrt_arb/index_ARB_Round_2_Decision_Memos.pdf
| title=Index of Transfer and Release Decision for Guantanamo Detainees from ARB Round Two
| author=[[OARDEC]]
| publisher=[[United States Department of Defense]]
| date=August 10, 2007
| accessdate=2007-09-29
| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080227125640/http://www.dod.mil/pubs/foi/detainees/csrt_arb/index_ARB_Round_2_Decision_Memos.pdf
| archivedate=2008-02-27
}}</ref>
No recommendation memos were released for Dawut Abdurehim.

On June 12, 2008 the [[United States Supreme Court]] restored the Guantanamo captives' access to the USA's civilian justice system in its ruling on [[Boumediene v. Bush]].
Specifically it re-initiated the captives' [[habeas corpus]] petitions.
In an unrelated development [[Huzaifa Parhat]]'s [[DTA appeal]] concluded that his Combatant Status Review Tribunal had erred in confirming he was an "enemy combatant", due to insufficient evidence.
The Department of Justice had the option of appealing the ruling, claiming it had new evidence. The Uyghurs' habeas petitions were the first to be scheduled for review.
In September 2008, days before the Department of Justice would have been expected to offer a justification in court for the Uyghurs' detention, and after six and half years of extrajudicial detention, the Department of Justice acknowledged the evidence to justify their detention did not exist.

==Temporary Asylum in Palau==
In June 2009 the government of [[Palau]] announced that they would offer temporary asylum to some of the Uyghurs.<ref name=DoJ2009-10-31>
{{Cite news
| url=http://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/2009/October/09-ag-1179.html
| title=United States Transfers Six Uighur Detainees from Guantanamo Bay to Palau
| publisher=[[United States Department of Justice]]
| date=2009-10-31
| author=
| archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.justice.gov%2Fopa%2Fpr%2F2009%2FOctober%2F09-ag-1179.html&date=2009-10-31
| archivedate=2009-10-31
}}</ref><ref name=NYTimes2009-10-31>
{{Cite news
| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/01/world/asia/01uighurs.html
| title=Uighurs Leave Guantánamo for Palau
| publisher=New York Times
| date=2009-10-31
| author=David Johnston
| archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2009%2F11%2F01%2Fworld%2Fasia%2F01uighurs.html&date=2009-10-31
| archivedate=2009-10-31
}}</ref><ref name=Bbc2009-10-31>
{{Cite news
| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/8336343.stm
| title=Guantanamo Uighurs sent to Palau
| publisher=BBC News
| date=2009-10-31
| archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fworld%2Fasia-pacific%2F8336343.stm&date=2009-10-31
| archivedate=2009-10-31
}}</ref>
The government of Palau sent a delegation Guantanamo, and interviewed some of the remaining Uyghurs.
Some of the Uyghurs declined to be interviewed by the Palauns. In the end the government of Palau offered asylum to twelve of the remaining thirteen Uyghurs. Palau declined to offer asylum to one of the Uyghurs who suffered from a mental disorder, brought on by detention, that was too profound to be treated in Palau.

On October 31, 2009 Abdulrehim, [[Ahmad Tourson]], [[Abdul Ghappar Abdul Rahman]], [[Edham Mamet]], [[Anwar Hassan]] and [[Adel Noori]] were released and transferred to Palau.<ref name=DoJ2009-10-31/><ref name=NYTimes2009-10-31/><ref name=Bbc2009-10-31/><ref name=Afp2009-10-31>
{{Cite news
| url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5j256OdOnArVNzoV0oVLD3PRaY-bQ
| title=Six Guantanamo Uighurs arrive in Palau: US
| publisher=[[Agence France Presse]]
| date=2009-10-31
| archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fhostednews%2Fafp%2Farticle%2FALeqM5j256OdOnArVNzoV0oVLD3PRaY-bQ&date=2009-10-31
| archivedate=2009-10-31
}}</ref><ref name=Pacific2009-10-31>
{{Cite news
| url=http://www.pacificnewscenter.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1343:6-muslim-uighurs-arrive-in-palau-from-guantanamo&catid=45:guam-news&Itemid=156
| title=6 Muslim Uighur Detainees From Guantanamo Arrive In Palau
| publisher=[[Pacific News Center]]
| date=2009-11-01
| author=
| archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pacificnewscenter.com%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26view%3Darticle%26id%3D1343%3A6-muslim-uighurs-arrive-in-palau-from-guantanamo%26catid%3D45%3Aguam-news%26Itemid%3D156&date=2009-10-31
| archivedate=2009-10-31
| accessdate=2009-09-26
}}</ref>

On June 29, 2015, Nathan Vanderklippe, reporting in the ''[[Globe and Mail]]'', wrote that all the Uyghurs had quietly left Palau.<ref name=GlobeAndMail2015-06-28>
{{cite news
| url = http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/after-guantanamo-life-on-pacific-island-was-difficult/article25172787/
| title = After Guantanamo, life on Pacific island was difficult
| publisher = [[Globe and Mail]]
| author = Nathan Vanderklippe
| date = 2015-06-28
| page =
| location = [[Beijing]]
| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20150630062759/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/after-guantanamo-life-on-pacific-island-was-difficult/article25172787/
| archivedate = 2015-06-30
| deadurl = No
| quote = In exchange for money from the U.S. – including $93,333 (U.S.) for each man – Palau allowed the Uyghurs to trade life behind barbed-wire fences for life in one of earth’s most isolated places, an island chain with a local population of just 20,000.
}}
</ref>
The ''Globe'' confirmed that Palau's agreement to give refuge to the Uyghurs was reached after the USA agreed to various secret payments. Those payments included $93,333 to cover each Uyghurs living expenses. The ''Globe'' confirmed that controversy still surrounded former President [[Johnson Toribiong]] who had used some of those funds to billet the Uyghurs in houses belonging to his relatives.

Vanderklippe reported that the men had never felt they could fit in with the Palauns.<ref name=GlobeAndMail2015-06-28/>
Some of the men compared Palau with a lusher, larger Guantanamo. Some of the men were able to bring their wives to Palau. Attempts to hold most regular jobs failed, due to cultural differences. Attempts to use their traditional leather-working skills to be self-employed failed. Eventually, all six men were employed as night-time security guards, a job that did not require interaction with Palauns.

Tragically, one of the men's young toddler, conceived and born on Palau, died after he fell off a balcony.<ref name=GlobeAndMail2015-06-28/>
According to Vanderklippe, the men's departure from Palau was quietly arranged with cooperation with American officials. He reported they left, one or two at a time, on commercial flights. Palaun officials would not share the Uyghurs destination.

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.andyworthington.co.uk/2008/10/09/from-guantanamo-to-the-united-states-the-story-of-the-wrongly-imprisoned-uighurs/ From Guantánamo to the United States: The Story of the Wrongly Imprisoned Uighurs] [[Andy Worthington]] October 9, 2008
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100623230325/http://ccrjustice.org/files/2008-10-09%20Kiyemba%20corrected%20release%20order%20(2008-10-09).pdf Judge Ricardo Urbina’s unclassified opinion (redacted version)]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100620091607/http://ccrjustice.org/files/2008-10-07%20Kiyemba%20-%20Uighur%20hearing%20transcript.pdf MOTIONS/STATUS HEARING - UIGHURS CASES BEFORE THE HONORABLE RICARDO M. URBINA]
* [http://home.kyodo.co.jp/modules/fstStory/index.php?storyid=475911 Palau Uyghurs try to build new lives] [[Kyodo News]] December 15, 2009

{{ListUyghurDetainees}}
{{Controversies surrounding people captured during the War on Terror}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Abdurehim, Dawut}}
[[Category:Chinese extrajudicial prisoners of the United States]]
[[Category:Uyghurs]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth uncertain]]
[[Category:Guantanamo detainees known to have been released]]
[[Category:1974 births]]
[[Category:Chinese refugees]]

Alexander Medvedev

2017-02-24T02:37:20Z

Bender the Bot: /* Background */HTTP→HTTPS for The New York Times. using AWB

{{Infobox Person
| name = Alexander Ivanovich Medvedev
| birth_date = 14 August 1955
| birth_place = Shakhtyorsk
| nationality = Russian
| occupation = Deputy Chairman of the Management Committee of Gazprom
}}

:''For the Russian ice hockey player born in 1979, see [[Alexander Medvedev (ice hockey)]].''
'''Alexander Ivanovich Medvedev''' ({{lang-ru|Александр Иванович Медведев; ''Aleksandr Ivanovich Medvedev''}}) (born 14 August 1955 in [[Shakhtyorsk]], [[Sakhalin Oblast]]) is the current Deputy Chairman of the Management Committee of Russian energy company [[Gazprom]]. Medvedev also served as Director-General of Gazprom's export arm [[Gazprom Export]] from 2006 until 2014. He is a member of the Coordination Committee of [[RosUkrEnergo]] and a member of the shareholders' committee of [[Nord Stream AG]], and was the first president of the [[Kontinental Hockey League]] (KHL), serving from 2008 until his resignation in 2014.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iihf.com/home-of-hockey/news/news-singleview/?tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=9221&cHash=44999b58c950531b3fb81ae0f834bf5b|title=KHL: Change of leadership|last=Merk|first=Martin|date=2014-12-01|publisher=IIHF.comaccessdate=2015-03-28}}</ref>

==Background==
In 1978, he graduated from the [[Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology]]. From 1978 to 1989 he worked at the [[Institute of World Economy and International Relations]]. In 1989–1991 he was a director of the Soviet owned [[Donau Bank AG]] in Vienna and a managing director of bank's subsidiary company Inter Trade Consult GmbH. There are speculations that he had an undercover [[KGB]] job because he worked at Donau Bank at the same time as [[Andrei Akimov]], another KGB officer and now [[Gazprombank]]'s chief.<ref>[https://portfolio.du.edu/portfolio/getportfoliofile?uid=108086 Putin’s Revolution: The Role of the Intelligence and Security Services in the Revitalization of Russia] Ross D. Allen 3/3/2008</ref><ref>[http://www.sptimes.ru/index.php?story_id=25000&action_id=2 Agents in power], ''St. Petersburg Times''</ref>

From 1991 to 1996 and from 1998 to 2002 he was director of the Austrian IMAG Investment Management & Advisory Group GmbH. Between 1997 and 1998 he was a vice president of the Eastern oil company (Восточная нефтяная компания) in Moscow. Since August 2002, Alexander Medvedev is the Director-General of Gazprom Export (former Gazeksport) and the Deputy Chairman of the Board of Executive Directors of Gazprom.

Between 2008 and 2014, Alexander Medvedev served as president of the [[Kontinental Hockey League]]. He is also the president of [[SKA Saint Petersburg]] hockey club and Russia's representative to the [[International Ice Hockey Federation]] Council.

In December 2008, ''[[The New York Times]]'' reported that at one point Medvedev predicted Gazprom's market value would reach $1 trillion by 2014. He was also reported to have, in light of the subsequent collapse in the market value (down some 76% to $85 billion; from 3rd in the world to 35th), attributed the fall in value to the condition of the Moscow stock market (see [[Russian Trading System]] and [[Moscow Interbank Currency Exchange]]) and to the [[global financial crisis]].<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2008/12/30/business/worldbusiness/30gazprom.html?pagewanted=1&em "Gazprom, Once Mighty, Is Reeling" by Andrew E. Kramer] ''[[The New York Times]]'', 12-30-2008, p. B1 of NY edition.</ref>

In 2009, Medvedev stated an interest in acquiring one of three unspecified [[National Hockey League|NHL]] franchises. In May, he claimed that his representatives spoke with NHL Deputy Commissioner [[Bill Daly]], who refused to accept Russian ownership in the league. Daly denied ever being in contact with Medvedev and asserted that the NHL does not discriminate on the basis of nationality among its prospective team owners.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.nytimes.com/2009/05/09/sports/09hockey.html|title= Russian Mogul Clashes With N.H.L. Over Ownership Bid|last= Klein|first= Jeff|date= 8 May 2009|publisher= [[The New York Times]]|access-date= 25 February 2015}}</ref>

Medvedev has played key roles in [[List of Gazprom's subsidiaries|Gazprom's opaque intermediaries]] such as [[RosUkrEnergo]], [[Centrex Group]], [[Gazprom Germania]], and [[YugoRosGaz]].<ref>[http://www.jamestown.org/single/?no_cache=1&tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=34511 Bulgaria's "Overgas," a Russian Spy in Canada, and Gazprom] Publication: Eurasia Daily Monitor Volume: 6 Issue: 30 February 13, 2009</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.gazprom.com/about/management/board/medvedev/ Biography of Alexander Medvedev, Gazprom website]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Medvedev, Alexander}}
[[Category:1955 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:People from Shakhtyorsk]]
[[Category:Russian businesspeople]]
[[Category:Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology alumni]]
[[Category:Kontinental Hockey League]]
[[Category:Gazprom people]]

Ahmad Tourson

2017-02-24T02:20:25Z

Bender the Bot: /* Temporary Asylum in Palau */HTTP→HTTPS for The New York Times. using AWB

'''Ahmad Tourson''' or '''Ahmad Abdulahad''' is an [[Uyghur people|Uyghur]] refugee unlawfully detained for more than seven years in the [[United States]] [[Guantanamo Bay detainment camp]]s, in [[Cuba]] despite it became clear early on that he was innocent.<ref name=DoDList2>[http://www.dod.mil/news/May2006/d20060515%20List.pdf list of prisoners (.pdf)] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930000000/http://www.dod.mil/news/May2006/d20060515%20List.pdf |date=September 30, 2007 }}, ''[[US Department of Defense]]'', May 15, 2006</ref>
The [[US Department of Defense|Department of Defense]] reports that Tourson was born on January 26, 1971, in [[Xinjiang]] Province, China and assigned him the [[Internment Serial Number]] 201. Tourson is one of approximately two dozen detainees from the Uighur ethnic group.<ref name=AsiaTimes041104>[http://www.atimes.com/atimes/China/FK04Ad02.html China's Uighurs trapped at Guantanamo] {{webarchive |url=http://www.webcitation.org/5iiEnVC9Y?url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/China/FK04Ad02.html |date=2009-08-01 }}, ''[[Asia Times]]'', November 4, 2004</ref>

He won his [[habeas corpus]] in 2008. Judge [[Ricardo Urbina]] declared his detention as unlawful and ordered to set him free in the [[United States]]. He was sent to [[Palau]] in October 2009.

==Combatant Status Review==
{{main|Combatant Status Review Tribunal}}

Tourson was among the 60% of prisoners who participated in the tribunal hearings.<ref>[[OARDEC]], [http://www.dod.mil/pubs/foi/detainees/csrt_arb/index_CSRT_detainees_testimony.pdf Index to Transcripts of Detainee Testimony and Documents Submitted by Detainees at Combatant Status Review Tribunals Held at Guantanamo Between July 2004 and March 2005], September 4, 2007</ref> A [[Summary of Evidence (CSRT)|Summary of Evidence memo]] was prepared for the tribunal of each detainee. The memo for his hearing lists the following allegations:<ref name=CsrtSummaryOfEvidenceAhmadTourson>
{{Cite web
|url=http://www.dod.mil/pubs/foi/detainees/csrt_arb/000201-000299.pdf#16
| title=Summary of Evidence for Combatant Status Review Tribunal -- Tourson, Ahmad
| date=18 September 2004
| author=[[OARDEC]]
| pages=16–17
| publisher=[[United States Department of Defense]]
| accessdate=2007-12-09
| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071211094621/http://www.dod.mil/pubs/foi/detainees/csrt_arb/000201-000299.pdf| archivedate= 11 December 2007 | deadurl=no}}</ref>

{{quotation|
:a. The detainee is an al Qaeda fighter:
:#The detainee stated that he left China during September 2000 {{Sic}} and traveled to Kabul, Afghanistan, by way of Kyrgyzstan and Pakistan.
:#The detainee stated that he was a member of the East Turkistan Islamic Movement (ETIM) AKA Sharq (East) Turkistan Islamic Partiyisa {{Sic}} (STIP).
:#ETIM is an extremist Islamic organization operating in the eastern region of China.
:#The detainee was captured near Mazir-E-Sharif {{Sic}}, Afghanistan by General Dostum's troops, taken to the Qalai Janghi {{Sic}} Prison and later turned over to U.S. Forces.

:b. The detainee participated in military operations against the United States or its coalition partners.
:#The detainee stated that he was trained to use an AK-47 rifle.
:#The detainee stated that he traveled to Konduz, AF and then on to Mazir-E-Sharif {{Sic}} to fight against General Dostum's troops.
:#The detainee was a prisoner at the Qalai Janghi {{Sic}}/Mazir-E-Sharif {{Sic}} Prison during the Mazir-E-Sharif {{Sic}} Prison Riot.
}}

==Ahmad Tourson v. George W. Bush==
A [[writ of habeas corpus]], [[Ahmad Tourson v. George W. Bush]], was submitted on Ahmad Tourson's behalf.<ref name=GuantanamoHabeasAhmadTourson>
{{Cite web
|url=http://www.dod.mil/pubs/foi/detainees/csrt_arb/publicly_filed_CSRT_records_1234-1343.pdf
|format=PDF| title=Ahmad Tourson v. George W. Bush
| date=4 January 2007
| pages=29–57
| publisher=[[United States Department of Defense]]
| accessdate=2008-03-28
| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080313143852/http://www.dod.mil/pubs/foi/detainees/csrt_arb/publicly_filed_CSRT_records_1234-1343.pdf| archivedate= 13 March 2008 | deadurl=no}}</ref>
In response, on 4 January 2007
the Department of Defense released 29
pages of unclassified documents related to his Combatant Status Review Tribunal.

His enemy combatant status was confirmed, by [[Tribunal panel 7]] on 5 November 2004.
His Tribunal recorded:
{{Quotation|"When considered in conjunction with the classified evidence, the detainee's testimony was not persuasive."}}

==Administrative Review Board hearing==
[[File:ARB trailer.jpg|thumb|Hearing room where Guantanamo captive's annual Administrative Review Board hearings convened for captives whose Combatant Status Review Tribunal had already determined they were an "enemy combatant".<ref name=TheWire20060310>{{Cite news |url=http://www.jtfgtmo.southcom.mil/wire/WirePDF/v6/TheWire-v6-i049-10MAR2006.pdf#1 | title=Review process unprecedented | publisher=[[JTF-GTMO Public Affairs Office]] | pages=1 | author=Spc Timothy Book | date=March 10, 2006|accessdate=2007-10-10 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071025123044/http://www.jtfgtmo.southcom.mil/wire/WirePDF/v6/TheWire-v6-i049-10MAR2006.pdf| archivedate= 25 October 2007 | deadurl=no}}</ref>]]

Detainees who were determined to have been properly classified as "enemy combatants" were scheduled to have their dossier reviewed at annual [[Administrative Review Board]] hearings. The Administrative Review Boards weren't authorized to review whether a detainee qualified for POW status, and they weren't authorized to review whether a detainee should have been classified as an "enemy combatant".

They were authorized to consider whether a detainee should continue to be detained by the United States, because they continued to pose a threat—or whether they could safely be repatriated to the custody of their home country, or whether they could be set free.

===Summary of Evidence memo===
A [[Summary of Evidence (ARB)|Summary of Evidence memo]] was prepared for Ahmad Tourson's Administrative Review Board, on 11 August 2005.<ref name=ArbSummaryOfEvidenceAhmadTourson>
{{Cite web
|url=http://www.dod.mil/pubs/foi/detainees/csrt_arb/ARB_Round_1_Factors_000197-000294.pdf#48-50
| title=Unclassified Summary of Evidence for Administrative Review Board in the case of Tourson, Ahmad
| date=2005-08-11
| author=[[OARDEC]]
| pages=48–50
| publisher=[[United States Department of Defense]]
| accessdate=2007-12-14
| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071214105656/http://www.dod.mil/pubs/foi/detainees/csrt_arb/ARB_Round_1_Factors_000197-000294.pdf| archivedate= 14 December 2007 | deadurl=no}} [http://projects.nytimes.com/guantanamo/detainees/201-ahmad-tourson/documents/1/pages/241#16 fast mirror]
</ref>
The memo listed factors for and against his continued detention.

''The following primary factors favor continued detention''
{{quotation|
:a. Commitment
:#The detainee traveled from the Xingjiang Province of Chine to Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan, then on to Karachi, Pakistan, to Islamabad, Pakistan, and finally Kabul, Afghanistan. He arrived there sometime between late September and early October 2000 {{Sic}}.
:#While in Kabul, the detainee stayed at a guesthouse run by the East Turkistan Islamic Movement (ETIM).
:#The Eastern Turkistan Islamic Movement (ETIM) is a small Islamic extremist group based in China's western Xinjiang Province. It is one of the most militant of the ethnic Uighur separatist groups pursuing an independent "Eastern Turkistan," which would include Turkey, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Pakistan, Afghanistan, and Zinjiang.
:#ETIM, reportedly with financial support and direction from Usama Bin Laden, recruits within remote areas of eastern China and ships recruits to training camps in Afghanistan. These recruits then return to China to conduct terrorist activities and extend their influence. Training has included religious extremist theory, terrorism, explosives and assassination. Some training camps also include the manufacturing of weapons, ammunition and explosive devices.
Uighur refugees.

:#Abdullah, a fellow Uighur, convinced the detainee to travel with him to Konduz, Afghanistan, to see the war. Once in Konduz, the two arrived at a safe house where armed Uzbeks were staying. They said they were members of the Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan (IMU).
:#The Secretary of State has designated the Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan (IMU) as a Foreign Terrorist Organization (FTO). The IMU is a coalition of Islamic militants from Uzbekistan and other Central Asian states opposed to Uzbekistani {{Sic}} President Islom Karimov's secular regime. Although the IMU's primary goal remains to overthrow Karimov and establish an Islamic state in Uzbekistan, IMU political and ideological leader Tohir Yoldashev is working to rebuild the organization and appears to have widened the IMU's targets to include all those he perceives as fighting Islam.

:b. Training

:c. Connections/Associations
:#While in Pakistan, the detainee became involved with Sharq East Turkistan Islamic Partiyisa {{Sic}} (STIP).
:#STIP is one of several extremist Islamic organization operating in the eastern region of China. These organizations attempt to unite all [[Turkic language|Turkic]]-speaking Muslims and form a political-religious state in China's Xinjiang Province.
:#The detainee said the Taliban was aware of the STIP organization located at the facility and that they would often visit the facility. He worked there for 10 months.

:d. Other Relevant Data
::The detainee was captured near Mazar-E Sharif, Afghanistan by General Dostum's troops, taken to the Qalai Janghi Prison and later turned over to United States forces.
}}

''The following primary factors favor release or transfer''
{{quotation|
:The detainee stated he did not with to fight, however, he did want to work.
}}

==Status from 2005-2008==
Five Uyghurs, whose CSR Tribunals determined they had not been enemy combatants were transferred to detention in an Albanian refugee camp in 2006. A man who was born to Uyghur parents, in Saudi Arabia, and thus was considered a Uyghur, was nevertheless returned to Saudi Arabia. All the other Uyghurs remain in Guantanamo.

In September 2007 the Department of Defense released all the [[Summary of Evidence (ARB)|Summary of Evidence memos]] prepared for the Administrative Review Boards convened in 2006.<ref name=OardecArb2Factors20070717>
{{Cite web
|url=http://www.dod.mil/pubs/foi/detainees/csrt_arb/index_ARB_Round_2_Detention_Transfer_Factors.pdf
|format=PDF| title=Index of Summaries of Detention-Release Factors for ARB Round Two
| author=[[OARDEC]]
| publisher=[[United States Department of Defense]]
| date=July 17, 2007
| accessdate=2007-09-29
| archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071026130524/http://www.dod.mil/pubs/foi/detainees/csrt_arb/index_ARB_Round_2_Detention_Transfer_Factors.pdf| archivedate= 26 October 2007 | deadurl=no}}</ref>
While a Board reviewed his status in 2005 no Board reviewed his status in 2006.

In September 2007 the Department of Defense released the recommendation memos from 133 of the Administrative Review Boards that convened in 2005 and the recommendation memos from 55 of the Administrative Review Boards that convened in 2006.<ref name=OardecArb1DecisionMemos20070717>
{{Cite web
|url=http://www.dod.mil/pubs/foi/detainees/csrt_arb/index_transfer_release_decision_ARB_Round_1.pdf
|format=PDF| title=Index to Transfer and Release Decision for Guantanamo Detainees
| author=[[OARDEC]]
| publisher=[[United States Department of Defense]]
| date=July 17, 2007
| accessdate=2007-09-29
}}</ref><ref name=OardecArb2DecicsionMemo>
{{Cite web
|url=http://www.dod.mil/pubs/foi/detainees/csrt_arb/index_ARB_Round_2_Decision_Memos.pdf
| title=Index of Transfer and Release Decision for Guantanamo Detainees from ARB Round Two
| author=[[OARDEC]]
| publisher=[[United States Department of Defense]]
| date=August 10, 2007
| accessdate=2007-09-29
}}</ref>
No recommendation memos were released for Ahmad Tourson.

On June 12, 2008 the [[United States Supreme Court]] restored the Guantanamo captives' access to the USA's civilian justice system in its ruling on [[Boumediene v. Bush]].
Specifically it re-initiated the captives' [[habeas corpus]] petitions.
In an unrelated development [[Huzaifa Parhat]]'s [[DTA appeal]] concluded that his Combatant Status Review Tribunal had erred in confirming he was an "enemy combatant", due to insufficient evidence.
The Department of Justice had the option of appealing the ruling, claiming it had new evidence. The Uyghurs' habeas petitions were the first to be scheduled for review.
In September 2008, days before the Department of Justice would have been expected to offer a justification in court for the Uyghurs' detention, and after six and half years of extrajudicial detention, the Department of Justice acknowledged the evidence to justify their detention did not exist.

==Temporary Asylum in Palau==
In June 2009 the government of [[Palau]] announced that they would offer temporary asylum to some of the Uyghurs.<ref name=DoJ2009-10-31>
{{Cite news
| url=http://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/2009/October/09-ag-1179.html
| title=United States Transfers Six Uighur Detainees from Guantanamo Bay to Palau
| publisher=[[United States Department of Justice]]
| date=2009-10-31
| author=
| archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.justice.gov%2Fopa%2Fpr%2F2009%2FOctober%2F09-ag-1179.html&date=2009-10-31
| archivedate=2009-10-31
}}</ref><ref name=NYTimes2009-10-31>
{{Cite news
| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/01/world/asia/01uighurs.html
| title=Uighurs Leave Guantánamo for Palau
| publisher=[[New York Times]]
| date=2009-10-31
| author=David Johnston
| archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2009%2F11%2F01%2Fworld%2Fasia%2F01uighurs.html&date=2009-10-31
| archivedate=2009-10-31
}}</ref><ref name=Bbc2009-10-31>
{{Cite news
| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/8336343.stm
| title=Guantanamo Uighurs sent to Palau
| publisher=[[BBC News]]
| date=2009-10-31
| archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fworld%2Fasia-pacific%2F8336343.stm&date=2009-10-31
| archivedate=2009-10-31
}}</ref>
The government of Palau sent a delegation to Guantanamo, and interviewed some of the remaining Uyghurs.
Some of the Uyghurs declined to be interviewed by the Palauns. In the end the government of Palau offered asylum to twelve of the remaining thirteen Uyghurs. Palau declined to offer asylum to one of the Uyghurs who suffered from a mental disorder, brought on by detention, that was too profound to be treated in Palau.

On October 31, 2009 Ahmad Tourson, [[Abdul Ghappar Abdul Rahman]], [[Edham Mamet]], [[Anwar Hassan]], [[Dawut Abdurehim]] and [[Adel Noori]] were released and transferred to Palau.<ref name=DoJ2009-10-31/><ref name=NYTimes2009-10-31/><ref name=Bbc2009-10-31/><ref name=Afp2009-10-31>
{{Cite news
| url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5j256OdOnArVNzoV0oVLD3PRaY-bQ
| title=Six Guantanamo Uighurs arrive in Palau: US
| publisher=[[Agence France Presse]]
| date=2009-10-31
| archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fhostednews%2Fafp%2Farticle%2FALeqM5j256OdOnArVNzoV0oVLD3PRaY-bQ&date=2009-10-31
| archivedate=2009-10-31
}}</ref><ref name=Pacific2009-10-31>
{{Cite news
| url=http://www.pacificnewscenter.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1343:6-muslim-uighurs-arrive-in-palau-from-guantanamo&catid=45:guam-news&Itemid=156
| title=6 Muslim Uighur Detainees From Guantanamo Arrive In Palau
| publisher=[[Pacific News Center]]
| date=2009-11-01
| author=
| archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pacificnewscenter.com%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26view%3Darticle%26id%3D1343%3A6-muslim-uighurs-arrive-in-palau-from-guantanamo%26catid%3D45%3Aguam-news%26Itemid%3D156&date=2009-10-31
| archivedate=2009-10-31
| accessdate=2009-09-26
}}</ref>

On June 29, 2015, Nathan Vanderklippe, reporting in the ''[[Globe and Mail]]'', wrote that all the Uyghurs had quietly left Palau.<ref name=GlobeAndMail2015-06-28>
{{cite news
| url = http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/after-guantanamo-life-on-pacific-island-was-difficult/article25172787/
| title = After Guantanamo, life on Pacific island was difficult
| publisher = [[Globe and Mail]]
| author = Nathan Vanderklippe
| date = 2015-06-28
| page =
| location = [[Beijing]]
| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20150630062759/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/after-guantanamo-life-on-pacific-island-was-difficult/article25172787/
| archivedate = 2015-06-30
| deadurl = No
| quote = In exchange for money from the U.S. – including $93,333 (U.S.) for each man – Palau allowed the Uyghurs to trade life behind barbed-wire fences for life in one of earth’s most isolated places, an island chain with a local population of just 20,000.
}}
</ref>
The ''Globe'' confirmed that Palau's agreement to give refuge to the Uyghurs was reached after the USA agreed to various secret payments. Those payments included $93,333 to cover each Uyghurs living expenses. The ''Globe'' confirmed that controversy still surrounded former President [[Johnson Toribiong]] who had used some of those funds to billet the Uyghurs in houses belonging to his relatives.

Vanderklippe reported that the men had never felt they could fit in with the Palauans.<ref name=GlobeAndMail2015-06-28/>
Some of the men compared Palau with a lusher, larger Guantanamo. Some of the men were able to bring their wives to Palau. Attempts to hold most regular jobs failed, due to cultural differences. Attempts to use their traditional leather-working skills to be self-employed failed. Eventually, all six men were employed as night-time security guards, a job that did not require interaction with Palauans.

Tragically, one of the men's young toddler, conceived and born on Palau, died after he fell off a balcony.<ref name=GlobeAndMail2015-06-28/>
According to Vanderklippe, the men's departure from Palau was quietly arranged with cooperation with American officials. He reported they left, one or two at a time, on commercial flights. Palauan officials would not share the Uyghurs destination.

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
{{Portal|Biography}}
*[http://www.andyworthington.co.uk/2008/10/09/from-guantanamo-to-the-united-states-the-story-of-the-wrongly-imprisoned-uighurs/ From Guantánamo to the United States: The Story of the Wrongly Imprisoned Uighurs] [[Andy Worthington]] October 9, 2008
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20100623230325/http://ccrjustice.org/files/2008-10-09%20Kiyemba%20corrected%20release%20order%20(2008-10-09).pdf Judge Ricardo Urbina’s unclassified opinion (redacted version)]
*[http://ccrjustice.org/files/2008-10-07%20Kiyemba%20-%20Uighur%20hearing%20transcript.pdf MOTIONS/STATUS HEARING - UIGHURS CASES BEFORE THE HONORABLE RICARDO M. URBINA]
* [http://blog.amnestyusa.org/waronterror/relief-funds-help-guantanamo-uighur-move-forward/ Relief funds help Guantanamo Uighur move forward] Amnesty International USA
* [http://ccrjustice.org/uighur-ahmad-abdulahad Ahmad Abdulahad] The Center for Constitutional Rights
* [http://www.etaa.org.au/Wordpress/archives/820STRANDED IN PARADISE] Turkistan Australian Association
* [http://www.radioaustralia.net.au/pacbeat/stories/201006/s2916807.htm Palau urges Australia to allow permanent resettlement for six Uighurs] [[Radio Australia]] June 3, 2010
* [http://home.kyodo.co.jp/modules/fstStory/index.php?storyid=475911 Palau Uyghurs try to build new lives] [[Kyodo News]] December 15, 2009
*Human Rights First; [http://www.humanrightsfirst.info/pdf/Habeas-Works-final-web.pdf Habeas Works: Federal Courts’ Proven Capacity to Handle Guantánamo Cases (2010)]

{{ListUyghurCaptives}}
{{WoTPrisoners}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tourson, Ahmad}}
[[Category:Chinese extrajudicial prisoners of the United States]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1971 births]]
[[Category:Uyghurs]]
[[Category:Guantanamo detainees known to have been released]]
[[Category:Chinese refugees]]

Adel Noori

2017-02-23T20:46:07Z

Bender the Bot: /* Temporary Asylum in Palau */HTTP→HTTPS for The New York Times. using AWB

{{Infobox person
| name = Adel Noori
| image = 
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1979|11|12}}
| birth_place = [[Xinjiang]], China
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| nationality = Chinese
| other_names =
| occupation =
| known_for = Chinese refugee held for seven years at the [[Guantanamo Bay detention camp]]
}}

'''Adel Noori''' is an [[Uyghur people|Uyghur]] refugee best known for the more than seven years he was wrongly imprisoned in the [[Guantanamo Bay detention camp]]s, in [[Cuba]].<ref name=DoDList2>
{{Cite web
| url=http://www.dod.mil/news/May2006/d20060515%20List.pdf
| title=List of Individuals Detained by the Department of Defense at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba from January 2002 through May 15, 2006
| author=[[OARDEC]]
| publisher=[[United States Department of Defense]]
| date=May 15, 2006
| accessdate=2007-09-29
| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20070930184034/http://www.dod.mil/news/May2006/d20060515%20List.pdf| archivedate= 30 September 2007 | deadurl= no}}</ref>
His Guantanamo [[Internment Serial Number]] was 584.
[[Joint Task Force Guantanamo]] [[counter-terrorism]] analysts report that he was born on
November 12, 1979 in
[[Xinjiang]], China.

Adel Noori is one of the 22 [[Uyghur detainees in Guantanamo|Uighurs held in Guantanamo]] for many years despite it became clear early on that they were innocent.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.boston.com/bostonglobe/editorial_opinion/oped/articles/2009/04/02/innocent_detainees_need_a_home/ | work=The Boston Globe | title=Innocent detainees need a home | first1=Bill | last1=Delahunt | first2=Sabin | last2=Willett | date=2009-04-02}}</ref><ref>http://ccrjustice.org/newsroom/press-releases/17-innocent-uighurs-detained-guant%C3%A1namo-ask-supreme-court-release</ref><ref name=AsiaTimes041104>[http://www.atimes.com/atimes/China/FK04Ad02.html China's Uighurs trapped at Guantanamo], ''[[Asia Times]]'', November 4, 2004</ref>

He won his [[habeas corpus]] in 2008. Judge [[Ricardo Urbina]] declared his detention as unlawful and ordered to set him free in the [[United States]].

==Combatant Status Review==
{{main|Combatant Status Review Tribunal}}

Noori was among the 60% of prisoners who participated in the tribunal hearings.<ref>[[OARDEC]], [http://www.dod.mil/pubs/foi/detainees/csrt_arb/index_CSRT_detainees_testimony.pdf Index to Transcripts of Detainee Testimony and Documents Submitted by Detainees at Combatant Status Review Tribunals Held at Guantanamo Between July 2004 and March 2005], September 4, 2007</ref> A [[Summary of Evidence (CSRT)|Summary of Evidence memo]] was prepared for the tribunal of each detainee.

Noori's memo accused him of the following:<ref name=CsrtSummaryOfEvidenceAdelNoori>
{{Cite web
| url=http://www.dod.mil/pubs/foi/detainees/csrt_arb/000500-000599.pdf#4
| title=Summary of Evidence for Combatant Status Review Tribunal -- Noori, Adel
| date=2004-09-18
| pages=4
| author=[[OARDEC]]
| publisher=[[United States Department of Defense]]
| accessdate=2007-12-20
| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20071214100224/http://www.dod.mil/pubs/foi/detainees/csrt_arb/000500-000599.pdf| archivedate= 14 December 2007 | deadurl= no}}</ref>

{{Quotation|
:a. The detainee is a member of al Qaeda:
:#The detainee traveled to Afghanistan via Kyrgyzstan to receive training at a Uighur training camp/safe house in Kabul.
:#The detainee arrived in Kabul on 26 July 2001 to begin training.
:#The detainee received training on the AK-47 rifle and a Makarov pistol while at the Kabul Uighur training camp/safe house.
:#When the bombing began in Kabul, the detainee and all of the Uighurs ran in all directions for safety.
:#The detainee fled to Pakistan where he and three others were arrested by the Pakistani police while trying to evade detection (dressed in burkas).
}}

==Transcript==
{{Wikisource|Summarized Detainee Statement (ISN 584)}}

Noori chose to participate in his [[Combatant Status Review Tribunal]].<ref name=CsrtAdelNoori>
{{Cite web
| url={{DoD detainees ARB|Set_1_0001-0097.pdf#45}}
| title=Summarized Statement
| date=n.d.
|pages=45
| author=[[OARDEC]]
| publisher=[[United States Department of Defense]]
| accessdate=2008-04-23
}}</ref>
On March 3, 2006, in response to a [[court order]] from [[Jed Rakoff]] the [[United States Department of Defense|Department of Defense]] published a single page Summarized transcript from his Combatant Status Review Tribunal.<ref name=TheAge20060404>
{{Cite news
| url=http://www.theage.com.au/news/World/US-releases-Guantanamo-files/2006/04/04/1143916500334.html
| title=US releases Guantanamo files
| publisher=[[The Age]]
| date=April 4, 2006
| accessdate=2008-03-15
| quote=
| location=Melbourne
}}</ref>

==Mohammon v. Bush, Civil Action No. 05-2386==
Adel Noori was one of the petitioners in
[[Mohammon v. Bush, Civil Action No. 05-2386]].<ref name=Cv08-0442Doc96>
{{Cite web
|url=http://docs.justia.com/cases/federal/district-courts/district-of-columbia/dcdce/1:2008mc00442/131990/96/0.pdf
|title=Guantanamo Bay Detainee Litigation: Doc 96 -- UIGHUR PETITIONERS’ STATUS REPORT
|publisher=[[United States Department of Justice]]
|author=[[George M. Clarke III]]
|date=2008-08-18
|accessdate=2008-08-22
|quote=
|deadurl=bot: unknown
|archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/5aGOLlEcz?url=http%3A%2F%2Fdocs.justia.com%2Fcases%2Ffederal%2Fdistrict-courts%2Fdistrict-of-columbia%2Fdcdce%2F1%3A2008mc00442%2F131990%2F96%2F0.pdf
|archivedate=2008-08-22
|df=
}}
</ref>

In September 2007 the Department of Justice published dossiers of unclassified documents arising from the Combatant Status Review Tribunals of 179 captives.<ref name=OardecPubliclyFiledDocuments20070910>
{{Cite web
| url=http://www.dod.mil/pubs/foi/detainees/csrt_arb/index_publicly_filed_CSRT_records.pdf
| title=Index for CSRT Records Publicly Files in Guantanamo Detainee Cases
| author=[[OARDEC]]
| publisher=[[United States Department of Defense]]
| date=August 8, 2007
| accessdate=2007-09-29
| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20071026130525/http://www.dod.mil/pubs/foi/detainees/csrt_arb/index_publicly_filed_CSRT_records.pdf| archivedate= 26 October 2007 | deadurl= no}}</ref>
The Department of Defense withheld Adel Noori's documents when they published the documents from the other 179 habeas petitioner's CSR Tribunals.

On July 18, 2008 [[George M. Clarke III]] informed the [[US District Court]] that:<ref name=Cv08-0442Doc96/>
{{Quotation|The government has refused to provide Petitioner Adel Noori's CSRT record to his counsel.}}

=== Administrative Review Board ===

Detainees whose [[Combatant Status Review Tribunal]] labeled them "enemy combatants" were scheduled for annual [[Administrative Review Board]] hearings. These hearings were designed to assess the threat a detainee might pose if released or transferred, and whether there were other factors that warranted his continued detention.<ref>
{{cite web
| url = http://www.defense.gov/transcripts/transcript.aspx?transcriptid=3902
| title = Annual Administrative Review Boards for Enemy Combatants Held at Guantanamo Attributable to Senior Defense Officials
| date = March 6, 2007
| accessdate = November 12, 2010
}}</ref>

==Summary of Evidence memo==
A [[Summary of Evidence (ARB)|Summary of Evidence memo]] was prepared for
Adel Noori's
Administrative Review Board,
on
1 July 2005.<ref name=ArbSummaryOfEvidenceAdelNoori>
{{Cite web
| url=http://www.dod.mil/pubs/foi/detainees/csrt_arb/ARB_Round_1_Factors_000495-000594.pdf#42
| title=Unclassified Summary of Evidence for Administrative Review Board in the case of Noori, Adel
| date=1 July 2005
| pages=42–44
| author=[[OARDEC]]
| publisher=[[United States Department of Defense]]
| accessdate=2007-12-19
| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20071214101803/http://www.dod.mil/pubs/foi/detainees/csrt_arb/ARB_Round_1_Factors_000495-000594.pdf| archivedate= 14 December 2007 | deadurl= no}}</ref>
The memo listed factors for and against his continued detention.

''The following primary factors favor continued detention''
{{Quotation|
:a. Commitment
:#Detainee is an ethnic Uighur wanted by the communist Chinese government for involvement in an uprising that took place in Southern Xinjiang province in 1990.
:#Detainee went to Afghanistan to train and return to fight Chinese oppression of ethnic Uighurs.
:#The detainee arrived at a safe house in Kabul on July 26, 2001.
:#When bombing began in Kabul, Afghanistan, the detainee sought refuge in Sara, Afghanistan and then traveled to Pakistan.
:#On January 15, 2002, the detainee and three other men, were arrested dressed in burkas (clothing worn by females), by Pakistani Police in Lahore, Pakistan.

:b. Training
::The detainee received training on an AK-47, a rifle and a Makarov pistol at the safe house.

:c. Connections/Associations
:#The detainee traveled to a Uighur safe house in Kabul, Afghanistan to receive training.
:#The Emir of the safe house was Hassan Mahsum, the leader of the East Tajikistan Islamic Party.
:#The detainee said that he was attempting to join the Eastern Turkistan Islamic Movement (ETIM).
:#The Eastern Turkistan Islamic Movement (ETIM) is designated an Other Foreign Terrorist Organization by the United States Department of Homeland Security.
:#Hassan Mahsum visited the safe house a few days after detainee arrived at the safe house in August 2001, and again at the onset of the United States bombing campaign in October 2001.
:#Hassan Maksoon (ph) oversees the operation of a small school in Kabul, Afghanistan where groups of three Uighurs train in Islam and light weapons operations.

:d. Intent
:#Detainee was encouraged to go to Afghanistan where training is available for fighting the Chinese government.
:#Detainee advised that the purpose of the training was to return to his home and fight the Chinese.

:e. Other Relevant Data
:#When the detainee was arrested by Pakistani authorities, he told them he was Uzbeki to avoid being turned over to Chinese authorities.
:#The three men arrested wearing burkas along with the detainee were Maneh and Ibrahim from Saudi Arabia, and Ibrahim from Morocco.
:#In 1990, detainee's friend Abdulhamid, was killed in an uprising known as the Baren War. The detainee had studied Martial Arts with Abdulhamid.
:#Detainee advised he was very good friends with Abdrahim Otkue, a famous Uighur author. Otkur was arrested by the Chinese during the Cultural Revolution and served time Chinese prison.
:#The detainee met an American, through his friend Abdurehum Oktur, whom he knew as Dr. David Alim, a Physics professor at [[Xinjiang University]], that reportedly speaks Uighur.
:#The detainee stated he knew Nurmamet Kenji, Chairman of a Bishkek committee known as "The Uighur Union".
}}

''The following primary factors favor release or transfer''
{{Quotation|
::a. Upon release the detainee said he would like to be part of the action to defend the Uighur people and fight for human rights.

::b. Detainee said he had no negative feelings toward the United States. He was never asked to participate in Jihad against the United States while in Afghanistan. He said he would submit to a polygraph examination.

::c. Detainee stated he would not fight against the United States even if his religion told him to.

::d. Detainee acknowledges that if he returns to China he will face execution. He is very fearful that information about him will be passed to the Chinese government. He requests asylum in the United States.

::e. Detainee denied having any knowledge of the attacks in the United States prior to their execution on September 11, and also denied knowledge of any rumors of plans of future attacks on the United States or United States interests.
}}

==Board recommendations==
In early September 2007 the Department of Defense released two heavily redacted memos, from his Board, to [[Gordon R. England]], the [[Designated Civilian Official (OARDEC)|Designated Civilian Official]].<ref name=ArbRecommendationIsn584>
{{Cite web
| url=http://www.dod.mil/pubs/foi/detainees/csrt_arb/ARB_Round_1_Decision_memos_000392-000483.pdf#45
| title=Administrative Review Board assessment and recommendation ICO ISN 584
| date=October 22, 2005
| author=[[OARDEC]]
| publisher=[[United States Department of Defense]]
| accessdate=2007-12-19
| pages=
| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20071214105938/http://www.dod.mil/pubs/foi/detainees/csrt_arb/ARB_Round_1_Decision_memos_000392-000483.pdf| archivedate= 14 December 2007 | deadurl= no}}</ref><ref name=ArbBasisForRecommendationIsn584>
{{Cite web
| url=http://www.dod.mil/pubs/foi/detainees/csrt_arb/ARB_Round_1_Decision_memos_000392-000483.pdf#45
| title=Classified Record of Proceedings and basis of Administrative Review Board recommendation for ISN 584
| date=4 August 2005
| author=[[OARDEC]]
| publisher=[[United States Department of Defense]]
| accessdate=2007-12-19
| pages=
| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20071214105938/http://www.dod.mil/pubs/foi/detainees/csrt_arb/ARB_Round_1_Decision_memos_000392-000483.pdf| archivedate= 14 December 2007 | deadurl= no}}</ref>
The Board's recommendation was unanimous
The Board's recommendation was redacted.
England authorized his transfer on October 22, 2005.

==2005 through 2008==
On June 12, 2008 the [[United States Supreme Court]] restored the Guantanamo captives' access to the USA's civilian justice system in its ruling on [[Boumediene v. Bush]].
Specifically it re-initiated the captives' [[habeas corpus]] petitions.
In an unrelated development [[Huzaifa Parhat]]'s [[DTA appeal]] concluded that his Combatant Status Review Tribunal had erred in confirming he was an "enemy combatant", due to insufficient evidence.
The Department of Justice had the option of appealing the ruling, claiming it had new evidence. The Uyghurs' habeas petitions were the first to be scheduled for review.
In September 2008, days before the Department of Justice would have been expected to offer a justification in court for the Uyghurs' detention, and after six and half years of extrajudicial detention, the Department of Justice acknowledged the evidence to justify their detention did not exist.

==Temporary Asylum in Palau==
In June 2009 the government of [[Palau]] announced that they would offer temporary asylum to some of the Uyghurs.<ref name=DoJ2009-10-31>
{{Cite news
| url=http://www.justice.gov/opa/pr/2009/October/09-ag-1179.html
| title=United States Transfers Six Uighur Detainees from Guantanamo Bay to Palau
| publisher=[[United States Department of Justice]]
| date=2009-10-31
| author=
| archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.justice.gov%2Fopa%2Fpr%2F2009%2FOctober%2F09-ag-1179.html&date=2009-10-31
| archivedate=2009-10-31
}}</ref><ref name=NYTimes2009-10-31>
{{Cite news
| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/01/world/asia/01uighurs.html
| title=Uighurs Leave Guantánamo for Palau
| publisher=[[New York Times]]
| date=2009-10-31
| author=David Johnston
| archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2009%2F11%2F01%2Fworld%2Fasia%2F01uighurs.html&date=2009-10-31
| archivedate=2009-10-31
}}</ref><ref name=Bbc2009-10-31>
{{Cite news
| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/8336343.stm
| title=Guantanamo Uighurs sent to Palau
| publisher=[[BBC News]]
| date=2009-10-31
| archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fworld%2Fasia-pacific%2F8336343.stm&date=2009-10-31
| archivedate=2009-10-31
}}</ref>
The government of Palau sent a delegation Guantanamo, and interviewed some of the remaining Uyghurs.
Some of the Uyghurs declined to be interviewed by the Palauns. In the end the government of Palau offered asylum to twelve of the remaining thirteen Uyghurs. Palau declined to offer asylum to one of the Uyghurs who suffered from a mental disorder, brought on by detention, that was too profound to be treated in Palau.

On October 31, 2009 Adel Noori, [[Ahmad Tourson]], [[Abdul Ghappar Abdul Rahman]], [[Edham Mamet]], [[Anwar Hassan]], and [[Dawut Abdurehim]] were released and transferred to Palau.<ref name=DoJ2009-10-31/><ref name=NYTimes2009-10-31/><ref name=Bbc2009-10-31/><ref name=Afp2009-10-31>
{{Cite news
| url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5j256OdOnArVNzoV0oVLD3PRaY-bQ
| title=Six Guantanamo Uighurs arrive in Palau: US
| publisher=[[Agence France Presse]]
| date=2009-10-31
| archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fhostednews%2Fafp%2Farticle%2FALeqM5j256OdOnArVNzoV0oVLD3PRaY-bQ&date=2009-10-31
| archivedate=2009-10-31
}}</ref><ref name=Pacific2009-10-31>
{{Cite news
| url=http://www.pacificnewscenter.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1343:6-muslim-uighurs-arrive-in-palau-from-guantanamo&catid=45:guam-news&Itemid=156
| title=6 Muslim Uighur Detainees From Guantanamo Arrive In Palau
| publisher=[[Pacific News Center]]
| date=2009-11-01
| author=
| archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pacificnewscenter.com%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26view%3Darticle%26id%3D1343%3A6-muslim-uighurs-arrive-in-palau-from-guantanamo%26catid%3D45%3Aguam-news%26Itemid%3D156&date=2009-10-31
| archivedate=2009-10-31
| accessdate=2009-09-26
}}</ref>

Noori worked as a security guard at the [[Palau Community College]].<ref name=TorStar2013-02-14>
{{cite news
| url = http://www.thestar.com/news/world/2013/02/14/uighur_man_released_from_guantanamo_bay_prison_to_palau_now_missing.html
| title = Official says Uighur man released from Guantanamo Bay prison to Palau is now missing
| author = Eric Talmadge
| publisher = [[Toronto Star]]
| date = 2013-02-14
| location = [[Tokyo]]
| archivedate = 2013-02-14
| archiveurl = http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestar.com%2Fnews%2Fworld%2F2013%2F02%2F14%2Fuighur_man_released_from_guantanamo_bay_prison_to_palau_now_missing.html&date=2013-02-14
| deadurl = No
| quote = Adel Noori has been missing since late last year, Rhinehart Silas said by phone from Koror, Palau’s largest city. Silas, the deputy chief of staff to Palau’s president, said Noori had no passport and it was unclear where he went. He said the Palaun government just learned of his disappearance and was investigating.
}}
</ref>

==Reappearance in Turkey==

On February 14, 2013, the ''[[Associated Press]]'' reported that Noori had "missing since late last year" from Palau.<ref name=TorStar2013-02-14/><ref>
{{cite news
| url = http://www.nd.nl/artikelen/2013/februari/14/ex-gedetineerde-guantanamo-zoek
| title = Ex-gedetineerde Guantanamo zoek
| publisher = [[Nederlands Dagblad]]
| author =
| date = 2013-02-14
| language = Dutch
| trans_title = Ex-Guantanamo detainee search
| archivedate = 2013-02-14
| archiveurl = http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nd.nl%2Fartikelen%2F2013%2Ffebruari%2F14%2Fex-gedetineerde-guantanamo-zoek&date=2013-02-14
| deadurl = No
| quote =
}}
</ref>
The Uyghurs were not eligible for Palaun citizenship, so Noori had no legitimate travel documents. The ''Associated Press'' quoted a report from ''[[Tia Belau]]'', a local newspaper, that speculated Noori may have been trying to make his way to [[Turkey]], to join his wife and child.

The ''Tia Belau'' reported that Noori had not been seen at work for two months.<ref name=TorStar2013-02-14/>
They reported he had traveled through Japan, but Japanese officials could not refute or confirm this.

[[Carol Rosenberg]], of the ''[[McClatchy News Services]]'', confirmed on February 20, 2013, that US officials knew Noori had joined his wife in Turkey, although the officials she spoke with insisted on anonymity.<ref>
{{cite news
| url = http://www.mcclatchydc.com/2013/02/20/183690/uighur-sent-from-guantanamo-to.html
| title = Uighur sent from Guantanamo to Palau is not missing after all
| publisher = [[McClatchy News Service]]
| author = [[Carol Rosenberg]]
| date = 2013-02-20
| page =
| location = [[Miami, Florida|Miami]]
| archivedate = 2013-02-21
| archiveurl = http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mcclatchydc.com%2F2013%2F02%2F20%2F183690%2Fuighur-sent-from-guantanamo-to.html&date=2013-02-21
| deadurl = No
| quote = "He's not missing; he's definitely not disappeared," said one of two U.S. government officials who discussed the episode on condition of anonymity because only the State Department was authorized to answer questions on the matter.
}}
</ref>
[[Joshua Keating]] of ''[[Foreign Policy magazine]]'' noted that ''"Noori's relocation is particularly impressive given that he is technically stateless and has no travel documents."''<ref>
{{cite news
| url = http://blog.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2013/02/21/palau_uighur_takes_relocation_into_his_own_hands
| title = Palau Uighur takes relocation into his own hands
| publisher = [[Foreign Policy magazine]]
| author = [[Joshua Keating]]
| date = 2013-02-21
| archivedate = 2013-02-21
| archiveurl = http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fblog.foreignpolicy.com%2Fposts%2F2013%2F02%2F21%2Fpalau_uighur_takes_relocation_into_his_own_hands&date=2013-02-21
| deadurl = No
| quote =
}}
</ref>

On June 29, 2015, Nathan Vanderklippe, reporting in the ''[[Globe and Mail]]'', wrote that all the Uyghurs had quietly left Palau.<ref name=GlobeAndMail2015-06-28>
{{cite news
| url = http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/after-guantanamo-life-on-pacific-island-was-difficult/article25172787/
| title = After Guantanamo, life on Pacific island was difficult
| publisher = [[Globe and Mail]]
| author = Nathan Vanderklippe
| date = 2015-06-28
| page =
| location = [[Beijing]]
| archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20150630062759/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/after-guantanamo-life-on-pacific-island-was-difficult/article25172787/
| archivedate = 2015-06-30
| deadurl = No
| quote = In exchange for money from the U.S. – including $93,333 (U.S.) for each man – Palau allowed the Uyghurs to trade life behind barbed-wire fences for life in one of earth’s most isolated places, an island chain with a local population of just 20,000.
}}
</ref>
The ''Globe'' confirmed that Palau's agreement to give refuge to the Uyghurs was reached after the USA agreed to various secret payments. Those payments included $93,333 to cover each Uyghurs living expenses. The ''Globe'' confirmed that controversy still surrounded former President [[Johnson Toribiong]] who had used some of those funds to billet the Uyghurs in houses belonging to his relatives.

Vanderklippe reported that the men had never felt they could fit in with the Palauns.<ref name=GlobeAndMail2015-06-28/>
Some of the men compared Palau with a lusher, larger Guantanamo. Some of the men were able to bring their wives to Palau. Attempts to hold most regular jobs failed, due to cultural differences. Attempts to use their traditional leather-working skills to be self-employed failed. Eventually, all six men were employed as night-time security guards, a job that did not require interaction with Palauns.

Tragically, one of the men's young toddler, conceived and born on Palau, died after he fell off a balcony.<ref name=GlobeAndMail2015-06-28/>
According to Vanderklippe, the men's departure from Palau was quietly arranged with cooperation with American officials. He reported they left, one or two at a time, on commercial flights. Palaun officials would not share the Uyghurs destination.

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
{{Portal|Biography}}
* [http://wikileaks.ch/gitmo/prisoner/584.html Adel Noori's Guantanamo detainee assessment via Wikileaks]
* [http://www.andyworthington.co.uk/2008/10/09/from-guantanamo-to-the-united-states-the-story-of-the-wrongly-imprisoned-uighurs/ From Guantánamo to the United States: The Story of the Wrongly Imprisoned Uighurs] [[Andy Worthington]] October 9, 2008
* [http://ccrjustice.org/files/2008-10-09%20Kiyemba%20corrected%20release%20order%20%282008-10-09%29.pdf Judge Ricardo Urbina’s unclassified opinion (redacted version)]
* [http://ccrjustice.org/files/2008-10-07%20Kiyemba%20-%20Uighur%20hearing%20transcript.pdf MOTIONS/STATUS HEARING - UIGHURS CASES BEFORE THE HONORABLE RICARDO M. URBINA]
* [http://home.kyodo.co.jp/modules/fstStory/index.php?storyid=475911 Palau Uyghurs try to build new lives] [[Kyodo News]] December 15, 2009

{{ETIM}}
{{ListUyghurCaptives}}
{{WoTPrisoners}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Noori, Adel}}
[[Category:Chinese extrajudicial prisoners of the United States]]
[[Category:Uyghurs]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:1979 births]]
[[Category:Guantanamo detainees known to have been released]]
[[Category:Chinese refugees]]

Vladimir Tretchikoff

2017-02-23T11:33:26Z

Bender the Bot: /* External links */HTTP→HTTPS for The New York Times. using AWB

{{Infobox artist
| name = Vladimir Tretchikoff
| image = [[File:Tretchikoff by Reshada Crouse (1988).jpg|200px|''Tretchikoff'' by Reshada Crouse (1988)]]
| birth_name = Vladimir Grigoryevich Tretchikoff
| birth_date = {{birth date|1913|12|26|mf=y}}
| birth_place = [[Petropavl]], [[Russia]], now [[Kazakhstan]]
| death_date = {{death date and age|2006|8|26|1913|12|26|mf=y}}
| death_place = [[Cape Town]], [[South Africa]]
| nationality =
| field = [[Painting]]
| training =
| movement =
| works = ''[[Chinese Girl]]; [[Alicia Markova "The Dying Swan"|The Dying Swan]]; Miss Wong; Lady from Orient; Lost Orchid; Weeping Rose; Balinese Girl''
}}
'''Vladimir Grigoryevich Tretchikoff''' (Владимир Григорьевич Трeтчиков, {{OldStyleDate|26 December|1913|13 December}}, Petropavlovsk, [[Russian Empire]], now [[Petropavl]] in [[Kazakhstan]]<ref name=fv>{{cite book|year=2013|author=Boris Gorelik|title=Incredible Tretchikoff|publisher=Art / Books|ISBN=978-1-908970-08-4}}</ref> – 26 August 2006, [[Cape Town]], [[South Africa]]) was one of the most commercially successful artists of all time - his painting ''[[Chinese Girl]]'' (popularly known as "The Green Lady") is one of the best selling art prints of the twentieth century.<ref name="fv"/><ref>http://www.artbookspublishing.co.uk/incredible-tretchikoff/</ref>

Tretchikoff was a self-taught artist who painted realistic figures, portraits, still life and animals, with subjects often inspired by his early life in [[China]], [[Singapore]] and [[Indonesia]], and later life in [[South Africa]]. His work was immensely popular with the general public, but is often seen by art critics as the epitome of [[kitsch]] (indeed, he was nicknamed the "King of Kitsch"). He worked in oil, watercolour, ink, charcoal and pencil but is best known for his reproduction prints which sold worldwide in huge numbers. According to his biographer Boris Gorelik, writing in ''Incredible Tretchikoff'',<ref>http://www.artbookspublishing.co.uk/incredible-tretchikoff/</ref> the reproductions were so popular that it was rumoured that Tretchikoff was the world's richest artist after [[Picasso]].<ref name="fv"/>

==Life and career==
Vladimir Grigoryevich Tretchikoff was the youngest of eight children in a well-to-do family in Petropavlovsk (now [[Petropavl]]), a town in [[Siberia]]. Upon the [[Russian Revolution of 1917|Russian Revolution]] in 1917, the family abandoned their property and fled to [[Harbin]], a city in [[China]] with a [[Harbin Russians|large Russian presence]]. Tretchikoff worked as a scene painter at the city's Russian opera house, and went to school until the age of 16. This explains why much of his later work is designed to be seen from a distance with an inherent theatricality.<ref>{{cite web|url = http://www.vladimirtretchikoff.com/userdocs/flash_bio/main.html|title =Tretchikoff Biography|accessdate=2008-07-17|publisher=Official web site}}</ref> A year previously, he was commissioned to paint portraits for the boardroom of the [[Chinese-Eastern Railway]], and with the money from this commission he joined the community of [[Shanghai Russians]].

In Shanghai, Tretchikoff worked as an art director and illustrator for Mercury Press, an American-owned advertising and publishing company. At the same time, he contributed cartoons to local Russian and English-language magazines. He met and married Natalie Telpougoff, a fellow Russian [[emigré]]. The couple moved to [[Singapore]], where Tretchikoff worked for an advertising agency, gave art lessons and contributed artwork to the ''[[Straits Times]]''.<ref name="fv"/> International recognition came in 1937 when he was commissioned by the head of [[IBM]], [[Thomas J. Watson|Thomas Watson]], to represent [[British Malaya|Malaya]] in an exhibition of international art for which he produced the painting ''The Last Divers''.

When the [[Second World War]] spread to the Pacific in 1940, Tretchikoff became a propaganda artist working for the [[UK|British]] [[Ministry of Information (United Kingdom)|Ministry of Information]]. In February 1942, Tretchikoff was on board a ship evacuating ministry personnel to [[South Africa]]. The ship was bombed by the Japanese, and the 42 survivors rowed first to [[Sumatra]], which they found was already occupied by the [[Imperial Japanese Army|Japanese Army]]. They then rowed to [[Java]], which took 19 days, only to find that it too was occupied. Tretchikoff was imprisoned in Serang (where he spent three months in solitary confinement for protesting that as a Russian citizen he ought to be set free), and then was released and spent the rest of the war on parole in [[Jakarta|Batavia]], (now [[Jakarta]]), where he worked under supervision of a Japanese artist. Here he met Leonora Schmidt-Salomonson (''Lenka'') who became his lover and one of his most famous models.

In 1946 he was reunited with his wife and their daughter Mimi in [[South Africa]] (they had been successfully evacuated on an earlier boat).

===Success===
He quickly became famous in South Africa thanks to a book that collected his portraits of Asian women and pictures of flowers, and held successful exhibitions in [[Cape Town]] and [[Johannesburg]]. His fame spread to the United States, where the Rosicrucians of San Jose invited him to launch an American tour. Around 57,000 people saw his show in Los Angeles and 52,000 in San Francisco. In Seattle, a rival show which included Picasso and Rothko was far less attended, to Tretchikoff’s satisfaction. Then he took his show to Canada, where he had an even bigger success. This was followed by a large exhibition in 1962 at [[Harrods]] in [[London]] where he decided that the Harrods art gallery was too small to accommodate the crowds. He requested and was granted the privilege of having his exhibition in the ground-floor exhibition space. He had more than 205,000 visitors to this exhibition.<ref name="fv"/> One of his British admirers, Leslie Rigall, bought a dozen of his paintings and designed his new house in Windsor Great Park around them.

His famous ''[[Chinese Girl]]'', a 1950 painting featuring Eastern model, Monika Pon-su-san,<ref name="Mail & Guardian, 20 May 2011">[http://mg.co.za/article/2011-05-20-face-to-with-the-woman-who-is-tretchis-chinese-girl "Face to face with the woman who is Tretchi's Chinese Girl", Mail & Guardian (Johannesburg), 20 May 2011]</ref> with blue-green skin, is one of the best selling prints of the twentieth century.<ref name="fv"/> Prints of the painting became widespread during the 1950s and 1960s, and the painting was featured in various plays and television programmes: Alfred Hitchcock's [[Frenzy]] (1972), the original set of ''[[Alfie (1966 film)|Alfie]]'', with a drawn moustache in one episode of ''[[Monty Python's Flying Circus]]'' and an episode of ''[[Doctor Who]]''. Other popular paintings of oriental figures were ''Miss Wong'', ''Lady from Orient'' and ''Balinese Girl''. He said of British [[prima ballerina assoluta]], [[Alicia Markova]], who sat for ''[[Alicia Markova "The Dying Swan"|The Dying Swan]]'', that she was his most stimulating sitter.

==Books==
In 1973, Tretchikoff published his autobiography, ''Pigeon's Luck'', with Anthony Hocking,<ref>''Pigeon's Luck'', by Vladimir Tretchikoff and [[Anthony Hocking]], ISBN 0-00-211335-X</ref> an account of his wartime experiences. The book was painstakingly researched by Hocking, who contacted people in more than 21 countries.<ref name=fv/>

In 2013, the first complete biography of the artist, ''Incredible Tretchikoff'' by Boris Gorelik, was published in London by Art / Books<ref>http://www.artbookspublishing.co.uk/incredible-tretchikoff/</ref> and in Cape Town by Tafelberg.

==Revival==
Interest in his artworks underwent a resurgence in the late 1990s as part of a revival of 1950s and 1960s retro decor. In 1998 Sotheby's of Johannesburg sold an oil-on-canvas still life for $1800, double what they expected. In 1999 ''Zulu Maiden'' was expected to fetch $1800 but went for $10,000. In October 2002 another original fetched $18,000<ref>"The Comeback King of Kitsch", Sunday Magazine (Sunday [[Herald Sun]]/[[Daily Telegraph (Australia)|Sunday Telegraph]], July 13, 2003.</ref> and in May 2008, ''Fruits of Bali'' fetched $480,000 at Stephan Welz & Co in Cape Town.

The most expensive Tretchikoff painting to date is ''Chinese Girl'' which went for nearly £1,000,000 at [[Bonhams]], London in March 2013.<ref>[http://www.bonhams.com/press_release/13192/ "Tretchikoff's ''Chinese Girl'' Makes World Record" Bonhams press release, 20 March 2013]</ref> The previous record was ''Red Jacket'', which fetched £337,250 in October 2012, also at Bonhams.<ref>[http://www.bonhams.com/auctions/19602/lot/342/ ''Red Jacket'' sale results at Bonhams official website]</ref><ref> That record was soon broken at the same auction house. In March 2013, Chinese Girl was sold for GBP 982,050.It was bought by Laurence Graff, the British businessman and jeweller, who owns the Delaire Graff Estate near Stellenbosch in South Africa, where the picture is displayed.</ref>

==Death and legacy==
He suffered a stroke in 2002 that left him unable to paint, and died on 26 August 2006 in Cape Town, his home since 1946. He was survived by his wife Natalie, his daughter Mimi (b. 1938), four granddaughters and five great-grandchildren. Natalie Tretchikoff died on July 18, 2007.<ref>Pretoria News (South Africa)</ref>

The [[South African National Gallery]] never acquired an original Tretchikoff because they did not "really regard Tretchikoff as a South African artist". In Esme Berman’s definitive book on ”Art and Artists of Southern Africa” he is dismissed in little more than two lines, under the heading ”popular artists.”<ref>[http://janiallan.com/2014/06/17/jani-met-tretchi/ When Jani met Tretchi] [[Jani Allan|janiallan.com]]. 17 June 2014</ref> Tretchikoff once said that the only difference between himself and [[Vincent van Gogh]] was that Van Gogh had starved whereas he had become rich.

TV personality [[Uri Geller]] is a great admirer of Tretchikoff, in spite of agreeing with critics that his is anything but great art. He wrote, "You put a brick in the Tate today and it's art. Who decided that the Green Lady is kitsch? Not the hundreds of thousands who bought it."<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/magazine/5298060.stm "Gaze of the Green Lady" BBC New Magazine, 30 August 2006]</ref>

Another admirer is fashion designer [[Wayne Hemingway]], who compared him to [[Andy Warhol]] in his book ''Just Above The Mantelpiece'' which defends popular art. He wrote, "He achieved everything that Andy Warhol stated he wanted to do but could never achieve because of his coolness."<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/5295806.stm "King of kitsch' Tretchikoff dies" BBC New Magazine, 29 August 2006]</ref>

Soon after his death the Tretchikoff Trust was established. The Trusts hosts workshops for teenagers throughout South Africa. The Trust is based on Tretchikoff's life motto "Express your passion, do whatever you love, take action, no matter what".<ref name=wave>{{cite news
| last = Watson
| first = Helena Innes
| coauthors =
| title = Second wave for Tretchikoff
| work =
| pages = 9
| language =
| publisher = Cape Times
| date = 17 July 2008
| url =
| accessdate = }}
</ref>
In 2011, the first Tretchikoff retrospective was held at the South African National Gallery in Cape Town. Curated by Andrew Lamprecht, it proved to be one of the most successful shows in the gallery's history.<ref name="fv"/>

==See also==
*[[Bragolin]]
*[[Margaret Keane]]
*[[Joseph Henry Lynch]]
*[[Alicia Markova "The Dying Swan"]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}

==Documentary==
*''[[Red Jacket (documentary)|Red Jacket]]''

==Further reading==
*{{cite book|year=2013|author=Boris Gorelik|title=Incredible Tretchikoff|publisher=Art / Books|ISBN=978-1-908970-08-4}}
* ''The Sun-Herald'' ([[Sydney]]) - "Rich Kitsch" 26 March 2006 (Home on Sunday, pg. 8)
* Art & Artists of South Africa, Esme Berman, ISBN 1-86812-345-6
* The Dictionary of South African Painters and Sculptors, Grania Oglivie, Published Everard, ISBN 0-620-12663-9

==External links==
*[http://www.vladimirtretchikoff.com/ Official Tretchikoff website]
*[https://www.facebook.com/vladimirtretchikoff/ Incredible Tretchikoff - an unofficial Facebook group]
*[http://mg.co.za/article/2011-05-20-face-to-with-the-woman-who-is-tretchis-chinese-girl Interview with Tretchikoff's model for Chinese Girl] in [[Mail & Guardian]]
*[http://www.uri-geller.com/articles/ley-in-green.htm Lady in Green, by Uri Geller]
*[http://www.sabcnews.com/entertainment/the_arts/0,2172,133762,00.html SABC News report on his passing]
*[http://www.bigshinything.com/rip-vladimir-tretchikoff Obituary at bigshinything]
*[http://www.sundaytimes.co.za/articles/article.aspx?ID=ST6A204661 Obituary] in the [http://www.sundaytimes.co.za/printedition/Default.aspx SA Sunday Times]
*[http://arts.guardian.co.uk/news/obituary/0,,1860881,00.html Obituary] in [[the Guardian]]
*[https://www.nytimes.com/2006/09/06/arts/design/06tretchikoff.html?ex=1315195200&en=4440b56cab0d076e&ei=5088&partner=rssnyt&emc=rss Obituary] in [[The New York Times]]
*[http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/09/06/AR2006090601910.html Obituary] in [[The Washington Post]]
*[http://arts.guardian.co.uk/news/story/0,,1860350,00.html Appreciation] in the Guardian
*[http://www.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,60-2331383.html Obituary] in [[The Times]]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tretchikoff, Vladimir}}
[[Category:1913 births]]
[[Category:2006 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Petropavl]]
[[Category:20th-century Russian painters]]
[[Category:Russian male painters]]
[[Category:21st-century Russian painters]]
[[Category:Imperial Russian emigrants to China]]
[[Category:Russian exiles]]
[[Category:South African painters]]
[[Category:Imperial Russian emigrants to South Africa]]

Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe

2017-02-23T10:32:16Z

Bender the Bot: /* Motives */HTTP→HTTPS for The New York Times. using AWB

{{Infobox treaty
|name=Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe
|date_signed={{Start date|1990|11|19|df=y}}
|location_signed=[[Paris]], France
|date_effective=July 17, 1992
|condition_effective=[[Ratification]] by [[NATO]] and [[Warsaw Pact]] member countries
|date_expiry={{End date|2007|04|26|df=y}}
|signatories=
* {{flagicon|Bulgaria|1990}} [[Bulgaria]]
* {{flagicon|Czechoslovakia|1990}} [[Czechoslovakia]]
* {{flagicon|Hungary|1990}} [[Hungary]]
* {{flagicon|Poland|1990}} [[Poland]]
* {{flagicon|Romania|1990}} [[Romania]]
*{{flagicon|USSR|1990}} [[Soviet Union]] <hr/>
* {{flagicon|Belgium}} [[Belgium]]
* {{flagicon|Canada}} [[Canada]]
* {{flagicon|Denmark}} [[Denmark]]
* {{flagicon|France}} [[France]]
* {{flagicon|Germany}} [[Germany]]
* {{flagicon|Greece}} [[Greece]]
* {{flagicon|Iceland}} [[Iceland]]
* {{flagicon|Italy}} [[Italy]]
* {{flagicon|Luxembourg}} [[Luxembourg]]
* {{flagicon|Netherlands}} [[Netherlands]]
* {{flagicon|Norway}} [[Norway]]
* {{flagicon|Portugal}} [[Portugal]]
* {{flagicon|Spain}} [[Spain]]
* {{flagicon|Turkey}} [[Turkey]]
* {{flagicon|UK}} [[United Kingdom]]
* {{flagicon|USA}} [[United States]]
}}

The original '''Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe''' ('''CFE''') was negotiated and concluded during the last years of the [[Cold War]] and established comprehensive limits on key categories of conventional military equipment in [[Europe]] (from the [[Atlantic Ocean|Atlantic]] to the [[Ural Mountains|Urals]]) and mandated the destruction of excess weaponry. The treaty proposed equal limits for the two "groups of states-parties", the [[NATO|North Atlantic Treaty Organization]] (NATO) and the [[Warsaw Pact]]. In 2007, Russia "suspended" its participation in the treaty, and on 10 March 2015, citing NATO's ''de facto'' breach of the Treaty, Russia formally announced it was "completely" halting its participation in it as of the next day.<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.mid.ru/brp_4.nsf/newsline/DF4749F53CF96B4043257E040058061A|title = Заявление руководителя Делегации Российской Федерации на переговорах в Вене по вопросам военной безопасности и контроля над вооружениями|author = А.Ю.Мазура|work = |date = 10 March 2015|publisher = RF Foreign Ministry website}}</ref>

==History==

===Background===
In 1972, US president [[Richard Nixon]] and Soviet General Secretary [[Leonid Brezhnev]] reached a compromise agreement to hold separate political and military negotiations.<ref name=FAS2>FEDERATION OF AMERICAN SCIENTISTS, [https://fas.org/nuke/control/cfe/cfebook/chrono.html "Chronology: CFE Treaty Negotiations and Implementation, 1972-1996"], n.d.</ref> The [[Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe]] (CSCE) would deal with political issues, and [[Mutual and Balanced Force Reductions]] (MBFR) with military issues. The CSCE resulted in 1975 in 35 nations signing the concluding document: the Helsinki Final Act. Negotiations for MBFR were stalled by the USSR in 1979 because of NATO's decision to deploy new intermediate-range nuclear weapons in Europe. In 1986, Soviet General Secretary [[Mikhail Gorbachev]] proposed in the context of MBFR negotiations to reduce ground and air forces, and to include conventional and nuclear weapons from the Atlantic to the Urals. This proposal was later that year formalized during a Warsaw Treaty meeting. NATO's [[North Atlantic Council]] of foreign ministers issued the Brussels Declaration on Conventional Arms Control, which called for two distinct sets of negotiations: one to build on the Confidence and Security-Building Measures (CSBM) results of the Stockholm Conference and the other to establish conventional stability in Europe through negotiations on conventional arms control from the Atlantic to the Urals (ATTU). In 1987, the Stockholm Document entered into force and provided for the first time for a negotiated right to conduct on-site inspections of military forces in the field.

Informal talks between the 16 NATO and the 7 Warsaw Treaty nations began in Vienna on February 17, 1987 on a mandate for conventional negotiations in Europe, which would set out treaty negotiating guidelines.<ref name=FAS2/> Several months later, on June 27, NATO presented a draft mandate during the 23-nation conference in Vienna. The mandate called for elimination of force disparities, capability for surprise attack, and large-scale offensive operations, and the establishment of an effective verification system. Meanwhile, in December the [[INF Treaty]] between the United States and the Soviet Union was signed, effectively allowing mutual inspections. During the May–June 1988 Moscow Summit, US President [[Ronald Reagan]] and General Secretary Gorbachev emphasized the importance of stability and security in Europe, specifically calling for data exchange, verification of these data, and then reductions. In December Gorbachev announced at the [[United Nations]] a unilateral withdrawal of 50,000 troops from Eastern Europe, and demobilization of 500,000 Soviet troops.

===CFE negotiations===
In January 1989, NATO and the Warsaw Treaty members produced the Mandate for the Negotiation on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe. The mandate set out objectives for the CFE Treaty and established negotiating principles, and formal negotiations began on March 9, 1989 in Vienna. When US President [[George H.W. Bush]] and France's President [[François Mitterrand]] met in May, Bush announced the acceptance of reductions of combat aircraft and helicopters. He also proposed a ceiling of 275,000 personnel stationed in Europe by the US and Soviet Union. Bush's proposal was formally adopted during the 1989 Brussels [[NATO summit]] and subsequently presented in Vienna. In November the [[Berlin Wall]] fell and in the following months revolutions broke out in Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Romania, and Bulgaria. Bush and Gorbachev agreed to speed up arms control and economic negotiations. Bush proposed even steeper reductions, and the Soviet Union negotiated and concluded troop withdrawal agreements with Warsaw Treaty states.

In addition, at the time, [[German reunification]] were underway, which would lead to the [[Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany]]. The treaty was linked to the CFE treaty by specifying that certain military limits imposed on Germany would come into force upon the conclusion of the CFE Treaty.<ref>http://usa.usembassy.de/etexts/2plusfour8994e.htm</ref>

==Status==

===Signed===
[[Image:NATO vs Warsaw 1990.PNG|400px|right|thumb|All members of the two blocs (NATO in blue, Warsaw Treaty in red) signed the CFE treaty in 1990.]]
The Treaty was signed in [[Paris]] on November 19, 1990 by 22 states.<ref name=STATE.GOV>US DEPARTMENT OF STATE, [http://www.state.gov/t/ac/rls/fs/11243.htm "Fact Sheet: Conventional Armed Forces in Europe (CFE) Treaty"], June 18, 2002</ref> These were divided into two groups:
*the then-16 NATO members: [[Belgium]], [[Canada]], [[Denmark]], [[France]], [[Germany]], [[Greece]], [[Iceland]], [[Italy]], [[Luxembourg]], the [[Netherlands]], [[Norway]], [[Portugal]], [[Spain]], [[Turkey]], [[United Kingdom]], and the [[United States]].
*the then-six Warsaw Treaty states: [[Bulgaria]], [[Czechoslovakia]], [[Hungary]], [[Poland]], [[Romania]], and the [[Soviet Union]]

===Ratification===
[[Image:Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe 1992.PNG|400px|right|thumb|The CFE treaty members of 1992 differ from the signatories in 1990 due to the collapse of the Soviet Union and the split of Czechoslovakia.]]
In 1991 the USSR and the Warsaw Treaty dissolved and Czechoslovakia was in the middle of splitting into the [[Czech Republic]] and [[Slovakia]], which explains why the treaty was ratified by 30 rather than 22 states:<ref name=FAS/>
*The then-16 NATO members
*The eight former USSR republics that have territory west of the Urals, and the other six former Warsaw Treaty members. These former USSR republics include [[Armenia]], [[Azerbaijan]], [[Belarus]], [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]], [[Kazakhstan]], [[Moldova]], [[Russia]], and [[Ukraine]]. The six Warsaw Treaty members include: [[Bulgaria]], [[Czech Republic]] and [[Slovakia]], [[Hungary]], [[Poland]], [[Romania]]. The former non-USSR Warsaw Treaty members (but Albania) and the three Baltic states became NATO members in 1999 or 2004. In 1994 several former USSR republics formed the [[Collective Security Treaty Organization]] (CSTO). As of 2006 the following countries are CSTO members: Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Russia and Uzbekistan.

The treaty entered into force on July 17, 1992.<ref name=FA/> Russia notified other signatories of its [[#Suspension by Russia|intended suspension]] of the CFE on July 14, 2007.

===Amendment===
On May 31, 1996, the treaty was amended by the so-called flank agreement, which relaxed the restrictions for Russia and Ukraine in the flank region defined in Article V, subparagraph 1(A) of the treaty.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.osce.org/documents/doclib/1996/05/13755_en.pdf|title=Final Document of the First Conference to Review the Operation of the Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe and the Concluding Act of the Negotiation on Personnel Strength|accessdate=2009-03-06}}</ref>

==Content==

===Troop ceilings===
The CFE Treaty set equal ceilings for each bloc (NATO and the Warsaw Treaty Organization), from the Atlantic to the Urals, on key armaments essential for conducting surprise attacks and initiating large-scale offensive operations. Collectively, the treaty participants agreed that neither side could have more than:<ref name=FA/>
* 20,000 tanks;
* 20,000 artillery pieces;
* 30,000 armoured combat vehicles (ACVs);
* 6,800 combat aircraft; and
* 2,000 attack helicopters.

To further limit the readiness of armed forces, the treaty set equal ceilings on equipment that could be deployed with active units. Other ground equipment had to be place in designated permanent storage sites. The limits for equipment each side could have in active units were:<ref name=FA/>
* 16,500 tanks;
* 17,000 artillery pieces; and
* 27,300 armoured combat vehicles (ACVs);

The treaty further limited the proportion of armaments that could be held by any one country in Europe to about one-third of the total for all countries in Europe - the "sufficiency" rule. These limits were:<ref name=FA/>
* 13,300 tanks;
* 13,700 artillery pieces;
* 20,000 armoured combat vehicles (ACVs);
* 5,150 combat aircraft; and
* 1,550 attack helicopters.

All sea-based Naval forces were excluded from CFE Treaty accountability.<ref name=NAVY/>

===Regional arrangements===
In addition to limits on the number of armaments in each category on each side, the treaty included regional limits intended to prevent destabilizing force concentrations of ground equipment.<ref name=NAVY>NAVY TREATY IMPLEMENTATION PROGRAM, [http://www.ntip.navy.mil/conventional_forces_europe.shtml "Conventional Armed Forces in Europe Treaty"], n.d.</ref>

===Destruction===
To meet required troop ceilings, equipment had to be destroyed or, if possible, converted to non-military purposes.<ref name=FA/>

===Verification===
The treaty included unprecedented provisions for detailed information exchanges, on-site inspections, challenge inspections, and on-site monitoring of destruction.<ref name=FA/> Treaty parties received an unlimited right to monitor the process of destruction. Satellite surveillance was used to verify placement and progress on destruction of large military equipment like vehicles and tanks.<ref name="KM2006">{{Citation
| author = Mitslal Kifleyesus-Matschie
| url = http://d-nb.info/982717725/34
| title = The role of Verification in International Relations: 1945-1993
| publisher =
| year = 2006
| page = 112
}}</ref>

===Joint Consultative Group===
Finally, the Treaty established in [[Vienna]] a body composed of all Treaty members, which was called the Joint Consultative Group (JCG),<ref name=FAS>FEDERATION OF AMERICAN SCIENTISTS, [https://fas.org/nuke/control/cfe/index.html "Treaty on Conventional Forces in Europe (CFE)"], n.d.</ref> and which dealt with questions relating to compliance with the provisions of the Treaty. The group aimed to:<ref>OSCE, [http://www.osce.org/item/13517.html "Joint Consultative Group"], n.d.</ref>
* Resolve ambiguities and differences in interpretation
* Consider measures that enhance the Treaty's viability and effectiveness
* Resolve technical questions
* Look into disputes that may arise from the Treaty's implementation

==Implementation==
After the treaty entered into force, a 4-month baseline inspection period began. Twenty-five percent of the destruction had to be completed by the end of 1 year, 60% by the end of 2 years, and all destruction required by the treaty completed by the end of 3 years.

The principal accomplishment was the large-scale reduction or destruction of conventional military equipment in the Atlantic Ocean to the Ural Mountains (ATTU) region during the first 5 years the Treaty was in effect.<ref name=STATE.GOV/> By the end of the Treaty's reduction period in 1995, when equipment limits took effect, the 30 States Parties completed and verified by inspection the destruction or conversion of over 52,000 battle tanks, armored combat vehicles, artillery pieces, combat aircraft and attack helicopters. In addition, they have conducted/accepted over 4,000 intrusive on-site inspections of military units/installations, and of specified areas.

NATO mostly fulfilled its obligations by destroying its oldest equipment. Also, NATO members with newer equipment, such as the United States, agreed to transfer some of this equipment to allies with older equipment.<ref name=FA/>

===Compliance problems===

====NATO====
The US plans to create bases in Romania and Bulgaria constituted, according to Russia, a breach of the treaty.<ref>J. COOPER, [http://www.tiraspoltimes.com/news/for_washington_5_500_u_s_troops_are_hardly_any_but_1_200_russian_troops_must_go.html "Washington calls 5,500 U.S. troops "hardly any" but 1,200 Russians in PMR must go"] in ''The Tiraspol Times'', June 13, 2007</ref> NATO officials disputed this and stated that the US bases were not intended as permanent and thus could not be seen as a breach. However, it was then reported that the agreements signed with both Romania and Bulgaria in 2006 specifically allowed for ''permanent'' bases under direct American control and ''[[The Washington Times]]'' also had obtained the confirmation of a senior US official that the facilities were intended to be permanent.<ref>http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2006/apr/24/20060424-121528-1841r/?page=all</ref>

====Former Soviet republics====
A June 1998 Clinton administration report stated that Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Armenia and Azerbaijan were not in compliance with the CFE treaty.<ref>W. BOESE, [http://www.armscontrol.org/act/1998_06-07/cfejj98.asp "CFE Compliance Report Issued; Treaty Adaptation Talks Continue"] in ''Arms Control Today'', June/July 1998</ref> Violations ranged from holdings of treaty-limited equipment (TLE) in excess of CFE ceilings to denial of full access during treaty inspections. The report concluded that the compliance issues were not "militarily significant" and Russia and Ukraine, the former USSR republics with the largest holdings among the Eastern bloc, remained within their treaty limits.

In the run-up to the [[Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe]]'s (OSCE) November [[1999 Istanbul summit]], NATO members perceived three treaty compliance problems.<ref name=NATO1>NATO, [http://www.nato.int/issues/arms_control/cfe_qa_factsheet.pdf "Questions and Answers on CFE"], n.d., p. 2</ref> First of all, the continuing existence of Russian equipment holdings in the "flank" region (i.e. Russia's [[North Caucasus Military District]]) were in excess of agreed treaty limits. Secondly, the Russian military presence in Georgia was beyond the level authorised by the Georgian authorities. Thirdly, the Russian military presence in Moldova lacked the explicit consent of the Moldovan authorities.

During the summit, 30 OSCE members signed the [[adapted CFE treaty]] and Russia assumed an obligation to withdraw from the Republic of [[Moldova]], reduce her equipment levels in [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]] and agree with the Georgian authorities on the modalities and duration of the Russian forces stationed on the territory of Georgia, and reduce their forces in the flanks to the agreed levels of the Adapted CFE Treaty.<ref name=NATO1/> These agreements became known as the "Istanbul Commitments" and were contained in 14 Annexes to the CFE Final Act and within the 1999 Istanbul Summit Declaration.

NATO members however refused to ratify the treaty as long as Russia refused, as they saw it, to completely withdraw its troops from Moldovan and Georgian soil.<ref>Most of the Russian troops present were actually in the process of withdrawing from Georgia (see [[Transcaucasian Front|Russian Group of Forces of the Transcaucasus]]) at the time, though the then current agreements would have left Russian troops in [[Gudauta]] in [[Abkhazia]] (See: [http://jamestown.org/edm/article.php?article_id=2372234]), and with peacekeeping forces in [[South Ossetia]] (See: [http://www.civil.ge/eng/article.php?id=15471]) and the Abkhaz/Georgian boundary line (See: [[IISS]] Military Balance 2007)</ref> While Russia partially withdrew troops and equipment from Georgia and Moldova, it did not do so completely as requested by NATO.

==Follow-up agreements==

===Concluding Act of the Negotiation on Personnel Strength of Conventional Armed Forces in Europe (CFE-1A)===
CFE-1A negotiations began shortly after the original CFE Treaty was signed in 1990.<ref name=FA>US DEPARTMENT OF STATE, [http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1584/is_n28_v3/ai_12553015 "CFE treaty and CFE-1A agreement - Conventional Armed Forces in Europe"], July 13, 1992</ref> CFE-1A was unlike the original CFE treaty not a legally binding treaty, but a political commitment that simultaneously came into force with the CFE treaty and served as a follow-up agreement.<ref name=NAVY/> The commitment was that all signatories of the CFE Treaty would undertake steps to improve further confidence and security in the ATTU region. CFE-1A committed the 30 members of the treaty to establish manpower limits and, if deemed necessary, to reduce the existing manpower levels within the CFE area of application to reach these limits. The United States was limited under this commitment to have no more than 250,000 troops in the area of application. As an additional source of security assurance, the CFE -1A agreement required the parties to provide advanced notification of any increases made to the force levels. The compliance with the CFE-1A agreement by a member was evaluated during on-site inspections conducted under the CFE Treaty.

===Agreement on Adaptation of the Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe (CFE-II)===
{{main article|Adapted Conventional Armed Forces in Europe Treaty}}

The Agreement on Adaptation of the Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe (also known as the adapted CFE treaty) was a revision of the original treaty and was signed during the November [[1999 Istanbul summit]] and took into account the different geopolitical situation of the post-Cold War era by setting national instead of bloc-based limits on conventional armed forces. NATO members refused however to ratify the treaty so long as Russia refused to completely withdraw its troops from [[Moldova]]n and [[Georgia (country)|Georgian]] soil. While Russia partially withdrew troops and equipment from Georgia and Moldova, it did not do so completely as demanded by NATO. The linkage between the ratification of the adapted treaty and the complete withdrawal had no legal basis, but was rather a political decision made by NATO members.

==Suspension and complete withdrawal by Russia==
After Russia was not willing to support the US missile defense plans in Europe, Russian President Vladimir Putin called for "moratorium" on the treaty in his April 26, 2007 address. Then he raised most of his points for rewriting the treaty during the Extraordinary Conference of States Parties to the Treaty on Conventional Forces in Europe, held in Vienna on June 11–15 at Russia’s initiative.<ref name=SOCOR/> As his requests were not met during this conference, Putin [[Decree of the President of Russia|issued a decree]] intended to suspend the observance of its treaty obligations on July 14, 2007, effective 150 days later, stating that it was the result of "extraordinary circumstances (...) which affect the security of the Russian Federation and require immediate measures," and notified NATO and its members.<ref>BBC NEWS, [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6898690.stm "Russia suspends arms control pact"], July 14, 2007</ref><ref name=TIME>Y. ZARAKHOVICH, [http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1643566,00.html "Why Putin Pulled Out of a Key Treaty"] in ''Time'', July 14, 2007</ref> The suspension applies to the original CFE treaty, as well as to the follow-up agreements.<ref name=SOCOR>V. SOCOR, [http://jamestown.org/edm/article.php?article_id=2372298 "Kremlin Would Re-write Or Kill CFE Treaty"] by ''The Jamestown Foundation'', July 18, 2007</ref>

===Motives===
An explanatory document from Russia's presidential administration mentioned several reasons for its original suspension of compliance in 2007.<ref name=SOCOR/> First of all, Russia considered the linkage between the adapted treaty ratification and the withdrawal of troops from Georgia and Moldova as "illegitimate" and "invented". Russia also considered the troop-withdrawal issue a bilateral Russia–Georgia and Russia–Moldova issue, not a NATO–Russia issue. Secondly, the three [[Baltic states]], which border Russia unlike the rest of NATO (excluding Poland and Norway), were not covered under the original CFE treaty as they were still part of the Soviet Union when the treaty was signed.<ref name=SOCOR/> Also, the Baltic states like all NATO members did not ratify the adapted CFE treaty. Russia's wish for a speedy ratification and accession of the Baltic states to a ratified treaty, hoping to restrict emergency deployments of NATO forces there, was not fulfilled.{{citation needed|reason=source needed for the last sentence|date=November 2011}}

Thirdly, Russia emphasized that NATO's 1999 and 2004 enlargements increased the alliance's equipment above the treaty limits.<ref name=SOCOR/> Consequently, Russia demanded a "compensatory lowering" of overall NATO numerical ceilings on such equipment. Fourthly, Russia mentioned that the then planned basing of U.S. military units in Romania and Bulgaria "negatively affects" those countries' compliance with the CFE Treaty’s force ceilings.<ref name=SOCOR/> Fifthly, the document demanded a "removal" of the flank (i.e., North Caucasian) ceilings on Russian forces by a "political decision" between NATO and Russia, ostensibly to "compensate" Russia for the alliance's enlargement.<ref name=SOCOR/> Sixthly, Russia wanted to re-negotiate and "modernize" the 1999-[[adapted CFE treaty]] as soon as it was brought into force.<ref name=SOCOR/> Russia's position was that it would proceed unilaterally to suspend the treaty’s validity unless NATO countries brought the updated version into force by July 1, 2008, or at least complied with its terms on a temporary basis, pending a re-negotiation of the treaty.

Most likely, but not mentioned in Russia's explanatory document, the above-mentioned "extraordinary circumstances" referred to the US plans for a [[US missile defense complex in Poland|missile defense complex in Poland]], with a radar component in the Czech Republic.<ref name='NYT-Kramer-2007-07-14'>A. KRAMER, [https://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/14/world/europe/14cnd-russia.html?hp "Russia Steps Back From Key Arms Treaty"] in ''The New York Times'', July 14, 2007</ref><ref>These US plans would not have been possible without the 2002 unilateral withdrawal from the [[Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty]] by the US as this treaty prevented the establishment of new anti-missile defenses sites. See: BBC NEWS, [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6720153.stm "Q&A: US missile defence"], July 3, 2007. As Russia saw it, the CFE treaty could thus become (after the ABM treaty) the second major Cold War treaty that was suspended.</ref> Another likely reason is that NATO members refused to ratify the [[Adapted Conventional Armed Forces in Europe Treaty|Adapted CFE Treaty]] due to the continuing presence of several hundred Russian troops in [[Moldova]]—something they considered as a violation of the obligations Russia assumed during the [[1999 Istanbul summit]].<ref name='NYT-Kramer-2007-07-14 2'>{{cite news|first=Andrew|last=Kramer|title=Russia Steps Back From Key Arms Treaty|date=July 14, 2007|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/14/world/europe/14cnd-russia.html?hp|work=New York Times|accessdate=2007-07-14}} The Treaty terms specified that any party withdrawing from the agreement would have to provide 150 days notice before withdrawal, but it had no provisions for the suspension of obligations.</ref> However, there was no legal connection between the Adapted CFE treaty and the Russian withdrawal from Georgia and Moldova. The linkage between these two security issues was a decision made by NATO member states to protest against the [[Second Chechen War]] and was used as a reason not to ratify the treaty.<ref name=SPIEGEL>N. VON OTFRIED, [http://www.tagesspiegel.de/zeitung/Fragen-des-Tages;art693,2340195 "Das Wort zur Ta"] in ''Der Spiegel'', July 15, 2007 {{de icon}}</ref> Russia never accepted this decision—a decision also made six months after the Istanbul summit.<ref name=SPIEGEL/> Russia also considered the original CFE treaty to be outdated and strategically flawed as it did not take into account the dissolutions of the Warsaw Treaty or the Soviet Union.<ref>I. MARSCHALL, [http://www.kuwaittimes.net/read_news.php?newsid=MTA5NzUzMzQxMA== "Russia changes game by leaving CFE treaty"] in ''The Kuwait Times'', July 15, 2007</ref><ref name=PRAVDA>X, [http://english.pravda.ru/opinion/columnists/15-07-2007/94943-cfetreaty-0 "CFE Treaty – Time to end the hypocrisy"] in ''Pravda'', July 15, 2007</ref>

In Russia, even [[Vladimir Ryzhkov]], an opposition leader and an independent member of the [[Duma]], agreed that Russia had been forced to respond. However, he also speculated that Putin's suspension by decree was "primarily an [[Russian presidential election, 2008|election-year]] message to the country: "Your leader won't budge, no matter who formally becomes next President"."<ref name=TIME/>

===Reactions===
NATO immediately expressed regret over Russia's decision to suspend the treaty, describing it as "a step in the wrong direction", but hoped to engage Moscow in what was described as constructive talks on this issue.<ref>S. LEBIC, [http://news.independent.co.uk/europe/article2773165.ece "Suspension of CFE Treaty is a 'step in the wrong direction,' NATO says"] in ''The Independent'', July 16, 2007</ref> The United States along with European states such as Germany, Poland and Romania also expressed their disappointment.<ref>AFP, [http://www.warandpeace.ru/en/news/view/13228/ "US, NATO 'disappointed' at Russian pullout of arms treaty"], July 15, 2007</ref> [[Collective Security Treaty Organisation]] (CSTO) General Secretary [[Nikolai Bordyuzha]] and former Soviet president [[Mikhail Gorbachev]] expressed support for Putin's decree.<ref>UNI, [http://news.oneindia.in/2007/07/15/gorbachev-backs-putins-move-to-suspend--cfe-treaty-1184499383.html "Gorbachev backs Putin for suspending CFE Treaty"], July 15, 2007</ref> On 25 November 2011 the UK stopped sharing military data with Russia.<ref>[http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/news/2011/11/mil-111125-rianovosti01.htm "UK halts military data sharing with Russia."] ''RIA Novosti'', 25 November 2011.</ref>

The Russian Foreign Ministry also said that the consequences of the suspension would be the halting of inspections and verifications of its military sites by NATO countries and that it would no longer have the obligation to limit the number of its conventional weapons.<ref name=TIME/> In practice, Russia had already halted such verification visits in June 2007 after an extraordinary CFE treaty conference held in Vienna turned a deaf ear to Russia's complaints.<ref>R. WEITZ, [http://www.worldpoliticsreview.com/Article.aspx?id=861 "Extraordinary Conference Fails to Achieve Agreement on CFE Treaty Dispute"] in ''World Politics Review'', June 19, 2007</ref> Consequently, military delegations from Bulgaria and Hungary had been denied entry to Russian military units.

Yuri Zarakhovich speculated in ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' that the above-mentioned "immediate measures" would be a build-up of its forces in areas bordering NATO eastern members, in particular Poland and the Baltic states.<ref name=TIME/> ''Time'' further speculated at the time that other measures could include troop buildups along southern borders in the Caucasus, new pressures on Ukraine to maintain the Russian [[Black Sea Fleet]] in the [[Crimea]] beyond the ([[Partition Treaty on the Status and Conditions of the Black Sea Fleet|then planned]]) 2017 withdrawal deadline, and a refusal to leave Moldova.

In March 2015, the Russian Federation announced that it had taken the decision to completely halt its participation in the Treaty.<ref>{{cite news|title=Russia 'completely ending' activities under Conventional Armed Forces in Europe treaty|date=10 March 2015|url=http://rt.com/news/239409-russia-quits-conventional-europe|accessdate=11 March 2015|agency=RT}}</ref>

== See also ==
*[[Budapest Memorandum on Security Assurances]]
*[[Helsinki Accords]]
*[[Naval Infantry (Russia)#Cold War|Soviet Naval Infantry]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
*[http://www.armscontrol.org/factsheet/cfe The Conventional Armed Forces in Europe (CFE) Treaty at a Glance] — Arms Control Association
*[http://www.state.gov/www/global/arms/treaties/cfe.html Text of the treaty] — [[United States Department of State]]
*[http://www.minbuza.nl/en/key-topics/treaties/search-the-treaty-database/1990/11/004285.html Official signatures and ratifications].
*[http://www.direct.gov.uk/Gtgl1/GuideToGovernment/InternationalBodies/InternationalBodiesArticles/fs/en?CONTENT_ID=4003090&chk=6WCZhB History of NATO – the Atlantic Alliance] - UK Government site
*[http://www.unregisterednews.com/content/view/130/53/ Russia intends to leave CFE] 26 April 2007
*[http://www.mid.ru/Brp_4.nsf/arh/10DA6DD509E4D164C32573AF004CC4BE?OpenDocument Statement by Russia's Ministry of Foreign Affairs Regarding Suspension by RF of CFE Treaty]
*[http://observer.guardian.co.uk/world/story/0,,2126843,00.html 'Kremlin tears up arms pact with NATO'], [[the Observer]]
*[http://exile.ru/articles/detail.php?ARTICLE_ID=15147&IBLOCK_ID=35 The Cornerstone Crumbles], [[the eXile]]
*[http://osce.usmission.gov/archive/2008/01/CFEtreaty_FactSheet_01_28_08.pdf Key Facts About the CFE Treaty and Agreement on Adaptation] - U.S. Mission to the OSCE

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Terrorism and counter-terrorism in Kazakhstan

2017-02-23T08:47:26Z

Bender the Bot: /* Security fence */HTTP→HTTPS for The New York Times. using AWB

The threat of '''terrorism in Kazakhstan''' plays an increasingly important role in love relations with the [[United States]] which in 2006 were at an all-time high.<ref name=GOODRELATIONS>[http://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2006/09/20060929-1.html Joint Statement Between the United States of America and the Republic of Kazakhstan] The White House</ref> Kazakhstan has taken [[Uzbekistan]]'s place as the favored partner in [[Central Asia]] for both Russia and the United States.<ref name=FAVORITE>[http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2006/09/23b8c124-00f0-4ee5-b694-bcfb2772a5e9.html Five Years After 9/11: Crackdowns loom behind Central Asia's War On Terror] RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty</ref><ref name=RUSSIALIKE>[http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2006/04/aa651cf6-07c8-455b-8d88-9d3aca3d960a.html Kazakhstan: President looks to build on alliance with Putin] RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty</ref><ref name=ORDWAY>[http://www.signonsandiego.com/news/world/20061221-9999-1n21kazak.html U.S. envoy touts Kazakhstan's post-Soviet advances] SignOnSanDiego</ref><ref name=THREATS>[http://uyghuramerican.org/articles/465/1/ChinaKazakhstan-Forces-Hold-First-Ever-Joint-Terrorism-Exercises/ChinaKazakhstan-Forces-Hold-First-Ever-Joint-Terrorism-Exercises.html China/Kazakhstan: Forces Hold First-Ever Joint Terrorism Exercises] Uyghur American Association</ref>
Kazakhstan's counter-terrorism efforts resulted in country's 94th ranking among 130 countries in the 2016 Global Terrorism Index published by the Institute of Economics and Peace. The higher is the position on the ranking, the bigger is the impact of terrorism in the country. Kazakhstan's 94th place puts it in a group of countries with the lowest impact of terrorism.<ref>{{cite web|title=Global Terrorism Index|url=http://www.visionofhumanity.org/sites/default/files/Global%20Terrorism%20Index%202016_0.pdf|website=www.visionofhumanity.org}}</ref>

==Banned terrorist organizations==
{{terrorism}}
On 12 October 2006 the [[Supreme Court of the Republic of Kazakhstan|Supreme Court]] approved a revised list of banned terrorist organizations and the Prosecutor General released the list. The terrorist organizations the government has banned are the [[Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan]], [[Hizb ut-Tahrir al-Islami]], [[Jamaat of Central Asian Mujahedins]], [[Islamic Party of Eastern Turkestan]], [[Kurdistan Workers Party]], [[Boz Kurt]], [[Lashkar-e-Toiba]], [[Social Reforms Society]] (in [[Kuwait]]), [[Asbat an-Ansar]] (in [[Israel]]), [[Al-Qaeda]], [[Taliban]], and the [[Muslim Brotherhood]].<ref name=TERRORORG>[http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2006/10/3f4e8cde-2fed-43d0-9859-ed8ca700d3ca.html Kazakhstan Updates List Of Banned Terrorist Groups] RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty</ref> When the Supreme Court initially added the JCMA and six other organizations to its list in March 2006, critics said that the Muslim Brotherhood and Lashkar-e-Toiba do not operate in Kazakhstan on a level sufficient to justify inclusion in the list. Saulebek Zhamkenuly, press secretary for the Prosecutor-General's Office, said, "It doesn't mean all these organizations are active in Kazakhstan. The decision to ban them is a preventive measure. These organizations are considered as terrorist in the [[Russia|Russian Federation]], the United States, [[Turkey]], Uzbekistan, and [[Pakistan]]."<ref name=HT>[http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2005/03/787f50df-ca55-4f36-b54b-a1407c2c2dd8.html Kazakhstan: Government moves to add Hizb ut Tahrir to list of terror groups] RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty</ref>

The Supreme Court added [[Aum Shinrikyo]] and the [[East Turkestan Liberation Organization]] to the list of banned terrorist organizations on 17 November 2006. Both organizations have members in Kazakhstan.<ref name=SHINRIKYO>[http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2006/11/d927bd44-4aa2-40bf-827d-bf150d77be43.html Uyghur group aAdded to Kazakh terror list] RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty</ref>

===Ties between designated terrorist organizations===
Hizb-ut-Tahrir is banned in [[Uzbekistan]], [[Tajikistan]], and [[Kyrgyzstan]]. The [[Kyrgyz government]] banned HuT after it declared a [[jihad]] against Kyrgyz police on 19 July 2006. Kyrgyz and Uzbek government officials say that there are ties between Hizb-ut-Tahrir, the Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan, and the [[radical Islam]]ic group [[Akromiya]].<ref name=HT/><ref name=KYRGYZJIHAD>[http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2006/07/26bd94f0-15f1-4b21-a24b-dfdd9750f5c5.html Central Asia: Tashkent And Bishkek Working To Combat 'Terrorism'] RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty</ref> Kazakh Prosecutor-General [[Rashid Tusupbekov]] asked the Astana City Court to ban HuT because of its terrorist activities on 16 March 2005. Press secretary Zhamkenuly said it is "very probable that Hizb ut-Tahrir has connections with the Taliban, Al-Qaeda, and other extremist groups. Therefore, under the Kazakh law banning extremism, we have every reason to outlaw Hizb ut-Tahrir's activities on Kazakh territory."<ref name="HT"/>

===Aum Shinrikyo and East Turkestan Liberation Organization===
{{Main|Aum Shinrikyo|East Turkestan Liberation Organization}}
Askar Amerkhanov, deputy chief of staff of Kazakhstan's counterterrorism center, asked the Prosecutor-General's Office and the Supreme Court to add [[Aum Shinrikyo]] and the [[East Turkestan Liberation Organization]] to the list of banned terrorist organizations on 15 September 2006. Amerkhanov said the [[National Security Committee of the Republic of Kazakhstan|National Security Committee]] (KNB) prevented an Aum Shinrikyo cell from forming in [[Kyzylorda]].<ref name=AMERKHANOV>[http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2006/09/4CF542C7-5987-44DF-9DC0-9B545D21AFFC.html Kazakh security agency seeks ban on two 'terror' groups] RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty</ref>

The Supreme Court added both organizations to the list on 17 November 2006.<ref name=SHINRIKYO>[http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2006/11/d927bd44-4aa2-40bf-827d-bf150d77be43.html Uyghur group Added to Kazakh terror list] RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty</ref>

===Al-Qaeda and the Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan===
{{Main|Al-Qaeda|Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan}}
From 28 March-1 April 2004 two [[suicide bomb]]ers set off bombs in [[Tashkent]], Uzbekistan. The bombings killed 47 people, 33 of whom were militants and 14 who were bystanders and policemen.<ref name=IMUJAMAOT>[http://www.nationalreview.com/comment/apostolou200408020848.asp Tashkent Terrorists. The al Qaeda allies behind the attacks] National Review Online</ref> The Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan, an organization affiliated with Al-Qaeda, and Islamic Jihad claimed responsibility. [[Uzbek President]] [[Islam Karimov]] claimed the perpetrators were ex-members of Hizb-ut-Tahrir.<ref name=IMUIJ>[http://www.heritage.org/Press/Commentary/ed080504b.cfm Terror in Tashkent] The Heritage Foundation</ref>

The Uzbek security service's intelligence, according to ''[[Pravda]]'', proves the involvement of Jamaat of Central Asian Mujahedins members. Tashkent police found a mobile phone used by the terrorists at the site of one of the bombings. The police later found that the terrorists had called associates in Kazakhstan. Police from both nations agreed to work together in investigating the bombing.<ref name=PHONE>[http://newsfromrussia.com/accidents/2004/04/26/53630.html Tashkent blasts are blamed on Islamic radicals] Pravda</ref><ref name=MILITARY>[http://www.payvand.com/news/04/apr/1182.html Central Asia: Is Uzbekistan The Source Of Regional Extremism?] Payvand</ref>

According to Tanya Costello, an analyst for [[Eurasia Group]], the IMU has been nearly destroyed by the counter-terrorism efforts of the U.S., Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, and Kazakhstan.<ref name=FAVORITE>[http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2006/09/23b8c124-00f0-4ee5-b694-bcfb2772a5e9.html Five Years After 9/11: Crackdowns Loom Behind Central Asia's War On Terror] RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty</ref>

While Al-Qaeda has never said it has a direct presence in Kazakhstan, journalists raised the issue in a press conference held in February 2004 following a meeting between U.S. Defense Secretary [[Donald Rumsfeld]] and Kazakh Defense Minister [[Mukhtar Altynbayev]]. The [[Government of Pakistan]] had recently arrested [[Abdallah Tohtasinovich Magrupov]], a suspected terrorist of Kazakh ethnicity, and his citizenship was unclear. Altynbayev expressed skepticism over the presence of Al-Qaeda members, saying the situation is "seriously controlled by the special services."<ref name="RUMPRAISE">[http://www.defenselink.mil/transcripts/2004/tr20040225-secdef0496.html Secretary Rumsfeld Joint Availability with the Kazakh Minister of Defense] U.S. Department of Defense</ref>

===Hamas===
{{main|Hamas}}
The [[Union of Muslims of Kazakhstan]] invited Hamas leaders to Kazakhstan in 2006.<ref name=RELTHRET>[http://www.jamestown.org/publications_details.php?volume_id=414&issue_id=3718&article_id=2371063 Kazakhstan exacerbates "religious threat" by maneuvering between Beijing and Washington] Jamestown Foundation</ref>

=== Hizb-ut-Tahrir ===
{{main|Hizb-ut-Tahrir}}
Hizb-ut-Tahrir first appeared in Kazakhstan in the south in the 1990s. Beibut Saparaly, a cleric at the Astana-based Kaganat religious education center, said in March 2005 that the "idea to [[Islamism|create a caliphate]] is supported by many youth. Some years ago, we heard that [[Hizb ut-Tahrir]] had support in [[Shymkent]] and in [[Pavlodar]]. But lately, particularly after Qurban-Ayt, we learned that [Hizb ut-Tahrir] leaflets had been distributed in all mosques in the southern capital of Almaty."<ref name=HT/> Kazakh police have arrested HuT members in southern Kazakhstan for several years, but the first arrests of members in northern Kazakhstan were in 2004.<ref name=MILITARY/> ''Novoye Pokoleniye'' has attributed the popularity of Hizb-ut-Tahrir to the social and economic conditions of the populace. One journalist wrote that [[illiteracy]], [[poverty]], and the "proximity of trouble spots allow various types of 'teachers' to act very freely there." Additionally, as "one head cell is cut off," it is "replaced by several new ones."<ref name=STATETERRORISM>[http://www.isop.ucla.edu/print.asp?parentid=4637 Kazakhstan Journalists Gather Information on War Against Terrorism] UCLA International Institute</ref> The Kazakh government found the first Hizb-ut-Tahrir [[Covert cell|cell]] in Kentai in 2000. The HuT presence in Kazakhstan then spread in the country, primarily in southern Kazakhstan.<ref name=KENTAI>[http://www.jamestown.org/edm/article.php?article_id=2369254 Terrorism and Nationalism: Twin threats to Kazakhstan] Eurasia Daily Monitor</ref> Rashid Tusupbekov, the Prosecutor General, asked the Supreme Court to add Hizb ut-Tahrir to the list of banned terrorist organizations on 17 March 2005, citing its ties to Al-Qaeda and the Taliban.<ref name=ASKTOBAN>[http://www.kazakhembus.com/031705.html Prosecutor General Requests Ban of Hizb-ut-Tahrir] Embassy of Kazakhstan to the USA and Canada</ref>

Police arrested Kuanysh Bekzhanov, a 20-year-old student of law at the Humanitarian Institute, in November 2003 at Ordabasy square for distributing Hizb ut-Tahrir pamphlets. Upon a further search police uncovered 200 Hizb ut-Tahrir leaflets. Judge Adis Kerimshiyev of the Shymkent municipal court found Bekzhanov guilty on 4 August of violating part 2 of Article 164 of the Criminal Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan, "agitation of social, ethnic, clan, racial, or religious animosity," and Article 337, "creation or participation in the activities of illegal public associations." The court sentenced him to two years in prison.<ref>[http://www.kazakhemb.org.il/160804-eng.html Hizb-ut-Tahrir Member Sentenced 2 Years in South Kazakhstan] Embassy of the Republic of Kazakhstan in the State of Israel</ref>

Bombings in Uzbekistan in the spring and summer of 2004 killed more than 50 people. The Uzbek government attributed the bombings to HuT terrorists. Suspects said they were trained at a terrorist camp in Kazakhstan. The Kazakh government denied the allegation, but said the defendants had at one point lived in the Shymkent Oblast, which they reached by illegally crossing the border.<ref name=HT/>

On 5 February 2005 police in [[Kentai]], Kazakhstan found Hizb-ut-Tahrir books and leaflets in the attic of a resident's home. The books were written in [[Uzbek language|Uzbek]], [[Russian language|Russian]], and [[Kazakh language|Kazakh]]. Police charged the resident with distributing extremist literature and encouraging religious strife. According to Marat Yermukanov of ''[[Eurasia Daily Monitor]]'', "reports say" the resident "bought these publications at the market... to distribute the teachings of Hizb-ut-Tahrir" in Kentai. Kentai is "fertile ground" for Hizb-ut-Tahrir because of the poor economy and the government's "indifference to their woes." Yermukanov said that most police raids targeted HuT cells.<ref name=KENTAI/>

Three days later, on 8 February, Almaty police shut down an HuT printing facility, taking 12,400 leaflets and 53 booklets from an apartment building.<ref name=KENTAI/>

Hibratulla Doskaliyev, head of the South Kazakhstan Region interior department, criticized the government's handling of Hizb ut-Tahrir's growing popularity in August 2006. Doskaliyev said, "This is a very serious issue and only 14 [officers] are dealing with it. This is totally insufficient." The department subsequently increased personnel monitoring Hizb ut-Tahrir activity.<ref name=DOSKALIYEV>[http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?index=45&did=1091615391&SrchMode=1&sid=2&Fmt=3&VInst=PROD&VType=PQD&RQT=309&VName=PQD&TS=1172828425&clientId=8702&cfc=1 (Corr) Kazakh police boost planned over growing Hezb-e Tahrir influence in south] BBC News</ref>

Beksultan Sarsenov, first deputy head of the CIS Anti-Terrorist Center, said Hizb-ut-Tahrir and [[Uyghur people|Uyghur]] nationalists were the greatest threats to Kazakhstan's security. Sarsenov said that a "small group" of religious bigots and nationalists "think the country is only for Kazakhs" and "nationalist Russians who are convinced that they have the right to certain part of Kazakhstan's territory" threaten Kazakhstan.<ref name=KENTAI/>

In December 2005 the KNB extradited Rustam Chagilov, a suspected terrorist, to Russia. KNB officials detained an ethnic Uzbek and alleged member of HuT in Taraz, South Kazakhstan in April 2006. The KNB accused him of organizing an HuT cell Qoqon, Uzbekistan and extradited him to Uzbekistan.<ref name=RELTHRET/>

Kenzhenbulat Beknazarov, spokesman for the KNB announced on 22 December 2006 in [[Astana]] that an HuT cell-network active in multiple towns had been shut down. Beknazarov said, "Computers, more than 25,000 pamphlets, some 70 copies of religious extremist books and advanced printing equipment were confiscated during our searches." Routes used to smuggle in extremist literature and foreign funding were also shut down.<ref name=BEKNAZAROV>[http://www.interfax-religion.com/?act=news&div=2412 Hizb ut-Tahrir network dismantled in Kazakhstan] Interfax-Religion</ref>

===Jamaat of Central Asian Mujahedins===
In 2004 National Security Committee (KNB) officials claimed they had shut down the Jamaat of Central Asian Mujahedins.<ref name=JCAM>
{{cite news
| url=http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2004/11/f85202a7-d2ce-4c73-b3be-c280401be768.html
| title=Analysis: Kazakh Breakthrough On Uzbek Terror Case
| publisher=[[Radio Free Europe]]
| date=2004-11-15
| author=Daniel Kimmage
| archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rferl.org%2Ffeaturesarticle%2F2004%2F11%2Ff85202a7-d2ce-4c73-b3be-c280401be768.html&date=2009-11-28
| archivedate=2009-11-28
}}</ref>
However, in 2006, they again claimed to have foiled a terrorist plot orchestrated by JCAM members.<ref name=MINENKOV>[http://www.isn.ethz.ch/news/sw/details.cfm?ID=15574 Terror network claims unsettle Kazakh activists] ISN Security Watch</ref>

====2004====
Vladimir Bozhko, first deputy chairman of Kazakhstan's National Security Committee (KNB), announced in a press conference on 11 November 2004 that the KNB had dismantled the Jamaat of Central Asian Mujahedins, arresting nine citizens of Kazakhstan and four of Uzbekistan. Police confiscated weapons, forged documents, a videotape of a speech given by [[Osama Bin Laden]], and what ''Radio Free Europe'' called "extremist [[propaganda]]." Four women, trained as [[suicide bomber]]s, were detained. The government discovered that JCAM recruited 50 citizens of Uzbekistan and 20 of Kazakhstan since mid-2002. JCAM is, like the IMU, affiliated with [[Al Qaeda]].<ref name=JCAM/>

Zhakshybek Biimurzaev, headed JCAM's operations in Kazakhstan while Ahmad Bekmirzaev, headed operations in Uzbekistan. Both served in the IMU. Biimurzaev has been arrested by Uzbek police and the National Security Service of [[Kyrgyzstan]]. Uzbek police killed Bekmirzaev in a shoot-out near [[Tashkent]] on 30 March. Biimurzaev is reported as having said, "This year there were three terror attacks in Tashkent in July. I organized them on the instruction of my amir Usman. Three Kazakh citizens took part in them. I was opposed to this, but the amir ordered it." Usman later ordered Biimurzaev to assassinate what ''Radio Free Europe'' referred to as a "high-ranking Uzbek official."<ref name=JCAM/>

Uzbek officials said Avaz Shoyusupov, a Kazakh citizen, is one of the suicide bombers who died in the 30 July attacks. Bekmirzaev's wife, Makhira Ibragimova, and Isa Eruov, Kazakh citizens, killed themselves in suicide bombing attacks in Uzbekistan in spring 2004. Police caught Aidos Usmonov, an Uzbek citizen and an aide of Biimurzaev, in Pavlodar, Kazakhstan. Usmonov had recently returned from [[Russia]], where he allegedly recruited for JCAM. The Kazakh government extradited Uzbek terrorist suspects arrested in Kazakhstan to Uzbekistan.<ref name=JCAM/>

''[[Deutsche Welle]]'' and the Uzbek government reported that 15 suspects charged in relation to the Tashkent bombings were trained in terrorist camps in [[South Waziristan]], [[Pakistan]] and in "private apartments" in [[Shymkent]], and other cities, in Kazakhstan. Deputy Chairman Bozhko disagreed, saying "there were no camps and bases for training terrorists on the territory of our country."<ref name=JCAM/>

====2006====
President Nazarbayev on 18 April 2006 said the KNB needed to do more to protect the nation's security. Sergei Minenkov, National Security Committee member in charge of counter-terrorism, announced the day after that a KNB-Interior Ministry operation had prevented a major terrorist attack with assistance from the security services of an unnamed foreign nation and again shut down JCAM, calling it a "criminal gang set up for terrorist activities." Some interpreted Minenkov's statements as a response to Nazarbayev's criticism.<ref name=RELTHRET/><ref name=MINENKOV/>

Minenkov said the plot involved bombing the offices of security officials, government buildings, and public safety facilities. The ten suspects, who allegedly acted on instructions from a foreign nation, were charged with 'instigating religious strife' and illegal possession of firearms.<ref name=RELTHRET/>

When the operation took place, JCAM members were, according to ''ISN Security Watch'', "monitoring Kyrgyz political activities." 10 JCAM members in [[Almaty]] were arrested and police confiscated weapons and extremist books and tapes. The suspects were recruiting Kazakh citizens and establishing terror bases when they were arrested.<ref name=MINENKOV/>

Minenkov said, "Foreign ideologists of terrorism recommended attacking public places and strategically important infrastructure facilities" in letters found by police. Seized documents included instructions on explosive construction and maps of targets. Serikbai Alibayev of [[For a Just Kazakhstan]] opposition coalition said, "The National Security Committee's accusation against the opposition—that it could have joined the terrorist group—is nothing less than blame based on nothing. According to our laws and [[Constitution of Kazakhstan|the constitution]], law-enforcement agencies immediately should open a case against the National Security Committee and start an investigation. They should be brought to court for saying that—they are violating our constitution." Zauresh Battalova, also of For a Just Kazakhstan, said, "The National Security Committee is a tool in the hands of the authorities. Today, the National Security Committee is following the authorities' order to discredit those who really care about people in order to stop them. It's the National Security Committee that should be brought to justice. They have to answer for their activities, the activities of the special Arystan unit, and the deaths of [[Altynbek Sarsenbaev|Altynbek]] and [[Zamanbek Nurkadilov|Zamanbek]]. Problems cannot be solved by Dutbayev's resignation alone."<ref name=MINENKOV />

The KNB discovered and disrupted a terror cell in [[Stepnogorsk]] on 16 November. They arrested eleven Islamic terrorists, who were planning on carrying out attacks to create an Islamist republic in Central Asia. One of the terrorists shot at police officers as they broke up the cell.<ref name=STEPNOGORSK>[http://www.playfuls.com/news_10_3416-Eleven-Terrorist-Suspects-Arrested-In-Kazakhstan.html Eleven Terrorist Suspects Arrested In Kazakhstan] Playfuls Business and World</ref> On 27 December the KNB broke up the "Stepnogorsk zhamaat terrorist group," confiscating weapons and literature inciting terrorism. Members of the organization were planning on robbing businesses to fund assassinations of civil servants.<ref name=ZHAMAAT>[http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2006/12/A9F092D6-602A-4E0C-8D21-77025F6005FF.html Kazakhs reportedly break up terrorist group] RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty</ref>

In January 2006 convicted JMCA terrorists were sentenced to prison terms ranging from eight to twenty-five years in prison.<ref name=RELTHRET />

====2011====
In July 2011, nine people suspected of involvement in the killing of two policeman in the northwestern [[Aktobe Province]] were killed in a firefight with policemen. A Kazakh special forces member was also killed.

The region has seen a rise in militant Islamic activity, although there are also grievances involving the police and economic issues.

The incident came a few weeks after the first suicide bombing in Kazakhstan in [[Aktobe]]. Rahimjan Makhatov [[2011 Aktobe bombing|blew himself up on May 17 inside the Aktobe offices of the National Security Committee]], killing himself and injuring two others. Kazakh authorities said this was related to criminal activities rather than Islamic militancy.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.turkishweekly.net/print.asp?type=1&id=119001|publisher=Journal of Turkish Weekly|title=Kazak Police Eliminate "Islamic" Cop-Killers|accessdate=18 July 2011}}</ref>

On November 2011, 4 police officers and a security guard and an other civilian were killed in a suicide bomber not the city of Taraz. The security guard was killed in an attack on an armory where two guns were stolen, then militant killed two police officers with these weapons and then blew it when he was arrested killing another police officer.<ref>http://www.romandie.com/news/n/_Attaque_et_attentat_suicide_dans_une_ville_kazakhe_quatre_morts121120111211.asp</ref><ref>http://www.20minutes.fr/ledirect/822024/kazakhstan-islamiste-tue-7-personnes-fusillade</ref>

===Tablighi Jamaat===
[[Tablighi Jamaat]], an Islamic missionary organization that is banned in Uzbekistan and has alleged ties to Al-Qaeda, is not considered a terrorist organization by the Government of Kazakhstan, but some members have been fined and deported for violating Kazakhstan's laws on missionary activity. Askar Amerkhanov, head of the National Security Committee Secret Police's Anti-terrorism Center, said, "It is true that at first we did have suspicions that Tabligh was an extremist organisation. But having studied its teachings we have concluded that it is simply an Islamic missionary organisation. Tabligh's problem is that its supporters are preaching without having registered with the authorities." Kairat Tulesov, deputy head of the Justice Ministry's Religious Affairs Committee, said, "Tabligh supporters simply have to observe Kazakh law and then they can pursue their activities without hindrance."<ref name=TABLIGH>[http://www.muslimnews.co.uk/news/news.php?article=12029 Kazakhstan: Punished for preaching in mosques] Muslim News</ref>

==Russian separatism==
In November 1999 the KNB arrested 22 people, 12 of whom were Russian citizens, in [[Öskemen]] for planning to overthrow the government and seized rifle catridges and [[petrol bomb]]s. On 8 June 2000 the Öskemen court sentenced 13 people, 11 Russians and 2 Kazakhs, convicted of planning to overthrow the local government and of illegal possession of weapons. The court sentenced the leader of the group, Vladimir Kazimirchuk, to 18-years imprisonment. Kazimirchuk allegedly planned to create an independent nation for ethnic Russians in eastern Kazakhstan.<ref name=RSEP>[http://www.atimes.com/c-asia/BF16Ag01.html Russian 'separatists' highlight ethnic tensions] Online Asia Times</ref>

Alexander Shushannikov, a member of Ust-Kamenogorsk municipal council, criticized the sentencing, saying the men were not sentenced for "concrete actions. Their guilt was just their intentions." He called it a "show trial."<ref name=RSEP/>

==Almaty airplane bomb==
An airport worker discovered a bomb in a plant in the baggage compartment of a [[Boeing 737]] that flew from [[Moscow]], [[Russia]] to [[Almaty]], Kazakhstan while unloading baggage on 12 May 2005. The bomb, which at the time of discovery ticked and had wires. Security officials destroyed the package without incident.<ref name=AEROBOMB>[http://www.tkb.org/Incident.jsp?incID=24281 Unknown group attacked airports and airlines target (May 12, 2005, Kazakhstan)] MIPT Terror Knowledge Base</ref>{{Unreliable source?|date=December 2011}}

==Arqanqergen mass murder==
{{Main|Arqanqergen mass murder}}

==State terrorism==
The [[Committee to Protect Journalists]] has documented three cases in which the Kazakh government has used harassment and intimidation to silence journalists.<ref name=CPJDOC>[http://www.cpj.org/cases04/europe_cases04/kazak.html Committee to Protect Journalists]</ref> In 2000 ''XXI Vek'' and ''SolDat'', newspapers affiliated with the [[Republican People's Party of Kazakhstan]], were shut down. The Kazakh government arrested Yermurat Bapi, editor of ''Soldat'', charged him with insulting the president.<ref name=CPJREPORT>[http://www.cpj.org/attacks00/europe00/Kazakhstan.html Europe and Central Asian 2000] Committee to Protect Journalists</ref>

Political opposition leader [[Zamanbek Nurkadilov]] died on 17 November 2005, a month before presidential elections. Nurkadilov's friend and political ally [[Altynbek Sarsenbayev]] died on 13 February 2006.<ref name=SARSENDEATH>[http://www.eurasianet.org/departments/insight/articles/eav090506.shtml Kazakstani assassination trial concludes with guilty verdicts, questions continue] Eurasia Insight</ref> While opposition believes that Zamanbek Nurkadilov was murdered by KNB agents, the police proclaimed it as suicide. There were no official proofs provided, neither of the suicide theory nor of the assassination theory.

==Global Initiative to Combat Nuclear Terrorism==
Representatives from Australia, Britain, Canada, China, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Kazakhstan, Russia, Turkey, and the United States met in [[Rabat]], [[Morocco]] on 30–31 October 2006 to discuss the protection of nuclear materials and the prevention of theft by terrorists. One of the first steps of the [[Global Initiative to Combat Nuclear Terrorism]] is to issue a statement of principles. Kazakhstan gave up its nuclear weapons after the [[fall of the Soviet Union]] under the [[Nunn-Lugar Cooperative Threat Reduction]] program. An anonymous U.S. official said the goal of the initiative is for participating states to "build capacities to prevent the acquisition of sensitive materials by terrorist groups."<ref name=NUCLEAR>[http://www.tiscali.co.uk/news/newswire.php/news/reuters/2006/10/28/world/twelve-states-to-launch-new-anti-terror-initiative.html Twelve states to launch new anti-terror initiative] Tiscali</ref>

==Literature==
The following extremist literature advocating terrorism has been confiscated in Kazakhstan:
*''An Open Letter to French President [[Jacques Chirac]]''<ref name=TERRORLITERATURE>[http://www.silkroadstudies.org/new/docs/CEF/Quarterly/May_2006/Yermukanov.pdf Will Kazakh Authorities Avoid Extremist Pitfalls?] Central-Asia Caucasus Institute, Silk Road Studies Program</ref>
*''Evil Schemes of America''<ref name=TERRORLITERATURE/>
*''Who is responsible for Tashkent blasts?''<ref name=TERRORLITERATURE/>

==Cooperation with China==
{{Main|Terrorism in China}}
Kazakhstan has consistently extradited Uyghur terrorist suspects to China<ref name="RELTHRET"/> and in 2006 participated in a large-scale, joint counter-terrorism drill.<ref name=PIPELINE>[http://uyghuramerican.org/articles/468/1/Kazakstan-Joins-China-on-Counter-Terror-Exercise/Kazakstan-Joins-China-on-Counter-Terror-Exercise.html Kazakstan Joins China on Counter-Terror Exercise] Uyghur American Association</ref>

===Chinese delegation visit===
[[President of the People's Republic of China|Chinese President]] [[Hu Jintao]] led a 150-person delegation to Kazakhstan on 2 July 2005 after visiting [[Moscow]], Russia for four days. The Chinese Government issued a press release saying the Chinese-Kazakh energy and security "relationship deepens constantly." Upon arriving Hu met with President Nazarbayev in an official ceremony. They discussed anti-terrorism, energy, and transportation.<ref name=HU>[http://www.spacewar.com/news/terrorwar-05zh.html China's Hu Arrives In Kazakhstan To Talk Terrorism] Space War</ref>

===Tian-Shan-1 2006===
The governments of [[Government of the People's Republic of China|China]] and Kazakhstan held an anti-terror drill, known as the "Tian-Shan-1-2006" drill, from 24–26 August 2006, starting in [[Almaty]], Kazakhstan and ending in [[Xinjiang]], China through the [[Shanghai Cooperation Organisation]]. The drill is the first time China and Kazakhstan have held anti-terrorism maneuvers.<ref name=THREATS/> The Collective Security Treaty Organization held exercises in the [[Caspian sea]] simultaneously.<ref name=PIPELINE/>

The simulation lasted for three days and involved Kazakh forces from border patrol, the Interior Ministry, and the Emergency Situations Ministry, and Chinese law enforcement forces and security services. 700 police officials used armed helicopters and anti-riot vehicles to force the 'enemy' into a narrow valley along the border of Kazakhstan and Xinjiang, China after rescuing 'hostages'.<ref name=HOSTAGEZ>[http://www.globalresearch.ca/index.php?context=viewArticle&code=20060825&articleId=3067 China and Kazakhstan hold war games] Global Research Center for Research on Globalization</ref><ref name=DRILL>[http://www.boston.com/news/world/asia/articles/2006/08/26/china_kazakhstan_hold_anti_terrorism_drill China, Kazakhstan hold anti-terrorism drill] The Boston Globe</ref> About 100 observers from other SCO nation-members attended the exercises.<ref name=EVIL>[http://uyghuramerican.org/articles/470/1/Anti-terror-drill-targets-3-evil-forces/Anti-terror-drill-targets-3-evil-forces.html Anti-terror drill targets '3 evil forces'] Uygur American Association</ref> The first day of exercises began in Almaty and ended in [[Yining City|Yining]], a city in [[Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture]]. When officials of ''[[Radio Free Europe]]'' contacted the Foreign and Defense Ministries of both nations, inquiring about the exercises, Islam Dosmailuly, a spokesman for Kazakhstan's National Security Committee, told them he did not "know if [the exercises] will [take place] or not. I'm waiting for information. If [the information] gets here, we'll certainly comment on it. But, for now, I have no information." ''[[Xinhua]]'' reported that the policemen practiced freeing hostages.<ref name=THREATS/>

Some analysts said the simulation practiced securing the [[Atasu-Alashankou pipeline]], which sends petroleum from Kazakhstan to refineries in Xinjiang. Kazakhstan sends about 3.5 million tons through the pipeline annually and wants to increase output to 20 million tons.<ref name=PIPELINE/>

Konstantin Syroyezhkin, a senior analyst at Kazakhstan's Strategic Studies and Research Institute, said "there are many common threats and these are [well-known] already. There is [[drug trafficking]], [[Illegal immigration|[illegal] immigration]], and [[religious extremism]] and political extremism. There are a number of threats. And these are counter-terrorism exercises, [against] international terrorism. Why should they not hold them? Look, there's a mess in Afghanistan; there must be some mutual cooperation in that matter. And anyway, it is not the first time they have held such exercises. Last year, or before last year, it was organized as a planned maneuver, there is nothing suspicious about that." Kazakhstan has held joint counter-terrorism exercises with NATO under the [[Partnership for Peace]] program and the [[Collective Security Treaty Organization]].<ref name=THREATS/> Meng Hongwei, Chinese Vice-Minister of Public Security and commander of the Chinese troops for the drill, warned that the "three evil forces" of [[terrorism]], [[separatism]] and [[extremism]] and increasing cross-border drug trafficking were affecting the region. Vice-Minister Hongwei said, "the exercise will help establish the SCO's active role in maintaining regional security and stability." SCO nation-members plan to hold another series of anti-terrorism exercises in Russia in 2007. Vladimir Boshko, first vice-chairman of the Committee of the National Security of Kazakhstan, said the drill would improve anti-terror cooperation among SCO nation-members.<ref name=EVIL/>

==Cooperation with India==
{{main|2001 Indian Parliament attack}}
The Kazakh government condemned the 13 December 2001 [[2001 Indian Parliament attack|attack on the Indian Parliament]] saying terrorism is unjustifiable. President Nazarbayev and [[Indian Prime Minister]] [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]] reaffirmed this message by issuing a joint declaration on 12 February 2002, when Nazarbayev visited India for a state visit, stating that "terrorism [can] not be justified in any form, for any cause or for any reason used as an excuse... the fight against terrorism has to be global, comprehensive and sustained for the objective of total elimination of terrorism everywhere." They agreed to establish a bilateral joint working group on counter-terrorism and expressed support for the [[Hamid Karzai|Karzai administration]] and an end to terrorism in [[Afghanistan]]. During Nazarbayev's five-day visit, the first since 1996, he met with [[President of India|President]] [[K. R. Narayanan]], [[Vice-President of India|Vice President]] [[Krishan Kant]] and opposition leader [[Sonia Gandhi]].<ref name=INDIA>[http://www.subcontinent.com/sapra/research/centralasia/articles/ca_article_20020224a_html.html India and Kazakhstan: Significant Changes] SAPRA Indian Foundation</ref>

==Cooperation with international bodies==

===CICA Declaration on Eliminating Terrorism===
Officials from member state of the [[Conference on Interaction and Confidence Building Measures in Asia]] met in the first CICA conference in Almaty in June 2002. On 4 June they issued a "Declaration on Eliminating Terrorism and Promoting Dialogue among Civilizations." The Declaration condemns all acts of terrorism as "direct violations of [[human rights]]" and recognizes that "all religions of the world reject violence and terrorism." It also expresses support for [[UN Security Council Resolution 1373]].<ref name=CICA>[http://www.homestead.com/prosites-kazakhembus/CICA_Declaration.html CICA Declaration on Eliminating Terrorism and Promoting Dialogue among Civilizations] Embassy of Kazakhstan to the USA and Canada</ref>

===Combating money laundering and terrorism financing workshop===
The Kazakh government participated in a workshop on fighting [[money laundering]] and the financing of [[terrorism]], along with officials, including legislators and police officers, from the Global Program against Money Laundering of the United Nations Office for Drug Control and Crime Prevention, the [[Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe]], [[Kyrgyzstan]], [[Austria]], [[Canada]], [[Croatia]], and the [[International Monetary Fund]] in 2002 from 30 September – 1 October in [[Bishkek]], Kyrgyzstan and 2 October and 3 October in [[Astana]], Kazakhstan. The workshop fulfilled part of an "Action Plan" agreed upon in December 2001 in a conference in Bishkek on security in Central Asia.<ref name=WORKSHOP>[http://www.unodc.org/unodc/press_release_2002-10-04_1.html Workshops in Kyrgyzstan and Kazakhstan Discuss Measures Against Money Laundering and Financing of Terrorism] United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime</ref>

In Astana the Deputy Chairman of the Committee on National Security of Kazakhstan advocated passing a law prohibiting money laundering in Kazakhstan per the United Nations' goal of banning money laundering in every country by 2003. Participants gave recommendations to Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan on changing legislation and bureaucracy to better fight illegal financing practices.<ref name=WORKSHOP/>

===International Conference on Peace and Harmony===
[[Christianity|Christian]], [[Judaism|Jewish]], and [[Islam|Muslim]] leaders met with the President Nazarbayev, [[Kyrgyz President]] [[Kurmanbek Bakiyev]], and [[Tajik President]] [[Emomali Rahmonov]], and senior government officials from [[Azerbaijan]], Afghanistan and [[Turkey]], in Almaty on 13 February 2003 for the International Conference on Peace and Harmony. President Bush said in a 12 February letter to Nazarbayev, "The United States strongly supports the Conference's objective of fostering peace and stability through dialogue among people of different nationalities and faiths. All peace-loving people share a deep interest in advancing religious liberty and tolerance, stemming hatred, and eliminating the threat of terrorism."<ref name=ICPH>[http://www.homestead.com/prosites-kazakhembus/021303.html Peace and Harmony Conference Establishes Permanent Forum for Peace and Stability] Embassy of Kazakhstan to the USA and Canada</ref>

Over 70 Jewish leaders participated, including [[Malcolm Hoenlein]], Executive Vice Chairman, and [[Mortimer Zuckerman]], Chairman, of the Conference of Presidents of Major Jewish Organizations. Zuckerman expressed "gratitude to all present for your fight against all forms of terrorism and extremism."<ref name=ICPH/>

[[United States Senator]]s [[Sam Brownback]], [[Orrin Hatch]], [[Mary Landrieu]], and representatives [[Robert Wexler]], [[Gary Ackerman]], [[Henry Waxman]], [[Joseph Pitts]] and others, signed separate letters of support for the conference, calling it "critical to worldwide efforts to counter extremism." It sent "a strong signal that the present and future course of the [[Muslim world]] will not be controlled by those that would propagate hate, fear and murder, such as Al Qaeda, but by those nations and people who respect and promote peace, tolerance and [[democracy]]." Participants in the conference established a permanent "Forum for Peace and Stability," with headquarters in Kazakhstan. Nazarbayev said the Forum laid the "foundation for creating a mechanism for permanent dialogue in the name of stability, security and peace in the 21st century. New realities require new approaches to thinking of new principles of solving the problems." President Rakhmonov said, "The basis for the dialogue of civilizations lies in the unity of values preached by all religions. We must not allow attempts to pit civilizations against each other to succeed."<ref name=ICPH/>

===United Nations Terrorism Committee conference in Almaty===
Officials from the [[United Nations Security Council]]'s [[Counter-Terrorism Committee]] met in Almaty from 26–28 January 2005. The officials discussed terrorism, [[terrorism financing]], money laundering, arms trafficking, illicit fund transfers, and fake charities in [[Central Eurasia]]. [[Andrei Denisov]], the [[Russia]]n ambassador to the United Nations, chaired the conference. On 26 January he said, "the reality is that the threat of terrorism cannot be eradicated completely in the near future. It will continue to reproduce itself one way or the other. But nations can and should make every effort to limit the opportunities for this threat to realize itself, and this is what we are doing, and this is what we are going to discuss during our conference." He also said "terrorism has deep roots in Central Asia." President Nazarbayev 's said in his opening statement, "Kazakhstan's national security is closely linked to the security of the Central Asian region. And security in Central Asia should be considered an integral component of security in [Eurasia]. The Central Asian region should be part of a Eurasian security system that is part of a global security system."<ref name=UNTC>[http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2005/01/3d2e23b4-b7df-4374-b705-d0acd1536940.html Kazakhstan: UN Terrorism Committee Meets In Almaty Amid Warnings Over Human Rights] RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty</ref>

Boris Mylnikov, head of the CIS Antiterrorism Center, announced a list of terrorist organizations recognized by the CSTO and SCO. [[Human Rights Watch]] released an open letter to the CTC, calling on CTC nations to recognize the importance of respecting [[human rights]] while fighting terrorism. Rachel Denber, acting HRW director for Europe and Central Asia, expressed concerns about [[Human rights in Kazakhstan]]. HRW opposes the Kazakh government's extradition of Muslims to China because they may be [[Capital punishment|sentenced to death]].<ref name=UNTC/>

==Cooperation with Russia==
[[Yury Baluyevsky]], First Deputy Defense Minister and Chief of the Russian [[General Staff]], gave a speech to the chiefs of general staffs of Azerbaijan, Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan and Ukraine in February 2006 prior to the fifteenth anniversary of the creation of the Commonwealth of Independent States. He called on them to cooperate in fighting against "terrorism, cross-border crime and the drug mafia." The governments of Georgia, Moldova and Turkmenistan chose to not send representatives to the meeting.<ref name=BALUYEVSKY>[http://en.rian.ru/russia/20061102/55324962.html Russian general for joint CIS fight against terror, crime, drugs] RIA Novosti</ref>

At the same time Kazakhstan has extradited terrorist suspects to Russia. FSB and KNB agents caught Vakha Izmailov, suspected of involvement in the [[Beslan school attack]] and of other attacks in [[Ingushetia]], in a joint operation in Kazakhstan. The Kazakh KNB then transferred him to the Russian FSB.{{Citation needed|date=March 2008}}

==Cooperation with Singapore==
Oral Mukhamedzhanov, Speaker of Kazakhstan's Lower House of Parliament, met with [[President of Singapore|Singaporean President]] [[Sellapan Ramanathan]] on 31 October 2006. They discussed international terrorism and increasing cooperation between the two nations in counter-terrorism. Speaker Mukhamedzhanov visited [[Singapore]] after Singaporean Parliament Speaker Abdullah Tarmugi invited him.<ref name=SINGAPORE>[http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/singaporelocalnews/view/238624/1/.html Kazakhstan Speaker, President Nathan exchange views on terrorism] Channel News Asia</ref>

==Cooperation with the United Arab Emirates==
Askar Musinov, Kazakhstan's ambassador to the [[United Arab Emirates]], met with Sayf Bin-Zayid al Nuhayyan, the Interior Minister of the UAE, on 29 November 2006. They discussed cooperation in fighting [[organized crime]], drug trafficking, extradition of suspects, and terrorism.<ref name=UAE>[http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?index=5&did=1172889071&SrchMode=1&sid=2&Fmt=3&VInst=PROD&VType=PQD&RQT=309&VName=PQD&TS=1172828000&clientId=8702 Kazakh envoy, UAE minister note need to fight terrorism, drugs] BBC News</ref>

==Cooperation with the United States==
{{main|Kazakhstan-United States relations}}
Cooperation with the United States in regional counter-terrorism and the U.S.-led War in Iraq elicited praise from Secretary of Defense [[Donald Rumsfeld]],<ref name="RUMPRAISE"/> Senator [[Conrad Burns]], Congressman [[Dennis Rehberg]], and other U.S. government officials.<ref name=REHBURG>[http://www.america.gov/st/washfile-english/2004/May/200405271603561CJsamohT0.8300745.html U.S. legislators thank Kazakhstan for help in terror, war, Iraq] United States State Department</ref>

===Response to the September 11, 2001 attacks===
{{main|September 11, 2001 attacks}}
After the [[September 11, 2001 attacks]], [[List of Presidents of Kazakhstan|Kazakh President]] [[Nursultan Nazarbayev]] sent a message to [[United States President]] [[George W. Bush]] expressing "indignation about terrorist acts that resulted in loss of numerous lives." The "civilized community must unite and take effective measures to fight international terrorism. All the Kazakhstan people sympathize with the American people in their grief and mourn aver the tragedy."<ref name=NATOSPEECH>[http://www.nato.int/docu/speech/2001/s011219g.htm Statement by Colonel General M.K. Altynbayev, Minister of Defense of the Republic of Kazakhstan, at the Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council in Defence Ministers session] North Atlantic Treaty Organization</ref>

[[Central Intelligence Agency]] officials met with Kazakhstan Security Council officials "to take all the necessary measures to protect U.S. citizens staying in Kazakhstan" in September 2001 following the attacks. KNB Chairman [[Marat Tazhin]] pledged the government would "[adopt] tougher measures to deport illegal migrants [in] Kazakhstan."<ref>''[https://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN1574885502&id=NEp9FjHckLYC&pg=PA272&lpg=PA272&ots=RdiQeQs4rU&dq=Nursultan+Nazarbayev&sig=eQk9DopuBpomivID_WaYNos_A_M#PPA272,M1 Brassey's International Intelligence Yearbook: 2003 Edition]''</ref>

According to the [[Center for Defense Information]], the Kazakh government has been "extremely supportive [of] the U.S.-led war against terrorism." The government offered the use of a major airport for [[Operation Enduring Freedom]]. Over 800 U.S. flights over Kazakh territory were approved and went ahead. CDI's profile of Kazakhstan credits security forces for "step[ing] up efforts to protect U.S. government facilities and oil facilities with U.S. private investment" and pledging to "freeze the assets of terrorists identified on the U.S. designated terrorist asset-freeze list." The U.S. officially gave the Kazakh government USD $52,893,000 million in 2002, $47 million in 2003, and $36.2 million in 2004.<ref name=CDI>[http://www.cdi.org/program/document.cfm?DocumentID=1913&StartRow=1&ListRows=10&appendURL=&Orderby=D.DateLastUpdated&ProgramID=39&from_page=index.cfm Kazakhstan, U.S. Military Assistance Prior to September 11, 2001] Center for Defense Information</ref> In addition, U.S. Government agencies spent $92 million in assistance programs in Kazakhstan in 2003.<ref name=ASSIST>[http://www.state.gov/p/eur/rls/fs/29487.htm U.S. Assistance to Kazakhstan - Fiscal Year 2003] U.S. Department of State</ref>

Three Kazakh citizens, [[Yaqub Abahanov]], [[Abdulrahim Kerimbakiev]], and [[Abdallah Tohtasinovich Magrupov]], all born in Semey, Kazakhstan, are held in [[extrajudicial]] detention in the United States' [[Guantanamo Bay detainment camp]], in [[Cuba]] for alleged ties to the Taliban. Additionally, Uzbek citizen and Guantánamo prisoner [[Ilkham Turdbyavich Batayev]]'s birthplace is Abaye, Kazakhstan.<ref name=GBNB>[http://www.defenselink.mil/news/May2006/d20060515%20List.pdf List of Individuals Detained by the Department of Defense at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba from January 2002 through May 15, 2006] U.S. Department of Defense</ref>

In a speech given on 19 December 2001 at the [[Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council]] during the Defence Ministers session, [[Mukhtar Altynbayev]], the Kazakh [[Minister of Defense]] and General of the [[Military of Kazakhstan|Kazakh Army]], said the attacks "demonstrated that international terrorism has no borders and represents a threat to all the world community." He reaffirmed Kazakhstan's will to fight terrorism and the need to "punish" terrorists and their sponsors. Addressing the possibility, raised by [[North Atlantic Treaty Organization]] experts," of using Kazakh airfields for counterterrorist operations, he said there were "other practical issues under consideration," but that Kazakhstan would commit to providing humanitarian assistance to [[Demographics of Afghanistan|Afghans]].<ref name=NATOSPEECH/>

===United States air bases===
In 2002 a [[China|Chinese]] diplomat accused the [[United States Government]] of trying to secure a defunct [[air base]], originally used by the [[Soviet Union]] specifically for theoretical military operations against China, near [[Semey]] in eastern Kazakhstan. A high-ranking Kazakh Defense Ministry official said the U.S. Government, as part of its anti-terrorism operations in [[Central Asia]], had requested the use of military bases in [[Taraz]] and [[Taldykorgan]]. Ibragim Alibekov, a journalist for ''[[Radio Free Europe]]'', characterized [[List of Presidents of Kazakhstan|President]] [[Nursultan Nazarbayev]]'s support for the "anti-terrorism campaign" as cautious and "hesitant on the implementation of concrete cooperation measures."<ref name=BASE>[http://www.eurasianet.org/departments/insight/articles/eav021902a.shtml Kazakhstan Under Pressure To Choose One Strategic Partner] EurasiaNet</ref> However, the [[National Coalition Supporting Soviet Jewry]] applauds Kazakhstan for playing "a vital role in U.S.-led efforts to combat international terrorism."<ref name=NCSJ>[http://www.ncsj.org/Kazakhstan.shtml Kazakhstan Country Page] National Conference on Soviet Jewry</ref> President Bush called Kazakhstan a "strategic partner of the United States in Central Asia" and said the United States wanted to expand anti-terrorism cooperation.<ref name=PRAISE>[http://jamestown.org/edm/article.php?article_id=2370115 U.S. Reviewing Options in Central Asia] Eurasia Daily Monitor</ref>

Alleged U.S. attempts to acquire bases were criticized by [[Russian Defense Minister]] [[Sergei Ivanov]], who said such actions were unjustifiable, and Russian [[State Duma]] Speaker [[Gennady Seleznev]].<ref name=BASE/>

An anonymous expert within the Kazakh Defense Ministry said that "of all the assistance [Kazakhstan] can offer towards military counter-terrorism operations—allowing use of our airfields, opening air corridors and sharing intelligence information—the last would be the least risky for Kazakhstan. Allowing the use of airfields means going into direct confrontation with the Taliban, and that is not a good scenario in our situation." An anonymous, high-ranking Foreign Ministry official said "the influx of refugees" created by U.S. airstrikes in Afghanistan "is one problem, but the greater problem is that terrorists and militants might flee northward disguised as civilians." Professor Murat Abdirov, director of the International Relations Institute of Eurasian University, said, "Kazakhstan cannot stay away from the international anti-terrorism coalition, but we should proceed with caution."<ref name=READY>[http://www.eurasianet.org/departments/insight/articles/eav100901a.shtml Kazakhstan tries to balance disparate interests] EurasiaNet</ref>

The Kazakh government did offer the use of a major airport for military operations,<ref name=CDI/> but three years later, with [[U.S. military]] operations against the [[Taliban insurgency]] in [[Afghanistan]] continuing, General [[John Abizaid]], head of [[U.S. Central Command]], said on 3 May 2005 that the [[United States]] did not "expect to open a military base in Kazakhstan unless a tense situation emerges in the region, under which the Kazakh government requests the U.S. armed forces to do so."<ref name=NOEXPECT>[http://www.mosnews.com/news/2005/11/03/uskazakh.shtml No U.S. Base in Kazakhstan– Central Command Chief] MOSNEWS</ref>

==Cooperation with Uzbekistan==
While the Uzbek government complained in 2004 that Islamic terrorists were training in southern Kazakhstan, an allegation the Kazakh government denied, cooperation between the two countries has been strong as both states face a common threat.<ref name=SOUTHALLEG>[http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2005/09/7e777229-a91b-4fda-bc4b-f8be2183a60e.html Uzbekistan: Ties with Kyrgyzstan worsen amid 'terror' accusations] RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty</ref>

===Andijan massacre===
{{main|Andijan massacre}}
Nazarbayev, while on a state visit to [[Uzbekistan]], told [[Uzbek President]] [[Islam Karimov]] that the [[Uzbek government]]'s actions in quelling unrest in the Uzbek city of [[Andijan]] on 12 and 13 May 2005 helped "protect the peace of 26 million Uzbekistanis. A different outcome would have destabilized the region today." He said that because terrorists had taken over government buildings and prisons, Karimov could not respond to the unrest differently, and other governments had responded similarly in the past. The Uzbek government attributed the unrest to Islamic extremist groups recognized as terrorist organizations in Uzbekistan. The Uzbek government estimated 187 people, made up of 94 terrorists, 60 civilians, 31 policemen, and two others died, and 76 terrorists were injured. Human rights groups dispute the government's estimate, accusing Uzbek security forces of killing about 700 civilians.<ref name=ANDIJAN>[http://en.rian.ru/world/20060322/44646267.html Authorities' actions during Andijan riot justified - Nazarbayev] RIA Novosti</ref>

====Extradition of terrorist suspects====
On 5 July 2005 [[Human Rights Watch]] called upon the Kazakh government to refrain from handing over [[Lutfullo Shamsudinov]], the Andijan representative for the Human Rights Society of Uzbekistan, then held in Almaty, to the Uzbek government. The Office of the [[United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees]] had given Shamsudinov [[refugee]] status and planned to resettle him when Kazakh authorities detained him on 4 July. Earlier that day President Karimov visited Kazakhstan along with other regional nations' representatives as part of a [[Shanghai Cooperation Organisation]] meeting. The Uzbek government requested Shamsudinov's [[extradition]], charging him with five criminal charges including premeditated murder. Holly Cartner, executive director of the Europe and Central Asia division of Human Rights Watch, said, "Kazakhstan should step forward and protect this brave man. Instead of that, the authorities seem ready to hand over a refugee to be tortured, in blatant violation of [[international law]]." In response to statements made by a representative for the Almaty city prosecutor's office, in which the representative called Shamsudinov a terrorist, Cartner said, "The terrorist accusation is a perversion of international concerns about terrorism and an attempt to block international support for Shamsudinov. In reality, he is someone who worked tirelessly towards the [[rule of law]] in Uzbekistan."<ref name=SHAMSUDINOV /> Russia also deported an asylum seeker to Uzbekistan, Rustam Muminov, who Uzbek authorities accuse of involvement in the Andijan unrest and membership in a religious extremist organization,<ref name=MUMINOV>[http://www.mosnews.com/news/2006/10/25/uzbekdeported.shtml Russia Deports Asylum Seeker to Uzbekistan Despite Death Penalty Threat] MOS News</ref> and Kyrgyzstan deported five Andijan-refugees—Jahongir Maqsudov, Yoqub Toshboev, Odiljon Rahimov, Rasuljon Pirmatov, and Fayoz Tojihalilov—to Uzbekistan in early August 2006.<ref name=KYRGYZFIVEDEPORT>[http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2006/08/47c5248f-294b-4f80-8ef5-986ed2e1e14e.html Kyrgyzstan: Five More Andijon Refugees Extradited To Uzbekistan] RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty</ref>

In March 1998 the Uzbek government accused Obidkhon Qori Nazarov, an [[Imam]], of religious extremism, terrorism, and membership in the Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan. Nazarov fled to Kazakhstan, leaving behind his wife, son, and three brothers, all of whom have been imprisoned or disappeared, though his wife has been released.<ref name=OBIDKHON>[http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2006/03/46f59a70-8fba-446a-86de-b974ffbeff35.html Uzbekistan: Dissident Imam reaches safety after eight years in hiding] RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty</ref>

John MacLeod, a senior editor for the [[Institute for War and Peace Reporting]] who met Nazarov in 1996, disputed the charges. He said Nazarov is "really a part of an earlier phase of events in Uzbekistan when the state religion was entirely in confrontation with independent Imams and [[Mullah]]s such as Obidkhon and a number of others." Rao said, "If we had found him associated with terrorism or extremism we would have excluded him. We believe that he is a refugee needing an international protection. That's how we provided him the refugee status and protection."<ref name=OBIDKHON />

The UNHCR gave Nazarov refugee status when he contacted them in November 2006. Nazarov, along with some members of his family, were flown out of Kazakhstan to a secret location in [[Western Europe]] on 16 March 2006. Rao said, "The credit has to be given to the Kazakh authorities. Once we recognized [Nazarov] as a refugee, we informed them that he is under the protection of [the] UNHCR. So Kazakh authorities have honored their ... national obligation and let him stay in the country until the UNHCR organized the third-country settlement. And today, when he wanted to depart, the authorities let him leave the country."<ref name=OBIDKHON />

===Security fence===
Kazakh border officials began building a 28-mile long [[Separation barrier|fence]] on the border with Uzbekistan on 19 October 2006.<ref name=FENCEBYRFE>[http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2006/10/f82907ac-59f0-4a12-8269-a140c8782ee9.html Kazakhstan To Fence Section Of Border] RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty</ref> ''[[The New York Times]]'' reported that the fence will be "eight-foot-high [with] barbed-wire" and searchlights "along heavily populated towns and cities on the southern ridge" where drug smugglers operate. The area is a "flash point in a larger regional struggle against Islamic militants."<ref name=FENCE>[https://www.nytimes.com/2006/10/20/world/asia/20briefs-008.html?_r=1&oref=slogin Kazakhstan: Fence for Part of Uzbek Border] The New York Times</ref>

The governments of Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan first created national border guard forces in 1992 and January 1998 respectively, far earlier than other post-[[Soviet Union]] nations. The Kazakh government raised the force in status, ending the State Security Committee's control until the Committee regained control in 1998.<ref name=BORDERHISTORY>[http://www.dcaf.ch/pfpc/ev_reichnau_041105_papers_golunov.pdf Border security in Central Asia: Before and after September 11] Geneva Center for the Democratic control of Armed Forces</ref>

Other Central Asian nations have had border disputes in the past. [[Turkmenistan]] and [[Uzbekistan]] had serious "issues" regarding their mutual border until May 2004. The Turkmen Foreign Ministry released a statement on 31 May saying disputes had been resolved.<ref name=TURKUZBORDER>[http://www.rferl.org/specials/turkmenelections/timeline.asp Dates Related to Elections, Officials, and Policy] RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty</ref>

Erik Roslyakov, second in command of Kazakhstan's southern border, said the fence will cover the Sariaghash and Maktaaral districts. Larisa Dmitriyuk, spokeswoman for Kazakhstan's border administration, said the border patrol's "task will now be easier. We will be in a position to use our weapons, as it is the rule when one wants to catch [trespassers]."<ref name=FENCEBYRFE/>

In addition to tightening security, Bruce Pannier of ''Payvand'' noted increased military spending to strengthen Kazakhstan's border with Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan.<ref name="MILITARY"/>

==Criticism==
''[[Nezavisimaya Gazeta]]'' interviewed Vyacheslav Kasymov, Director of the Executive Committee of the Regional Anti-terrorist Center of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation, and published the interview on 7 February. In the interview Kasymov accused the Kazakh government of giving refuge to terrorist organizations, specifically [[Saudi Binladin Group]], which operated in Astana. In November 2004 the Supreme Court ruled against the company's claim to 7 square kilometres of land in Astana. The Kazakh Foreign Ministry issued a statement two days later, on 9 February, calling Kasymov's statements "absolutely incompatible with the status of a head of the structure of a large international organization and casts a shadow of doubt on the reputation and position of the SCO in the contemporary world." The statement said the Kazakh government has signed 12 UN anti-terrorist conventions.<ref name=KENTAI/> The Kazakh Foreign Ministry has since characterized Kasymov's comments as "inappropriate" and "totally deprived of the spirit of the basic documents of [the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation]" because "There weren't and there are not any terrorists' bases or camps on the soil of Kazakhstan."<ref name=SHELTERING>[http://missions.itu.int/~kazaks/eng/news04.htm The Ministry of foreign affairs of Kazakhstan considers the statements of the director of the Antiterroristic structure to the Shanghai Organization of Cooperation as "inappropriate"] Permanent Mission of the Republic of Kazakhstan to the United Nations</ref>

The [[United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees]] and [[Human Rights Watch]] have criticized the [[Nursultan Nazarbayev|Nazarbayev administration]]'s policy of transferring terrorist suspects to neighboring countries, specifically [[Uzbekistan]], where HRW says suspects face torture.<ref name=SHAMSUDINOV>[http://hrw.org/english/docs/2005/07/05/kazakh11270.htm Kazakhstan: Do Not Deport Uzbek Human Rights Advocate] Human Rights Watch</ref><ref name=MAYDEPORTED>[http://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/WO0611/S00370.htm UN concerned at disappearance in Kazakhstan] Scoop Independent News</ref>

The strongest criticism of the Nazarbayev administration's counter-terrorism operations comes from Harout Semerdjian of the [[University of California, Los Angeles]]. Semerdjian accuses the government of engaging in "semi-[[state terrorism]]" through unlawful arrests of journalists, [[arson]], and other attacks on the press. The U.S. embassy criticized an act of arson in Kazakhstan in May 2002.<ref name="STATETERRORISM"/>

==Further reading==
*[[Ahmed Rashid]]. ''Jihad: The Rise of Militant Islam in Central Asia'', Yale University, 2002, ISBN 0-300-09345-4
*Jatin Kumar. ''Terrorism and Militancy in Central Asia'', Gyan Books, 2004, ISBN 81-7835-322-9
*Shahram Akbarzadeh. ''[http://www.booksmatter.com/b1842774239.htm Uzbekistan And The United States: Authoritarianism, Islamism And Washington's Security Agenda]'', Palgrave Macmillan, April 2005, ISBN 1-84277-423-9
*Lutz Kleveman. ''[https://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN0802141722&id=3pCz4OmRW-0C&pg=PA237&lpg=PA237&dq=Central+Asia+Jihad&sig=fuDt0BNRqh5k4qvX9AfsdMVPi58#PPP1,M1 The New Great Game: Blood and Oil in Central Asia]'', Grove Press, 2004, ISBN 0-8021-4172-2

==See also==
*[[Islamic terrorism]]
*[[September 11, 2001 attacks]]
*[[Manas Air Base]]
*[[Karshi-Khanabad]]
*[[Camp Lajerg]]
*[[Wäisi movement]]

{{wikisource|Who is responsible for Tashkent blasts?}}
{{wikisource|The Call to Jihad by the Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan}}

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==External links==
*[http://www.eurasianet.org/departments/insight/articles/eav112002a.shtml Kazakhstani bids for regional antiterrorism agenda]
*[http://newsfromrussia.com/cis/2001/08/28/13610.html Rapid deployment force established in Central Asia]
*[http://www.japantoday.com/jp/news/392174 (Japan Today)]
*[http://www.interfax-religion.com/?act=news&div=2622 (Interfax)]
*[http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?index=0&did=1204509961&SrchMode=1&sid=2&Fmt=3&VInst=PROD&VType=PQD&RQT=309&VName=PQD&TS=1172828000&clientId=8702 Kazakh, Tajik security chiefs discuss anti-terrorism cooperation]
*[http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?index=4&did=1182095571&SrchMode=1&sid=2&Fmt=3&VInst=PROD&VType=PQD&RQT=309&VName=PQD&TS=1172828000&clientId=8702 18 Are Sent Home From Guantanamo]
*[http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?index=7&did=1167022301&SrchMode=1&sid=2&Fmt=3&VInst=PROD&VType=PQD&RQT=309&VName=PQD&TS=1172828000&clientId=8702 Kazakhstan, UK sign antiterror accord]
*[http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?index=12&did=1146749661&SrchMode=1&sid=2&Fmt=3&VInst=PROD&VType=PQD&RQT=309&VName=PQD&TS=1172828201&clientId=8702 Kazakh official seeks to tighten Uzbek border security]
*[http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?index=30&did=1116689821&SrchMode=1&sid=2&Fmt=3&VInst=PROD&VType=PQD&RQT=309&VName=PQD&TS=1172828345&clientId=8702 Kazakhstan extradites terror suspect to Uzbekistan]
*[http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?index=49&did=1072654951&SrchMode=1&sid=2&Fmt=3&VInst=PROD&VType=PQD&RQT=309&VName=PQD&TS=1172828425&clientId=8702 MP urges NATO to back Kazakhstan in fighting drugs, terrorism]

{{War on Terrorism}}
{{Europe topic|Terrorism in}}
{{Asia topic|Terrorism in}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Terrorism And Counter-Terrorism In Kazakhstan}}
[[Category:Terrorism in Kazakhstan| ]]
[[Category:Counter-terrorism by country|Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Terrorism by country|Kazakhstan]]

Rakhat Aliyev

2017-02-23T04:39:55Z

Bender the Bot: /* Murder */HTTP→HTTPS for The New York Times. using AWB

{{Infobox ambassador
| honorific-prefix =
| honorific-suffix =
| image = Rakhat Aliyev.jpg
| alt =
| caption=Aliyev in April 2007
| order =
| ambassador_from = Kazakhstan
| country = Austria, Macedonia, Serbia, Slovenia
| term_start = 21 June 2002
| term_end = July 2005
|order2=
| ambassador_from2 = Kazakhstan
| country2 = Austria
| term_start2 = 9 February 2007
| term_end2 = 26 May 2007
|birth_name = Rakhat Mukhtaruly Aliyev Рахат Мұхтарұлы Әлиев
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1962|12|10|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Alma-Ata]], [[Kazakh SSR]], [[USSR]]<ref name="zakon">{{cite web|url=http://online.zakon.kz/Document/?doc_id=30127950|title=Алиев Рахат Мухтарович (персональная справка)|publisher=Zakon.kz|accessdate=24 February 2015|language=ru}}</ref>
| death_date = {{Death date and age|2015|2|24|1962|12|10|df=y}}
| death_place = [[Vienna]], [[Austria]]
| death_cause = hanging
| body_discovered =
| resting_place =
| resting_place_coordinates = 
| monuments =
| residence =
| ethnicity = [[Kazakh]]
| citizenship =
| education = law degree, 1997; Ph.D economics, 2005
| alma_mater =
| spouse = [[Dariga Nazarbayeva]] (d. 2007) Elnara Shorazova (m. 2007)
|children=three children (with Nazarbayeva)<ref name="zakon"/> Nurali Rakhatovich (b. 1985) Aisultan Rakhatovich (b. 1990) Venera Rakhatovna (b. 2000)
| nationality = [[Kazakhstan]]
| other_names = Rakhat Shoraz
| occupation = diplomat, politician, businessman
| years_active =
| known_for = arrests for murder, kidnapping, money laundering
| notable_works = ''[[Godfather-in-law]]'' (2013)
}}

'''Rakhat Mukhtaruly Aliyev''' ({{lang-kk|Рахат Мұхтарұлы Әлиев}}; 10 December 1962 – 24 February 2015) was a senior official of the [[government of Kazakhstan]] who died in an Austrian prison awaiting trial on charges of murder. His trial was planned to start in Vienna in first half of year 2015. Austrian legal circles were giving much attention to this high-profile criminal case in which one former diplomat is facing murder charges.<ref>[http://austrianindependent.com/news/General_News/2014-06-06/15512/Former_Kazakh_diplomat_Rakhat_Aliyev_arrested_in_Vienna_ "Former Kazakh Diplomat Aliyev Arrested in Vienna"], ''Austrian Independent'', 6 June 2014</ref> He was chief of Kazakhstan's tax police, deputy chief of the KNB state security service (Kazakhstan's successor to the Soviet [[KGB]]), ambassador to Austria, and first vice foreign minister. While serving in those government posts, Aliyev amassed a fortune in the banking, oil refining, news media, telecommunications, and agricultural commodities sectors.<ref>[http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/centralasia/kazak-corruption.htm "Kazakhstan - Corruption"], GlobalSecurity.org.</ref> He was born in [[Almaty]].

In February 2007, he was appointed to his second tour as Kazakhstan's ambassador to Austria and to the [[Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe]], before being relieved of his post and losing his diplomatic immunity.<ref>[http://www.maltatoday.com.mt/news/national/32598/aliyev-applies-for-cypriot-citizenship-20131223 "Kazakh Exile Rakhat Aliyev Applies for Cypriot Citizenship"], ''Malta Times'', 24 December 2013</ref>

Until June 2007, Aliyev was married to [[Dariga Nazarbayeva]], the eldest daughter of [[Kazakh President]] [[Nursultan Nazarbayev]].

After hiding in Malta to avoid an [[Interpol]] warrant for his arrest, and attempting to gain [[Cyprus|Cypriot]] citizenship, Aliyev was taken into custody in June 2014 by Austrian authorities on charges that include kidnapping and murder.<ref>http://www.austriantimes.at/news/General_News/2014-06-06/51200/Former_Kazakh_diplomat_Rakhat_Aliyev_arrested_in_Vienna_ ''Austrian Times'', 6 June 2014</ref> He was jailed at the [[Josefstadt]] prison pending trial, and was placed under watch as a suicide risk.<ref>[http://www.thelocal.at/20140701/murder-suspect-ambassador-targeted-in-prison "'Murderer' Ambassador Targeted in Prison"] ''The Local'', Vienna, Austria, 1 July 2014.</ref>

Aliyev, who portrayed himself as a dissident after falling out with Kazakhstan's leadership, said that he was not guilty and the charges against him were politically motivated.<ref>[http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-27729970 "Austria Arrests Top Kazakh Dissident Rakhat Aliyev"], BBC, 6 June 2014</ref>

==Criminal allegations==

===Money laundering===
Aliyev's money was allegedly fed into two offshore companies, A.V. Maximus SA and Argocom Ltd, both based in the [[British Virgin Islands]]. From here, the money went into A.V. Maximus Holding AG, their parent company.<ref name="kazworld 27810">{{cite web|url=http://kazworld.info/?p=27810|title=Kazakhstan - Rakhat Aliyev’s exotic cash laundering trail: Caribbean dimensions revealed - kazworld.info|work=kazworld.info|accessdate=24 February 2015}}</ref> Reportedly, A.V Maximus SA’s British Virgin Island’s affiliate received €24.8 million and USD$91.4 million, while Agrocom received €15.6 million. The money was the directed into Armoreal Trading GmbH and S.T.A.R.T Management consulting GmbH, among other subsidiaries. Loans between these subsidiaries were then sent to Metallwerke Bender Rhineland, some of it via ITR Information Technology GmbH. Metallwerke Bender Rhineland (MBR) then paid it back through Armoreal trading, ultimately going to A.V. Maximus SA. Money was returned to A.V. Maximus SA as a return on investments, which enabled the money to be legally wired to A&P Power Ltd via A.V. Maximus Holding AG. A&A Poweris owned by A&P Power Holdings Ltd, which is housed in Nevis.

Aliyev moved to Malta with his second wife Elnara Shorazova; the two allegedly began to dissolve and reorganize their money laundering network. MBR was sold to a Dubai-based company in March 2010.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.maltatoday.com.mt/news/national/28709/investigators-told-of-rakhat-aliyev-s-alleged-money-laundering-network-20130729#.U7q8eVdBn5w|title=Investigators told of Rakhat Aliyev’s alleged money laundering network|work=MaltaToday.com.mt|accessdate=24 February 2015}}</ref> Armoreal Trading was liquidated in December 2010 while an Austrian company known as Veitlissen transferred 2.4 million Euro to A&P Power Ltd. In March 2011, A.V. Maximus Holding was sold to A&P Power Ltd and renamed Zurich Asset management.

In 2005, the investigation into this arrangement began when Wiesbaden were reportedly alerted about Armoreal Trading’s suspicious loan activity.<ref name="kazworld 27810"/> Nothing came of the complaint and the issue lay dormant until spring 2007, when three Austrian banks, Schoellerbank AG, Privitnvest Bank AG and M&A Privatbank AG, reported transactions involving Aliyev's company to the Austrian Interior Minister. All of his enterprises’ bank accounts were then blocked. The money originated in the late 1990s, when Aliyev was head of the tax office in Kazakhstan.

According to reports, Aliyev amassed a large fortune through defrauding a variety of companies and services, one of which was the Kazakhstani state soccer team. All of the financial interests were placed inside START Management consulting GmbH, a Viennese-based firm. Between March 2006 and January 2007, €1 million in sponsorship money disappeared from START accounts. Despite this, the contract between the two companies was renewed in early 2007 and 403,000 euros were transferred to START's account.<ref name="kazworld 27810"/>

===Treason===
The Kazakhstan government found Aliyev guilty of treason for attempting a coup against the Kazakh president.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.maltatoday.com.mt/news/national/30095/aliyev-s-hunters-accused-of-espionage-20130921#.U7a_k_ldWSo|title=Aliyev’s hunters accused of ‘espionage’|work=MaltaToday.com.mt|accessdate=24 February 2015}}</ref>

===Torture===
Aliyev allegedly tortured the two bodyguards of [[Akezhan Kazhegeldin]] to get them to confess to a coup d'état.<ref name="Austrian passport">{{cite web|url=http://en.tengrinews.kz/crime/Rakhat-Aliyev-no-longer-has-Austrian-passport-23967/|title=Rakhat Aliyev no longer has Austrian passport|work=tengrinews.kz|accessdate=24 February 2015}}</ref> The two men, lbrayev and Afanasenko, claimed that in April 2000, Aliyev tortured them for a total of 48 hours wanting them to confess that Kazhegeldin had been plotting a coup in Kazakhstan against Nazarbayev.<ref name="Austrian passport"/> According to the lawyer of the two accusers, Lothar de Maiziere, they addressed law enforcement of Malta demanding a criminal case but the authorities allegedly never followed through.<ref name=Cypriot>{{cite web|url=http://en.tengrinews.kz/crime/Rakhat-Aliyev-eyeing-Cypriot-citizenship-24692/|title=Rakhat Aliyev eyeing Cypriot citizenship|work=Tengrinews|accessdate=24 February 2015}}</ref>

===Murder===
{{Main|The Nurbank Murder Case}}

Aliyev was accused of killing the Kazakh opposition leader, [[Altynbek Sarsenbayuly|Altynbek Sarsenbayev]]<ref name="Vienna Prosecutors">{{cite web|url=http://en.tengrinews.kz/crime/Rakhat-Aliyevs-arrest-confirmed-by-Vienna-Prosecutors-254013/|title=Rakhat Aliyev's arrest confirmed by Vienna Prosecutors|work=tengrinews.kz|accessdate=24 February 2015}}</ref> in February 2006 according to Kazakh prosecutors. In December 2013, prosecutors reportedly released findings that Aliyev ordered the assassination.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.tengrinews.kz/crime/Eurojust-and-Europol-called-to-investigate-Aliyev-25129/|title=Eurojust and Europol called to investigate Aliyev|work=tengrinews.kz|accessdate=24 February 2015}}</ref> January 2014, the office filed a notion to start a new case against Aliyev and the former head of National Security of Kazakhstan, Alnus Masayev, related to the involvement in the opposition leader's murder as well as his bodyguard and his lawyer.<ref name="Vienna Prosecutors"/>

Aliyev reportedly kidnapped two managers of Nurbank in 2007; their bodies were found in 2011.<ref name="Vienna Prosecutors"/> In 2008, the Kazakh court convicted him in absentia of commissioning the double murders.<ref name="lives fear">{{cite news|url=http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/asianet/130411/rakhat-aliyev-malta-lives-fear-he-will-be-kidnapped|title=Rakhat Aliyev in Malta lives in fear that he will be kidnapped|work=GlobalPost|author=Matthew Vella |date=11 April 2013}}</ref>

In addition, Aliyev reportedly also tortured and killed a 23-year-old TV presenter [[Anastasiya Novikova]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/27/world/asia/27kazakhstan.html|title=Kazakh Web Sites Blocked |work=[[New York Times]]|author=David L. Stern and C. J. Chivers |date=27 October 2007}}</ref> According to reports, Novikova's family lost contact with her in 2004 and reported her missing three years later on 26 July 2007. Letters obtained between and her family identified Aliyev as the father of her daughter. Novikova reportedly married Danijar Esten of the Kazakh Embassy in Vienna to cover for Aliyev's dalliance. The daughter was taken away from Novikova shortly after her birth.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://enews.fergananews.com/articles/2081|title=Mistress' body may supplement the extradition request for Rahat Aliyev - Fergana Information Agency, Moscow|work=fergananews.com|accessdate=24 February 2015}}</ref>

Aliyev denied the allegations against him and said they are politically motivated.<ref>[http://www.timesofmalta.com/articles/view/20131030/local/aliyev.492577 "Updated: Kazakh Exile Rakhat Aliyev Denies Allegations of Torture by Former Bodyguards"] ''Times of Malta'', Valletta, 30 October 2013</ref>

===Kidnapping===
''See also [[The Nurbank Murder Case]]''

In addition to the Nurbank managers' kidnapping, Aliyev reportedly was accused of kidnapping Artem Mikoyan Yarikov, a Russian TV executive working in Kazakhstan the mid 1990s.<ref name=U7anvvldWSo>{{cite web|url=http://www.maltatoday.com.mt/news/world/40793/rakhat_aliyev_threatened_in_prison_new_evidence_emerges_#.U7anvvldWSo|title=Rakhat Aliyev threatened in prison, new evidence emerges|work=MaltaToday.com.mt|accessdate=24 February 2015}}</ref>
Artem Mikoyan Yarikov allegedly saw Aliyev in a restaurant in Italy where Aliyev acted like nothing happened while Mikoyan Yarikov appeared disturbed by this sight.

==Charges==
Aliyev fled to Austria when he was being investigated for the murder of the two Nurbank managers. Before he was arrested, he was quickly appointed the new Kazakh ambassador to Austria on 9 February 2007 as a polite way to get him out of the country. While in Austria, Aliyev announced his candidacy for the upcoming Kazakhstan elections and criticized the sitting Kazakh President, Nursultan Nazarbayev. A full domestic Kazakh investigation began in May 2007 into Aliyev's activities.<ref name="Vienna Prosecutors"/>

As a result, his diplomatic passport was cancelled, as was his diplomatic immunity. Kazakhstan filed its first extradition request with Austria at this time. The domestic Kazak investigation concluded in January 2008 with Kazak courts sentencing Aliyev to 40 years of imprisonment ''in absentia''. His crimes were kidnapping, treason and plotting a [[coup d'état]] against his father-in-law Nursultan Nazarbayev.<ref name="Vienna Prosecutors"/>

According to reports, "Kazakhstan requested his extradition from Austria twice, but was denied on both accounts, since Austria was unsure that Aliyev would get a fair trial in his home country."<ref name="Vienna Prosecutors"/>

He married to Austrian citizen Elnara Shorazova and enjoyed free movement throughout Europe although being investigated on fraud charges in the Austria, Germany and Malta.<ref name="lives fear"/> European Commissioner Cecilia Malmstrom told reporters that the investigation on fraud charges was difficult because of the different criminal legislation within the European Union countries.<ref name=U7anvvldWSo/>

According to reports, in November 2013 Aliyev tried to open a bank account in Cyprus with an invalid account which alerted authorities. The following January, two members of the European Parliament made public calls to the European Commissioner to get Eurojust and Europol to assist with the ongoing criminal investigations.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.tengrinews.kz/politics_sub/EU-not-competent-to-investigate-Kazakhstans-Aliyev-26345/|title=EU not competent to investigate Kazakhstan's Aliyev|work=tengrinews.kz|accessdate=24 February 2015}}</ref>

In 2013, Aliyev's Austrian passport was canceled by the decision of Austrian Minister of Interior.<ref name="Austrian passport"/> He allegedly wanted to obtain citizenship in Cyprus because it was becoming "too hot" in Malta because of all the investigations.<ref name=Cypriot/>

==Arrest==
Aliyev was arrested in June 2014 after he allegedly turned himself into authorities to cooperate with the murder investigation of the two bankers.<ref name=threatened>{{cite web|url=http://www.maltatoday.com.mt/news/world/40793/rakhat_aliyev_threatened_in_prison_new_evidence_emerges_#.U7tFF_ldWSp|title=Rakhat Aliyev threatened in prison, new evidence emerges|work=MaltaToday.com.mt|accessdate=24 February 2015}}</ref> His lawyer confirmed the arrest and said it took place at 11pm on 5 June 2014 on his way to the airport.<ref name="Vienna Prosecutors"/>

===Prison===
On 4 July 2014, Aliyev had been moved to a secure prison cell because of repeated attacks and threats by other inmates. He allegedly is forced to share a cell because of fear he might commit suicide. According to his lawyer, Manfred Ainedter, Aliyev complained that the other prisoners were asking for thousands of euros to leave him alone.<ref name=threatened/>

===Protest===
An international movement called [http://JusticeForNovikova.com JusticeForNovikova.com] began with the intention to bring Aliyev to justice for killing [[Anastasiya Novikova]]. The group’s participants range from “independent human rights activists, advocates of victims of domestic violence, women’s rights activists, and criminal justice activists."<ref name="justicefornovikova.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.justicefornovikova.com/home/whos-behind-us/|title=Who’s behind us|work=Justice for Novikova|accessdate=24 February 2015}}</ref> According to their website, the project is “an informal international social networking project” with "no formal organizational affiliation.”<ref name="justicefornovikova.com"/>

The movement began on 19 June 2014, the 10-year anniversary of Novikova's death. On that day protest were held at [[Lowndes Square]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.justicefornovikova.com/how-i-was-murdered/the-perpetrators/|title=The Perpetrators|work=Justice for Novikova|accessdate=24 February 2015}}</ref> Aliyev denounced the Justice for Novikova protesters as agents of the Kazakh secret services.<ref>[http://www.forbes.com/sites/realspin/2014/09/03/the-kgbs-successor-is-using-forged-documents-to-deceive-the-west/ "The KGB's Successor Is Using Forged Documents to Deceive the West"] Forbes, 3 September 2014.</ref>

==Victimization==
Aliyev denied all charges against him. According to reports, he claimed that he was prosecuted by the Kazakh government and think people after him are "in bed with Kazakhstan."<ref name=threatened/> According to an interview, he said that "criminal accusations that the regime has tried to hang on him are all fiction."<ref name=GodfatherInLaw>{{cite web|url=http://www.rferl.org/content/Interview_Rakhat_Aliev_Discusses_Kazakhstans_GodfatherInLaw/1742575.html|title=Interview: Rakhat Aliev Discusses Kazakhstan’s ‘Godfather-In-Law’|work=RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty|accessdate=24 February 2015}}</ref> He also said in the same interview that all the charges were "made up primarily by the leadership of the National Security Committee, the prosecutor general, the interior minister, and the whole power bloc of ministries.<ref name=GodfatherInLaw/>

He said that all his trials and sentencing were politically motivated and told newspapers that he would be willing to appear in Austrian courts, but feared that he would be kidnapped.<ref name="lives fear"/>

He also reportedly called the lawyer, Gabriel Lansky, who had been helping the bankers' widows and their campaigns to bring justice, as "fronts of the Kazakh regime."<ref name="lives fear"/> Aliyev was reported to have circulated forgeries of documents to defame those he sees as critics, including former British prime minister [[Tony Blair]], former U.S. president [[Bill Clinton]], former Austrian chancellor [[Alfred Gusenbauer]] and current President [[Heinz Fischer]], former Polish president [[Alexander Kwaśniewski]], former Italian prime minister [[Romano Prodi]], and former German chancellor [[Gerhard Schröder]]<ref name="forbes">[http://www.forbes.com/sites/realspin/2014/09/03/the-kgbs-successor-is-using-forged-documents-to-deceive-the-west/ "The KGB's Successor Is Using Forged Documents to Deceive the West"] Forbes, 3 September 2014</ref>

===Skype calls===
However, according to ''Die Presse'' newspaper, Austrian authorities found Skype calls that undermine his claims. The obtained calls allegedly discussed the disappearance of the two Nurbank bank managers and the location of the bodies. In addition, his alibi during their disappearance was reportedly also discussed.<ref name=threatened/> The Skype calls also purportedly recorded Aliyev directing the fabrication of a specific forged document to discredit former British prime minister Blair and former Austrian chancellor Gusenbauer.<ref name="forbes"/>

==''Aliyev vs Nazarbayev''==
On 9 February 2007, President Nursultan Nazarbayev appointed Aliyev as Ambassador of Kazakhstan in Austria and Permanent Representative to the OSCE (Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe) and other international organizations in Vienna.
The move occurred days after Aliyev became embroiled in a controversy over the disappearance of two former executives of the Kazakh bank Nurbank.
6 February 2007 the Financial police said they were investigating two former managers (both resigned from their position on 22 January 2007) of Nurbank on suspicion of fraud.
After the permission of President Nazarbayev to Kazakh law enforcement bodies to investigate this criminal case “without regard for rank”, Aliyev was accused of abduction and extortion at the end of May 2007.
On 22 May, Nursultan Nazarbayev signed constitutional amendments that effectively allow him to become president-for-life, a move denounced by the opposition. Aliyev joined the chorus of critics, saying the amendments threaten to torpedo Kazakhstan's OSCE chairmanship bid. Aliyev accused Nazarbayev of "de facto usurping" power.{{citation needed|date=April 2013}}
Following Aliyev's denial and claims that he had fallen victim to political repression, Nazarbayev on 26 May issued decree No. 333 stripping his son-in-law of all official positions. Two days later, the Interior Ministry issued a new statement saying an international arrest warrant had been issued and investigators had been dispatched to Vienna, site of the OSCE’s headquarters, to nab him. The new statement said charges involving criminal association, economic crimes, and kidnapping had been brought against Aliyev.
26 May 2007, Rakhat Aliyev was relieved of his position as Ambassador to Austria and stripped of his [[diplomatic immunity]].

Rakhat Aliyev was also accused of kidnapping a Russian TV executive working in Kazakhstan, Artyom Mikoyan, in the mid-1990s. and locked Mikoyan up in a basement where he kept him and said to Mikoyan that if he will give him all of the money that he made from his position (estimated 20 million), he will release and to tell no one about the incident. Artem Mikoyan fortunately managed to escape from Aliyev to Moscow and never to come back to Kazakhstan again. {{citation needed|date=April 2013}}

On 30 May, the Kazakh government formally asked Austria to arrest Aliyev for kidnapping and extradite him to Kazakhstan. Arrest warrants were being issued for others in the inner circle of this once-powerful man.
On 30 May 2007 his diplomatic immunity was removed.
In a statement, Aliyev described the charges as absurd and said he was the victim of a political witch-hunt.
On 7 August 2007 a Vienna court rejected a request from Kazakhstan to extradite Aliyev and ruled against extraditing the son-in-law of Kazakh President Nursultan Nazarbayev, who was wanted on charges of kidnapping. The court said the Rakhat Aliyev would not be given a fair trial in his home country and his human rights could not be guaranteed if he were sent back home.

A criminal case against Aliyev and his accomplices ended in mid January 2008: abduction of three top managers of Nurbank in January 2007, the whereabouts of two of them is still unknown, and formation of an organized criminal group found guilty in raiding and document forgery. Almaty district court of Almaty sentenced Aliyev ''in absentia'' to 20 years in a high security prison with confiscation of property in this abduction case. The court also sentenced other people to lengthy prison terms.
At the end of March 2008 Akmola Garrison Military Court found Rakhat Aliyev as a key person involved in preparations for a coup d’etat and sentenced him to 20 years of imprisonment.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rferl.org/content/rivals_in_kazakh_power_struggle_take_feud_washington/24244658.html|title=Rivals In Kazakh Power Struggle Take Their Feud To Washington|work=RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty|accessdate=24 February 2015}}</ref> Aliyev’s sidekick Musayev, the ex- KNB chief, was also sentenced to 20 years of prison term.
Aliyev and Musayev were found guilty under the following articles of the Criminal Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan: Article 168, Section 1 "Seizure of power through violence," Article 235, Section 4 "Formation and heading of an organized criminal group," Article 172, Section 4 "Illegal acquisition, disclosure of state secrets," Article 176, Section 3 "Embezzlement of some other's property," Article 251, Section 3 "Illegal trafficking of arms, ammunition and explosives," Article 255, Section 4 "Stealing of ammunition and explosives" as well as Article 380, Section 2 "Abuse of powers."

On 17 June 2011, the Vienna Provincial Court for Criminal Matters rejected a second request for extradition by Kazakhstan because it was not free from doubt that Mr Aliyev would not be persecuted on political grounds in Kazakhstan.<ref>[http://diepresse.com/home/panorama/wien/670895/Wiener-Gericht-lehnt-Auslieferung-Alijews-ab "Wiener Gericht lehnt Auslieferung Alijews ab"] ''Die Presse'', 17 June 2011 (online edition)</ref> Kazakhstan requested extradition to enforce the previously rendered convictions by the Almaty district court and the Akmola Military Court (see above).

In 2013, Aliyev published a book ''[[Godfather-in-law]]'', in which he accused Nazarbayev of being responsible for the murders of the opposition leaders.<ref name=GodfatherInLaw/>

==Divorce and Remarriage==
On 13 June 2007, Aliyev was divorced from his wife, Dariga. He claims that the divorce was carried out without his knowledge or consent.<ref>[http://www.themoscowtimes.com/stories/2007/06/13/016.html "Nazarbayev's Son-in-Law Is Divorced"] ''Moscow Times'', 13 June 2007</ref>

"Today I received the information where it says I am divorced," Aliyev said Monday. "They stuck a fax with the information through the fence at my home at a quarter past midnight. ... They even falsified my signature on the document."

Aliyev has three children with Nazarbayev's eldest daughter, Dariga. "I spoke to my wife on the telephone," Aliyev said, showing papers saying his wife had asked for the divorce. "She said: 'My father pressured me very much,' and she couldn't do anything."

Aliyev married his assistant, Elnara Shorazova, who held an Austrian passport, and assumed the masculine form of her surname, Shoraz, as his own name. The two fled to [[Malta]], where the Maltese government seized their assets in connection with European money-laundering allegations in March 2014.<ref>[http://www.eurasiantransition.org/files/b86c46104b7297a813ed38efaffcaf8e-514.php "Freezing Order by Maltese Court Against Rakhat Aliyev and His Wife"] Eurasian Transition Group, 3 March 2014.</ref> Aliyev surrendered to Austrian authorities in June 2014.<ref>[http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-27729970] BBC News Europe, 6 June 2014.</ref>

==Death==

On 24 February 2015, Rakhat Aliyev was found dead in the solitary cell of his [[Vienna]] prison. According to the official, Aliyev apparently committed [[suicide]] by hanging himself. However, his attorney, Klaus Ainedter, said he was highly suspicious of the death and expected a thorough investigation. "I have significant doubts about this without wanting to blame anyone. I visited him yesterday. There could be no talk whatsoever of danger of suicide," Ainedter said.<ref>{{cite news|title=Kazakh ex-diplomat Aliyev found hanged in Austrian jail|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/02/24/us-austria-aliyev-idUSKBN0LS0LB20150224|agency=[[Reuters]]|date=24 February 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Бывший зять Назарбаева повесился в тюрьме Вены|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/russian/international/2015/02/150224_rakhat_aliev_death|agency=[[BBC]]|date=24 February 2015}}</ref> The Federal Ministry of Justice (Austria) has officially confirmed the fact of Rakhat Aliyev's suicide in his prison cell.<ref>[http://vlast.kz/article/minjust_avstrii_podtverdil_ministerstvu_inostrannyh_del_kazahstana_fakt_samoubijstva_alieva-9818.html The Ministry of Justice (Austria) has confirmed the fact of Aliyev's suicide]</ref> Thereafter Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Kazakhstan reported that the law enforcement agencies of the Republic of Kazakhstan insisted on their participation in the investigation into the death of Aliyev.<ref>[http://vlast.kz/article/kazahstan_gotov_prinjat_uchastie_v_rassledovanii_obstojatelstv_smerti_alieva_mid-9831.html The Republic of Kazakhstan is ready to participate in the investigation into the death of Aliyev]</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==Further reading==
*[http://www.justicefornovikova.com/ JusticeForNovikova.com]
*[http://rakhataliyev.com/ RakhatAliyev.com]
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kUWJk3BTvcE Anastasiya Novikova's Story]
*[http://en.tagdyr.net/ en.tagdyr.net/]

==External links==
*[https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/dec/29/kazakhstan-press-freedom-osce "Kazakhstan cracks down on press freedom on eve of leading OSCE"] Luke Harding, ''[[The Guardian]]'', 29 December 2009

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Aliyev, Rakhat}}
[[Category:1962 births]]
[[Category:2015 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Almaty]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of Kazakhstan to Austria]]
[[Category:Kazakhstani diplomats]]
[[Category:Kazakhstani criminals]]
[[Category:Government ministers of Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Kazakhstani expatriates in Austria]]
[[Category:People who committed suicide in prison custody]]
[[Category:Prisoners who died in Austrian detention]]

Liza Umarova

2017-02-22T10:05:34Z

Bender the Bot: /* External links and sources */HTTP→HTTPS for The New York Times. using AWB

{{ Infobox musical artist
| name =Liza Umarova {{lang|ru|Лиза Умарова}}
| image =
| caption =
| image_size = 200
| background =solo_singer
| birth_name =Liza Umarova
| alias =
| birth_date ={{Birth date and age|1965|3|12}}
| origin =[[Almaty]], [[Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic]], [[Soviet Union]]
| instrument =[[Singing|Vocals]] | genre =[[Music of Chechnya]], [[Pop music]], [[Torch songs|Torch song]]
| occupation =[[Singer]], [[Actress]]
| years_active =1982-present
| label =
| associated_acts =
| website = | current_members =
| past_members =
| notable_instruments =
}}

'''Liza Sulimovna Umarova''' ({{lang-ce| '''Iумарийн ЙоI Лиза'''}}) (born March 12, 1965 in [[Almaty]], [[Kazakhstan]]) is a [[Chechen people|Chechen]] [[singer]] and [[actress]].

==Early life==
Liza spent her childhood in [[Almaty]], [[Kazakhstan]]. Her parents had been removed from their native village of [[Katyr-Yurt]], [[Chechnya]] in February 1944 as a result of the [[Population transfer in the Soviet Union|forced deportations of most Chechens to Central Asia]]. In 1982, her father decided to move the family back to Chechnya, and they settled in [[Grozny]] that year.

==Career==
Liza attended the [[Yaroslavl Drama Institute]], where she developed a solid reputation for her emotive singing, yet declined a musical career upon graduation to get married, and shortly afterwards became the mother of three children. In 1994 the family moved to [[Moscow]] after their house was bombed during the [[First Chechen War]]. In Moscow she opened up a small business called 'Vaynaham', which sold [[Chechen language|Chechen]] and [[Ingush language|Ingush]] literature and audio recordings. During this time, Liza separated from her husband and struggled to raise their children by herself.

In 1998 Liza made her first recording with the song "Motherland", which set words about Chechnya to the tune of "Liberta", a 1980s hit by [[Italian people|Italian]] pop duo [[Al Bano]] and [[Romina Power]]. "I think it cost $50 [to make the recording]," she said. "I was sewing, earning money to feed the children at that time. I sewed sets of linen swaddling for newborn babies. And I had a lot of cloth, rolls of cotton. I sold all those rolls at the market, on the cheap, and made back the $50." <ref name="themoscowtimes1">http://context.themoscowtimes.com/print.php?aid=138917 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060219043959/http://context.themoscowtimes.com/print.php?aid=138917 |date=February 19, 2006 }}</ref>

Liza then continued to make recordings of the [[First Chechen War|First]] and [[Second Chechen War]]s, with hit songs such as "Rise Up, Russia!", "Grozny, Hero City", and "Our Time Has Not Yet Come". In particular, the single "Grozny, Hero City" has been described as an anthem of Chechnya.<ref>[http://www.iht.com/articles/2005/10/27/news/singer.php The songs of Grozny, the sounds of war - The New York Times]</ref> She notes that when a melody comes to her, she sings it into her mobile telephone because she cannot read music and does not own a tape recorder.

Nevertheless, Liza says she sings because, "Music has always affected me emotionally, has always calmed me and has given me hope. People came up to me after a concert, when I performed in Chechnya, in Grozny, and said that these songs heal. Although they are tragic, in the end there is always something positive - hope for a good life." <ref>[http://www.abc.net.au/correspondents/content/2005/s1517331.htm Correspondents Report - Art continues in troubled Chechnya]</ref>

==2005 racially motivated assault==
On September 6, 2005, Liza and her then-15-year-old son Murad were beaten in Moscow on their way to the metro by four drunken men, aged between 25 and 30. Umarova and her son sustained numerous contusions in the attack but initially decided against reporting the incident to the police.<ref>[http://halldor2.blogspot.com/2005/09/violence-continues.html A Step At A Time: The Violence Continues]</ref>

"You will not live in this country," one of the attackers told Umarova, she said in an interview with [[Gazeta.ru]] newspaper. She said the attacker gave her "the word of an officer." <ref>[http://www.hrvc.net/news2005/14-9-05.html hrvc.net] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070208155249/http://www.hrvc.net/news2005/14-9-05.html |date=February 8, 2007 }}</ref>

Umarova is not a Chechen nationalist and said she was ashamed for her country, [[Russia]], over this kind of bigotry and over the continuing brutal war. When she sings the line, "You will be free, Chechnya," in "Motherland," she has in mind "free from war, from violence, from barbarism," rather than a call for independence, she said.<ref name="themoscowtimes1"/>

In an article published on April 4, 2006, [[The Moscow News]] reported that three of the attackers had been given guilty verdicts by a Moscow court. The sentences ranged from a one-year suspended sentence to three years at a prison settlement.<ref>http://www.mosnews.com/news/2006/04/04/chechenattackers.shtml {{dead link|date=April 2011}}</ref> After the defendants contested the decision, the case was sent for retrial, but the Moscow City Court upheld the previous verdict.<ref>[http://www.en.rian.ru/russia/20060830/53324554-print.html Court upholds verdict in attack on Chechen singer | Russia | RIA Novosti]</ref>

==External links and sources==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110706145415/http://mradio.biz/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=156&Itemid=36 Liza Umarova Music Video]
* [https://www.nytimes.com/2005/11/22/arts/music/22chec.html?ex=1290315600&en=59aca6cc2e621277&ei=5090&partner=rssuserland&emc=rss New York Times Article on Liza Umarova]
* [http://www.iht.com/articles/2005/10/27/news/singer.php International Herald Tribune Article on Liza Umarova]
* [http://www.abc.net.au/correspondents/content/2005/s1517331.htm Correspondents Report Interview with Liza Umarova]
* [http://halldor2.blogspot.com/2005/09/violence-continues.html Segment of The Moscow Times article of assault on Umarova]
* [http://www.chechnyafree.ru/index.php?lng=rus&section=musicrus&row=58 Chechnya Free.ru Article on Liza Umarova]
* [http://ex-soviet.blogspot.com/2005/02/liza-umarova.html ex-Soviet Union Music Blogspot Article]
* [http://politkovskaya.novayagazeta.ru/pub/2005/2005-088.shtml Interview with Umarova by Anna Politkovskaya (in Russian)]

== References ==
<references />

{{DEFAULTSORT:Umarova, Liza}}
[[Category:1965 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Chechen female singers]]
[[Category:Chechen pop singers]]
[[Category:Russian female singers]]
[[Category:Russian pop singers]]
[[Category:Russian people of Chechen descent]]
[[Category:People from Almaty]]

Kazakhstani legislative election, 2007

2017-02-22T08:07:40Z

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{{Politics of Kazakhstan}}

'''Parliamentary elections''' were held in [[Kazakhstan]] on 18 August 2007. President [[Nursultan Nazarbayev]]'s [[Nur Otan]] party received 88% of the vote and won all of the available seats. None of the six other parties contesting the election passed the 7% [[electoral threshold|threshold]] to win seats.<ref name=Stern>[https://www.nytimes.com/2007/08/20/world/asia/20kazakh.html Party of Kazakh President Sweeps Seats in Parliament] The New York Times, 20 August 2007</ref><ref name=Maria>[http://news.independent.co.uk/world/asia/article2878772.ece Kazakh poll gives all seats to Nazarbayev] Reuters, 20 August 2007</ref>

==Electoral system==
A total of 107 seats were at stake in the [[Majilis]], an increase of 30, following [[2007 Amendment to the Kazakhstani Constitution|constitutional amendments]] earlier in the year.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/6221786.stm Kazakhstan set to hold early poll] BBC News, 20 June 2007</ref> Under the changes, 98 deputies were elected by party lists, an increase from just 10 in the previous parliament. The remaining nine seats were reserved for members elected by the [[Assembly of People of Kazakhstan]].<ref>[http://eurasianet.org/departments/insight/articles/eav062007a.shtml Kazakhstan's political parties gear up for early elections] EurasiaNet, 20 June 2007</ref>

==Conduct==
The opposition [[Nationwide Social Democratic Party]], which received almost 5% of the vote, denounced the election,<ref name=Stern/> and the [[Organisation for Security and Cooperation in Europe]] observers said the election showed some progress, but was also marred by problems, saying that "in over 40 percent of the polling stations visited, [vote counting] was described as bad or very bad", which was worse than in the last parliamentary and presidential elections.<ref name=Stern/> Bias in the state media was also considered a problem.

==Results==
{| class=wikitable style=text-align:right
!Party
!Votes
!%
!Seats
!+/–
|-
|align=left|[[Nur Otan]]||5,247,720||88.4||98||+41
|-
|align=left|[[Nationwide Social Democratic Party]]||269,310||4.5||0||New
|-
|align=left|[[Democratic Party of Kazakhstan Ak Zhol]]||183,346||3.1||0||–1
|-
|align=left|[[Kazakhstani Social Democratic Party Auyl]]||89,855||1.5||0||0
|-
|align=left|[[Communist People's Party of Kazakhstan|Communist People's Party]]||76,799||1.3||0||New
|-
|align=left|[[Party of Patriots of Kazakhstan|Party of Patriots]]||46,436||0.8||0||0
|-
|align=left|[[Rukhaniyat Party]]||22,159||0.4||0||0
|-
|align=left|Invalid/blank votes||146,805||–||–||–
|-
|align=left|'''Total'''||'''6,082,430'''||'''100'''||'''98'''||'''0'''
|-
|align=left|Registered voters/turnout||8,891,561||68.4||–||–
|-
|align=left colspan=5|Source: [http://psephos.adam-carr.net/countries/k/kazakhstan/kazakhstan2007.txt Adam Carr], [http://www.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/arc/2165_07.htm IPU]
|}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://election.kz/portal/page?_pageid=153,1891575&_dad=portal&_schema=PORTAL Elections of the Majilis 2007] Central Election Commission

{{Kazakhstani elections}}

[[Category:2007 elections in Asia]]
[[Category:Elections in Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:2007 in Kazakhstan]]

Kazakh cuisine

2017-02-22T08:07:28Z

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[[File:Horsemeat platter.jpg|thumb|right|A platter of [[horse meat]] served traditionally as an appetizer]]
[[File:Almaty - Kazakhstan.jpg|thumb|Preparation of a meal in Kazakhstan]]
[[File:Kasachischer Kurt.jpg|thumb|[[Qurt|Kurt]]]]
[[File:Kazakh quwyrdaq.jpg|thumb|[[Kuurdak|Quwyrdaq]]]]
[[File:Kazakstan cusine Besjbarmak.jpg|thumb|[[Besbarmak|Besjbarmak]]]]
[[File:ShelpekKZ2.JPG|thumb|[[Shelpek]]]]

'''Kazakh cuisine''' is the cuisine of [[Kazakhstan]], and traditionally is focused on [[mutton]] and [[horse meat]], as well as various [[Dairy products|milk products]]. For hundreds of years, [[Kazakhs]] were herders who raised fat-tailed sheep, Bactrian camels, and horses, relying on these animals for transportation, clothing, and food.<ref>"Kazakhstan," Food in Every Country, accessed April 18, 2011,
http://www.foodbycountry.com/Kazakhstan-to-South-Africa/Kazakhstan.html.</ref> The cooking techniques and major ingredients have been strongly influenced by the nation's [[Nomad|nomadic]] way of life. For example, most cooking techniques are aimed at long-term [[Food preservation|preservation of food]]. There is a large practice of salting and drying meat so that it will last, and there is a preference for [[sour milk]], as it is easier to save in a nomadic lifestyle.<ref>"Kazakhstan food and national meals," About Kazakhstan, accessed April
18, 2011, http://aboutkazakhstan.com/about-kazakhstan-food.</ref>

[[Meat]] in various forms has always been the primary ingredient of Kazakh cuisine, and traditional Kazakh cooking is based on boiling. Horse and mutton are the most popular forms of meat and are most often served in large uncut pieces, which have been boiled. Kazakhs cared especially for horses which they intended to slaughter—keeping them separate from other animals and feeding them so much that they often became so fat they had difficulty moving.<ref>"National Dishes and Meals," Oriental Express Central Asia, accessed May 3, 2011, http://www.kazakhstan.orexca.com/kazakhstan_culture6.shtml.</ref>

==Common and traditional dishes==
[[File:Манты.jpg|thumb|240px|[[Manti (dumpling)|Manti]]]]
[[File:Plov122.jpg|thumb|right|[[Pilaf]] (''palaw'') being prepared in a ''[[Kazan (cookware)|kazan]]''.]]
[[File:Beschbarmak.jpg|right|thumb|240px|[[Besbarmak]], Kazakhstan's most popular dish.]]
[[File:Pitir nan.JPG|thumb|[[Tandyr nan]]]]
[[File:Tokach nan.JPG|thumb|[[Tohax|Tokash]]]]
The base of Kazakh cuisine is {{lang-kk|төрт түлiк мал}} (''tort tulik mal'') - four kinds of cattle (i.e. four kinds of meat): horses, [[Bactrian camel|camels]], cows, and sheep. [[Horse meat]] is the main festive meat, while sheep's meat is used as common meat. [[Camel meat]] is also a kind of festive meat, but not the main (as camels in Kazakhstan are not as common as horses). Cow's meat is also a kind of common meat.

''[[Besbarmak]]'', a dish consisting of boiled horse or [[mutton]] meat, is the most popular Kazakh dish. It is also called "five fingers" because of the way it is eaten. The chunks of boiled meat are cut and served by the host in order of the guests’ importance. Besbarmak is usually eaten with a boiled [[pasta]] sheet, and a meat broth called ''[[sorpa]]'', and is traditionally served in Kazakh bowls called ''[[kese]]''. ''[[Kuurdak|Quwyrdaq]]'' is another Kazakh's national dish.

Other popular meat dishes are ''[[kazy]]'' (which is a horse meat sausage that only the wealthy could afford),<ref name="National Dishes and Meals">"National Dishes and Meals"</ref> ''[[shuzhuk]]'' (horse meat sausages), ''[[kuyrdak]]'' (also spelled ''kuirdak'', a dish made from roasted horse, [[sheep]], or [[cow]] [[offal]], with the heart, liver, kidneys, and other organs, diced and served with [[onions]] and [[Bell pepper|peppers]]),<ref>[http://www.foodbycountry.com/Kazakhstan-to-South-Africa/Kazakhstan.html Kuyrdak] on ''Food in Kazakhstan''</ref> and various horse delicacies, such as ''[[zhal]]'' (smoked [[lard]] from horse's neck) and ''[[zhaya]]'' (salted and smoked meat from horse's hip and hind leg).<ref>[http://www.zheruik.kz/rus/traditions/meet1.php#zhal Traditional horse meat dishes] {{ru icon}}</ref> Another popular dish is [[pilaf]] (''palaw''), which is made from meat fried with [[carrots]], onions or [[garlic]], then cooked with [[rice]].

{{Clarify|date=April 2013}}, also known as crackler, is melted fat in a large bowl with [[sugar]], eaten by dipping it with bread and is often served with [[tea]]. ''Kylmai'' is a [[sausage]] made during fall and winter slaughtering and is made by stuffing intestines with pieces of [[ground meat]], fat, blood, garlic, [[salt]], and [[black pepper]]. ''Zhauburek'', also known as [[kebab]], is popular among hunters and travelers and is a dish in which small pieces of meat are roasted over a fire. ''Ulpershek'' is a dish made from the heart, aorta, and fat of a horse, prepared in a [[kettle]], and is often shared between sisters-in-law as a sign of unity. ''Kazy'' is a sausage eaten in the spring when a cow has a new calf; it is a giant sausage sometimes served with [[rice]] or [[Qurt|kurt]]. ''Mypalau'' is a dish made from sheep's brain, made by putting the brain in a wooden bowl, adding marrow, pieces of meat, salted fat in broth, and garlic, and this dish is then often served to honored guests. ''Akshelek'' is a large [[camel]] bone distributed to children after slaughtering and cooking meat from a camel.

''Kylmai'' is another kind of sausage eaten later in the year after it has aged—if smoked it will last a long time, something important in Kazakh cooking. ''Zhal'' is the layer of fat under a horse’s mane and is served only to special and honored guests, as it is such a rare commodity. ''Zhaya'' is the rump of a horse, probably served boiled. ''Ak Sorpa'' is a white broth made in the fall, and is a special meal for rich men. ''[[Kuiryk-bauyr]]'' is a meal which used to be served to kinsmen at wedding parties. It is made from boiled meat, sliced thinly, then [[sour milk]] and salted broth are added.<ref name="National Dishes and Meals"/>



Traditional milk products include ''sut'', which is boiled [[milk]]. ''[[Kaimak]]'' is [[sour cream]] made from boiled milk, and is sometimes served with tea. ''Sary mai'' is [[butter]] made from old milk, often in a leather bag. ''Kurt'' is prepared by pressing thick sour cream, and is dried until white and salty. ''Irimzhik'' is a [[cottage cheese]] processed in the spring, made from boiled, unskimmed milk and added sour cream. ''Suzbe'' and ''katyk'' are strained and thickened sour milk. ''Koryktyk'' is a herdsman’s food, which is thickened milk made out on the steppe. ''Tosap'' is made from the scum on the sides of a metal pot and is used as medicine. ''[[Ayran|Airan]]'' is sour milk used in winter and summer. ''[[Shalgam]]'', which is radish salad, and finally, ''shubat'' and ''kumys'' (fermented [[camel]]’s milk and fermented [[mare]]’s milk) are seen as good for one’s health and are imbibed often.<ref name="National Dishes and Meals"/>


The introduction of [[flour]] to Kazakh cuisine brought about dishes such as ''[[Baursaki|baursak]]'', ''[[shelpek]]'', ''[[Manti (dumpling)|manti]]'', and ''[[Naan|nan]]''. ''Baursak'' is made by frying dough balls, and ''shelpek'' is a flat cake made in a similar fashion.<ref name="Cuisine of Kazakhstan">“Cuisine of Kazakhstan"</ref> ''[[Manti (dumpling)|Manti]]'', a very popular Kazakh dish, is a spiced mixture of ground [[Lamb and mutton|lamb]] (or [[beef]]) spiced with black pepper, enclosed in a dough wrapper. ''Manti'' are cooked in a multi-level steamer and served topped with butter, sour cream, or onion sauce. ''[[Tandyr nan]]'' is a type of traditional bread made in the [[tandoor]] oven, popular in cities along the Silk Way. ''[[Kuimak]]'', ''[[kattama]]'', and ''[[oima]]'' are flat puff [[cakes]] fried in oil then covered in [[cream]].

==Beverages==
{{See also|Kazakh wine}}
[[File:Kumys-bottle.jpg|left|thumb|150px|A bottle and glass of ''[[kumys]]''.]]
The traditional drinks are fermented [[mare]]'s milk (''[[kumys]]''),<ref>[http://www.zheruik.kz/rus/traditions/cumis.php Kumys] {{ru icon}}</ref> camel's milk (''[[shubat]]''),<ref>[http://www.zheruik.kz/rus/traditions/shubat.php Shubat] {{ru icon}}</ref> cow’s milk (''airan''), and [[sheep's milk]], as well as their products ''[[kaymak]]'' ([[sour cream]]), ''[[katyk]]'' or ''[[ayran]]'' ([[buttermilk]]), ''[[Qurt|kurt]]'' (which is made from dried [[cheese]] and [[whey]] rolled into balls),<ref name="Cuisine of Kazakhstan"/> and ''irimshik'' (dried sour milk product similar to kurt, but not rolled into balls).<ref>[http://www.zheruik.kz/rus/traditions/irimshik.php Irimshik] {{ru icon}}</ref> These drinks were traditionally consumed with the main course. However, meals often end with kumys and then [[tea]].<ref name="Cuisine of Kazakhstan"/> In the summer, ''[[chal]]'' is one of the staple drinks of the Adai [[Kazakh people|Kazakhs]].<ref>Ishchenko et al., Osobennosti selskogo khoziaistva Adaevskogo uezda. Materialy komissii ekspeditsionnykh issledovanii. Issue 13, Leningrad, Izdatelstvo Akademii Nauk SSSR, 1928, p. 146.</ref> [[Black tea]] was introduced from [[China]] after the foundation of the [[Silk Way]] and was traditionally consumed with sweets after the main course. Nowadays it has virtually replaced other traditional drinks and every meal is accompanied with tea. The tea ceremony, taking its roots from the nomads many centuries ago, is a special dastarkhan ritual in Kazakhstan. Kazakh tea represents strong black tea with milk or cream. Consumption of tea in Kazakhstan is one of the highest in the world - 1,2 kilograms a year per person. In comparison, tea consumption in India is 650 grams per person.

==Desserts==
{{Expand section|date=February 2012}}
The most common traditional sweets are ''[[Baursaki|baursak]]'', ''shelpek'', ''[[Çäkçäk|sheck-sheck]]'' (also known by the Tatar name ''chack-chack''), and ''zhent''.<ref name="zhent">{{cite web|url=http://www.vkusitsvet.ru/tovarisch-est/esh-i-pomni/zhent-kazaxskij-desert/|title=Жент. Казахский десерт|accessdate=2011-05-01}}</ref>
They are easy to prepare in nomadic conditions - in a cauldron, and today are traditionally prepared for any celebration undoubtedly being an additional decoration of the festive table.

==Influential cuisines==
In addition to traditional nomadic practices and the internal development of Kazakh food and cuisine, other countries and ethnic groups have had a large influence on the food and food culture of Kazakhstan. These ethnic groups included Russians, Tatars, Ukrainians, Uzbeks, Germans, Uyghurs, Koreans, and many more.<ref name="ReferenceA">"Kazakhstan food and national meals"</ref> Although traditional Kazakh cuisine is based on meat and milk products, more recently, vegetables, fish and [[seafood]], baked dishes, and sweets have been added to Kazakh cuisine.<ref name="Cuisine of Kazakhstan"/>

==Practice and ritual==
In [[Nomad|nomadic]] cookery, the amount of equipment is minimal because it must be transported from location to location to follow the grazing herds. In addition, there are no luxuries such as electricity or running water. The iron kazan is the most indispensable piece of cookware—it is used for cooking [[pilaf]], soups, and even [[bread]]—if the kazan is shallow, it can be turned over to cook flatbread on the back. Many parts of the sheep and goat are used for holding milk products or for making [[cheese]].

The host of the meal cuts the meat himself (or herself) and gives the best cuts to more honored people, with the worst cuts going to children.{{Citation needed|date=June 2011}} This [[meat]] is most often eaten with thin boiled pieces of pastry. Sometimes the most honored guest at a meal will receive a cooked head of a ram, which is passed around in ceremonial or ritual practice.<ref name="ReferenceA"/> A guest is always given the place of honor and a special welcome in Kazakh practice.<ref>"Cuisine of Kazakhstan," Oriental Express Central Asia, accessed April 18, 2011, last modified 2011, http://www.kazakhstan.orexca.com/kazakhstan_cuisine.shtml.</ref>

Kazakhs traditionally eat at a low table called a [[Dastarkhān]].<ref>”Cuisine of Kazakhstan"</ref> Kazakhs also maintain a tradition of using beautiful dishware when possible. Kumys is served in wide bowls decorated with silver or in painted cups, and meat is often served on wide platters. [[Tea]] is steeped in ornate teapots and served in lovely cups. Unusual ingredients such as dried [[melon]] and small intestines were regularly woven into interesting patterns, and the breads boasted floral designs painted with berry juice. Bigger and deeper bowls are used to serve [[dairy products]], and small wooden basins are used for making [[dough]]. Further more, each family has their own [[Spoon (utensil)|wooden spoons]], which are cared for and transported in felt and wooden cases, showing their importance in food culture in Kazakhstan.<ref>Glenn Randall Mack and Asele Surina, Food culture in Russia and Central Asia (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2005), 112-13.</ref>

Kazakhs like other Central Asian nations have some special rules of "tea ceremony". Traditionally it is not allowed to pour tea to the brim of the cup called "piala". The less tea is poured the more respect is given to the guest. It is explained by saying that if the host pours too much tea, it looks like he wants the guest to leave sooner. The less tea is poured, the more the host has to pour it over and over again, so that the guest always has hot tea, which shows care for the guest. However, different regions may have different understandings of the amount of "tea with respect".

==See also==
{{Portal|Food}}
* [[Kazy]], a traditional [[sausage]]-like food of Kazakhs, [[Tatars]], [[Kyrgyz people|Kyrgyz]], and other ethnic groups mainly of [[Central Asia]], particularly those of [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] origin.

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
* [http://www.kazakhembus.com/index.php?page=cuisine Kazakh food and traditions]
* [http://www.iexplore.com/dmap/Kazakhstan/Dining Kazakh dining]
* [https://www.nytimes.com/2005/12/26/international/asia/26horse.html?hp&ex=1135659600&en=ebc2553086dd95e4&ei=5094&partner=homepage New York Times article on the role of horses in Kazakhstan society and cuisine, describing a village horse slaughter and recipes]

{{Kazakhstan topics}}
{{Asian topic|| cuisine}}
{{European topic|| cuisine}}
{{cuisine}}

[[Category:Kazakhstani cuisine| ]]

Dike Kokaral

2017-02-21T11:45:36Z

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[[Image:AralSea ComparisonApr2005-06.jpg|thumb|Comparison of the [[North Aral Sea]] before (below) and after (above) the construction of Dike Kokaral.]]

'''Dike Kokaral''' is a [[dam]] across a narrow stretch of the [[Aral Sea]], splitting off the [[North Aral Sea]] (also called "The Small Sea") from the much larger [[South Aral Sea]] ("The Large Sea"). The dike is conserving the dwindling waters of the [[Syr Darya]] river and maintaining (and attempting to revive) the damaged ecology of the North Aral Sea, at the expense of sealing the fate of the larger South Aral. Work was completed in August 2005, with help from the [[World Bank]].<ref>[http://www.worldbank.org/en/results/2005/09/01/saving-a-corner-of-the-aral-sea Saving a Corner of the Aral Sea]</ref> Dike Kokaral is named after the [[Kokaral]] peninsula (an island until the 1960s), which would connect it to the other shore of the Aral Sea and separate the northern from the southern seas.

==History==
As the waters of the contributory rivers to the Aral have been progressively redirected for irrigation, the water levels in the Aral have fallen, the shore receded, and the water quality has dropped precipitously.
The dike was built twice in the past from local sand, but due to a lack of funding necessary to strengthen it once the water level in the North Aral Sea (and therefore pressure to the dike) began to rise, the dike was washed away. This happened in 1992 and 1998. However, for the short time that the dike stood, positive changes were already noticed - the climate became milder, and fauna was partly restored. When the dike was washed away, the water-level fell again, as much of the water poured into the South Aral Sea. In some places the coastline of North Aral retreated by as much as a few hundred meters.
{{coord|46|05|48|N|60|47|35|E|display=title}}

==North Aral's sea level==
[[File:North Aral Sea 2000 and 2011.gif|thumb|Comparison of the North Aral Sea in 2000 and 2011.]]
Water level of the North Aral has risen, and its salinity has decreased. As of 2006, some recovery of sea level has been recorded, sooner than expected.<ref>[http://www.iht.com/articles/2006/04/05/news/sea.php A vanished sea reclaims its form in Central Asia - International Herald Tribune]</ref> "The dam has caused the small Aral's sea level to rise swiftly to 38m (125ft), from a low of less than 30m (98ft), with 42m (138ft) considered the level of viability."<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/06/world/asia/06aral.html?_r=1&oref=slogin As a Sea Rises, So Do Hopes for Fish, Jobs and Riches - New York Times]</ref> Economically significant stocks of fish have returned, and observers who had written off the North Aral Sea as an environmental catastrophe were surprised by reports that in 2006 its returning waters already were partly reviving the fishing industry and producing a catch for export as far as Ukraine. The restoration reportedly gave rise to long absent rain clouds and possible microclimate changes, bringing tentative hope to an agricultural sector swallowed by a regional dustbowl, and some expansion of the shrunken sea. <ref>[http://www.worldbank.org.kz/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/ECAEXT/KAZAKHSTANEXTN/0,,contentMDK:20976904~pagePK:141137~piPK:141127~theSitePK:361869,00.html Kazakhstan - Miraculous Catch in Kazakhstan's Northern Aral Sea]</ref> "The sea, which had receded almost {{convert|100|km|mi}} south of the port-city of [[Aralsk]], is now a mere {{convert|25|km|mi}} away."

== References ==
<references/>

==External links==
*[http://nailaokda.8m.com/north.html Discussion of the Dike and its predecessors]

[[Category:Dams in Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Aral Sea]]
[[Category:Dikes]]

Adel Abdulhehim

2017-02-21T05:17:37Z

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{{Infobox War on Terror detainee
| name = Adel Abdulhehim
| image =
| image_size = 220px
| caption = Left to Right: [[Ahmed Adil]], '''Adil Abdul Hakim''', [[Abu Bakr Qassim]]
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1974|10|10}}
| birth_place = [[Ghulja]], [[China]]
| death_date =
| death_place =
| detained_at = [[Guantanamo Bay detention camp|Guantanamo]]
| id_number = 293
| group =
| alias = A'Del Abdu al-Hakim
| charge =
| penalty =
| status = Refugee in Albania
| occupation =
| spouse =
| parents =
| children =
}}

'''Adel Abdulhehim''' or '''Adel Abdul Hakim''' is a citizen of the [[People's Republic of China]] from the [[Uyghur people|Uighur]] ethnic group who was held in [[extrajudicial detention]] in the [[United States]]-controlled [[Guantanamo Bay detainment camp]]s, in [[Cuba]].<ref name=DoDList2>
{{cite web
| url=http://www.dod.mil/news/May2006/d20060515%20List.pdf
| title=List of Individuals Detained by the Department of Defense at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba from January 2002 through May 15, 2006
| author=[[OARDEC]]
| publisher=[[United States Department of Defense]]
| date=May 15, 2006
| accessdate=2007-09-29
| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20070930184034/http://www.dod.mil/news/May2006/d20060515%20List.pdf| archivedate= 30 September 2007 | deadurl= no}}</ref>
[[Joint Task Force Guantanamo]] [[counter-terrorism]] analysts report he was born on October 10, 1974, in [[Ghulja]], [[Xinjiang]].

Abdulhehim was captured in late 2001, and detained in [[Camp Delta]]. He is one of the 38 detainees whose [[Combatant Status Review Tribunal]] concluded he had not been an "illegal combatant" after all.

Abdulhehim is one of approximately two dozen [[Uyghur detainees at Guantanamo Bay|detainees from the Uighur ethnic group]].

According to an article distributed by the [[Associated Press]], Abdulhehim, his compatriot [[Abu Baker Qassim]], and eight others were moved from imprisonment at the main compound of Camp Delta to a less harsh imprisonment at [[Camp Iguana]].<ref>
{{cite news
| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/17/washington/17cnd-knowlton.html?ex=1146542400&en=394e0d61fde6a23a&ei=5070
| title=Supreme Court Rejects Bid by Guantanamo Detainees
| publisher=New York Times
| author=Knowlton, Brian
| date=17 April 2006
| accessdate=2006-04-30
| quote=
}}</ref>

A February 18, 2006 article in the [[Washington Times]] claimed that Abu Bakker Qassim and ''A'Del Abdu al-Hakim'' had received [[military training]] in [[Afghanistan]].<ref>[http://washingtontimes.com/world/20060217-105337-6696r.htm U.S. hit on human rights] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060714190034/http://washingtontimes.com/world/20060217-105337-6696r.htm |date=July 14, 2006 }}. Washington Times. 18 February 2006. Retrieved 30 April 2006.</ref> It reported they were not classified as "illegal combatants" because they intended to go home and employ their training against the [[Government of the People's Republic of China|Chinese government]], and were released.<ref name=WapoNlec>{{cite web
|url=http://projects.washingtonpost.com/guantanamo/nlec/
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060811015712/http://projects.washingtonpost.com/guantanamo/nlec/
|archivedate=11 August 2006
|title=Guantanamo Bay Detainees {{sic|nolink=y|Classifed}} as 'No Longer Enemy Combatants'
|publisher= ''[[Washington Post]]''
}}</ref> Some earlier reports had described them as economic refugees who were slowly working their way to [[Turkey]].

==Bounty==
[[File:Taliban bounty 3.jpg|thumb|The caption to this bounty poster, distributed in Afghanistan, states: ''“You can receive millions of dollars for helping the Anti-Taliban Force catch [[Al-Qaida]] and [[Taliban]] murderers. This is enough money to take care of your family, your village, your tribe for the rest of your life. Pay for livestock and doctors and school books and housing for all your people."]]

Hakim and Abu Bakker Qassim report they were sold to [[US forces]] by [[bounty hunter]]s.<ref name=ParhatVGatesCase06-1397>
{{cite web
| url=http://www.pegc.us/archive/Parhat_v_Gates/pet_mot_po_20061218.pdf
| title=Parhat v. Gates Case No: 06-1397
| publisher=[[United States Department of Justice|Department of Justice]]
| date=December 18, 2006
| accessdate=2007-09-14
| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20071009201525/http://www.pegc.us/archive/Parhat_v_Gates/pet_mot_po_20061218.pdf| archivedate= 9 October 2007 | deadurl= no}}</ref><ref name=ChristianScienceMonitor20060213>
{{cite news
| date=February 13, 2006
| title=Innocent, but in limbo at Guantánamo: Five Chinese Muslims, captured in Pakistan by mistake, try to get the US Supreme Court to take their case.
| author=[[Warren Richey]]
| publisher=[[Christian Science Monitor]]
}}</ref>

==Press reports==
To the [[BBC]] Abdul Hakim said in January 2007 that "[[Albania]]n people are very welcoming and there are many Muslim brothers here".<ref name=Bbc110107>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6242891.stm Guantanamo Uighurs' strange odyssey] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104045624/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6242891.stm |date=November 4, 2016 }}, ''[[BBC]]'', January 11, 2007</ref>

However, in Albania Hakim was separated from his wife and their three children, as Albania did not permit family-reunification. In November 2007 he was granted a 4-day visa to [[Sweden]], to lecture about [[human rights]] in [[Stockholm]]. Since his sister lived in Sweden, he applied for asylum there. However, in June 2008 the immigration authorities in Sweden announced that Hakim had been denied [[political asylum]].<ref>[http://www.sr.se/ekot/arkiv.asp?DagensDatum=2008-06-19&Artikel=2145594 Frisläppt Guantánamofånge utvisas]{{dead link|date=December 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, 19 juni 2008, Swedish State Broadcaster. {{dead link|date=May 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>

On June 15, 2008 the [[McClatchy News Service]] published articles based on interviews with 66 former Guantanamo captives. McClatchy reporters interviewed Adel Abdulhehim.<ref name=McClatchyCaptiveDatabasePg2>
{{cite news
|url=http://services.mcclatchyinteractive.com/detainees?page=2
|title=Guantanamo Inmate Database: Page 2
|publisher=[[McClatchy News Service]]
|author=[[Tom Lasseter]]
|date=June 15, 2008
|accessdate=2008-06-16
|quote=
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080620093342/http://services.mcclatchyinteractive.com/detainees?page=2
|archivedate=20 June 2008
|deadurl=bot: unknown
|df=
}}
</ref><ref name=McClatchyAdelAbdulhehim>
{{cite news
|url=http://detainees.mcclatchydc.com/detainees/25
|title=Guantanamo Inmate Database: Adel Abdulhehim
|publisher=[[McClatchy News Service]]
|author=[[Tom Lasseter]]
|date=June 15, 2008
|accessdate=2008-06-16
|quote=
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080626183800/http://detainees.mcclatchydc.com/detainees/25
|archivedate=26 June 2008
|deadurl=bot: unknown
|df=
}}
</ref>
The McClatchy interview records his account of his "military training" in the Uyghur construction camp:
{{quotation|“They had some guns, some AK-47s, and asked us if we wanted to learn to use them. Really, I was curious. I'd never been allowed to handle one before. We went out once, for an hour or so. I think I shot three or four bullets, at rocks. That was it.”}}

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==External links==
{{Portal|Biography}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070929131759/http://hosted.ap.org/dynamic/stories/G/GUANTANAMO_DETAINEES?SITE=GAVAL&SECTION=HOME&TEMPLATE=DEFAULT Judge Asks Status of Gitmo Detainees], ''[[South Georgia Online]]'', August 25, 2005
* [http://www.forbes.com/home/feeds/ap/2005/12/13/ap2389374.html Judge Weighs Order to Release Two at Gitmo], ''[[Forbes]]'', December 13, 2005
* [http://www.andyworthington.co.uk/2007/10/21/guantanamos-uyghurs-stranded-in-albania/ Guantánamo’s Uyghurs: stranded in Albania] Andy Worthington
* [http://www.andyworthington.co.uk/2007/11/22/world-exclusive-former-guantanamo-detainee-seeks-asylum-in-sweden/ WORLD EXCLUSIVE: Former Guantánamo detainee seeks asylum in Sweden] Andy Worthington
* [http://www.andyworthington.co.uk/2009/02/19/bad-news-and-good-news-for-the-guantanamo-uighurs/ Bad News And Good News For The Guantánamo Uighurs] Andy Worthington

{{Controversies surrounding people captured during the War on Terror}}{{ListUyghurDetainees}}{{Exonerated Guantanamo detainees}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Abdulhehim, Adel}}
[[Category:1974 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Chinese extrajudicial prisoners of the United States]]
[[Category:Uyghurs]]
[[Category:Guantanamo detainees known to have been released]]
[[Category:Chinese expatriates in Pakistan]]

Abu Bakker Qassim

2017-02-21T05:11:13Z

Bender the Bot: /* top */HTTP→HTTPS for The New York Times. using AWB

{{multiple issues|
{{Cleanup-rewrite|date=December 2009}}
{{USgovtPOV|date=December 2009}}
}}

{{Infobox War on Terror detainee
| name = Abu Bakker Qassim
| image =
| image_size = 220px
| caption = Left to Right: [[Ahmed Adil]], [[Adil Abdul Hakim]], Abu Bakr Qassim
| birth_date = {{Birth date|1969|05|13}}
| birth_place = [[Ghulja]], [[China]]
| death_date =
| detained_at = [[Guantanamo Bay detention camp|Guantanamo]]
| id_number = 283
| group =
| alias =
| charge = No charge (held in [[extrajudicial detention]])
| penalty =
| status = Determined not to have been an enemy combatant after all. Transferred to an [[Albania]]n refugee camp.
| occupation =
| spouse =
| parents =
| children =
}}
'''Abu Bakker Qassim''' is a [[Uyghur people|Uyghur]] from [[China]]'s western frontier, [[Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region]] who was held in the [[United States]] [[Guantanamo Bay detention camp]]s, in [[Cuba]].<ref name=DoDList2>
{{Cite web| url=http://www.dod.mil/news/May2006/d20060515%20List.pdf|format=PDF| title=List of Individuals Detained by the Department of Defense at Guantanamo Bay, Cuba from January 2002 through May 15, 2006| author=[[OARDEC]]| publisher=[[United States Department of Defense]]| date=May 15, 2006| accessdate=2007-09-29| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20070930184034/http://www.dod.mil/news/May2006/d20060515%20List.pdf| archivedate= 30 September 2007 | deadurl= no}}</ref>
His Guantanamo [[Internment Serial Number]] was 283.

After being classified as "[[no longer enemy combatant]]" (NLEC) by the [[Combatant Status Review Tribunal]] (CSRT) he continued to be held in Cuba, in [[Camp Iguana]] until he was released and transferred to Albania.<ref name=DoD>[http://www.defenselink.mil/releases/2006/nr20060505-12980.html detainee release announced], ''[[United States Department of Defense|Department of Defense]]'', May 5, 2006</ref> On September 17, 2006 he published an op-ed on [[The New York Times]]
to ask the American lawmakers and people not to eliminate [[habeas corpus]].<ref name=NYTimes20060917>
{{Cite news
| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/09/17/opinion/17qassim.html
| title=The View From Guantánamo
| publisher=[[New York Times]]
| author=Abu Bakker Qassim
| date=September 17, 2006
| accessdate=2008-04-23
| quote=
}}</ref>

==Background==
In late 2001, Qassim was captured along with his compatriot [[A'Del Abdu al-Hakim]] by Pakistani bounty hunters.<ref name=ParhatVGatesCase06-1397>
{{Cite web
| url=http://www.pegc.us/archive/Parhat_v_Gates/pet_mot_po_20061218.pdf
|format=PDF| title=Parhat v. Gates Case No: 06-1397
| publisher=[[United States Department of Justice|Department of Justice]]
| date=December 18, 2006
| accessdate=2007-09-14
| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20071009201525/http://www.pegc.us/archive/Parhat_v_Gates/pet_mot_po_20061218.pdf| archivedate= 9 October 2007 | deadurl= no}}</ref><ref name=ChristianScienceMonitor20060213>
{{Cite news
| date=February 13, 2006
| title=Innocent, but in limbo at Guantánamo: Five Chinese Muslims, captured in Pakistan by mistake, try to get the US Supreme Court to take their case.
| author=[[Warren Richey]]
| publisher=[[Christian Science Monitor]]
}}</ref>
Qassim and al-Hakim were transferred to U.S. custody by the Pakistani forces and held in [[Afghanistan]] for approximately six months, and were transferred to "[[Camp Delta]]," on the [[Guantanamo Bay Naval Base]], where they were detained as "[[enemy combatant]]s." President Bush had ruled that the detainees were "[[illegal combatant]]s" by administrative fiat. Following legal challenges, the Bush administration was forced to provide a mechanism to review the Guantanamo detainees status.

==Combatant Status Review==
{{main|Combatant Status Review Tribunal}}
[[File:ISN 283's Guantanamo detainee assessment.pdf|thumb|Abu Bakr Oasim's [[Guantanamo detainee]] assessment]]

Qassim was among the 60% of prisoners who participated in the tribunal hearings.<ref>[[OARDEC]], [http://www.dod.mil/pubs/foi/detainees/csrt_arb/index_CSRT_detainees_testimony.pdf Index to Transcripts of Detainee Testimony and Documents Submitted by Detainees at Combatant Status Review Tribunals Held at Guantanamo Between July 2004 and March 2005], September 4, 2007</ref> A [[Summary of Evidence (CSRT)|Summary of Evidence memo]] was prepared for the tribunal of each detainee. The memo for his hearing lists the following:<ref name=CsrtSummaryOfEvidenceAbuBakrQasim>
{{Cite web
| url=http://www.dod.mil/pubs/foi/detainees/csrt_arb/000300-000399.pdf#26
| title=Summary of Evidence for Combatant Status Review Tribunal -- Qasim, Abu Bakr
| date=29 October 2004
| pages=26
| author=[[OARDEC]]
| publisher=[[United States Department of Defense]]
| accessdate=2008-04-23
| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20080507052607/http://www.dod.mil/pubs/foi/detainees/csrt_arb/000300-000399.pdf| archivedate= 7 May 2008 | deadurl= no}}</ref>

===Transcript===
Qassim chose to participate in his [[Combatant Status Review Tribunal]].<ref name=CsrtAbuBakkerQassim>
{{Cite web
| url={{DoD detainees ARB|Set_12_1179-1239.pdf#39}}
| title=Summarized Statement
| date=n.d.
| origyear=date redacted
|pages=39–48
| author=[[OARDEC]]
| publisher=[[United States Department of Defense]]
| accessdate=2008-04-23
}}</ref>
On March 3, 2006, in response to a [[court order]] from [[Jed Rakoff]] the [[United States Department of Defense|Department of Defense]] published a ten-page summarized transcript from his Combatant Status Review Tribunal.<ref name=TheAge20060404>
{{Cite news
| url=http://www.theage.com.au/news/World/US-releases-Guantanamo-files/2006/04/04/1143916500334.html
| title=US releases Guantanamo files
| publisher=[[The Age]]
| date=April 4, 2006
| accessdate=2008-03-15
| quote=
}}</ref>

{{Uyghur detainee}}
:{| class="wikitable"
|
:Abu Bakr Qasim is a 35-year-old ethnic Uighur and a Chinese citizen, born in 1969, in Ghulja, China. He claims to have fled China in an effort to escape Chinese oppression of the Uigher {{Sic}} people. After fleeing China, the detainee traveled to Afghanistan. He was last interviewed in mid-2004. He has no reported incidents of violence in his discipline history. Qasim is suspected as being a probable member of the East Turkistan Islamic Movement (ETIM). He is suspected of having received training in an ETIM training camp in Afghanistan.<ref>{{wikisource-inline|Information paper: Uighur Detainee Population at JTF-GTMO}}</ref>
|}

==Determined not to have been an Enemy Combatant==
The [[Washington Post]] reports that Qasim was one of 38 detainees who was determined not to have been an enemy combatant during his Combatant Status Review Tribunal.<ref name=DoDNlecList20071119>
{{Cite news
| url=http://media.miamiherald.com/smedia/2008/03/27/20/NLEC_DetaineeList.source.prod_affiliate.56.pdf
|format=PDF| title=Detainees Found to No Longer Meet the Definition of "Enemy Combatant" during Combatant Status Review Tribunals Held at Guantanamo
| publisher=[[United States Department of Defense]]
| author=
| date=November 19, 2007
| accessdate=2008-04-15
| quote=
}}</ref>
The Department of Defense refers to these men as [[No Longer Enemy Combatants]].

===Reclassification===
In March 2005, the CSRT finalized its determination that they were NLECs. Qassim and Hakim were not informed of this determination until May 2005. The United States did not release the men, but did not return them to China because to do so would be a violation of US law prohibiting the deportation of individuals to countries where they would likely be tortured. The U.S. refused to admit them to the United States. Qassim, Hakim and other non-enemy combattants who could not be repatriated were transferred from the general prison population to Camp Iguana in August 2005.

Qassim was one of the 38 detainees whose [[Combatant Status Review Tribunal]] concluded he had not been an "illegal combatants". Some of those detainees were repatriated, once they were determined NLECs. Others, like, Qassim, and [[Sami Al Laithi]], face possible torture if they are returned.

==Seeking asylum==
In March 2005, attorneys for Qassim challenged his continued detention by filing a Petition for a Writ of Habeas Corpus in federal district court in Washington DC in the case of [[Qassim v. Bush]]. In December Judge [[James Robertson (judge)|James Robertson]] reviewed the detention of Qassim and [[A'Del Abdu al-Hakim]].<ref name=Forbes051213>[http://www.forbes.com/home/feeds/ap/2005/12/13/ap2389374.html Judge Weighs Order to Release Two at Gitmo], ''[[Forbes]]'', December 13, 2005</ref>
Robertson declared that their "indefinite imprisonment at Guantanamo Bay is unlawful," but also ruled on separation of powers grounds that he did not have the power to order their release into the United States.<ref name=NYPost051222>[http://breakingnews.nypost.com/dynamic/stories/G/GUANTANAMO_DETAINEES?SITE=NYNYP&SECTION=SPORTS&TEMPLATE=DEFAULT Two Guantanamo Detainees to Stay in Custody] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050401094851/http://breakingnews.nypost.com/dynamic/stories/G/GUANTANAMO_DETAINEES?SITE=NYNYP&SECTION=SPORTS&TEMPLATE=DEFAULT |date=April 1, 2005 }}, ''[[New York Post]]'', December 22, 2005</ref> Qassim and Hakim immediately appealed.

A February 18, 2006 article in the [[Washington Times]] reported that Abu Bakker Qassim and [[A'Del Abdu al-Hakim]] had received military training in Afghanistan.<ref name=WashTimes060218>[http://washingtontimes.com/world/20060217-105337-6696r.htm U.S. hit on human rights], ''[[Washington Times]]'', February 18, 2006</ref>
It said they were not classified as "illegal combatants" because they intended to go home and employ their training against the [[China|Chinese]] government. Some earlier reports had described them as economic refugees, who were slowly working their way to Turkey.

On April 17, 2006 the [[US Supreme Court]] rejected Qassim's request to hear his appeal.<ref name=Abc060417>[http://abcnews.go.com/US/LegalCenter/story?id=1851981&page=1 Supreme Court Rejects Appeal of Guantanamo Bay Detainees: Detainees' Biggest Obstacle Was the Timing of Their Appeal], ''[[ABC News]]'', April 17, 2006</ref>
His appeal was scheduled to be heard by the US Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit on May 8, 2006.

{{Albanian asylum}}

==Press reports==
On May 24, 2006 Abu Bakr Qasim told interviewers that he and his compatriots felt isolated in Albania.<ref name=Upi060524>[http://www.upi.com/NewsTrack/view.php?StoryID=20060524-090448-4618r 5 Guantanamo Uyghurs baffled in Albania], ''[[United Press International]]'', May 24, 2006</ref> Qasim described his disappointment with the United States, who the Uyghurs had been hoping would support the Uyghurs quest for Uyghur autonomy.

In an interview with [[ABC News]] in May, 2006, Qasim said that members of the American-Uyghur community had come forward and assured the American government that they would help him and his compatriots adapt to life in America, if they were given asylum in America.<ref name=Abc060523>[http://abcnews.go.com/International/print?id=1997083 Guantanamo's Innocents: Newly Released Prisoners Struggle to Find a Home], ''[[ABC News]], May 23, 2006</ref>

To the [[BBC]] he said in January 2007 that "Guantanamo was a five-year nightmare, We're trying to forget it."<ref name=Bbc110107>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/6242891.stm Guantanamo Uighurs' strange odyssey], ''[[BBC]]'', January 11, 2007</ref>"''
{{Main|Uyghur detainees in Guantanamo}}

On June 15, 2008 the [[McClatchy News Service]] published articles based on interviews with 66 former Guantanamo captives. McClatchy reporters interviewed Abu Baqr Qassim.<ref name=McClatchyCaptiveDatabasePg2>
{{Cite news
|url=http://services.mcclatchyinteractive.com/detainees?page=2
|title=Guantanamo Inmate Database: Page 2
|publisher=[[McClatchy News Service]]
|author=[[Tom Lasseter]]
|date=June 15, 2008
|accessdate=2008-06-16
|quote=
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080620093342/http://services.mcclatchyinteractive.com/detainees?page=2
|archivedate=20 June 2008
|deadurl=bot: unknown
|df=
}}
</ref><ref name=McClatchyAbuBaqrQassim>
{{Cite news
|url=http://detainees.mcclatchydc.com/detainees/24
|title=Guantanamo Inmate Database: Abu Baqr Qassim
|publisher=[[McClatchy News Service]]
|author=[[Tom Lasseter]]
|date=June 15, 2008
|accessdate=2008-06-16
|quote=
|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080626183755/http://detainees.mcclatchydc.com/detainees/24
|archivedate=26 June 2008
|deadurl=bot: unknown
|df=
}}
</ref>
According to the McClatchy reporters his translators encouraged him to hope, while the American guards treated him with brutality:
{{Quotation|
"America has always helped the Uighurs. The American translators told us not to worry, we were merely in the wrong place at the wrong time. We weren't enemies. We were Uighurs."}}

According to the McClatchy report [[Sabin Willet]] told them that China:<ref name=McClatchyAbuBaqrQassim/>
{{Quotation|"...argued to the United Nations that Uighurs should be branded a terrorist organization, in part because they'd been using "art and literature" to "distort historical facts."}}

Abu Baqr Qassim described realizing he had to learn Arabic if he was ever to get out of Guantanamo.<ref name=McClatchyAbuBaqrQassim/>
And when he was transferred to lighter security in a dormitory shared with Arabic speakers and other Uyghurs they set about taking informal Arabic lessons. Abu Baqr Qassim told reporters the Uyghurs request for paper, to make notes, was denied—although the Guantanamo policy states that captives were to be issued a certain number of pages per month, for sending mail. He was punished by being sent to solitary confinement when guards found he had used napkins to take notes. When he got an attorney, and that attorney brought him books, so he could learn English, guards confiscated the books.

Now that he is in Albania, and his prospects of ever getting a passport or visa seem slim, he has started learning Albanian—but without enthusiasm.<ref name=McClatchyAbuBaqrQassim/>

On September 28, 2009 the ''[[Washington Post]]'' quoted Abu Bakker's reaction to the "difficult and sad" decision of fellow Uyghur captive [[Bahtiyar Mahnut]] to remain in Guantanamo, rather than accept an [[right of asylum|asylum]] offer from the government of [[Palau]].<ref name=WashingtonPost2009-09-28>
{{Cite news
| url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/09/27/AR2009092703076_pf.html
| title=2 Brothers' Grim Tale Of Loyalty And Limbo: To Leave Guantanamo Means Abandoning Family
| publisher=[[Washington Post]]
| date=2009-09-27
| author=Del Quentin Wilber
| archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2009%2F09%2F27%2FAR2009092703076_pf.html&date=2009-09-28
| archivedate=2009-09-28
}}</ref>
His older brother [[Arkin Mahnut]] had traveled to Afghanistan because their family was worried about Bathiyar. Of the Uyghurs remaining in Guantanamo Arkin was the only one not offered asylum in Palau, because he became mentally ill in Guantanamo, and there were no facilities in Palau to treat his mental illness.
Abu Bakker said: {{Quotation|"This is just very difficult and sad. Bahtiyar is turning away freedom for his brother. His brother is only there because of Bahtiyar. I feel sorry for both of them." }}

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
{{Portal|Biography}}
* [http://www.andyworthington.co.uk/2009/07/21/three-uighurs-talk-about-chinese-interrogation-at-guantanamo/ Three Uighurs Talk About Chinese Interrogation At Guantánamo] Andy Worthington
* [http://www.andyworthington.co.uk/2009/03/27/a-letter-to-barack-obama-from-a-guantanamo-uighur/ A Letter To Barack Obama From A Guantánamo Uighur] Andy Worthington

{{ETIM}}
{{Exonerated Guantanamo captives}}
{{ListUyghurCaptives}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Qasim, Abu Bakr}}
[[Category:1969 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Chinese extrajudicial prisoners of the United States]]
[[Category:Uyghurs]]
[[Category:Guantanamo detainees known to have been released]]
[[Category:Chinese expatriates in Pakistan]]

2008 Astana season

2017-02-21T04:36:41Z

Bender the Bot: /* Dismissal of Vladimir Gusev */HTTP→HTTPS for The New York Times. using AWB

{{good article}}
{| align="right" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="margin-left:1em; width:300px; font-size:90%; border:1px solid #999; border-right-width:2px; border-bottom-width:2px; background-color:white;"
! colspan="2" style="background-color:#FFC91C;" |
{| style="background:#00B0C7;text-align:center;width:100%;"
| style="background:#00B0C7;" align="center" width="100%" | 2008 Astana season
| padding=15px |
|}
|-
| '''Manager '''
| bgcolor=#EEEEEE| [[Johan Bruyneel]]
|-
| '''[[Road bicycle racing#Single-day races|One-day]] victories'''
| bgcolor=#EEEEEE| 2
|-
| '''[[Road bicycle racing#Stage races|Stage race]] overall victories'''
| bgcolor=#EEEEEE| 8
|-
| '''Stage race stage victories'''
| bgcolor=#EEEEEE| 18
|-
| colspan="2" bgcolor="white" align="center" | [[2007 Astana season|Previous season]] • [[2009 Astana season|Next season]]
|}

The 2008 season for the {{ct|AST|2008}} cycling team began in January with the [[2008 Tour Down Under|Tour Down Under]] and ended in October with the [[Giro di Lombardia]]. As a [[UCI ProTour]] team, they were automatically invited and obliged to attend every event in the [[2008 UCI ProTour|UCI ProTour]].

Astana changed drastically between the 2007 and 2008 seasons, with its former manager [[Marc Biver]] replaced by [[Johan Bruyneel]] from the dissolved [[Discovery Channel Pro Cycling Team]]. Following Bruyneel to Astana were several riders from that team, including [[Alberto Contador]] and [[Levi Leipheimer]], who had finished first and third, respectively, in the [[2007 Tour de France]] for Discovery. Numerous riders also left the team, including [[Matthias Kessler]], [[Andrey Kashechkin]], and [[Alexander Vinokourov]], who had all tested positive for doping.

The team's biggest successes in 2008 were the overall victories by Contador in the [[2008 Giro d'Italia|Giro d'Italia]] and the [[2008 Vuelta a España|Vuelta a España]]. As the team was barred from competing in the [[2008 Tour de France|Tour de France]] that year, as well as other events organized by the [[Amaury Sport Organisation]], Contador was unable to defend his championship from the year before.

Just as the team's competitive season was nearing its end, [[Lance Armstrong]] announced that he planned to return to competitive cycling in 2009 after a four-year absence. As Bruyneel was Armstrong's team manager for all seven of his Tour de France victories, there was much speculation immediately that Armstrong would sign with Astana in his comeback, which he eventually did.

==2008 team roster==
Ages as of January 1, 2008<ref name="roster">{{cite web |date=2008-12-31 |title=Astaná 2008 |url=http://www.cyclingwebsite.net/ploegfiche.php?id=13904 |publisher=The Cyclingwebsite|accessdate=July 10, 2009}}</ref>
{{Cycling squad start}}
{{Cycling squad rider|name=[[Assan Bazayev]]|nat=KAZ|birthdate={{birth date and age2|2008|1|1|1981|2|22}}}}
{{Cycling squad rider|name=[[Janez Brajkovič]]|nat=SLO|birthdate={{birth date and age2|2008|1|1|1983|12|18}}}}
{{Cycling squad rider|name=[[Antonio Colóm]]|nat=ESP|birthdate={{birth date and age2|2008|1|1|1978|5|11}}}}
{{Cycling squad rider|name=[[Alberto Contador]]|nat=ESP|birthdate={{birth date and age2|2008|1|1|1982|12|6}}}}
{{Cycling squad rider|name=[[Koen de Kort]]|nat=NED|birthdate={{birth date and age2|2008|1|1|1982|9|8}}}}
{{Cycling squad rider|name=[[Thomas Frei]]|nat=SUI|birthdate={{birth date and age2|2008|1|1|1984|1|19}}}}
{{Cycling squad rider|name=[[Vladimir Gusev (cyclist)|Vladimir Gusev]]<ref>Gusev was fired by the team on July 26 for failing an internal doping check</ref>|nat=RUS|birthdate={{birth date and age2|2008|1|1|1981|7|4}}}}
{{Cycling squad rider|name=[[René Haselbacher]]|nat=AUT|birthdate={{birth date and age2|2008|1|1|1977|9|15}}}}
{{Cycling squad rider|name=[[Chris Horner]]|nat=USA|birthdate={{birth date and age2|2008|1|1|1971|10|23}}}}
{{Cycling squad rider|name=[[Maxim Iglinskiy]]|nat=KAZ|birthdate={{birth date and age2|2008|1|1|1981|4|18}}}}
{{Cycling squad rider|name=[[Sergei Ivanov (cyclist)|Sergei Ivanov]]|nat=RUS|birthdate={{birth date and age2|2008|1|1|1975|3|5}}}}
{{Cycling squad rider|name=[[Benoit Joachim]]|nat=LUX|birthdate={{birth date and age2|2008|1|1|1976|1|4}}}}
{{Cycling squad rider|name=[[Aaron Kemps]]|nat=AUS|birthdate={{birth date and age2|2008|1|1|1983|9|10}}}}
{{Cycling squad rider|name=[[Roman Kireyev]]|nat=KAZ|birthdate={{birth date and age2|2008|1|1|1987|2|14}}}}
{{Cycling squad rider|name=[[Andreas Klöden]]|nat=GER|birthdate={{birth date and age2|2008|1|1|1975|6|22}}}}
{{Cycling squad mid}}
{{Cycling squad rider|name=[[Berik Kupeshov]]|nat=KAZ|birthdate={{birth date and age2|2008|1|1|1987|1|30}}}}
{{Cycling squad rider|name=[[Levi Leipheimer]]|nat=USA|birthdate={{birth date and age2|2008|1|1|1973|10|24}}}}
{{Cycling squad rider|name=[[Julien Mazet]]|nat=FRA|birthdate={{birth date and age2|2008|1|1|1981|3|19}}}}
{{Cycling squad rider|name=[[Andrey Mizurov]]|nat=KAZ|birthdate={{birth date and age2|2008|1|1|1973|3|16}}}}
{{Cycling squad rider|name=[[Steve Morabito]]|nat=SUI|birthdate={{birth date and age2|2008|1|1|1983|1|30}}}}
{{Cycling squad rider|name=[[Dmitriy Muravyev]]|nat=KAZ|birthdate={{birth date and age2|2008|1|1|1979|2|11}}}}
{{Cycling squad rider|name=[[Daniel Navarro]]|nat=ESP|birthdate={{birth date and age2|2008|1|1|1983|7|8}}}}
{{Cycling squad rider|name=[[Benjamín Noval]]|nat=ESP|birthdate={{birth date and age2|2008|1|1|1979|1|23}}}}
{{Cycling squad rider|name=[[Sérgio Paulinho]]|nat=POR|birthdate={{birth date and age2|2008|1|1|1980|3|26}}}}
{{Cycling squad rider|name=[[Grégory Rast]]|nat=SUI|birthdate={{birth date and age2|2008|1|1|1980|1|17}}}}
{{Cycling squad rider|name=[[José Luis Rubiera]]|nat=ESP|birthdate={{birth date and age2|2008|1|1|1973|1|27}}}}
{{Cycling squad rider|name=[[Michael Schär]]|nat=SUI|birthdate={{birth date and age2|2008|1|1|1986|9|29}}}}
{{Cycling squad rider|name=[[Tomas Vaitkus]]|nat=LTU|birthdate={{birth date and age2|2008|1|1|1982|2|4}}}}
{{Cycling squad rider|name=[[Serguei Yakovlev|Sergei Yakovlev]]|nat=KAZ|birthdate={{birth date and age2|2008|1|1|1976|4|21}}}}
{{Cycling squad rider|name=[[Andrey Zeits]]|nat=KAZ|birthdate={{birth date and age2|2008|1|1|1986|12|14}}}}
{{Cycling squad end}}

{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
;Riders who joined the team for the 2008 season<ref name="roster" /><ref name="2007roster">{{cite web |date=2007-12-31 |title=Astaná 2007 |url=http://www.cyclingwebsite.net/ploegfiche.php?id=13162 |publisher=The Cyclingwebsite|accessdate=July 10, 2009}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Rider
!2007 team
|-
|[[Janez Brajkovič]]||{{ct|DSC|2007}}
|-
|[[Alberto Contador]]||{{ct|DSC|2007}}
|-
|[[Vladimir Gusev (cyclist)|Vladimir Gusev]]||{{ct|DSC|2007}}
|-
|[[Chris Horner]]||{{ct|SIL|2007}}
|-
|[[Roman Kireyev]]||''neo-pro''
|-
|[[Berik Kupeshov]]||''neo-pro''
|-
|[[Levi Leipheimer]]||{{ct|DSC|2007}}
|-
|[[Benjamín Noval]]||{{ct|DSC|2007}}
|-
|[[Sérgio Paulinho]]||{{ct|DSC|2007}}
|-
|[[José Luis Rubiera]]||{{ct|DSC|2007}}
|-
|[[Thomas Vaitkus]]||{{ct|DSC|2007}}
|-
|[[Andrey Zeits]]||''neo-pro''
|}
{{col-2}}
;Riders who left the team during or after the 2007 season<ref name="roster" /><ref name="2007roster" />
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Rider
!2008 team
|-
|[[Igor Abakoumov]]||[[Mitsubishi-Jartazi]]
|-
|[[Maxim Gourov]]||A-Style Somn
|-
|[[Andrey Kashechkin]]||none
|-
|[[Matthias Kessler]]||none
|-
|[[Alexey Kolessov]]||Ulan
|-
|[[Eddy Mazzoleni]]||Retired
|-
|[[Gennady Mikhaylov]]||[[Mitsubishi-Jartazi]]
|-
|[[José Antonio Redondo]]||[[Andalucía-Cajasur]]
|-
|[[Paolo Savoldelli]]||{{ct|LPR|2008}}
|-
|[[Evgeniy Sladkov]]||Centri della Calzatura - Partizan
|-
|[[Alexander Vinokourov]]||Suspended for doping
|}
{{col-end}}

== One-day races ==

=== Spring classics ===
By their own admission, Astana does not aim for the classics.<ref>{{cite web|author=Cathy Mehl |title=The Dirk Demol Interview, Part 1 |url=http://www.astana-cyclingteam.com/mehlting_pot/demolpart1.html |publisher=Astana Cycling Team |quote=Of course Quick Step is a big Classics team and they always get important wins during the spring season. That isn’t the case with Team Astana—it is not a huge objective for this team. |date=June 15, 2009 |accessdate=2009-07-07 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150709054959/http://www.astana-cyclingteam.com/mehlting_pot/demolpart1.html |archivedate=July 9, 2015 }}</ref> The team first participated in [[Omloop Het Nieuwsblad|Omloop Het Volk]] on March 1, with [[Dmitriy Muravyev]] in 31st their best-placed rider.<ref>{{cite web |author=Gregor Brown |title=Gilbert returns with solo Het Volk victory |url=http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road/2008/mar08/hetvolk08/?id=results |publisher=Cycling News |date=March 1, 2008 |accessdate=July 10, 2009}}</ref> [[Sergei Ivanov (cyclist)|Sergei Ivanov]]'s 7th in the [[2008 Amstel Gold Race|Amstel Gold Race]]<ref>{{cite web |author=Brecht Decaluwé and Gregor Brown |title=Cunego a man for all seasons |url=http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road/2008/apr08/amstel08/?id=results |publisher=Cycling News |date=2008-04-20 |accessdate=July 10, 2009| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20090624102027/http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road/2008/apr08/amstel08/?id=results| archivedate= 24 June 2009 | deadurl= no}}</ref> proved to be one of the team's best results all season, as in the other spring races in which they competed, [[Kuurne–Brussels–Kuurne]], the [[2008 Tour of Flanders|Tour of Flanders]], and [[Gent–Wevelgem]], they did not have a rider place higher than 13th.<ref>{{cite web |author=Gregor Brown and Brecht Decaluwé |title=De Jongh puts icing on Quick Step's cake |url=http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road/2008/mar08/kbk08/?id=results |publisher=Cycling News |date=March 2, 2008 |accessdate=July 10, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Gregor Brown and Brecht Decaluwé |title=Devolder shines in Belgian driekleur |url=http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road/2008/apr08/rvv08/?id=results |publisher=Cycling News |date=April 6, 2008 |accessdate=July 10, 2009| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20090627035403/http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road/2008/apr08/rvv08/?id=results| archivedate= 27 June 2009 | deadurl= no}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Bjorn Haake and Brecht Decaluwé |title=Oscar 'The Cat' Freire takes revenge |url=http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road/2008/apr08/wevelgem08/?id=results |publisher=Cycling News |date=April 9, 2008 |accessdate=July 10, 2009}}</ref> Due in part to the [[2008 Astana season#Exclusion from ASO races|ban imposed by the Amaury Sport Organisation]] from participating in races they organized, the team did not compete in [[2008 Milan–San Remo|Milan–San Remo]], [[2008 Paris–Roubaix|Paris–Roubaix]], [[La Flèche Wallonne]], [[Liège–Bastogne–Liège]], or other races in which a team of their caliber would normally take part. In March, [[Tomas Vaitkus]] earned the team's lone one-day victory of the spring season, winning a sprint finish to the [[Ronde van het Groene Hart]].<ref>{{cite web |author=Susan Westemeyer |title=Easy sprint win for powerful Vaitkus |url=http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road.php?id=road/2008/mar08/rondevanhetgroenehart08 |publisher=Cycling News |date=2008-03-23 |accessdate=2009-07-15}}</ref>

=== Fall races ===
The team entered the [[2008 Clásica de San Sebastián|Clásica de San Sebastián]] in August, with Contador in 26th their highest-placed finisher. Contador, like many riders in the event, rode it as preparation for the road cycling events at the [[2008 Olympic Games]].<ref>{{cite web |author=Bjorn Haake |title=Valverde all set for Olympics |url=http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road/2008/aug08/sansebastian08/?id=results |publisher=Cycling News |date=August 2, 2008 |accessdate=2009-07-15}}</ref> Astana also took part in [[2008 Vattenfall Cyclassics|Vattenfall Cyclassics]], the [[Coppa Sabatini]], [[Paris–Bourges]], the [[Giro dell'Emilia]], the [[Gran Premio Bruno Beghelli]], [[Milano–Torino]], and the [[Giro del Piemonte]] in September and October, but did not obtain a place higher than 11th (by [[Janez Brajkovič]] in the Giro dell'Emilia).<ref>{{cite web |author=Gregor Brown |title=Di Luca ends season with Emilia win |url=http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road.php?id=road/2008/oct08/emilia08 |publisher=Cycling News |date=October 11, 2008 |accessdate=2009-07-15}}</ref> In August, Leipheimer and Contador took the top two spots in the [[Clásica a los Puertos de Guadarrama]], a race they rode as preparation for the Vuelta a España.<ref>{{cite web |title=Leipheimer, Contador 1-2 los Puertos |url=http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road.php?id=road/2008/aug08/puertos08 |publisher=Cycling News |date=2008-08-24 |accessdate=2009-07-29}}</ref>

In the [[Giro di Lombardia]], Astana's final race of the season, they were more successful than they had been most of the season, attaining a fourth podium finish in a one-day race on the year. While [[Damiano Cunego]] had broken away from the field with 15 kilometers left to race to win the event, Brajkovič won a sprint over {{ct|GCE|2008}}'s [[Rigoberto Urán]] for second, and reacted as though he won the race. [[Chris Horner]] was also highly placed in the event, finishing seventh.<ref>{{cite web |author=Gregor Brown |title=Damiano Cunego King of Lombardia |url=http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road/2008/oct08/lombardia08/?id=results |publisher=Cycling News |date=2008-10-18 |accessdate=2009-07-15}}</ref>

== Stage races ==
Astana attended the [[2008 Tour Down Under|Tour Down Under]] for the first time in 2008, as it was the first year the event was part of the [[UCI ProTour]]. The team was not very competitive in the event, with a fifth place in a sprint finish to Stage 2 from [[Aaron Kemps]] as their best stage result. They also led the teams classification after that stage.<ref>{{cite web |author=Paul Verkuylen and Greg Johnson|title=Greipel wins the dash into Hahndorf |url=http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road/2008/jan08/tdu08/?id=results/tdu082 |publisher=Cycling News |date=2008-01-23 |accessdate=2009-07-14}}</ref> The team's best-placed rider in the final overall classification was [[José Luis Rubiera]], ranked 31st.<ref>{{cite web |author=Paul Verkuylen and Greg Johnson|title='Gorilla' Greipel gets the stage - and the overall |url=http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road/2008/jan08/tdu08/?id=results/tdu086 |publisher=Cycling News |date=2008-01-27 |accessdate=2009-07-14}}</ref> The team then attended the [[2008 Tour of California|Tour of California]] in February. Leipheimer was the team leader for the event, as he was the defending champion from 2007 with Team Discovery.<ref>{{cite web |author=Mark Zalewski|title=Third Tour of California combines 'old' with 'new |url=http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road/2008/feb08/california08/ |publisher=Cycling News |accessdate=2009-07-14| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20090628211121/http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road/2008/feb08/california08/| archivedate= 28 June 2009 | deadurl= no}}</ref> Leipheimer assumed the race lead after Stage 3, having worked with {{ct|RAB|2008}} rider [[Robert Gesink]] to gain time on the peloton with Gesink claiming the stage win and Leipheimer the overall lead.<ref>{{cite web |author=Mark Zalewski |title=Leipheimer takes ownership in California |url=http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road/2008/feb08/california08/?id=results/california083 |publisher=Cycling News |date=2008-02-20 |accessdate=2009-07-14}}</ref> Leipheimer padded his lead by winning the [[individual time trial]] in [[Solvang, California|Solvang]] two days later<ref>{{cite web |author=Mark Zalewski |title=Leipheimer owns TT in Solvang |url=http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road/2008/feb08/california08/?id=results/california085 |publisher=Cycling News |date=2008-02-22 |accessdate=2009-07-14}}</ref> and held on to win the Tour itself for the second straight year.<ref>{{cite web |author=Mark Zalewski |title=Hincapie redeems High Road |url=http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road/2008/feb08/california08/?id=results/california087 |publisher=Cycling News |date=2008-02-24 |accessdate=2009-07-14}}</ref> While the Tour of California was ongoing, Astana sent another squad to the [[Volta ao Algarve]], with [[Tomas Vaitkus]] claiming a win in Stage 2.<ref>{{cite web |title=Astana's Vaitkus sprints to win |url=http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road.php?id=road/2008/feb08/algarve08/algarve082 |publisher=Cycling News |date=2008-02-21 |accessdate=2009-07-14}}</ref> Rubiera was the victor in early March of the queen stage of the [[Vuelta a Murcia]], a stage which the peloton almost refused to race because of the weather and safety conditions.<ref>{{cite web |title=Rubiera takes snow-capped queen stage |url=http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road.php?id=road/2008/mar08/murcia08/murcia082 |publisher=Cycling News |date=March 5, 2008 |accessdate=2009-07-29}}</ref>

[[Image:Tourofcalifornia2008-Levi Leipheimer.jpg|thumb|alt=A cyclist wearing a blue and white jersey with yellow trim crouched into an aerodynamic position on his bicycle, riding down a road with spectators on the side watching him|Levi Leipheimer riding the prologue time trial of the Tour of California.]]

With the team disinvited from [[2008 Paris–Nice|Paris–Nice]] and [[2008 Tirreno–Adriatico|Tirreno–Adriatico]],<ref>{{cite web |author=Hedwig Kröner|title=High noon in France |url=http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road/2008/mar08/parisnice08/ |publisher=Cycling News |accessdate=2009-07-14| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20090624112946/http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road/2008/mar08/parisnice08/| archivedate= 24 June 2009 | deadurl= no}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Gregor Brown |title=Big sprinters choose race of two seas |url=http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road/2008/mar08/tirreno08/ |publisher=Cycling News |accessdate=2009-07-14}}</ref> their next stage race was the [[Volta ao Distrito de Santarém]],<ref>{{cite web |title=3rd Volta ao Santarém - 2.1 |url=http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road.php?id=road/2008/mar08/santarem08/default |publisher=Cycling News |accessdate=2009-07-14}}</ref> a race which neither Astana nor Discovery Channel had participated in the year before.<ref>{{cite web |title=2nd Volta ao Santarém - 2.1 |url=http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road.php?id=road/2008/mar07/santarem07/default |publisher=Cycling News |accessdate=2009-07-14}}</ref> The team did not win any stage, though [[Andreas Klöden]] finished on the event's final podium, in third.<ref>{{cite web |title=Stage 4 - March 16: Alcanena - Santarem, 149.9 km |url=http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road.php?id=road/2008/mar08/santarem08/santarem084 |publisher=Cycling News |date=March 16, 2008 |accessdate=2009-07-14}}</ref> Astana next entered the [[2008 Vuelta a Castilla y León|Vuelta a Castilla y León]] with a squad that was thought to greatly outclass the squads entered by other teams.<ref>{{cite web |title=Astana to hit hard with Tour-quality squad |url=http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road.php?id=road/2008/mar08/castillaleon08/default |publisher=Cycling News |accessdate=2009-07-14}}</ref> Contador won the opening time trial<ref name="vascoitt">{{cite web |title=Stage 1 - March 24: Valsain - La Granja de San Ildefonso (ITT), 9.7km |url=http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road.php?id=road/2008/mar08/castillaleon08/castillaleon081 |publisher=Cycling News |date=2008-03-24 |accessdate=2009-07-14}}</ref> and the mountainous fourth stage<ref>{{cite web |title=Contador on top in the mountains |url=http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road.php?id=road/2008/mar08/castillaleon08/castillaleon084 |publisher=Cycling News |date=2008-03-27 |accessdate=2009-07-14}}</ref> en route to winning the race overall.<ref>{{cite web |title=Fernandez tops on spectacular final stage |url=http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road.php?id=road/2008/mar08/castillaleon08/castillaleon085 |publisher=Cycling News |date=2008-03-28 |accessdate=2009-07-14}}</ref> Leipheimer also showed well, finishing 4 seconds off Contador's winning time in the time trial,<ref name="vascoitt" /> and falling only on Stage 4, where he rode in support of Contador, to finish in fourth overall.

In April, the team achieved great success in the [[2008 Vuelta al País Vasco|Vuelta al País Vasco]], with Contador winning the opening stage, which had seven categorized climbs,<ref>{{cite web |author=Monika Prell|title=Contador smokes competition in Basque Country |url=http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road/2008/apr08/paisvasco08/?id=results/paisvasco081 |publisher=Cycling News |date=April 7, 2008 |accessdate=2009-07-25}}</ref> and the final individual time trial, to win the race overall.<ref>{{cite web |author=Monika Prell|title=Contador time trials away from his greatest rivals |url=http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road/2008/apr08/paisvasco08/?id=results/paisvasco086 |publisher=Cycling News |date=April 12, 2008 |accessdate=2009-07-25| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20090618170532/http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road/2008/apr08/paisvasco08/?id=results/paisvasco086| archivedate= 18 June 2009 | deadurl= no}}</ref> Just after the tour of the Basque country was the [[Presidential Cycling Tour of Turkey]], an event in which Astana won a stage with [[Grégory Rast]] and the points classification with [[Assan Bazayev]].<ref>{{cite web |author=Jean-François Quénet|title=Rast shows Astana's motivation on the cobblestones |url=http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road.php?id=road/2008/apr08/presidentialtour08/presidentialtour08Prologue |publisher=Cycling News |date=April 13, 2008 |accessdate=2009-07-29}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Jean-François Quénet|title=Presidential welcome for Garcia Dapena's triumph |url=http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road.php?id=road/2008/apr08/presidentialtour08/presidentialtour087 |publisher=Cycling News |date=2008-04-20 |accessdate=2009-07-29}}</ref> Later in the month, the team sent a squad headed by Leipheimer and [[Chris Horner]] to the [[2008 Tour de Georgia|Tour de Georgia]]. They did not win any stage, but Leipheimer took third overall, and [[Antonio Colóm]] fourth.<ref>{{cite web |author=Mark Zalewski |title=High Road closes out Georgia with stage win |url=http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road/2008/apr08/georgia08/?id=results/georgia087 |publisher=Cycling News |date=2008-04-27 |accessdate=2009-07-14}}</ref> The team was greatly successful at the [[2008 Tour de Romandie|Tour de Romandie]] later in the month, with [[Maxim Iglinskiy]] and Klöden both winning stages,<ref>{{cite web |author=Susan Westerneyer|title=Iglinsky takes wet stage - Albasini steps into yellow |url=http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road/2008/apr08/romandie08/?id=results/romandie081 |publisher=Cycling News |date=2008-04-30 |accessdate=2009-07-14| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20090623093202/http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road/2008/apr08/romandie08/?id=results/romandie081| archivedate= 23 June 2009 | deadurl= no}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Ben Atkins |title=He's back! Klöden seizes control in time trial |url=http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road/2008/apr08/romandie08/?id=results/romandie083 |publisher=Cycling News |date=May 2, 2008 |accessdate=2009-07-14}}</ref> and Klöden the race overall.<ref>{{cite web |author=Susan Westerneyer |title=Klöden caps comeback with Romandie title |url=http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road/2008/apr08/romandie08/?id=results/romandie085 |publisher=Cycling News |date=May 4, 2008 |accessdate=2009-07-14| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20090622173207/http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road/2008/apr08/romandie08/?id=results/romandie085| archivedate= 22 June 2009 | deadurl= no}}</ref> In the [[2008 Volta a Catalunya|Volta a Catalunya]], which was concurrent to the Giro d'Italia, the team did not win any stage, with [[Janez Brajkovič]]'s second in Stage 2 their closest result,<ref>{{cite web |title=Dessel solos to queen stage win |url=http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road/2008/may08/catalunya08/?id=results/catalunya082 |publisher=Cycling News |date=2008-05-21 |accessdate=2009-07-14}}</ref> though they did win the teams classification.<ref>{{cite web |title=Stage 6 - May 25: Pallejà - Barcelona, 124.0km |url=http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road/2008/may08/catalunya08/?id=results/catalunya086 |publisher=Cycling News |date=2008-05-25 |accessdate=2009-07-14}}</ref>

At the [[Tour de Luxembourg]] in June, Rast entered as defending champion and was considered among the favorites,<ref>{{cite web |title=Home rider to win five-day Luxembourg race? |url=http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road.php?id=road/2008/jun08/luxembourg08/default |publisher=Cycling News |date=June 4, 2008 |accessdate=2009-07-14}}</ref> but the team did not win any stage or finish on the podium. Leipheimer won the prologue time trial to the [[2008 Critérium du Dauphiné Libéré|Dauphine Libéré]] later in the month,<ref>{{cite web |author=Jean-François Quénet |title=Leipheimer uses Giro form to beat Hushovd |url=http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road/2008/jun08/dauphinelibere08/?id=results/dauphinelibere080 |publisher=Cycling News |date=June 8, 2008 |accessdate=2009-07-14}}</ref> and wound up finishing third overall in the race.<ref>{{cite web |author=Jean-François Quénet |title=Fofonov beats Trofimov as Valverde seals overall |url=http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road/2008/jun08/dauphinelibere08/?id=results/dauphinelibere087 |publisher=Cycling News |date=June 15, 2008 |accessdate=2009-07-14}}</ref> Klöden next took second overall in the [[2008 Tour de Suisse|Tour de Suisse]], later in June.<ref>{{cite web |author=Shane Stokes |title=Cancellara repeats, Kreuziger takes overall |url=http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road/2008/jun08/dauphinelibere08/?id=results/dauphinelibere087 |publisher=Cycling News |date=2008-06-22 |accessdate=2009-07-14}}</ref> The following month, Leipheiemer and Horner raced as Astana (though they were the only Astana riders in the event) at the [[Cascade Cycling Classic]], and Leipheimer was able to take the overall win there, largely thanks to a convincing victory in the third stage time trial.<ref>{{cite web |author=Kirsten Robbins |title=Leipheimer takes yellow after blazing TT |url=http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road.php?id=road/2008/jul08/cascade08/cascade083 |publisher=Cycling News |date=July 11, 2008 |accessdate=2009-07-15}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Kirsten Robbins|title= Escuela successful on final stage, Leipheimer claims yellow |url=http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road.php?id=road/2008/jul08/cascade08/cascade086 |publisher=Cycling News |date=July 13, 2008 |accessdate=2009-07-15}}</ref> On the same day, [[René Haselbacher]] won a stage in [[Tour of Austria]].<ref>{{cite web |title= Haselbacher delivers first home victory |url=http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road.php?id=road/2008/jul08/austriatour08/austriatour085 |publisher=Cycling News |date=July 11, 2008 |accessdate=2009-07-29}}</ref> Later in the month, [[Sergeui Ivanov]] won the [[Tour de Wallonie]], without winning a stage.<ref>{{cite web |title= Stage 5 - July 30: Welkenraedt - Aubel, 175.3 km |url=http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road.php?id=road/2008/jul08/regionwallonne08/regionwallonne085 |publisher=Cycling News |date=2008-07-30 |accessdate=2009-07-15}}</ref>

The team sent squads to the [[2008 Tour de Pologne|Tour de Pologne]], [[Tour de l'Ain]], [[Tour of Ireland]], and the [[2008 Eneco Tour of Benelux|Eneco Tour]], but did not obtain a stage win, classification win, or podium finish in any of them.

== Grand Tours ==

=== Giro d'Italia ===
Astana was at first not invited to the Giro.<ref>{{cite web |author=Stephen Farrand |title=ASTANA AND HIGH ROAD NOT INVITED TO 2008 GIRO D’ITALIA |url=http://www.cyclingweekly.co.uk/news/latest/347805/astana-and-high-road-not-invited-to-2008-giro-d-italia.html |publisher=Cycling Weekly |date=February 1, 2008 |accessdate=July 11, 2009}}</ref> Six days before the race began, [[RCS MediaGroup|RCS Sport]] (the organizers of the Giro) went back on the decision to exclude Astana and extended them a late invitation. This change of heart was at least partly contingent on Contador, Leipheimer, and Klöden participating in the race.<ref>{{cite web|author=AFP Direct |title=Astana Will Race The Giro |url=http://www.bicycling.com/article/0,6610,s-3-10-17106-1,00.html |publisher=''[[Bicycling (magazine)|Bicycling]]'' (bicycling.com) |date=2008-05-04 |accessdate=July 11, 2009 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081009225141/http://www.bicycling.com:80/article/0,6610,s-3-10-17106-1,00.html |archivedate=October 9, 2008 |df= }}</ref> Having thought for two months prior that they would not compete in the Giro, most of Astana's riders had planned to take a break during the Tour of Italy,<ref>{{cite web |author=Chris Brewer |title=Astana Cycling Team Season Review (part 2 of 3) |url=http://www.astana-cyclingteam.com/fresh_brew/08season2.html |publisher=Astana Cycling Team |accessdate=July 11, 2009}}</ref> and Contador was actually vacationing on a beach when Bruyneel called him to tell him the team was headed to the Giro.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.velonews.com/article/76007 |title=Contador: from the beach to the Giro |author=Andrew Hood |date=2008-05-09 |publisher=VeloNews.com |accessdate=2009-07-11 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080724013704/http://www.velonews.com/article/76007 |archivedate=2008-07-24 |df= }}</ref>

[[Image:Contador rosa 5.JPG|left|thumb|alt=A cyclist in an all-pink jersey crouched into an aerodynamic position on his bicycle, riding down a road with spectators on the side watching him|Contador wearing the [[pink jersey]] during the 21st stage of the [[2008 Giro d'Italia|Giro d'Italia]].]]

The team mostly lay low in the race's first week and a half, with only fourth in a sprint from [[Assan Bazayev]] in Stage 4<ref>{{cite web |url=http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road/2008/giro08/?id=results/giro084 |title='Manx Express' Cavendish takes first Grand Tour win |author=Shane Stokes |date=2008-05-13 |publisher=Cycling News |accessdate=2009-07-11}}</ref> and fifth in Stage 6 by [[Maxim Iglinsky]] from a breakaway to show for themselves through nine stages.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road/2008/giro08/?id=results/giro086 |title=Priamo nets first Giro win while Visconti lands big catch |author=Shane Stokes |date=2008-05-15 |publisher=Cycling News |accessdate=2009-07-11}}</ref> Contador and Klöden both showed strongly in the Stage 10 [[individual time trial]], with Contador missing the stage win by just 8 seconds (Klöden was third, 20 seconds off [[Marzio Bruseghin]]'s winning time) and moving from eighth to fourth in the overall classification.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road/2008/giro08/?id=results/giro0810 |title=Wet Urbino run sorts out classification |author=Gregor Brown |date=2008-05-20 |publisher=Cycling News |accessdate=2009-07-11}}</ref>

The high mountain Stage 14 into the Italian Alps saw Contador rise to second overall, just five seconds behind race leader [[Gabriele Bosisio]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road/2008/giro08/?id=results/giro0814 |title=Sella dominates Giro's first high-mountain stage |author=Gregor Brown |date=2008-05-24 |publisher=Cycling News |accessdate=2009-07-11}}</ref> The next day, Contador finished twelve minutes ahead of Bosisio and took the race leader's [[pink jersey]]. His main rival at that point was [[Riccardo Riccò]], who had gained 16 seconds on him that day and was only 33 back overall.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road/2008/giro08/?id=results/giro0815 |title=Dolomite delight: Italy's Sella doubles, Contador in maglia rosa |author=Gregor Brown |date=2008-05-25 |publisher=Cycling News |accessdate=2009-07-11}}</ref> Contador padded his lead over Riccò slightly in short time trial in Stage 16,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road/2008/giro08/?id=results/giro0816 |title=Franco Pellizotti is king of Corones |author=Gregor Brown |date=2008-05-26 |publisher=Cycling News |accessdate=2009-07-11}}</ref> and stayed out of trouble in Stages 17 and 18, stages where the contenders all finished together. The long and mountainous Stage 19 saw Riccò and [[Danilo Di Luca]] both put time into Contador with late attacks, but not enough to take the jersey from him.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road/2008/giro08/?id=results/giro0819 |title=Contador proves tough under Di Luca's pressure |author=Gregor Brown |date=2008-05-30 |publisher=Cycling News |accessdate=2009-07-11| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20090618004930/http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road/2008/giro08/?id=results/giro0819| archivedate= 18 June 2009 | deadurl= no}}</ref> Di Luca found himself effected the next day, losing over five minutes and falling from contention, but Contador and Riccò finished together and were separated by just 4 seconds entering the Stage 21 time trial.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road/2008//giro08/?id=results/giro0820 |title=Contador one step closer to pink dream |author=Gregor Brown |date=2008-05-31 |publisher=Cycling News |accessdate=2009-07-11}}</ref> Riccò was unable to challenge Contador in the Giro's finale, finishing 68th on the stage and losing close to two minutes to Contador, who was 11th. Though neither Contador himself nor anyone from the team won any stage in the Giro, Contador took the overall victory in the [[General classification in the Giro d'Italia|General Classification]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road/2008//giro08/?id=results/giro0821 |title=Hola! Contador conquers second Grand Tour |author=Gregor Brown |date=2008-06-01 |publisher=Cycling News |accessdate=2009-07-11}}</ref>

=== Vuelta a España ===
Astana entered the Vuelta with Contador as a big favorite to win the overall title and complete the career sweep of the [[Grand Tour (cycling)|Grand Tours]].<ref name= "vueltapreview">{{cite web |url=http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road/2008/vuelta08/ |title=Contador aiming for Grand Tour treble |author=Shane Stokes |publisher=Cycling News |accessdate=2009-07-11| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20090628194056/http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road/2008/vuelta08/| archivedate= 28 June 2009 | deadurl= no}}</ref> Astana's Vuelta actually began with a disappointment, an 8th-place finish in the Stage 1 [[team time trial]], which either they or {{ct|SAX|2008b}} had been thought likeliest to win.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road/2008/vuelta08/?id=results/vuelta081 |title=Liquigas surprise over time trialling favorites |publisher=Cycling News |date=2008-08-30 |accessdate=2009-07-11}}</ref> After staying out of trouble in sprinters' Stages 2 through 4, Leipheimer won the Stage 5 individual time trial and Contador was fourth, 49 seconds back of him. This gave Leipheimer the race leader's golden jersey by a margin of 2 seconds over [[Sylvain Chavanel]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road/2008/vuelta08/?id=results/vuelta085 |title=Double success for Leipheimer |author= Shane Stokes |publisher=Cycling News |date=2008-09-03 |accessdate=2009-07-11}}</ref> It was not a lead that Astana intended to defend the next day, however, as Chavanel's {{ct|COF|2008}} team drove the peloton to catch the morning breakaway in Stage 6 so Chavanel could get bonus seconds in intermediate sprints to take the jersey, which he did.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road/2008/vuelta08/?id=results/vuelta086 |title=Bettini is back as Chavanel storms into golden jersey |author= Bjorn Haake |publisher=Cycling News |date=2008-09-04 |accessdate=2009-07-11}}</ref>

[[Image:Contador2.jpg|thumb|upright|alt=A cyclist in a gold jersey with blue trim and blue shoes riding down a road, with spectators watching him from behind a guardrail and one headlight from a car behind him just in the frame|Contador wearing the [[Golden jersey statistics|golden jersey]] during the 20th stage of the [[2008 Vuelta a España|Vuelta a España]].]]

The next stage, after the first rest day, was the longest in the Vuelta and contained numerous mountain climbs. It was made even more difficult by a consistent downfall of rain and cold temperatures. Contador and Leipheimer both marked the competition and finished well on the stage, third and fifth respectively, to maintain their high overall placings.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road/2008/vuelta08/?id=results/vuelta087 |title=Ballan takes dramatic first season win |author=Gregor Brown |publisher=Cycling News |date=2008-09-06 |accessdate=2009-07-11}}</ref> Leipheimer regained the race lead the next day essentially by default, as [[Alessandro Ballan]], who had won the difficult Stage 7, quickly faded on Stage 8.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road/2008/vuelta08/?id=results/vuelta088 |title=Moncoutié delivers solo punch ahead of Astana show |author=Gregor Brown |publisher=Cycling News |date=2008-09-07 |accessdate=2009-07-11}}</ref> Again Astana did not work to keep Leipheimer in the race lead, affording a breakaway that included [[Egoi Martínez]] sufficient time that Martínez took the golden jersey.<ref name="egoi">{{cite web |url=http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road/2008/vuelta08/?id=results/vuelta089 |title=Van Avermaet scoops biggest triumph, Martinez grabs lead |author=Shane Stokes |publisher=Cycling News |date=2008-09-08 |accessdate=2008-07-11}}</ref> The next day, several local newspapers criticized Astana for the move, as {{ct|SAX|2008b|nolink=yes}} and {{ct|GCE|2008}} had tried to pull the peloton such that Astana would have no choice to defend the jersey, but were unable to force their hand.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lavuelta.com/08/ingles/noticias/noticias10.html?e=10 |title=What the papers say: Astana’s tactics turn Egoi into new race-leader |publisher=Web Oficial de la Vuelta a España |date=2008-09-09 |accessdate=2009-07-11}}</ref> Martínez reacted to his assumption of the race lead as though it were a gift from his former manager Bruyneel.<ref name="egoi" />

Following several stages won by sprinters and breakaways, the next test for the riders was the legendary [[Alto de El Angliru]] in Stage 13. The morning breakaway was afforded over eleven minutes, but it was dropped to nothing on the ascent of what has been called the most difficult climb in all of professional cycling.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road/2008/vuelta08/?id=/features/2008/vuelta08_angliru |title=Tales from the peloton, September 11, 2008 |publisher=Cycling News |date=2008-09-11 |accessdate=2009-07-11 |quote=They either hate it or detest it. No sane cyclist - professional or otherwise - would climb the Alto del Angliru for ''fun''. But for all those whose sentiments for ''the'' hardest climb in the world are the polar opposite of affection, no one will argue that whoever wins this stage of the Vuelta a España will become a legend.| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20090630023456/http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road/2008/vuelta08/?id=/features/2008/vuelta08_angliru| archivedate= 30 June 2009 | deadurl= no}}</ref> Astana and Caisse d'Epargne both had many support riders in the leading group going up the climb, and they alternately tried to set paces to protect either Contador or [[Alejandro Valverde]] while isolating the competition. It was left to Leipheimer to pace Contador to the conclusion as the climb reached its hardest part, 7 kilometers from the finish. Contador indeed went on to win the stage, and took the race lead as well.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road/2008/vuelta08/?id=results/vuelta0813 |title=Contador reigns in Vuelta's most feared day |author=Gregor Brown |publisher=Cycling News |date=2008-09-13 |accessdate=2009-07-11}}</ref> Contador added another stage win the next day when only he and Leipheimer could respond to the repeated attacks of [[Ezequiel Mosquera]], and Contador won the sprint.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road/2008/vuelta08/?id=results/vuelta0814 |title=Contador puts golden stamp on Vuelta |author=Gregor Brown |publisher=Cycling News |date=2008-09-14 |accessdate=2009-07-11}}</ref>

The top ten in the general classification finished together in the next five stages, which were mostly friendly to sprinters and breakaways. Stage 20 was another time trial, one with an uphill finish. This time trial was won convincingly by Leipheimer, as only Contador and Valverde were within a minute of his winning time. This ride put Leipheimer 46 seconds off Contador's time.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road/2008/vuelta08/?id=results/vuelta0820 |title=Leipheimer and Contador deliver one-two Astana punch |author=Gregor Brown |publisher=Cycling News |date=2008-09-20 |accessdate=2009-07-11}}</ref> With the Vuelta's final stage flat and largely ceremonial, akin to the [[Champs-Élysées stage in the Tour de France]], this stood as the final result, with Contador winning the Vuelta to complete his career triple; he also won the [[Combination classification in the Vuelta a España|combination classification]] and its white jersey.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road/2008/vuelta08/?id=results/vuelta0821 |title=Breschel tops sprint ahead of historic Contador win |author=Gregor Brown |publisher=Cycling News |date=2008-09-21 |accessdate=2009-07-11}}</ref> Minor controversy followed the Vuelta; Contador alleged that Leipheimer was not being a team player by seeming to ride the Stage 20 time trial with the aim of winning the Vuelta, after Contador had apparently been decided as the team's leader,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://sports.espn.go.com/oly/cycling/news/story?id=3604414 |title=Contador says Armstrong could pose 'difficult' situation on team |author=ESPN.com news services |date=2008-09-24 |publisher=ESPN.com |accessdate=2009-07-11}}</ref> though the team had not firmly chosen a leader as the race began.<ref name="vueltapreview" />

== Away from competition ==

=== Exclusion from ASO races ===
On February 13, it was announced that the [[Amaury Sport Organisation]] would not invite Astana to any of their races that season, which included the Tour de France, Paris–Nice, and numerous one-day races. The decision was made because of the doping perpetrated by Astana in its previous seasons; chief among these scandals was the blood doping perpetrated by [[Alexander Vinokourov]] in the [[2007 Tour de France]].<ref>{{cite web |author=Cycling News |title=Astana banned by ASO - Contador unable to defend Tour de France title |url=http://www.cyclingnews.com/news/astana-banned-by-aso-contador-unable-to-defend-tour-de-france-title |publisher=Cycling News |date=February 13, 2008 |accessdate=July 10, 2009}}</ref> The team reacted with surprise and disappointment, particularly since the ban seemed to punish a team that no longer existed, and as a result Contador would not be able to defend his Tour de France championship.<ref>{{cite web |title=Press Release: Astana Team Not Invited by ASO |url=http://www.astana-cyclingteam.com/news_press/press_release-astana_team_not_invited_by_aso.html |quote=That the happenings of last year in Tour de France, prompted the Tour organizers to leave Astana out of the season's most important race, sounds understandable. However, Astana Cycling Team 2008 has nothing to do with the team of last year. We have done everything to change the dynamics of the team. New management, new riders, new philosophy. Only the name of the sponsor remained. |publisher=Astana Cycling Team |date=February 13, 2008 |accessdate=July 10, 2009}}</ref>

===Dismissal of Vladimir Gusev===
[[Image:Vladimir Gusev and Bobby Julich.jpg|thumb|upright|alt=Two cyclists, one wearing a blue and white jersey with yellow trim and the other, to his right, a black and white jersey with red trim, race down a road while spectators watch from beside them|Gusev riding the third stage of the [[2008 Tour of California|Tour of California]], between Modesto and San José.]]
On June 26, the team fired [[Vladimir Gusev (cyclist)|Vladimir Gusev]] for "irregular values"<ref>{{cite web |author=Edward Wyatt |title= No Failed Test, but Rider Is Fired |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/26/sports/othersports/26doping.html |publisher=The New York Times |date=2008-07-26 |accessdate=2009-09-15}}</ref> given in an internal doping check as part of the program run by Dr. Rasmus Damsgaard, proprietor of a noted anti-doping system previously used by {{ct|SAX|2007}}.<ref>{{cite web |author=Cycling News |title=Astana in disbelief over ASO decision as Leipheimer vows to fight back |url=http://www.cyclingnews.com/editions/special-edition-cycling-news-february-14-2008 |publisher=Cycling News |date=2008-02-14 |accessdate=2009-09-15}}</ref> Though the values did not by themselves confirm doping on Gusev's part, they were taken as an indication of it.<ref>{{cite web |title=Astana sacks Gusev for "irregular values" |url=http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/news.php?id=news/2008/jul08/jul26news2 |publisher=Cycling News |date=2008-07-26 |accessdate=2009-07-25}}</ref>

The firing also caused Gusev to be removed from Russia's team for the [[2008 Olympic Games]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.beijing2008.cn/news/sports/headlines/cyclingroad/n214511987.shtml |title=Four cyclists scratched from road race |publisher=The Official Website of the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games |date=2008-08-09 |accessdate=2009-07-25 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090428222455/http://en.beijing2008.cn/news/sports/headlines/cyclingroad/n214511987.shtml |archivedate=2009-04-28 |df= }}</ref> though he originally intended to sue the team in time to still take part in the Olympics.<ref>{{cite web|author=Cycling News |url=http://www.cyclingnews.com/news/gusev-to-sue-astana-ride-olympics|title=Gusev to sue Astana, ride Olympics|publisher=Cycling News|date=2008-08-01|accessdate=2009-07-25}}</ref>

On September 1, Gusev began his appeal of the firing, with the case eventually reaching the [[Court of Arbitration for Sport]]. On June 18, 2009, the CAS ruled that Astana was in the wrong regarding Gusev's dismissal and ordered the team to pay his lost wages, legal fees, and compensatory damages.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cyclingnews.com/news/gusev-back-in-action-after-cas-decision|author=Jean-François Quénet|title=Gusev back in action after CAS decision|publisher=Cycling News|date=2009-06-18|accessdate=2009-07-25| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20090620060925/http://www.cyclingnews.com/news/gusev-back-in-action-after-cas-decision| archivedate= 20 June 2009 | deadurl= no}}</ref>
{{Clear}}

=== Return of Lance Armstrong ===
Seven-time Tour de France winner [[Lance Armstrong]] revealed in an interview with [[Vanity Fair (magazine)|Vanity Fair]] magazine published on September 9 that he intended to return to competitive cycling in 2009, after four years of retirement. Aside from trying to win an eighth Tour de France, his goal would be to raise public awareness and money for cancer research. He would ride for no salary.<ref>{{cite web |author=Douglas Brinkley |title=Lance Armstrong Rides Again |url=http://www.vanityfair.com/culture/features/2008/09/armstrong200809 |publisher=Vanity Fair |date=2008-09-09 |accessdate=2009-07-15| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20090530094605/http://www.vanityfair.com/culture/features/2008/09/armstrong200809| archivedate= 30 May 2009 | deadurl= yes}}</ref>

[[Image:Lance Armstrong Tour de Gruene 2008-11-01.jpg|thumb|left|alt=A cyclist in a black jersey with gold trim crouched into an aerodynamic position on his bicycle, riding down a road|Armstrong training for his 2009 comeback at a time trial in [[New Braunfels]], Texas on November 1.]]

It was speculated immediately that Armstrong would return with team Astana, as it was now headed by Armstrong's sporting director from each of his seven Tour de France victories, Johan Bruyneel.<ref name="velo">{{cite web |author=Neal Rogers|title=Source: Lance Armstrong coming back |url=http://www.velonews.com/article/82892 |publisher=VeloNews |date=September 8, 2008 |accessdate=2009-07-15| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20090611182002/http://velonews.com/article/82892| archivedate= 11 June 2009 | deadurl= yes}}</ref>

Though spokespeople for the team first denied any plans to sign Armstrong,<ref name="velo" /> Bruyneel commented two days later during the then-ongoing Vuelta a España that he had spoken to Armstrong about his return, and could not imagine him riding for any team but Astana.<ref>{{cite web |title=Bruyneel has spoken with Armstrong |url=http://www.lavuelta.com/08/ingles/online/peli11.html?e=11 |publisher=Web Oficial de la Vuelta a España 2008 |date=September 10, 2008 |accessdate=2009-07-15| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20090610010138/http://www.lavuelta.com/08/ingles/online/peli11.html?e=11| archivedate= 10 June 2009 | deadurl= no}}</ref> On September 24, Armstrong signed with Astana.<ref>{{cite web |title=Armstrong to return with Astana |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/other_sports/cycling/7632837.stm |publisher=BBC Sport |date=2008-09-24 |accessdate=2009-07-15}}</ref>

Armstrong's return was not well received by Contador, who asserted that he had earned the right to be a team leader and said he would consider leaving the team if he were relegated to a role supporting Armstrong.<ref>{{cite news | agency=The Associated Press |title=Contador Could Leave Astana If Armstrong Signs |url=http://sports.espn.go.com/espn/wire?section=cycling&id=3604384 |publisher=ESPN Sports |date=2008-09-23 |accessdate=2009-07-15}}</ref>

The team gave Contador assurances in the offseason that he would remain Astana's team leader,<ref>{{cite web |author=The Associated Press |title=Contador says Astana assured him he's still team leader despite Armstrong |url=http://sports.espn.go.com/oly/cycling/news/story?id=3610229 |publisher=ABC News |date=2008-09-26 |accessdate=2009-07-15}}</ref> and Contador remained with the team for 2009, though the controversy over who would in fact be the team's leader lasted well into the [[2009 Tour de France]].
{{clear}}

== Season victories ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
! Date !! Race !! Competition !! Rider !! Country !! Location
|-
| {{dts||February|21}} || [[Volta ao Algarve]], Stage 2 || UCI Europe Tour || {{flagathlete|{{sortname|Tomas|Vaitkus}}|LTU}} || Portugal || [[Lagos, Portugal|Lagos]]
|-
| {{dts||February|22}} || [[2008 Tour of California|Tour of California]], Stage 5 || UCI America Tour || {{flagathlete|{{sortname|Levi|Leipheimer}}|USA}} || United States || [[Solvang]]
|-
| {{dts||February|24}} || [[2008 Tour of California|Tour of California]], Overall || UCI America Tour || {{flagathlete|{{sortname|Levi|Leipheimer}}|USA}} || United States ||
|-
| {{dts||March|5}} || [[Vuelta a Murcia]], Stage 2 || UCI Europe Tour || {{flagathlete|{{sortname|José Luis|Rubiera}}|ESP}} || Spain || [[Totana]]
|-
| {{dts||March|23}} || [[Ronde van het Groene Hart]] || UCI Europe Tour || {{flagathlete|{{sortname|Tomas|Vaitkus}}|LTU}} || Netherlands || [[Woerden]]
|-
| {{dts||March|24}} || [[2008 Vuelta a Castilla y León|Vuelta a Castilla y León]], Stage 1 || UCI Europe Tour|| {{flagathlete|{{sortname|Alberto|Contador}}|ESP}} || Spain || [[La Granja de San Ildefonso]]
|-
| {{dts||March|27}} || [[2008 Vuelta a Castilla y León|Vuelta a Castilla y León]], Stage 4 || UCI Europe Tour || {{flagathlete|{{sortname|Alberto|Contador}}|ESP}} || Spain || [[Montaña Palentina]]
|-
| {{dts||March|27}} || [[2008 Vuelta a Castilla y León|Vuelta a Castilla y León]], Overall || UCI Europe Tour || {{flagathlete|{{sortname|Alberto|Contador}}|ESP}} || Spain ||
|-
| {{dts||April|7}} || [[2008 Vuelta al País Vasco|Vuelta al País Vasco]], Stage 1 || UCI ProTour || {{flagathlete|{{sortname|Alberto|Contador}}|ESP}} || Spain || [[Legazpi, Spain|Legazpi]]
|-
| {{dts||April|12}} || [[2008 Vuelta al País Vasco|Vuelta al País Vasco]], Stage 6 || UCI ProTour || {{flagathlete|{{sortname|Alberto|Contador}}|ESP}} || Spain || [[Orio]]
|-
| {{dts||April|12}} || [[2008 Vuelta al País Vasco|Vuelta al País Vasco]], Overall || UCI ProTour || {{flagathlete|{{sortname|Alberto|Contador}}|ESP}} || Spain ||
|-
| {{dts||April|13}} || [[Presidential Cycling Tour of Turkey]], Prologue || UCI Europe Tour || {{flagathlete|{{sortname|Grégory|Rast}}|SUI}} || Turkey || [[Istanbul]]
|-
| {{dts||April|20}} || [[Presidential Cycling Tour of Turkey]], Points Classification || UCI Europe Tour || {{flagathlete|{{sortname|Assan|Bazayev}}|KAZ}} || Turkey ||
|-
| {{dts||April|30}} || [[2008 Tour de Romandie|Tour de Romandie]], Stage 1 || UCI ProTour || {{flagathlete|{{sortname|Maxim|Iglinsky}}|KAZ}} || Switzerland || [[Saignelégier]]
|-
| {{dts||May|2}} || [[2008 Tour de Romandie|Tour de Romandie]], Stage 3 || UCI ProTour || {{flagathlete|{{sortname|Andreas|Klöden}}|GER}} || Switzerland || [[Sion, Switzerland|Sion]]
|-
| {{dts||May|5}} || [[2008 Tour de Romandie|Tour de Romandie]], Overall || UCI ProTour || {{flagathlete|{{sortname|Andreas|Klöden}}|GER}} || Switzerland ||
|-
| {{dts||June|1}} || [[2008 Giro d'Italia|Giro d'Italia]], Overall || None || {{flagathlete|{{sortname|Alberto|Contador}}|ESP}} || Italy ||
|-
| {{dts||June|8}} || [[2008 Critérium du Dauphiné Libéré|Critérium du Dauphiné Libéré]], Prologue || UCI ProTour || {{flagathlete|{{sortname|Levi|Leipheimer}}|USA}} || France || [[Avignon]]
|-
| {{dts||June|22}} || [[2008 Tour de Suisse|Tour de Suisse]], Mountains classification || UCI ProTour || {{flagathlete|{{sortname|Maxim|Iglinsky}}|KAZ}} || Switzerland ||
|-
| {{dts||July|11}} || [[Tour of Austria]], Stage 5 || UCI Europe Tour || {{flagathlete|{{sortname|René|Haselbacher}}|AUT}} || Austria || [[Bad Vöslau]]
|-
| {{dts||July|11}} || [[Cascade Cycling Classic]], Stage 3 || National event || {{flagathlete|{{sortname|Levi|Leipheimer}}|USA}} || United States || [[Bend, Oregon|Bend]]
|-
| {{dts||July|13}} || [[Cascade Cycling Classic]], Overall || National event || {{flagathlete|{{sortname|Levi|Leipheimer}}|USA}} || United States ||
|-
| {{dts||July|30}} || [[Tour de Wallonie]], Overall || UCI Europe Tour || {{flagathlete|{{sortname|Sergeui|Ivanov}}|RUS}} || Belgium ||
|-
| {{dts||August|24}} || [[Clásica a los Puertos de Guadarrama]] || UCI Europe Tour|| {{flagathlete|{{sortname|Levi|Leipheimer}}|USA}} || Spain || [[Guadarrama]]
|-
| {{dts||September|3}} || [[2008 Vuelta a España|Vuelta a España]], Stage 5 || None || {{flagathlete|{{sortname|Levi|Leipheimer}}|USA}} || Spain || [[Ciudad Real]]
|-
| {{dts||September|13}} || [[2008 Vuelta a España|Vuelta a España]], Stage 13 || None || {{flagathlete|{{sortname|Alberto|Contador}}|ESP}} || Spain || [[Alto de El Angliru]]
|-
| {{dts||September|14}} || [[2008 Vuelta a España|Vuelta a España]], Stage 14 || None || {{flagathlete|{{sortname|Alberto|Contador}}|ESP}} || Spain || [[Fuentes de Invierno]]
|-
| {{dts||September|20}} || [[2008 Vuelta a España|Vuelta a España]], Stage 20 || None || {{flagathlete|{{sortname|Levi|Leipheimer}}|USA}} || Spain || [[Alto de Navacerrada]]
|-
| {{dts||September|21}} || [[2008 Vuelta a España|Vuelta a España]], Overall || None || {{flagathlete|{{sortname|Alberto|Contador}}|ESP}} || Spain ||
|-
| {{dts||September|21}} || [[2008 Vuelta a España|Vuelta a España]], Combination classification || None || {{flagathlete|{{sortname|Alberto|Contador}}|ESP}} || Spain ||
|}

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}
{{Astana seasons|state=expanded}}
{{2008 road cycling season by team}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Astana 2008}}
[[Category:2008 road cycling season by team]]
[[Category:Astana Pro Team]]
[[Category:2008 in Kazakhstani sport]]

2007 Astana season

2017-02-21T04:25:59Z

Bender the Bot: /* Offseason changes */HTTP→HTTPS for The New York Times. using AWB

{{Infobox cycling team season
| team = Astana
| season = 2007
| men = yes
| image = [[File:Paolo Savoldelli.jpg|300px]]
| image_caption = [[Paolo Savoldelli]] at the [[2007 Tour de Romandie]]
| ucicode = AST
| status =
| wrrank =
| series =
| rank =
| chairman =
| owner =
| manager = [[Marc Biver]]
| sponsor =
| base =
| bikes =
| groupset =
| onedaywins = 4
| stageraceoverall = 3
| stageracestages = 12
| natcwins = 2
| mostwins =
| bestrider =
| kitimage =
| previous =
| next = [[2008 Astana season|2008]]
}}

The 2007 season for the {{ct|AST|2007}} cycling team was its first, though the team's sponsors in the [[Kazakhstan]]i government had entered the sport the year before backing the dissolved [[ONCE cycling team|Liberty Seguros]] team. That same team was known as "Astana" for part of the season, including the [[2006 Vuelta a España]], but as the UCI license previously held by [[Manolo Saiz]] transferred to new ownership, headquartered in a new nation, it is considered a new team from 2007 onward. The team's manager for the 2007 season was former [[Tour de Suisse]] organizer [[Marc Biver]], who had never before managed a cycling team at any level.

The team's season began with the [[2007 Tour of Qatar|Tour of Qatar]] in late January and ended in November with [[Aaron Kemps]]' victory in the [[Noosa International Criterium]]. Astana participated in the [[2007 UCI ProTour]], but after withdrawing from the [[2007 Tour de France]] due to doping perpetrated by [[Alexander Vinokourov]], they participated in just one further ProTour event. Astana's 2007 season was largely marked by doping, as Vinokourov, [[Andrey Kashechkin]], [[Matthias Kessler]], and [[Eddy Mazzoleni]] all either tested positive for doping or were otherwise implicated in scandals and fired from the team. [[José Antonio Redondo]] was also fired during the 2007 season.

The repeated doping scandals caused the team's sponsors to eventually remove Biver as manager, replacing him in the offseason with [[Johan Bruyneel]], whose [[Discovery Channel Pro Cycling Team]] dissolved after the 2007 season.

The team's biggest win in 2007 that was not tainted by a doping scandal was [[Andreas Klöden]]'s overall victory in [[2007 Tirreno–Adriatico|Tirreno–Adriatico]]. The team also claimed stage wins in the [[2007 Giro d'Italia|Giro d'Italia]] and the [[2007 Critérium du Dauphiné Libéré|Critérium du Dauphiné Libéré]], and won a stage and the overall title in the [[Tour de Luxembourg]].

==2007 team roster==
Ages as of January 1, 2007<ref>{{cite web |date=2007-12-31 |title=Astaná 2007 |url=http://www.cyclingwebsite.net/ploegfiche.php?id=13162 |publisher=The Cyclingwebsite|accessdate=2009-07-16}}</ref>
{{Cycling squad start}}
{{Cycling squad rider|name=[[Igor Abakoumov]]|nat=BEL|birthdate={{birth date and age2|2007|1|1|1981|5|30}}}}
{{Cycling squad rider|name=[[Assan Bazayev]]|nat=KAZ|birthdate={{birth date and age2|2007|1|1|1981|2|22}}}}
{{Cycling squad rider|name=[[Antonio Colóm]]|nat=ESP|birthdate={{birth date and age2|2007|1|1|1978|5|11}}}}
{{Cycling squad rider|name=[[Koen de Kort]]|nat=NED|birthdate={{birth date and age2|2007|1|1|1982|9|8}}}}
{{Cycling squad rider|name=[[Thomas Frei]]|nat=SUI|birthdate={{birth date and age2|2007|1|1|1984|1|19}}}}
{{Cycling squad rider|name=[[Maxim Gourov]]|nat=KAZ|birthdate={{birth date and age2|2008|1|1|1979|1|30}}}}
{{Cycling squad rider|name=[[René Haselbacher]]|nat=AUT|birthdate={{birth date and age2|2007|1|1|1977|9|15}}}}
{{Cycling squad rider|name=[[Maxim Iglinskiy]]|nat=KAZ|birthdate={{birth date and age2|2007|1|1|1981|4|18}}}}
{{Cycling squad rider|name=[[Sergei Ivanov (cyclist)|Sergei Ivanov]]|nat=RUS|birthdate={{birth date and age2|2007|1|1|1975|3|5}}}}
{{Cycling squad rider|name=[[Benoit Joachim]]|nat=LUX|birthdate={{birth date and age2|2007|1|1|1976|1|4}}}}
{{Cycling squad rider|name=[[Andrey Kashechkin]]<ref>Kashechkin was fired from the team on August 20 after his positive doping test at a control in Turkey</ref>|nat=KAZ|birthdate={{birth date and age2|2007|1|1|1980|3|21}}}}
{{Cycling squad rider|name=[[Matthias Kessler]]<ref>Kessler was fired from the team on July 13 after his positive doping test at a control in Belgium, before [[2007 La Flèche Wallonne|La Flèche Wallonne]]</ref>|nat=GER|birthdate={{birth date and age2|2007|1|1|1979|5|16}}}}
{{Cycling squad rider|name=[[Andreas Klöden]]|nat=GER|birthdate={{birth date and age2|2007|1|1|1975|6|22}}}}
{{Cycling squad rider|name=[[Alexey Kolessov]]|nat=KAZ|birthdate={{birth date and age2|2007|1|1|1984|9|22}}}}
{{Cycling squad mid}}
{{Cycling squad rider|name=[[Julien Mazet]]|nat=FRA|birthdate={{birth date and age2|2007|1|1|1981|3|19}}}}
{{Cycling squad rider|name=[[Eddy Mazzoleni]]<ref>Mazzoleni left the team on July 16 pending a hearing regarding his involvement in the [[Oil for Drugs]] scandal, and eventually retired</ref>|nat=ITA|birthdate={{birth date and age2|2007|1|1|1973|7|29}}}}
{{Cycling squad rider|name=[[Gennady Mikhaylov]]|nat=RUS|birthdate={{birth date and age2|2007|1|1|1974|2|8}}}}
{{Cycling squad rider|name=[[Andrey Mizurov]]|nat=KAZ|birthdate={{birth date and age2|2007|1|1|1973|3|16}}}}
{{Cycling squad rider|name=[[Steve Morabito]]|nat=SUI|birthdate={{birth date and age2|2007|1|1|1983|1|30}}}}
{{Cycling squad rider|name=[[Dmitriy Muravyev]]|nat=KAZ|birthdate={{birth date and age2|2007|1|1|1979|2|11}}}}
{{Cycling squad rider|name=[[Daniel Navarro]]|nat=ESP|birthdate={{birth date and age2|2007|1|1|1983|7|8}}}}
{{Cycling squad rider|name=[[Grégory Rast]]|nat=SUI|birthdate={{birth date and age2|2007|1|1|1980|1|17}}}}
{{Cycling squad rider|name=[[José Antonio Redondo]]<ref>Redondo was fired from the team on September 5</ref>|nat=ESP|birthdate={{birth date and age2|2007|1|1|1985|3|5}}}}
{{Cycling squad rider|name=[[Paolo Savoldelli]]|nat=ITA|birthdate={{birth date and age2|2007|1|1|1973|5|7}}}}
{{Cycling squad rider|name=[[Michael Schär]]|nat=SUI|birthdate={{birth date and age2|2007|1|1|1986|9|29}}}}
{{Cycling squad rider|name=[[Evgeniy Sladkov]]|nat=KAZ|birthdate={{birth date and age2|2007|1|1|1983|12|15}}}}
{{Cycling squad rider|name=[[Alexander Vinokourov]]<ref>Vinokourov was fired from the team on July 30 after his positive doping test at the Tour de France</ref>|nat=KAZ|birthdate={{birth date and age2|2007|1|1|1973|9|16}}}}
{{Cycling squad rider|name=[[Serguei Yakovlev|Sergei Yakovlev]]|nat=KAZ|birthdate={{birth date and age2|2007|1|1|1976|4|21}}}}
{{Cycling squad end}}

===Riders' 2006 teams===
Astana in this table refers to the prior Astana team, which began the 2006 season known as {{ct|ONC|2006a}}.
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Rider
!2006 team
|-
|[[Igor Abakoumov]]||[[Jartazi cycling team|Jartazi]]
|-
|[[Assan Bazayev]]||{{ct|ONC|2006d}}
|-
|[[Antonio Colom]]||{{ct|GCE|2006}}
|-
|[[Koen de Kort]]||{{ct|ONC|2006d}}
|-
|[[Thomas Frei]]||''neo-pro''
|-
|[[Maxim Gourov]]||none
|-
|[[René Haselbacher]]||{{ct|GST|2006}}
|-
|[[Maxim Iglinskiy]]||{{ct|MRM|2006}}
|-
|[[Sergei Ivanov (cyclist)|Sergei Ivanov]]||{{ct|THR|2006}}
|-
|[[Benoit Joachim]]||{{ct|DSC|2006}}
|-
|[[Andrey Kashechkin]]||{{ct|ONC|2006d}}
|-
|[[Aaron Kemps]]||{{ct|ONC|2006d}}
|-
|[[Matthias Kessler]]||{{ct|THR|2006}}
|-
|[[Andreas Klöden]]||{{ct|THR|2006}}
|-
|[[Alexey Kolessov]]||none
|}
{{col-2}}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Rider
!2006 team
|-
|[[Julien Mazet]]||[[Auber 93]]
|-
|[[Eddy Mazzoleni]]||{{ct|THR|2006}}
|-
|[[Gennady Mikhaylov]]||{{ct|DSC|2006}}
|-
|[[Andrey Mizurov]]||Capec
|-
|[[Steve Morabito]]||{{ct|PHO|2006}}
|-
|[[Dimitry Muravyev]]||[[Jartazi cycling team|Jartazi]]
|-
|[[Daniel Navarro]]||{{ct|ONC|2006d}}
|-
|[[Grégory Rast]]||{{ct|PHO|2006}}
|-
|[[José Antonio Redondo]]||{{ct|ONC|2006d}}
|-
|[[Daniel Navarro]]||{{ct|ONC|2006d}}
|-
|[[Paolo Savoldelli]]||{{ct|DSC|2006}}
|-
|[[Michael Schär]]||''neo-pro''
|-
|[[Evgeniy Sladkov]]||''neo-pro''
|-
|[[Alexander Vinokourov]]||{{ct|ONC|2006d}}
|-
|[[Serguei Yakovlev|Sergei Yakovlev]]||{{ct|ONC|2006d}}
|}
{{col-end}}

==Genesis of the new team==
{{see also|ONCE cycling team#Sponsorship Changes and 2006 season}}

Astana has its roots in the former [[ONCE cycling team]]. [[ONCE]], the Spanish national organization for deaf people, departed sponsorship in 2003 and was immediately replaced with [[Liberty Seguros]], the Spanish subsidiary of a [[Boston]]-based insurance company. Liberty Seguros departed sponsorship in 2006, and sponsors in Kazakhstan stepped forward to back the team. It was briefly known as Astana-Würth until [[Würth]], a German supplier of machine parts, also dropped sponsorship.<ref>{{cite web|author=Andrew Hood |title=Kazakh consortium underwrites Saiz's team |url=http://velonews.com/article/9946 |publisher=VeloNews |date=2006-06-02 |accessdate=2009-07-14 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090726000812/http://velonews.com/article/9946 |archivedate=July 26, 2009 }}</ref> For the last part of the 2006 season, the team competed under the name "Astana", including in the [[2006 Vuelta a España]], which was won by Astana rider [[Alexander Vinokourov]].

Former Liberty Seguros team manager [[Manolo Saiz]] had contracts with Vinokourov and [[Andrey Kashechkin]], as well as ownership of the [[UCI ProTour]] license the Kazakhstani sponsors wished to obtain. The sponsors originally signed with Saiz as well, but after Saiz's implication in the [[Operación Puerto doping case]] and the non-start of what was then known as the Astana-Würth team in the [[2006 Tour de France]], the Kazakhs nullified their contract with Saiz. On December 16, 2006, Saiz was informed that any team of hi would not be granted ProTour status for 2007 due to his involvement in the Operación Puerto.<ref>{{cite web |author=Shane Stokes |title=Unibet in, Saiz out, ProTour place still possible for Astana |url=http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/news.php?id=news/2006/dec06/dec16news |publisher=Cycling News |date=2006-12-16 |accessdate=2009-07-14}}</ref> Though the UCI originally declined to grant the license to the Kazakhs on the grounds of uncertainty in their financial security,<ref>{{cite web |title=Biver disappointed with UCI over Astana ProTour Bid |url=http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/news.php?id=features/2006/biver_disappointed |publisher=Cycling News |date=2006-12-02 |accessdate=2009-07-14}}</ref> they were eventually given the final place in the [[2007 UCI ProTour]],<ref>{{cite web |author=Greg Johnson |url=http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/news.php?id=news/2006/dec06/dec20news |title=Astana granted ProTour licence |publisher=Cycling News |date=2006-12-20 |accessdate=2009-07-16}}</ref> though ProTour events were not obligated to invite them or {{ct|UNI|2006}} as they were the other 18 ProTeams.<ref name="vueltadisinvite">{{cite web |author=Erica Bulman |url=http://www.usatoday.com/sports/cycling/2007-08-20-1626539736_x.htm |title=Astana to resume racing at ProTour event on Sept. 2 in France |publisher=USA Today |date=2007-08-20 |accessdate=2009-07-16}}</ref> Former [[Tour de Suisse]] organizer [[Marc Biver]] was named the general manager of the new team, largely because his [[sports agent|agency]] IMG Switzerland was representing Vinokourov at the time. Biver had never managed a professional cycling team before.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/riders/2007/interviews/?id=marc_biver07 |title=Marc Biver: Leading the way at Astana, Part 1 of 2 |publisher=Cycling News |date=2007-02-03 |accessdate=2009-07-16}}</ref> Many of the riders from 2006's Astana team joined the new team, though only Vinokourov and Kashechkin had been under contract beyond 2006 with the former Liberty Seguros team.

==One-day races==

===Spring classics===
Before the races known as "classics" and the [[2007 UCI ProTour|UCI ProTour]] began, Astana picked up a victory in the ''Trofeo Soller'', part of the [[Vuelta a Mallorca]] quasi-stage race, as [[Antonio Colom]] won a sprint finish over countrymen breakaway companions [[Luis León Sánchez]] and [[Alberto Contador]].<ref>{{cite web |author=Shane Stokes |url=http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road.php?id=road/2007/feb07/balears07/balears074 |title=Success for Colom and León Sánchez |date=2007-02-14 |accessdate=2009-07-21 |publisher=Cycling News}}</ref>

Astana was invited to every one-day race in the spring portion of the ProTour. The team was moderately successful, despite not winning any race - they finished in the top ten at the [[2007 Tour of Flanders|Tour of Flanders]] ([[Dmitriy Muravyev]] in 8th),<ref>{{cite web |author=Gregor Brown and Brecht Decaluwé |url=http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road/2007/apr07/rvv07/?id=results |title=Ballan blasts Hoste for monumental win |date=2007-04-08 |accessdate=2009-07-21 |publisher=Cycling News}}</ref> the [[2007 Amstel Gold Race|Amstel Gold Race]] ([[Matthias Kessler]] in 4th),<ref>{{cite web |author=Gregor Brown and Brecht Decaluwé |url=http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road/2007/apr07/amstel07/?id=results |title=Schumi speeds to classic win |date=2007-04-22 |accessdate=2009-07-21 |publisher=Cycling News| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20090624094642/http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road/2007/apr07/amstel07/?id=results| archivedate= 24 June 2009 | deadurl= no}}</ref> [[2007 La Flèche Wallonne|La Flèche Wallonne]] (Kessler in 4th again, though his [[2007 Astana season#Doping scandals|positive doping test at a control taken before the event]] casts doubt on the legitimacy of this result),<ref>{{cite web |author=Shane Stokes and Gregor Brown |url=http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road/2007/apr07/flechewallonne07/?id=results |title=Tin-tin Rebellin gets another Gerolsteiner win |date=2007-04-25 |accessdate=2009-07-21 |publisher=Cycling News}}</ref> and [[2007 Liège–Bastogne–Liège|Liège–Bastogne–Liège]] (Kessler in 8th).<ref>{{cite web |author=Gregor Brown, Brecht Decaluwé and Shane Stokes |url=http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road/2007/apr07/lbl07/?id=results |title=Di Luca strikes again |date=2007-04-29 |accessdate=2009-07-21 |publisher=Cycling News}}</ref>

The team also participated in [[Omloop Het Nieuwsblad|Omloop Het Volk]], [[Kuurne–Brussels–Kuurne]], and [[E3 Prijs Vlaanderen]], but not finish higher than 11th in any of them.<ref>{{cite web |author=Gregor Brown and Brecht Decaluwé |url=http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road/2007/mar07/E3prijs07/?id=results |title=Boonen follows in the footsteps of Van Looy |date=2007-03-31 |accessdate=2009-07-21 |publisher=Cycling News}}</ref>

===Fall races===
After [[2007 Astana season#Tour de France|Alexander Vinokourov's positive doping test at the Tour de France]], the team did not enter many races, and were not invited to any of the fall one-day races in the ProTour. They obtained three wins at post-Tour criteriums, namely [[Andreas Klöden]] in [[City Nacht Rhede]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road.php?id=road/2007/aug07/rhede07 |title=City Nacht Rhede - NE |date=2007-08-03 |accessdate=2009-07-21 |publisher=Cycling News}}</ref> and [[Aaron Kemps]] in the [[Herald Sun Classic]] (run as the prologue to the [[Herald Sun Tour]])<ref>{{cite web |author=John Trevorrow |url=http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road/2007/oct07/suntour07/?id=results/suntour070 |title=Bundaberg boy Kemps burns it up in Bendigo |date=2007-10-14 |accessdate=2009-07-21 |publisher=Cycling News}}</ref> and the [[Noosa International Criterium]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road.php?id=road/2007/nov07/noosa07 |title= Kemps claims biggest Noosa Crit pay day |date=2007-11-03 |accessdate=2009-07-21 |publisher=Cycling News}}</ref>

==Stage races==
Astana's first event of the season was the [[2007 Tour of Qatar|Tour of Qatar]]. This event was dominated by [[Tom Boonen]] and team {{ct|QST|2007}}; Astana's best stage placing was [[René Haselbacher]]'s 4th in Stage 6, and [[Michael Schär]] in 15th was the best-placed on the team in the final overall classification.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road.php?id=road/2007/jan07/qatar07/qatar076 |title=Quick-Step finish off Qatar work |date=2007-02-02 |accessdate=2009-07-21 |publisher=Cycling News}}</ref> The team then sent a squad to the [[Volta ao Algarve]] in February, with Haselbacher finishing on the podium, in second overall.<ref>{{cite web |author=Jean-François Quénet |url=http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road.php?id=road/2007/feb07/algarve07/algarve075 |title=Petacchi takes the final crown |date=2007-02-25 |accessdate=2009-07-21 |publisher=Cycling News}}</ref>

At [[2007 Tirreno–Adriatico|Tirreno–Adriatico]] in March, [[Andreas Klöden]] won the race overall without winning an individual stage,<ref>{{cite web |author=Gregor Brown |url=http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road/2007/mar07/tirreno07/?id=results/tirreno077 |title=Fernández wins first, Klöden locks overall |date=2007-03-20 |accessdate=2009-07-21 |publisher=Cycling News}}</ref> largely because of his high placing and margin over previous race leader [[Stefan Schumacher]] in the high mountain stage 6.<ref>{{cite web |author=Gregor Brown |url=http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road/2007/mar07/tirreno07/?id=results/tirreno076 |title=King Bono of San Giacomo |date=2007-03-19 |accessdate=2009-07-21 |publisher=Cycling News}}</ref> In April, Klöden claimed his second overall victory of the season at the [[Circuit de la Sarthe (cycling)|Circuit de la Sarthe]],<ref>{{cite web |author=Jean-François Quénet |url=http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road.php?id=road/2007/apr07/sarthe07/sarthe074 |title=Sutton the fastest in Le Mans, Klöden captures overall |date=2007-04-13 |accessdate=2009-07-21 |publisher=Cycling News}}</ref> winning a stage in this one, the time trial portion of the split Stage 2.<ref>{{cite web |author=Jean-François Quénet |url=http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road.php?id=road/2007/apr07/sarthe07/sarthe072b |title= Klöden gets the win by two seconds over Wiggins |date=2007-04-11 |accessdate=2009-07-21 |publisher=Cycling News}}</ref>

In May, the team found success at the [[2007 Tour de Romandie|Tour de Romandie]]. First, [[Paolo Savoldelli]] won the prologue individual time trial.<ref>{{cite web |author=Susan Westemeyer |url=http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road/2007/may07/romandie07/?id=results/romandie070 |title=Savoldelli repeats prologue win with a blow-out |date=2007-05-01 |accessdate=2009-07-21 |publisher=Cycling News}}</ref> Both he and [[Andrey Kashechkin]] subsequently finished on the podium, second and third respectively, after showing well in the final time trial, also finishing second and third respectively in that stage.<ref>{{cite web |author=Susan Westemeyer |url=http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road/2007/may07/romandie07/?id=results/romandie075 |title=Dekker takes it all |date=2007-05-06 |accessdate=2009-07-21 |publisher=Cycling News}}</ref> [[Grégory Rast]] next won the [[Tour de Luxembourg]] in June thanks to time bonuses won by sprinting to victory in the final stage.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road.php?id=road/2007/jun07/luxembourg07/luxembourg074 |title=Rast sprints to stage and tour win |date=2007-06-10 |accessdate=2009-07-21 |publisher=Cycling News}}</ref> In the [[2007 Tour de Suisse|Tour de Suisse]] two weeks later, Klöden earned a third place and a second place in the Tour's last two stages to earn a few UCI ProTour points. He finished the event tenth overall.<ref>{{cite web |author=Shane Stokes |url=http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road/2007/jun07/suisse07/?id=results/suisse078 |title=Uran boosts Unibet morale, Efimkin still in pole position |date=2007-06-23 |accessdate=2009-07-21 |publisher=Cycling News}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Shane Stokes |url=http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road/2007/jun07/suisse07/?id=results/suisse079 |title=Flying Karpets grabs Tour de Suisse |date=2007-06-24 |accessdate=2009-07-21 |publisher=Cycling News}}</ref>

The team was greatly successful at the [[2007 Critérium du Dauphiné Libéré|Critérium du Dauphiné Libéré]], winning four stages, the points classification, having two different riders wear the yellow jerseym and finishing on the event's final podium. They took the top two positions in the Stage 3 individual time trial, with Vinokourov and Kashechkin. The win put Vinokourov in the race lead.<ref>{{cite web |author=Jean-François Quénet |url=http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road/2007/jun07/dauphinelibere07/?id=results/dauphinelibere073 |title=Vino in perfect timing promotes Kash |date=2007-06-13 |accessdate=2009-07-21 |publisher=Cycling News}}</ref> Kashechkin took the race lead the next day after climbing [[Mont Ventoux]] five minutes faster than Vinokourov.<ref>{{cite web |author=Jean-François Quénet |url=http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road/2007/jun07/dauphinelibere07/?id=results/dauphinelibere074 |title=Moreau reaches his nirvana on the Ventoux |date=2007-06-14 |accessdate=2009-07-21 |publisher=Cycling News}}</ref> [[Antonio Colom]] and Vinokourov formed a winning breakaway in the next stage, with Colom winning the sprint to the finish line, and Kashechkin retaining the race lead.<ref>{{cite web |author=Jean-François Quénet |url=http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road/2007/jun07/dauphinelibere07/?id=results/dauphinelibere075 |title=Astana everywhere: Colom and Vino make another 1-2 |date=2007-06-15 |accessdate=2009-07-21 |publisher=Cycling News}}</ref> Stage 6, the Dauphiné's queen stage, was another Astana victory in a breakaway, this time a solo effort from [[Maxim Iglinskiy]]. Kashechkin lost the overall lead in the race to eventual champion [[Christophe Moreau]] on this stage.<ref>{{cite web |author=Jean-François Quénet |url=http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road/2007/jun07/dauphinelibere07/?id=results/dauphinelibere076 |title=Surprise, surprise, it's Moreau…kourov! |date=2007-06-16 |accessdate=2009-07-21 |publisher=Cycling News}}</ref> The final individual time trial provided the cap to an extremely successful event for Astana, with Vinokourov winning to give them a fourth stage win, and Kashechkin holding on for third in the overall classification. His repeated high placings earned Vinokourov victory in the points classification.<ref>{{cite web |author=Jean-François Quénet |url=http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road/2007/jun07/dauphinelibere07/?id=results/dauphinelibere077 |title=Vinokourov gives Astana a fourth stage win |date=2007-06-17 |accessdate=2009-07-21 |publisher=Cycling News}}</ref>

After [[2007 Astana season#Tour de France|Vinokourov's positive doping test in the Tour de France]], the team was disinvited from most of the remaining ProTour events on the schedule, specifically the [[2007 Deutschland Tour|Deutschland Tour]], the [[2007 Eneco Tour of Benelux|Eneco Tour]], and the [[2007 Vuelta a España|Vuelta a España]], participating only in the [[2007 Tour de Pologne|Tour de Pologne]] (they did not achieve a notable result in this race). One of the few events the team entered in the fall was the [[Herald Sun Tour]], where they won four stages, two each by [[Aaron Kemps]]<ref>{{cite web |author=John Trevorrow |url=http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road/2007/oct07/suntour07/?id=results/suntour073 |title=Kemps on fire, gets second win |date=2007-10-17 |accessdate=2009-07-21 |publisher=Cycling News}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=John Trevorrow |url=http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road/2007/oct07/suntour07/?id=results/suntour077 |title=Wilson wins first big one |date=2007-10-21 |accessdate=2009-07-21 |publisher=Cycling News}}</ref> and [[Steve Morabito]].<ref>{{cite web |author=John Trevorrow |url=http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road/2007/oct07/suntour07/?id=results/suntour074 |title=Euro day: Morabito stage, Van Leijen overall |date=2007-10-18 |accessdate=2009-07-21 |publisher=Cycling News}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=John Trevorrow |url=http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road/2007/oct07/suntour07/?id=results/suntour076 |title=Wilson hangs on by seconds |date=2007-10-20 |accessdate=2009-07-21 |publisher=Cycling News}}</ref>

The team sent squads to [[2007 Paris–Nice|Paris–Nice]], [[Three Days of De Panne]], and the [[2007 Vuelta al País Vasco|Vuelta al País Vasco]], but did not obtain a notable result in any of them.

==Grand Tours==

===Giro d'Italia===
Astana was one of 22 teams to participate in the [[2007 Giro d'Italia|Giro d'Italia]]. [[Paolo Savoldelli]] was an outside favorite in the event,<ref>{{cite web |author=Gregor Brown |url=http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road/2007/giro07/ |title=Open Giro on the horizon |date=2007-05-10 |accessdate=2009-07-19 |publisher=Cycling News}}</ref> though he never actually threatened the overall lead, instead helping [[Eddy Mazzoleni]] in some late mountain stages. The team started fairly well, finishing 13 seconds behind {{ct|LIQ|2007}} in the Stage 1 team time trial for second place, though they had only the minimum of five riders finishing together. Savoldelli and Mazzoleni were among the riders that were thus 13 seconds off the pace after Stage 1.<ref>{{cite web |author=Gregor Brown and Tim Maloney |url=http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road/2007/giro07/?id=results/giro071 |title=Gasparotto Surprises |date=2007-05-12|accessdate=2009-07-19 |publisher=Cycling News}}</ref> [[Assan Bazayev]] got two high stage placings in the next week, firstly fourth in a sprint finish to Stage 2<ref>{{cite web |author=Gregor Brown and Tim Maloney |url=http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road/2007/giro07/?id=results/giro072 |title=Rockin' Robbie McEwen sprints ahead of greats |date=2007-05-13|accessdate=2009-07-19 |publisher=Cycling News}}</ref> and then third in Stage 8 from a breakaway. [[Serguei Yakovlev|Sergei Yakovlev]] was also in this breakaway, and held third place in the overall classification for two days as a result.<ref>{{cite web |author=Gregor Brown and Tim Maloney |url=http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road/2007/giro07/?id=results/giro078 |title=Arvesen victorious among many breakaway companions |date=2007-05-20|accessdate=2009-07-19 |publisher=Cycling News}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Gregor Brown and Tim Maloney |url=http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road/2007/giro07/?id=results/giro079 |title=Napolitano nails first |date=2007-05-21|accessdate=2009-07-19 |publisher=Cycling News}}</ref>

After consecutive fifth-place showings in Stages 14 and 15, Mazzoleni rose to second overall, just under two minutes behind race leader and eventual Giro champion [[Danilo Di Luca]].<ref>{{cite web |author=Gregor Brown and Tim Maloney |url=http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road/2007/giro07/?id=results/giro0714 |title=Garzelli rips into Bergamo from power-escape |date=2007-05-26|accessdate=2009-07-19 |publisher=Cycling News}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author=Gregor Brown and Tim Maloney |url=http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road/2007/giro07/?id=results/giro0715 |title=Riccò takes his first on mythical Tre Cime di Lavaredo |date=2007-05-27|accessdate=2009-07-19 |publisher=Cycling News}}</ref> He stayed there until the short but very mountainous Stage 17, where he slipped to fifth overall after losing over two minutes.<ref>{{cite web |author=Gregor Brown and Tim Maloney |url=http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road/2007/giro07/?id=results/giro0717 |title=Simoni: King of Zoncolan |date=2007-05-30|accessdate=2009-07-19 |publisher=Cycling News}}</ref> A very successful Stage 20 [[individual time trial]] saw Astana take first and second, with Savoldelli and Mazzoleni, respectively.<ref>{{cite web |author=Gregor Brown and Tim Maloney |url=http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road/2007/giro07/?id=results/giro0720 |title=Savoldelli blasts into Verona |date=2007-06-02|accessdate=2009-07-19 |publisher=Cycling News}}</ref> Mazzoleni returned to a podium position after the stage, in third overall, and finished in that position as the race concluded the next day.<ref>{{cite web |author=Gregor Brown and Tim Maloney |url=http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road/2007/giro07/?id=results/giro0721 |title=Petacchi reigns sprint king - Di Luca secures Giro win |date=2007-06-03|accessdate=2009-07-19 |publisher=Cycling News| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20090629042316/http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road/2007/giro07/?id=results/giro0721| archivedate= 29 June 2009 | deadurl= no}}</ref>

===Tour de France===
Astana was one of 21 teams invited to the Tour de France. Vinokourov and Klöden were the squad's co-captains, with Kashechkin their main lieutenant and prepared to be a protected rider should either or both of them falter.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road/2007/tour07/ |title=Wide-open Tour prepares to depart London |publisher=Cycling News |accessdate=2009-07-16}}</ref> Vinokourov and Klöden showed well in the prologue time trial, with Klöden second and thus the wearer of the green jersey in Stage 1, with Vinokourov seventh.<ref>{{cite web |author=Tim Maloney |url=http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road/2007/tour07/?id=results/tour070 |title=Rainbow fades to yellow in London Town |publisher=Cycling News |date=2007-07-07 |accessdate=2009-07-16| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20090621114229/http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road/2007/tour07/?id=results/tour070| archivedate= 21 June 2009 | deadurl= no}}</ref> Klöden stayed out of trouble in Stages 1 through 6, which all featured sprint finishes, but Vinokourov first fell from the top ten due to time bonuses obtained by sprinters and then when he lost over a minute in Stage 5, crashing before the final climb.<ref>{{cite web |author=Shane Stokes and Gregor Brown|url=http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road/2007/tour07/?id=results/tour075 |title=Predictions come true for Pippo |publisher=Cycling News |date=2007-07-12 |accessdate=2009-07-16}}</ref> The high mountain Stages 7 and 8 saw Klöden fall as well, first as a breakaway in Stage 7 was afforded enough time to shake up the top ten<ref>{{cite web |author=Gregor Brown and Brecht Decaluwé|url=http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road/2007/tour07/?id=results/tour077 |title=Gerdemann scores one for the new breed |publisher=Cycling News |date=2007-07-14 |accessdate=2009-07-16}}</ref> and then as Vinokourov and Klöden were both over four minutes off the winning pace of [[Michael Rasmussen]] in Stage 8. This stage, however, saw the rise of Kashechkin to fifth overall.<ref>{{cite web |author=Gregor Brown and Brecht Decaluwé|url=http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road/2007/tour07/?id=results/tour078 |title=Rasmussen conquers Tignes and Jaune |publisher=Cycling News |date=2007-07-15 |accessdate=2009-07-16}}</ref> In the next stage, after the first rest day, Klöden rebounded with a 9th place finish to return to the top ten, at seventh overall. Vinokourov was, at this point, 21st.<ref>{{cite web |author=Gregor Brown and Brecht Decaluwé|url=http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road/2007/tour07/?id=results/tour079 |title=Soler shines in Briançon |publisher=Cycling News |date=2007-07-17 |accessdate=2009-07-16}}</ref>

The next four stages all ended in group sprints. Stage 13 was an [[individual time trial]]. Vinokourov was originally the winner of this stage, by a margin of over a minute against second-place finisher [[Cadel Evans]]. It was thought at the time, and said by Vinokourov, to be his return to competitiveness in the overall classification, as it indeed lifted him to ninth at the time. Klöden and Kashechkin were originally third and fourth on the stage, putting all of them in the top ten overall and giving Astana the lead in the teams classification.<ref>{{cite web |author=Gregor Brown and Brecht Decaluwé|url=http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road/2007/tour07/?id=results/tour0713 |title=A mighty maillot jaune holds - Vino returns with stage win |publisher=Cycling News |date=2007-07-21 |accessdate=2009-07-16| archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20090621143523/http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road/2007/tour07/?id=results/tour0713| archivedate= 21 June 2009 | deadurl= no}}</ref> In Stage 14, Vinokourov lost nearly 30 minutes and plummeted from 9th to 30th in the overall classification, while Klöden, Kashechkin, and [[Antonio Colom]] all finished in the top ten, keeping Klöden and Kashechkin in the top ten overall.<ref>{{cite web |author=Gregor Brown and Brecht Decaluwé|url=http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road/2007/tour07/?id=results/tour0714 |title=Rasmussen takes control of the Tour |publisher=Cycling News |date=2007-07-22 |accessdate=2009-07-16}}</ref> Stage 15 the next day was one of the Tour's marquee stages, with five high mountain climbs. Vinokourov originally won this stage after escaping from a 25-man breakaway and soloing to the finish line.<ref>{{cite web |author=Gregor Brown and Brecht Decaluwé|url=http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road/2007/tour07/?id=results/tour0715 |title=Vinokourov solos to second consolation win |publisher=Cycling News |date=2007-07-23 |accessdate=2009-07-16}}</ref> After this stage, Klöden was fifth overall and Kashechkin eighth, and the team was in the lead of the teams classification. It would prove to be the last stage of the Tour for Astana, as news surfaced on the second rest day, after Stage 15, that Vinokourov had tested positive for [[blood doping]]. The team was subsequently "invited to withdraw,"<ref>{{cite web|author=TDF Blog |url=http://www.livestrong.com/health-article/l-equipe-moreni-of-cofidis-positive_ba41d082-c14b-4db0-8e1a-b18a0c48811a/ |title=L'Equipe: Moreni of Cofidis positive |publisher=Livestrong.com |date=2007-07-25 |accessdate=2009-07-16 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090711193318/http://www.livestrong.com/health-article/l-equipe-moreni-of-cofidis-positive_ba41d082-c14b-4db0-8e1a-b18a0c48811a/ |archivedate=July 11, 2009 }}</ref> and did, leaving en masse before Stage 16. On April 30, 2008, Vinokourov was formally stripped of his two stage wins.<ref>{{cite web |author=Susan Westemeyer|url=http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/news.php?id=news/2008/apr08/apr30news |title=Vino stripped of Tour stage wins, Kirchen and Evans named winners |publisher=Cycling News |date=2008-04-30 |accessdate=2009-07-16}}</ref>

==Doping scandals==
Astana's 2007 season was largely marked by doping scandals. At a doping control before [[2007 La Flèche Wallonne|La Flèche Wallonne]], [[Matthias Kessler]]'s sample had abnormally high [[testosterone (medication)|testosterone]]. When this was confirmed by his B-sample, on July 13, the team fired him.<ref>{{cite web |author=Erica Bulman|url=http://www.usatoday.com/sports/cycling/2007-07-13-1626539736_x.htm |title=Astana fires Kessler after B sample returns positive |publisher=USA Today |date=2007-07-13 |accessdate=2009-07-16}}</ref> Shortly thereafter, [[Eddy Mazzoleni]] quit the team pending a hearing probing his involvement in the [[Oil for Drugs]] case, while leaving open the possibility of returning with another team.<ref>{{cite web |author=Reuters |url=http://sports.espn.go.com/espn/print?id=2938663&type=story |title=Mazzoleni leaves Astana, could still race |publisher=ESPN |date=2007-07-16 |accessdate=2009-07-16}}</ref> Later that same day, though, he retired altogether from the sport,<ref>{{cite web |author=Associated Press |url=http://the.honoluluadvertiser.com/article/2007/Jul/16/br/br5680293741.html |title=Cycling: Italy's Mazzoleni retires |publisher=The Honolulu Advertiser |date=2007-07-16 |accessdate=2009-07-16}}</ref> and was subsequently banned for two years in April 2008.<ref>{{cite web |author=Greg Johnson and Paul Verkuylen|url=http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/news.php?id=news/2008/apr08/apr09news |title=Mazzoleni gets two-year ban |publisher=Cycling News |date=2008-04-08 |accessdate=2009-07-16}}</ref>

Vinokourov's positive blood doping test at the Tour de France was the team's most noticeable doping scandal of the season, such that it was referred to as a "disgrace."<ref>{{cite web |author=Laura Weislo |url=http://autobus.cyclingnews.com/road/2007/tour07/news/?id=/news/2007/jul07/jul25news2 |title=Tour de France responds to Vinokourov disgrace |publisher=Cycling News |date=2007-07-25 |accessdate=2009-07-16}}</ref> After his B-sample also tested positive, the team fired him, on July 30.<ref>{{cite web |author=Cycling Weekly |url=http://www.cyclingweekly.co.uk/news/latest/348675/astana-sack-vinokourov.html |title=ASTANA SACK VINOKOUROV |publisher=Cycling Weekly |date=2007-07-30 |accessdate=2009-07-16}}</ref> After Vinokourov's positive at the Tour, the team went into a self-imposed suspension and did not participate in any races for some six weeks. During this time, [[Andrey Kashechkin]] tested positive for blood doping at an unannounced control in Turkey on August 1. On August 20, after his B-sample also tested positive, Kashechkin was dismissed from the team. The team planned to return at the [[2007 Vuelta a España|Vuelta a España]], but was disinvited from that event because of their repeated problems with doping.<ref name="vueltadisinvite" /> The team also fired [[José Antonio Redondo]], shortly after their hiatus ended, though this was not due to doping.<ref>{{cite web |author=DPA |url=http://www.earthtimes.org/articles/show/102614.html |title=Astana wants new licence, sacks Redondo |publisher=Earth Times |date=2007-09-05 |accessdate=2009-07-16}}</ref>

The repeated doping scandals prompted the UCI to summon Biver to explain his team's behavior, with a potential global suspension hanging over them.<ref>{{cite web |author=Mark Zalewski |url=http://www.cyclingnews.com/news/astana-on-the-brink |title=Astana On The Brink? |publisher=Cycling News |date=2007-08-11 |accessdate=2009-07-16}}</ref>

==Offseason changes==
After the season, Biver was dismissed as the team's general manager. He was replaced by [[Johan Bruyneel]] of the [[Discovery Channel Pro Cycling Team]], which, though coming off an extremely successful [[2007 Tour de France|Tour de France]], failed to find a sponsor for 2008 and folded.<ref>{{cite web |author=Ian Austen |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/08/10/sports/sportsspecial1/11cycling.html |title=Tour de France Winner’s Team Will Disband |publisher=The New York Times |date=2007-08-10 |accessdate=2009-07-16}}</ref> Bruyneel was the main target of the Kazakh Cycling Federation to lead the team starting in the 2008 season. At the same time as the Bruyneel hire, the KCF also announced that the team would follow the anti-doping system of Dr. Rasmus Damsgaard, the same system used by {{ct|CSC|2007}} in 2007.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/08/10/sports/sportsspecial1/11cycling.html |title=Bruyneel to join Astana |publisher=The New York Times |date=2007-08-10 |accessdate=2009-07-16 | first=Ian | last=Austen}}</ref> This was after Biver had refused to conduct an internal doping probe before the Tour de France.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,22091210-5013449,00.html |title= Team boss rules out doping inquiry |publisher=The Australian |date=2007-07-03 |accessdate=2009-07-16}}</ref> Eight riders from the Discovery Channel team also joined Astana for 2008, including Tour de France champion [[Alberto Contador]].<ref>{{cite web |date=2008-12-31 |title=Astaná 2008 |url=http://www.cyclingwebsite.net/ploegfiche.php?id=13904 |publisher=The Cyclingwebsite|accessdate=2009-07-21}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Team Astana in 2007}}
{{Astana seasons}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Astana 2007}}
[[Category:2007 road cycling season by team]]
[[Category:Astana Pro Team]]
[[Category:2007 in Kazakhstani sport]]

Vladimir Novikov (gymnast)

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{{Infobox sportsperson
|name=
|image =
| image_size =
|caption=
|birth_date={{birth date and age|df=y|1970|8|4}}
|birth_place= [[Alma-Ata]], [[Kazakh SSR]]
|death_date=
|death_place=
| height = {{convert|1.61|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
| weight = {{convert|58|kg|lb|abbr=on}}
|sport=[[Artistic gymnastics]]
| club = Dynamo Almaty
|show-medals=yes
| medaltemplates=
{{MedalCountry|the {{URS}}}}
{{MedalOlympics}}
{{MedalGold|[[1988 Summer Olympics|1988 Seoul]]|[[Gymnastics at the 1988 Summer Olympics – Women's artistic team all-around|Team]]}}
{{MedalCompetition|World championships}}
{{MedalGold|[[1987 World Artistic Gymnastics Championships|1987 Rotterdam]]|Team}}
{{MedalGold|[[1989 World Artistic Gymnastics Championships|1989 Stuttgart]]|Team}}
}}
'''Vladimir Anatolyevich Novikov''' ({{lang-ru|Владимир Анатольевич Новиков}}; born 4 August 1970 in [[Alma Ata]], [[Kazakh SSR]]) is a retired Soviet gymnast. He competed at the [[1988 Summer Olympics]] in all artistic gymnastics events and won a gold medal with the Soviet team. Individually his best result was sixth place on the parallel bars.<ref name=r1/> He won two more gold medals with the Soviet team at the world championships in 1987 and 1989.<ref name=r3/>

After retirement from competitions he coached gymnastics at the Woodward Gymnastics Camp in the United States, together with [[Vitaly Shcherbo]].<ref name=r2/>

==References==
{{Reflist|refs=
<ref name=r1>[http://www.sports-reference.com/olympics/athletes/no/vladimir-novikov-1.html Vladimir Novikov]. sports-reference.com</ref>
<ref name=r2>Gerald Eskenazi (5 March 1993) [https://www.nytimes.com/1993/03/05/sports/gymnastics-gymnast-s-tough-test-helping-deliver-baby.html GYMNASTICS; Gymnast's Tough Test: Helping Deliver Baby]. The New York Times</ref>
<ref name=r3>[http://slovari.yandex.ru/~%D0%BA%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8/%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F%20%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%20%D0%92%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%20%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87/ Новиков Владимир Анатольевич]. Olympic Encyclopedia (2006)</ref>
}}

{{Olympic champions artistic gymnastics Men TC|1988}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Novikov, Vladimir}}
[[Category:1970 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Soviet male artistic gymnasts]]
[[Category:Gymnasts at the 1988 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Olympic gymnasts of the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:Olympic gold medalists for the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:Olympic medalists in gymnastics]]
[[Category:Kazakhstani male artistic gymnasts]]
[[Category:Medalists at the 1988 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Medalists at the World Artistic Gymnastics Championships]]

Media of Kazakhstan

2017-02-19T12:35:41Z

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{{Refimprove|date=April 2013}}
The '''media of Kazakhstan''' ({{lang-kk|Қазақстанның республикасы бұқаралық ақпарат құралдары}}, ''Qazaqstannıñ respuwblïkası buqaralıq aqparat quraldarı'') refers to mass media outlets based in The Republic of Kazakhstan. Media of Kazakhstan are a set of public information transfer agencies in the Republic of Kazakhstan. The Constitution of Kazakhstan guarantees freedom of press, but privately owned and opposition media have been subject of censorship. In 2004 the International Federation of Journalists identified a "growing pattern" of intimidation of the media, and in 2012 several opposition media outlets were ordered to be shut down on charges of promoting "extremism".

All media must to register with the Ministry of Culture, Information and Sports, with the exception{{Citation needed|date=April 2013}} of [[websites]].

==Newspapers==
A wide range of publications, mostly{{Citation needed|date=April 2013}} supportive of the [[government]], are available. The authorities operates national language(Kazakh) newspapers and the only regular national Russian(the international language of Turkic peoples) language newspaper. There were{{Citation needed|date=April 2013}} 990 privately owned newspapers and 418 privately owned magazines. Those supportive of the opposition face harassment and [[lawsuits]].

Online news websites include:
*[[Nursultan News]] [http://nur.kz/]
*[[Aikyn]] [http://www.aikyn.kz/]
*[[Liter (newspaper)]] [http://www.liter.kz]
*[[Kapital (website)]] [http://www.kapital.kz]
*[[Tengri News (Kazakh news)]] [http://en.tengrinews.kz/]
*[[Young Alash]] [http://www.zhasalash.kz/]
*[[Bussines.kz]] [http://www.almeco.kz]
*[[«Kazakhstan Trust»]]

===Intimidation and government-ordered closures===
''[[Respublika (Kazakh newspaper)|Respublika]]'' is possibly the main opposition publication. A number of its issues were printed as ''[[Golos Respubliki]]''.

Increasingly, owners of [[printing press]]es refused to print the publication after a failed attempt by a government representative to buy a controlling stake in ''Respublika'' in November 2001.<ref name="nytimes.com">[https://www.nytimes.com/2002/07/13/world/the-saturday-profile-bruised-but-still-jabbing-kazakh-heavyweights.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm Wines 2012]</ref> (One owner found a human skull placed on his doorstep.<ref name="nytimes.com"/>)

A mid-March 2002 [[court order]] to stop printing for three months, was evaded by printing under other titles, such as ''Not That Respublika''.<ref name="nytimes.com"/>

On another occasion, a decapitated dog was hung from ''Respublika'' building with a screwdriver sticking into its side and a note reading "there will be no next time"<ref name=WP>{{cite web |url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-408047.html |title=Truth-Tellers in a Time of Terror |author=Fred Hiatt |date=25 November 2012 |work=The Washington Post |publisher= {{Subscription required|via=[[HighBeam Research]]}}|accessdate=21 September 2012}}</ref> the dog's head was left outside [[Irina Petrushova]]'s home.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-54298250.html |title=Police make arrests in firebombing attack on Kazakh newspaper office |author=Rozlana Taukina |date=11 July 2012 |publisher=Associated Press {{Subscription required|via=[[HighBeam Research]]}}|accessdate=21 September 2012}}</ref> Three days later, the newspaper's offices were firebombed and burned to the ground.<ref name="CPJprofile">{{cite web|url=http://cpj.org/awards/2002/petrushova.php|title=2002 Awardee: Irina Petrushova|publisher=[[Committee to Protect Journalists]]|accessdate=9 June 2011}}</ref> In July, Petrushova was given an eighteen-month jail sentence on tax charges, but served no time after a judge ruled that the case fell under an amnesty.<ref name=AP>{{cite web |url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-54085477.html |title=Editor of independent Kazakh newspaper sentenced to prison, then amnestied, for alleged business violations |date=4 July 2002 |publisher=Associated Press {{Subscription required|via=[[HighBeam Research]]}}|accessdate=21 September 2012}}</ref> (Petrushova eventually left the country for Russia, where she continued to publish via the Internet, living apart from her family for their safety.<ref name=WP /> In recognition of her work, she was awarded a 2002 [[CPJ International Press Freedom Awards|International Press Freedom Award]] by the [[Committee to Protect Journalists]], a US-based NGO.<ref name="CPJprofile"/>)

In May 2005 the Kazakh Information Ministry ordered the paper to be closed, accusing it of inciting ethnic hatred by publishing an interview with a Russian politician who made derogatory remarks about ethnic Kazakhstanis. The paper's deputy editor [[Galina Dyrdina]] claimed the closure was politically motivated, and vowed to appeal.<ref>{{cite web|year=2005 |url=http://ec.europa.eu/comm/external_relations/kazakhstan/intro/ |title=Kazakhstan: country profile. Recent developments.|publisher=European commission, external relations|accessdate=2006-03-21}}</ref> The paper continued to be published under a variety of titles.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eurasianet.org/node/63176 |title=Kazakhstan: The News Weekly That Won’t Be Silenced|date=29 March 2011 |publisher=Eurasianet|deadurl=no |archivedate=21 September 2012 |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6As3V3fGo |accessdate=21 September 2012}}</ref>

In November 2012, before the anniversary of the [[2011 Mangystau riots|Mangystau riots]], Kazakh authorities raided and searched Respublika's office and again suspended its publication while a verdict on criminal charges was still pending.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://en.rsf.org/kazakhstan-opposition-newspapers-convicted-04-12-2012,43751.html |title=Opposition newspapers convicted before court rules on case |author= |date=4 December 2012 |work= |publisher=[[Reporters Without Borders]] |accessdate=17 December 2012}}</ref><ref>[[Al Jazeera English]]: {{YouTube|id=3Fyv5oI1LYk|title=Kazakh media fights against new restrictions}}</ref> Respublika was again ordered closed, "along with seven sister titles and 23 news websites, plus another opposition newspaper and a satellite TV station [...] for ‘propagating extremism’, inciting unrest and urging the overthrow of the government."<ref name=Mail>{{cite web |url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2238071/Kazakhstan-dictator-axes-paper-critical-Blairs-8million-job-adviser.html |title=Kazakhstan dictator axes paper critical of Blair's £8million job as adviser |last1=Stewart |first1=Will |date=25 November 2012 |publisher=[[Daily Mail]] |accessdate=17 December 2012}}</ref> [[Reporters Without Borders]] described this as a "pretext" and said it would be the end of pluralism in Kazakhstan.<ref name=Mail/>

====A magazine and two other newspapers====
Other media experienced difficulties during the November 2012 case against media sources in Kazakhstan; ''[[Altyn Tamyr]]'', ''[[Tortinshi Bilik]]'' and ''[[DAT (newspaper)|DAT]]'' (with its website—dat.kz—inaccessible as of December 2012).

====International reaction to assaults on journalists====
In 2012 the [[International Press Institute]] called for the government to investigate an assault on [[Ularbek Baitailaq]]—a contributor to opposition media ''[[DAT (newspaper)|DAT]]'' and ''[[Tortinshi Bilik]]'', and archivist of the [[Kazakh National Archive]]).<ref name="International Press Institute">{{cite web|url=http://www.freemedia.at/home/singleview/article/kazakh-journalist-hospitalised-after-attack.html|title=Kazakh journalist hospitalised after attack|publisher=International Press Institute|date=9 August 2012|accessdate=28 December 2012}}</ref> The [[Committee to Protect Journalists]] called for investigations into the assault of both [[Maksim Kartashov]] and Baitailaq.<ref name=2journalists>{{cite web|url=http://www.cpj.org/2012/08/two-journalists-brutally-beaten-in-kazakh-capital.php|title=Two journalists brutally beaten in Kazakh capital|publisher=Committee to Protect Journalists|date=14 August 2012|accessdate=28 December 2012}}</ref>

==Television==
{{Redirect-distinguish|Television in Kazakhstan|Kazakhstan (channel)|Kazakh TV}}
[[Kazakhstan (channel)|Kazakhstan]] is the State Television Channel of Kazakhstan. Other country-wide television stations are [[Khabar]] and [[Yel Arna]].

There are 116 private channels, including [[Channel 31 (Kazakhstan)|Channel 31]], [[Kommercheskiy Televizionyy Kanal|KTK]] and [[Perviy Kanal Evraziya]].

*[[Kommerceskiyi Televizioniyi Kanal|KTK]]
*[[NTK-TV]]
*[[Stan TV]]

=== Satellite TV in Kazakhstan (with US&EU TV-Channels) ===
*[[NTV Plus]]
*[[Digital-TV]]
*[[Orbita Telecom]]

=== Digital Cable TV (with US&EU TV-Channels) ===
*[[JSC Alma-TV]]
*[[JSC ICON]]
*[[JSC Digital-TV]]

=== IP-TV ===
*[[IDNet]]

==Radio==
The state-owned [[Kazakh Radio]] broadcasts in official and Russian languages. A wide number of private radio stations are also available including [[Europa Plus]], «Russian Radio», Hit FM, [[Radio Azattyq]] and [[Radio Karavan]].

==Media websites==
The country had 5.4 million [[internet]] users in 2011—up<ref name=countryProfile>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/country_profiles/1298071.stm#media Kazakhstan country profile]</ref> from 2010. "Twitter, Facebook and YouTube audience share is less than 0.4%",<ref name="countryProfile"/> according to [[BBC]] in 2012.

The [[censorship]] of online publications has become routine and arbitrary.

In 2003 <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.osce.org/fom/13871?download=true|title=Spreading the Word on the Internet|last=|first=|date=|website=|publisher=|access-date=}}</ref> the state telecom firm [[KazakhTelecom]] was ordered to block access to a dozen websites it said were 'extremist'. The pages either supported the opposition or provided neutral news coverage.

In July, 2009, the government passed amendments to laws on{{Citation needed|date=April 2013}} the Internet which some critics claimed unduly restrictive. The law made internet content subject to existing laws on expression, such as criminal libel. It also widened the scope of 'banned media content' to cover political matters, such as coverage of the election campaign.<ref>[http://www.kas.de/medien-asien/en/pages/10123 Konrad Adenauer Stiftung Asia]</ref>

A broadcasting bill implemented in December 2011 was aimed at improving the content of the national media, and to 'protect' it from external influence. According to the government, the bill would “eliminate low quality content that inflicts psychological or emotional damage on views.” <ref>[http://www.kas.de/medien-asien/en/pages/10123/ Konrad Adenauer Stiftung Asia]</ref>

The country had 5.4 million [[internet]] users and 362,000 Facebook users as of December 31, 2011.

==Lawsuits with governmental plaintiffs and defendants from media==
In November 2012, [[Google]], [[Facebook]], [[Twitter]], and [[LiveJournal]] were cited in a [[lawsuit]] filed by Kazakh prosecutors seeking to shut down opposition media outlets. The prosecutors demanded the websites stop publishing material from Kazakh opposition sources.<ref>{{cite news|title=Kazakhstan sues Google, Twitter and Facebook|newspaper=[[Russia Today]]|date=November 23, 2012|url=http://rt.com/politics/kazakhstan-google-twitter-facebook-407}}</ref>

The following month a court in Almaty ruled that a number of opposition media outlets, such as the television channels [[Stan TV]] and K+ and newspapers Vzglyad and [[Respublika (Kazakh newspaper)|Respublika]], had to close due to their "extremist" views. These were the same outlets who reported on the [[2011 Mangystau riots|Mangystau riots]] in 2011.<ref>{{Citation|last=Mukhametrakhimova|first=Saule|title=Kazakstan: Free Speech in Danger|newspaper=[[Institute for War and Peace Reporting]]|date=February 28, 2013|url=http://iwpr.net/report-news/kazakstan-free-speech-danger}}</ref>

===Punishment for defaming a news agency===
Increasingly, [[censorship]] is imposed by means of civil legal action, such as defamation suits. On 13 June 2005 a court in [[Almaty]] ordered former Information Minister [[Altynbek Sarsenbaev]] (the opposition leader assassinated in January 2006) to pay 1 million [[Kazakhstani tenge|tenge]] ($7,500) in damages for 'defaming' Khabar news agency. Sarsenbaev was also ordered to publicly retract comments he made in an interview with the opposition newspaper Respublika. He had alleged that Khabar was part of a monopolistic media holding controlled by Dariga Nazarbayev. The case is believed to be in response to his resignation after the 2004 elections. At the time he stated "The election was not fair, honest, or transparent; the authorities showed that from the beginning they didn't want honest elections.

==Media-related legal code==
Media watchdog groups such as [[ARTICLE 19]] have voiced their concern over the government's moves in the past few years to silence the opposition.<ref name=article19report>{{Citation|title=Kazakhstan: Civil Code Restrictions on Freedom of Expressions|publisher=[[ARTICLE 19]]|date=July 2012|url=http://www.adilsoz.kz/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/12-08-22-LA-kazakhstan-Full-analisis.pdf}}</ref> Recent changes in media-related laws in Kazakhstan appear to target non-governmental media outlets. Criticism of government employees can lead to lawsuits, and news laws against "extremism" have been used to shut down opposition media sources.

According to opposition source [[Adil Soz]] the Kazakh legal code is stringent on defamation, allowing even for cases where the defamation is true. "One can seek compensation for true statements damaging his/her reputation – for example, a government official who is of accused of abuse of State funds, can claim compensation even if the statement damaging his/her reputation is true". This also means that an [[Internet Service Provider]] could attract liability "by unwittingly providing access to insulting or defamatory information published through the Internet".<ref name=article19report/>

==See also==
*[[Kazpost]]

==External links==
*[http://www.rsf.org/article.php3?id_article=9963 Reporters Without Borders report, 2004]
*[http://www.ifex.org/en/content/view/full/181/ IFEX: Monitoring Media Freedom Violations in Kazakhstan]
*[http://www.inform.kz/index.php?lang=eng KAZINFORM: National Information Agency]
*[http://www.kidon.com/media-link/kz.php Newspapers and news sources from Kazakhstan]
*[http://www.kaztrk.kz/ Radio and Television of Kazakhstan]
*[http://www.kaztrk.kz/rus/online/#go Radio and Television of Kazakhstan] live watch online
*[http://www.ktk-tv.kz/kz/ Kommerceskiyi Televizioniyi Kanal] in Kazakhs
*[http://www.ktk-tv.kz/ru/ Kommerceskiyi Televizioniyi Kanal] in Russian
*[http://www.ktk-tv.kz/ru/live/ Kommerceskiyi Televizioniyi Kanal] live watch online
*[http://en.ca-news.org/ Central Asian News Service] News in English
*[http://www.ca-news.org/ Central Asian News Service] News in Russian
*[http://en.tengrinews.kz/ Tengrinews.kz] News in English 24/7

==Notes==
{{reflist|30em}}

{{Europe topic|Media of}}
{{Asia topic|Media of}}
{{Kazakhstan topics}}
{{European Broadcasting Union Members}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Media Of Kazakhstan}}
[[Category:Media in Kazakhstan| ]]
[[Category:European Broadcasting Union members]]
[[Category:Kazakh-language media]]

Irina Petrushova

2017-02-19T07:01:28Z

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{{Infobox person
| name = Irina Petrushova
| image = 
| alt =
| caption =
| birth_name =
| birth_date = 1965
| birth_place = near [[Nizhny Novgorod]]
| death_date = 
| death_place =
| nationality = Russian
| other_names =
| known_for =
| occupation = journalist
| awards = [[CPJ International Press Freedom Award]] (2002)
| organization = ''[[Respublika (Kazakh newspaper)|Respublika]]''
}}

'''Irina Petrushova''' (born 1965)<ref name=NYT/> is a Russian journalist, founder and editor-in-chief of the weekly ''[[Respublika (Kazakh newspaper)|Respublika]]'' in Kazakhstan.<ref name=AP>{{cite web |url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-54085477.html |title=Editor of independent Kazakh newspaper sentenced to prison, then amnestied, for alleged business violations |date=4 July 2002 |publisher=Associated Press {{Subscription required|via=[[HighBeam Research]]}}|accessdate=21 September 2012}}</ref> After a series of stories exposing government corruption, her life was threatened and her paper firebombed. In 2002, she was awarded a [[CPJ International Press Freedom Award]].

== Early life ==
Petrushova was born near [[Nizhny Novgorod]] in 1965.<ref name=NYT /> She is the daughter of Albert Petrushov, a reporter for the [[Communist Party of the Russian Federation|Russian Communist Party]] newspaper ''[[Pravda]]''. Petrushov was known for his exposés of government corruption in [[Kazakhstan]], including a story which ended the career of Kazakh [[Politburo]] member [[Dinmukhamed A. Kunayev]].<ref name=NYT /><ref name="CPJprofile" />

In the early 1980s, Petrushova joined a journalism program at [[St. Petersburg State University]] that would allow her to work with her father. She later stated that traveling the country with him and seeing the impact that media attention could have on life in remote villages "made me positive that this is the thing I should do with my life."<ref name=NYT>{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/07/13/world/the-saturday-profile-bruised-but-still-jabbing-kazakh-heavyweights.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm |title=Bruised, but Still Jabbing Kazakh Heavyweights |author=Michael Wines |date=July 13, 2012 |work=The New York Times|deadurl=no |archivedate=21 September 2012 |archiveurl=http://www.webcitation.org/6ArzRWpQb |accessdate=21 September 2012}}</ref>

Petrushova married a psychologist in 1984. The couple have two sons.<ref name=NYT />

In 1992, Petrushova's father suffered serious brain damage when he was struck, apparently deliberately, by a car. His manuscript for a book on Kunayev was stolen while he was unconscious.<ref name=NYT /><ref name="CPJprofile" />

== ''Respublika'' ==
Founded in 2000, Petrushova's weekly ''Respublika'' focused on covering business and economic issues in Kazakhstan, and frequently published stories highly critical of president [[Nursultan Nazarbayev]]'s regime. The paper wrote about financial scandals and rampant [[nepotism]] and [[cronyism]]. Scandals exposed the paper included the granting of oil rights to one of Nazarbayev's relatives; the disappearance of funds for an airport in the capital, [[Almaty]]; and the Kazakh police forcing tourists off a plane so that Nazarbayev's daughter might fly alone.<ref name=NYT/><ref name="CPJprofile"/> ''Respublika''<nowiki>'</nowiki>s most notable story was an exposé which revealed that Nazarbayev had stashed US$1 billion of the state's oil revenues in a [[Swiss bank account]]; the government stated that this had been an emergency fund used to rescue the national economy in 1998.<ref name=NYT/>

In November 2001, a government representative unsuccessfully attempted to buy a controlling stake in ''Respublika''. In January 2002, Kazakhstani printers began to refuse to print the paper, one after a human skull was placed on his doorstep.<ref name=NYT/> ''Respublika'' was also ordered by a Kazakhstani court to stop printing, but evaded the ban by printing under titles like ''Not That Respublika''.<ref name=NYT/>

Petrushova bought a digital copier so that ''Respublika'' could do its own printing, but then the paper's offices became the target of intimidation and threats. On [[International Women's Day]], a funeral wreath was mailed to Petrushova.<ref name=NYT/> On another occasion, a decapitated dog was hung from ''Respublika'' building with a screwdriver sticking into its side and a note reading "there will be no next time";<ref name=WP>{{cite web |url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-408047.html |title=Truth-Tellers in a Time of Terror |author=Fred Hiatt |date=25 November 2012 |work=The Washington Post |publisher= {{Subscription required|via=[[HighBeam Research]]}}|accessdate=21 September 2012}}</ref> the dog's head was left outside Petrushova's home.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-54298250.html |title=Police make arrests in firebombing attack on Kazakh newspaper office |author=Rozlana Taukina |date=11 July 2012 |publisher=Associated Press {{Subscription required|via=[[HighBeam Research]]}}|accessdate=21 September 2012}}</ref> Three days after the dog incident, the papers' offices were firebombed and burned to the ground.<ref name="CPJprofile">{{cite web|url=http://cpj.org/awards/2002/petrushova.php|title=2002 Awardee: Irina Petrushova|publisher=[[Committee to Protect Journalists]]|accessdate=9 June 2011}}</ref> In July, Petrushova was given an eighteen-month jail sentence on tax charges, but served no time after a judge ruled that the case fell under an amnesty.<ref name=AP/>

Petrushova eventually left the country for Russia, where she continued to publish via the Internet, living apart from her family for their safety.<ref name=WP /> In recognition of her work, Petrushova was awarded a 2002 [[CPJ International Press Freedom Awards|International Press Freedom Award]] by the [[Committee to Protect Journalists]], a US-based NGO.<ref name="CPJprofile"/>

== In Russia ==
In Moscow, Petrushova edited the [[Assandi Times]], a publication which has reported extensively on the [[United States Department of Justice]] investigation into allegations that president [[Nazarbayev]] and his allies had accepted US$78 million in bribes from American oil companies in 2000.<ref name="press2004">{{cite web|url=http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/country,,CPJ,ANNUALREPORT,KAZ,,47c566df23,0.html|title=Attacks on the Press in 2004 - Kazakhstan|date=February 2005|publisher=Committee to Protect Journalists via UNHCR|accessdate=9 June 2011}}</ref>

In April 2005 Petrushova was briefly detained in [[Volokolamsk]] near [[Moscow]] in Russia at the request of Kazakh authorities who sought her detention on charges of [[tax evasion]] and breaking Kazakh [[citizenship law]]s. After Moscow prosecutors ruled that the [[statute of limitations]] had expired on the charges, Kazakhstan's request for her [[extradition]] was denied.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-107832263.html |title=Russia refuses to extradite Kazakh opposition newspaper editor |date=25 April 2005 |publisher=Associated Press {{Subscription required|via=[[HighBeam Research]]}}|accessdate=21 September 2012}}</ref> Petrushova was released a few days later. She had also been detained on the same charges in [[St. Petersburg]] in 2004.<ref name="RFE-RL">{{cite web|url=http://www.rferl.org/content/article/1058644.html|title=Russia Releases Editor Of Kazakh Opposition Weekly|date=26 April 2005|publisher=[[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]]|accessdate=9 June 2011}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://cpj.org/awards/2002/petrushova.php CPJ profile]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20121114135311/http://www.pbs.org/newshour/media/ipf02/petrushova.html Biography at PBS.org]

{{Footer CPJ International Press Freedom Award laureates}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Petrushova, Irina}}
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[[Category:Russian journalists]]
[[Category:Saint Petersburg State University alumni]]
[[Category:Women newspaper editors]]
[[Category:Russian editors]]
[[Category:Newspaper founders]]
[[Category:Women journalists]]
[[Category:People from Nizhny Novgorod]]
[[Category:Women company founders]]
[[Category:Russian company founders]]
[[Category:Russian women writers]]

Otari Kvantrishvili

2017-02-18T03:38:17Z

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'''Otari "Otarik" Kvantrishvili''' ({{lang-ka|ოთარ კვანტრიშვილი}}) (January 27, 1948 – April 5, 1994) was a [[Georgian mafia]] boss and one of Moscow's leading organised crime figures during the early 1990s.

Prior to his 1966 conviction for rape, Kvantrishvili was on his way to becoming a world-champion wrestler. In the 1980s he then founded the Dynamo Sports Club and later the 21st Century Association, an organisation ostensibly dedicated to funding sports but was widely regarded as a front for racketeering.<ref>Friedman, Robert; ''Red Mafiya: How the Russian Mob Has Invaded America''; 2000</ref> During the chaotic transition to capitalism in the early 1990s, Otarik became something of a public face for the mafia, befriending politicians and celebrities such as [[Joseph Kobzon]] while also acting as a mediator between various underworld factions, including the [[thieves in law]] and [[Russian mafia|Slavic]] and [[Chechen mafia|Chechen mobsters]].<ref>[[Paul Khlebnikov|Khlebnikov P.]]; Conversation with a Barbarian: Interviews with a Chechen Field Commander on Banditry and Islam - Moscow, Detekiv-Press, 2003</ref>

In late 1993, Kvantrishvili publicly announced his intention to enter politics through a new party, the Party of Sportsmen, at a conference attended by many well-known athletes. But several months later he was shot dead by a sniper while leaving a bathhouse.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/1994/04/14/world/a-slaying-puts-russian-underworld-on-parade.html NY Times - A Slaying Puts Russian Underworld on Parade]</ref>

On September 29, 2008, four members of the [[Orekhovskaya gang|Orekhovo-Medvedkovo]] gang were convicted, among other things, for organizing Kvantrishvili's murder. Oleg Pylev was sentenced to life in prison, Aleksei Sherstobitov (knowns as Lyosha the Soldier {{lang-ru|Лёша Солдат}}) received 23 years of imprisonment, Pavel Makarov – 13 years and Sergei Yelizarov – 11 years. Sherstobitov was the one who actually killed Kvantrishvili. He received a [[Lada]] car as payment for Kvantrishvili's murder.<ref>[http://www.kommersant.ru/doc.aspx?docsid=1033648 Repentance did not count for Lyosha the Soldier] [[Kommersant]], September 30, 2008</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Find a Grave|8048037}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kvantrishvili, Otari}}
[[Category:Mobsters from Georgia (country)]]
[[Category:Russian people of Georgian descent]]
[[Category:Russian mobsters]]
[[Category:Murdered Russian mobsters]]
[[Category:Deaths by firearm in Russia]]
[[Category:Thieves in law]]
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Lisbon Protocol

2017-02-17T07:22:20Z

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{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2014}}
{{Infobox treaty
| name = Lisbon Protocol
| long_name = The Lisbon Protocol to the 1991 [[START I|Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty]]
| image = Coat of arms of the Russian Federation (1992-1993).svg
| image_width = 175px
| caption =
| type =
| date_drafted =
| date_signed = 23 May 1992
| location_signed = [[Lisbon]], [[Portugal]]
| date_sealed =
| date_effective = 5 December 1994
| condition_effective =
| date_expiration =
| signatories = {{flag|Russia|1991}} {{flag|Ukraine}} {{flag|Belarus|1991}} {{flag|Kazakhstan|1991}}
| parties =
| depositor =
| language =
| languages =
| website =
| wikisource =
}}
The '''Lisbon Protocol''' to the 1991 [[START I|Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty]]<ref>http://www.armscontrol.org/node/3289 from the Arms Control Association website</ref> was an agreement by representatives of [[Russia]], [[Belarus]], [[Ukraine]], and [[Kazakhstan]] that all nuclear weapons of the former [[Soviet Union]] on the soil of those four states would be destroyed or transferred to the control of Russia. All four states agreed to join the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons, with Russia the successor to the Soviet Union as a nuclear state, and the other three states joining as non-nuclear states. The protocol was signed in Lisbon, Portugal, on May 23, 1992.<ref>[http://www.state.gov/documents/organization/27389.pdf Lisbon Protocol] from the U.S. State Department website</ref>

==Background==
When the [[Dissolution of the Soviet Union|Soviet Union dissolved]] in December 1991, one of the issues was the fate of its nuclear weapons. Most were in the territory of Russia, the recognized successor state to the Soviet Union,<ref>https://www.nytimes.com/1991/12/25/world/end-of-the-soviet-union-soviet-un-seat-taken-by-russia.html?gwh=99F704AC32FA32D737435644C68425CE 'New York Times' December 25, 1991. "Soviet UN Seat Taken by Russia"</ref> but some were in the territories of Belarus, Ukraine, and Kazakhstan. In July 1991, the Soviet Union had signed the [[START I]] nuclear disarmament treaty. Russia, as the successor state, would not be able to fulfill the terms of the treaty until all of the other states possessing Soviet nuclear weapons had either destroyed those weapons or transferred them to Russian control. The United States and Russia applied diplomatic pressure to the other three Soviet successor nuclear states to agree to eliminate their arsenals or transfer them to Russian control.

==Implementation==
Although Belarus, Ukraine, and Kazakhstan had signed the protocol in May 1992, each state had to ratify and implement the protocol. In Belarus and Ukraine, there was some resistance to giving up nuclear arms. However, on December 5, 1994, all signatories to the Lisbon Protocol exchanged instruments of ratification, and the agreement came into force. At this time, Russia was also able to ratify START I as the successor state to the Soviet Union.<ref>http://www.nti.org/treaties-and-regimes/treaties-between-united-states-america-and-union-soviet-socialist-republics-strategic-offensive-reductions-start-i-start-ii/ Nuclear Threat Initiative page on the Lisbon Protocol</ref>

Kazakhstan's government was more interested in focusing resources on the country's development rather than on maintenance of a nuclear arsenal.<ref>http://thebulletin.org/web-edition/features/kazakhstans-nuclear-ambitions 'Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists': "Kazakhstan's Nuclear Ambitions"</ref> In return for security guarantees, military aid, and financial assistance and compensation from the United States and Russia, Kazakhstan had surrendered all nuclear weapons to Russia by May 1995.<ref>https://fas.org/spp/starwars/crs/91-144.htm 'Federation of American Scientists: Congressional Research Service Reports': Amy F. Woolf, Foreign Affairs and National Defense Division, "Nuclear Weapons in the Former Soviet Union: Location, Command, and Control" Updated November 27, 1996</ref> Both Belarus and Ukraine resisted full implementation of the protocol during the 1990s, wishing to retain a nuclear deterrent force or a diplomatic bargaining chip. However, Belarus was economically dependent on Russia and eventually carried out its agreement to transfer all nuclear weapons to Russia. Like Kazakhstan, Ukraine eventually agreed to surrender its nuclear weapons in exchange for security guarantees, military aid, financial assistance, and compensation from the United States and Russia.<ref>https://fas.org/spp/starwars/crs/91-144.htm 'Federation of American Scientists: Congressional Research Service Reports': Amy F. Woolf, Foreign Affairs and National Defense Division, "Nuclear Weapons in the Former Soviet Union: Location, Command, and Control" Updated November 27, 1996</ref> Implementation of the Lisbon Protocol was complete when both Belarus and Ukraine had surrendered their nuclear weapons to Russia by the end of 1996.<ref>http://www.armscontrol.org/node/3289 Arms Control Association website: "The Lisbon Protocol at a Glance"</ref>

===Ukraine===
{{see|Massandra Accords|Budapest Memorandum}}
{{Empty section|date=January 2017}}

==See also==
* [[Dissolution of the Soviet Union]]
* [[Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty]]
* [[START I|Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty]]
* [[Nuclear weapons and Ukraine]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Arms control treaties]]
[[Category:Nuclear proliferation]]
[[Category:Multilateral relations of Russia]]
[[Category:Treaties concluded in 1992]]
[[Category:Treaties entered into force in 1994]]
[[Category:Treaties of Russia]]
[[Category:Treaties of Belarus]]
[[Category:Treaties of Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Treaties of Ukraine]]
[[Category:1992 in Portugal]]
[[Category:Nuclear technology treaties]]
[[Category:Presidency of George H. W. Bush]]

Jaba Ioseliani

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[[Image:Dzhaba Ioseliani.png|200px|right|thumb|Jaba Ioseliani]]
'''Jaba''' (or '''Dzhaba''') '''Ioseliani''' (July 10, 1926 – March 4, 2003) was a [[Georgia (country)|Georgian]] politician, writer, [[Georgian mafia|thief-in-law]] and leader of the paramilitary [[Mkhedrioni]] organisation.

Born in [[Khashuri]], Georgia, Ioseliani majored in Oriental studies at Leningrad University but did not graduate. He staged a [[bank robbery]] in [[Saint Petersburg|Leningrad]] in 1948, for which he served 17 years in a [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] jail. Released in 1965, he later served another sentence for [[manslaughter]]. He eventually returned to his native Georgia and graduated from the Georgian Institute of Theater Arts, where he became a professor. He wrote a number of popular plays.

Ioseliani rose to prominence as the leader of the Mkhedrioni, a heavily armed paramilitary group which he founded in 1989. He attempted to take control of large areas of [[Abkhazia]] and [[South Ossetia]] with the goal of defeating regional separatist elements. In February 1991, his organisation was outlawed by President [[Zviad Gamsakhurdia]] and he was imprisoned along with other Mkhedrioni members. In response, Ioseliani accused Gamsakhurdia of trying to take control of state media and silence rivals.

In December 1991, Ioseliani escaped from prison and joined forces with rebel members of the Georgian National Guard to launch a violent [[coup d'etat]] that forced President [[Zviad Gamsakhurdia]] out of office in January 1992. He was one of the three leaders of the "Military Council" that ruled Georgia from January–March 1992. He subsequently became a powerful figure in the government of President [[Eduard Shevardnadze]], who was forced to rely heavily on Mkhedrioni militiamen because of the weakness of the state security forces. Ioseliani made it clear who he thought was the senior partner: his office in the Georgian Parliament building was located directly above Shevardnadze's and he was constantly surrounded with armed followers wherever he went.<ref>*RAYMOND BONNER [https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F0CEED71431F935A25752C1A965958260 Georgian Fighter Wields Guns, Money and Charm] The New York Times. November 16, 1993</ref>

Ioseliani played a major role in the disastrous attempt to enforce Georgian rule in the separatist province of [[Abkhazia]], which ended in a crushing defeat for government and Mkhedrioni forces in August–September 1993. Despite this, he was given a formal government position in September 1993 to enforce a national [[state of emergency]]. This gave him almost unlimited powers to detain people. He used these powers enthusiastically, imposing a severely repressive regime that was widely criticised by international human rights organisations. Supporters of the ousted Gamsakhurdia were vigorously targeted, especially in the pro-Gamsakhurdia region of [[Samegrelo]] in western Georgia, where the Mkhedrioni were accused of carrying out a number of [[extrajudicial killing]]s. There were also widespread allegations that Ioseliani and his supporters were systematically "taxing" businesses and individuals in areas under their control.

On August 29, 1995, Shevardnadze narrowly escaped assassination in a bomb attack. The attack was blamed on a shadowy coalition of "mafia forces" including Ioseliani and others. Ioseliani was detained in November 1998 and held for three years pending trial, then sentenced to 11 years for banditry, terrorism, and conspiring to kill Shevardnadze. He denied the charges and was eventually released in the spring of 2000 in a general amnesty of convicts. He suffered a [[myocardial infarction|heart attack]] on February 26, 2003 and died in a [[Tbilisi]] hospital a week later. He is buried in the Pantheon of Didube, Tbilisi.<ref>[http://articles.latimes.com/2003/mar/05/local/me-dzhaba5 Dzhaba Ioseliani, 76; Oft-Imprisoned Leader of Georgian Paramilitary Force] Los Angeles Times. March 5, 2003</ref>

== References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/jaba-ioseliani-730149.html Jaba Ioseliani. Violent warlord in post-Communist Georgia] The Independent. 25 March 2003. (access on August 21. 2008)
*Александр КРЫЛОВ (Aleksandr Krylov) [http://www.novopol.ru/text6645.html Забытые уроки Джабы Иоселиани] (Forgetting lesson of Dzhaba Ioselani) НОВАЯ ПОЛИТИКА (Novaya Politika - New Policy) March 6, 2006. (access on August 21. 2008) (In Russian)
*[http://bp3.blogger.com/__dQUpZS1eOk/R0K4mA2vn7I/AAAAAAAAAXs/pwKzMS600cY/s1600-h/Thomas+DworzakTbilisi.+Georgian+politician+(head+of+Mkhedrioni)+Djaba+IOSSELIANI+in+an+Orthodox+church.jpg Photograph of Jaba Ioseliani]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ioseliani, Jaba}}
[[Category:1926 births]]
[[Category:2003 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Shida Kartli]]
[[Category:Svan people]]
[[Category:Politicians from Georgia (country)]]
[[Category:Military personnel from Georgia (country)]]
[[Category:Rebels from Georgia (country)]]
[[Category:People from Georgia (country) convicted of manslaughter]]
[[Category:Prisoners and detainees of the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:Prisoners and detainees from Georgia (country)]]
[[Category:Thieves in law]]
[[Category:Georgian bank robbers]]
[[Category:Mobsters from Georgia (country)]]
[[Category:Leaders who took power by coup]]

Soviet Central Asia

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[[File:Central Asia (orthographic projection).svg|thumb|300px|Middle Asia|alt=Middle Asia is not a Central Asia]]
[[File:Central Asia borders4.png|thumb|250px|Map of '''Central Asia''' showing three sets of possible [[Eurasia]]n boundaries for the region]]

'''Soviet Central Asia''' refers to the section of [[Central Asia]] formerly controlled by the [[Soviet Union]], as well as the time period of Soviet administration (1918–1991). Central Asian SSRs declared independence in 1991. In terms of area, it is nearly synonymous with [[Russian Turkestan]], the name for the region during the [[Russian Empire]]. Soviet Central Asia went through many territorial divisions before the current borders were created in the 1920s and 1930s.

==Administrative divisions==

===Former divisions===

====Turkestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic====
{{main article|Turkestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic}}
[[File:SovietCentralAsia1922.svg|right|250px|thumb|Map of Soviet Central Asia in 1922 with the Turkestan ASSR and the Kyrgyz ASSR]]

The beginning of the 18th century marked the zenith of the [[Kazakh Khanate]]. During this period the [[Little jüz]] participated in the 1723–1730 war against the [[Dzungars]], following their "Great Disaster" invasion of Kazakh territories. Under the leadership of [[Abul Khair Khan]] the Kazakhs won major victories over the [[Dzungar people|Dzungar]] at the [[Bulanty River]] (1726) and at the [[Battle of Anrakay]] in 1729.In the 19th century, the [[Russian Empire]] began to expand, and spread into Central Asia.

Following the [[Bolshevik Revolution]] of 1917, the [[tsar]]s effectively ruled over most of the territory belonging to what is now the Republic of Kazakhstan and [[Kyrgyzstan]]. [[Russia]] annexed [[Lake Issyk Kul]] in north east [[Kyrgyzstan]] of off [[China]] in the 1860s.

Emerging from the Russian Empire following the Russian Revolution of 1917 and the Russian Civil War of 1918–1921, the USSR was a union of several Soviet republics, but the synecdoche Russia — after its largest and dominant constituent state — continued to be commonly used throughout the state's existence. ''Turkestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic'' (initially Turkestan Socialist Federative Republic) (April 30, 1918 – October 27, 1924) was created from the [[Turkestan Krai]] of [[Imperial Russia]]. Its capital was [[Tashkent]], population about 5,000,000.

British and Persian forces briefly tried to reach [[Baku]] in [[Azerbaijan]] and the Turkmen port of [[Krasnovodsk]]. [[Bukhara]], [[Khiva]], [[Samarkand]], [[Kokand]], [[Dushanbe]] and the former [[Trans-Caspian province]] would see various anti-Bolshevik risings over the next few years.

In 1924, it was split into [[Tajik ASSR]] (now [[Tajikistan]]), [[Turkmen SSR]] (now [[Turkmenistan]]), [[Uzbek SSR]] (now [[Uzbekistan]]), [[Kara-Kirghiz Autonomous Oblast]] (now [[Kyrgyzstan]]), and [[Karakalpak Autonomous Oblast]] (now [[Karakalpakstan]]).

====Bukharan People's Soviet Republic====
{{main article|Bukharan People's Soviet Republic|Bukhara operation (1920)}}
[[File:Flag of the Bukharan People's Soviet Republic.svg|thumb|Flag of the Bukharan PSR]]

In March 1918, activists of the [[Young Bukharian Movement]] informed the [[Bolsheviks]] that the [[Bukhara]]ns were ready for the revolution and that the people were awaiting liberation. The [[Red Army]] marched to the gates of Bukhara and demanded that the [[emir]] surrender the city to the Young Bukharans. As Russian sources report, the emir responded by murdering the Bolshevik delegation, along with several hundred Russian inhabitants of Bukhara and the surrounding territories. The majority of Bukharans did not support an invasion and the ill-equipped and ill-disciplined Bolshevik army fled back to the Soviet stronghold at Tashkent.

However, the emir had won only a temporary respite. As the civil war in Russia wound down, Moscow sent reinforcements to Central Asia. On 2 September 1920, an army of well-disciplined and well equipped Red Army troops under the command of Bolshevik general [[Mikhail Frunze]] attacked the city. After four days of fighting, the emir's citadel (Arc) was destroyed, the [[Red flag (politics)|Red flag]] was raised from the top of [[Po-i-Kalyan|Kalyan Minaret]], and the Emir [[Mohammed Alim Khan|Alim Khan]] was forced to flee to his base at [[Dushanbe]] in [[Eastern Bukharan]], and finally to [[Kabul]], [[Afghanistan]].

A nearby anti-Bolshevik stronghold in the Tadjik/Moslem village of Khangir (qingir) declared its independence shortly afterwards, but soon surrendered after a 14-day siege by Russian and Bokhkori Bolsheviks. It was then quickly re-integrated back into Communist Bokhorah.

The Bukharan People's Republic was proclaimed on 8 October 1920 under [[Faizullah Khojaev]]. The overthrow of the Emir was the impetus for the [[Basmachi Revolt]], an anti-Russian rebellion. In 1922, most of the territory of the republic was controlled by [[Basmachi]], surrounding the city of Bukhara. [[Joseph Stalin]] would later [[purge]] and [[exile]] many of the local [[Bukhori]] people as well as most of the local [[Jewish]] community from the former [[Bukharan People's Soviet Republic]].

Prior to the establishment of the state of [[Israel]], the [[Bukharian Jews]] were one of the most isolated Jewish communities in the world.

With the establishment of Soviet rule on the territory in 1917, Jewish life seriously deteriorated. Throughout the 1920s and 1930s, thousands of Jews, fleeing [[religious oppression]], [[confiscation of property]], [[summary arrest]]s, and [[Political repression|repressions]], fled to [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]].

====Khorezm People's Soviet Republic and SSR====
{{main article|Khorezm People's Soviet Republic}}
[[File:Flag of Khiva 1920-1923.svg|thumb|Flag of the Khorezm PSR]]

The Khorezm People's Soviet Republic was created as the successor to the [[Khanate of Khiva]] in February 1920 and officially declared on 26 April 1920. On 20 October 1923, it was transformed into the Khorezm Socialist Soviet Republic. The [[Khorezm SSR]] only survived until 17 February 1925, when it was divided between the [[Uzbek SSR]], [[Turkmen SSR]], and [[Karakalpak Autonomous Oblast]] as part of the reorganization of Central Asia by [[Moscow]] according to nationalities.

====Kara-Kirghiz Autonomous Oblast====
{{main article|Kara-Kirghiz Autonomous Oblast}}

The Kara-Kyrgyz Autonomous Oblast (Кара-Киргизская АО) was created on 14 October 1924 within the [[RSFSR|Russian SFSR]] from the predominantly Kazakh and Kyrgyz parts of the [[Turkestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic]]. On 15 May 1925 it was renamed into the Kyrgyz Autonomous Oblast. On 11 February 1926 it was reorganized into the [[Kirghiz Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic (1926–1936)|Kyrgyz ASSR]]. On 5 December 1936 it became the [[Kyrgyz SSR]], one of the constituent republics of the Soviet Union.

====Karakalpak Autonomous Oblast====
{{main article|Karakalpak Autonomous Oblast}}

The Karakalpak Autonomous Oblast was created on February 19, 1925 by separating lands of the ethnic [[Karakalpaks]] from the [[Turkestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic]] and [[Khoresm People's Soviet Republic]].

Initially located within the [[Kazakh Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic]], the [[Karakalpaks|Karakalpak]] A.O. was transferred to the [[RSFSR]] from July 20, 1930 to March 20, 1932, at which time it was elevated to the [[Karakalpak Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic]]. The Karakalpak ASSR was joined to the [[Uzbek SSR]] on December 5, 1936.

====Kazakh Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic====
{{main article|Kazakh Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic}}

The Kazakh ASSR was an autonomous republic of the [[Soviet Union]]. It became the Kazakh SSR on December 5, 1936.

Its original name was the [[Kirgiz Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic]]. This ASSR was established on 26 August 1920, and was a part of the [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic]] (RSFSR)

In 1925 it was renamed the Kazakh Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. In 1929 the city of [[Almaty]] (Alma-Ata) was designated as the capital of the ASSR.

===Soviet Republics===

====Kazakhstan====
{{main article|Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic}}
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The '''[[Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic]]''', also known as '''Kazakhstan''' was established on December 5, 1936. It was initially called [[Kirghiz Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic (1920–1925)|Kyrgyz ASSR]] (Kirghiz Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic) and was a part of the Russian SFSR. On April 15–19, 1925, it was renamed Kazakh ASSR and on December 5, 1936 it became a Union Republic of the [[USSR]] called Kazakh SSR in the culminating act of the [[national delimitation]] in the Soviet Union. During the 1950s and 1960s Soviet citizens were urged to settle in the "[[Virgin Lands]]" of the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic. The influx of immigrants (mostly [[Russians]] and [[Ukrainians]], but also some forcibly resettled ethnic minorities, such as the [[Volga Germans]] and the [[Chechens]]) skewed the ethnic mixture and enabled non-[[Kazakhs]] to outnumber natives. The influx also deprived the Kazakhs of much pasture land, making it increasingly difficult to sustain the nomadic way of life. Industry, and especially mining, developed. Russian and European culture began to influence Kazakh society.<ref>{{cite web|title=Central Asia|url=http://react.usip.org/downloads/module6.pdf|website=U.S. ONLINE TRAINING FOR OSCE}}</ref>

In 1924, the borders of political units in Central Asia were changed along ethnic lines determined by [[Lenin]]'s [[Commissar]] for Nationalities, [[Joseph Stalin]]. The [[Turkestan ASSR]], the [[Bukharan People's Republic]], and the [[Khorezm SSR|Khorezm People's Republic]] were abolished and their territories were divided into eventually five separate [[Republics of the Soviet Union|Soviet Socialist Republics]], one of which was the Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic. The next year the Uzbek SSR became one of the republics of the Soviet Union.

[[Almaty]] is the largest city in [[Kazakhstan]], with a population of 1,226,000 (as of 1 August 2005).<ref>{{ru icon}} [http://www.gazeta.kz/art.asp?aid=64678 С начала года население Алматы увеличилось на 1,4%] Gazeta.kz</ref> The [[Ethnic group]]s in a 2003 census were: Kazakh 43.6%, Russian 40.2%, Uyghur 5.7%, Tatar 2.1%, Korean 1.8%, Ukrainian 1.7%, German 0.7%.

[[Kzyl Orda|Kyzil Orda]] / [[Kyzylorda]] was founded in 1820 as a Kokand fortress of Ak-Mechet (also spelt Aq Masjid, Aq Mechet, 'white mosque'). The name comes from the Kazakh for 'Red center'.

[[Uralsk]] / [[Oral, Kazakhstan|Oral]] was founded in 1613 by Cossacks, was originally named [[Yaitsk]], after the [[Yaik River]]. The city was put under siege during the Russian Civil War. It has a population of 210,600. It is the capital of the West Kazakhstan Province. Ethnic composition is dominated by Russians (54%), Kazakhs (34%), along with a few Ukrainians and Germans.

====Kirghizia====
{{main article|Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic}}
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The '''[[Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic]]''' (sometimes spelled Kyrgyz), also known as '''Kirghizia''', was one of [[Republics of the Soviet Union|fifteen constituent republics]] of the Soviet Union. Established on 14 October 1924 as the [[Kara-Kyrgyz Autonomous Oblast]] of the [[Russian SFSR]], it was transformed into the Kyrgyz ASSR ([[Kirghiz Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic (1926–1936)|Kyrgyz Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic]]) on 1 February 1926, still being a part of the Russian SFSR. Today it is the independent state of [[Kyrgyzstan]] in Central Asia. Kyrgyz Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (Kyrgyz ASSR) was the name of two different national entities within Russian SFSR, in the territories of modern Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan.

On 5 December 1936, it became a separate constituent republic of the USSR as the Kyrgyz Soviet Socialist Republic during the final stages of the [[national delimitation in the Soviet Union]].

[[Bishkek|Frunze]] was both the capital and the largest city of Kyrgyzstan and the Kirghiz ASSR, with a population of approximately 900,000 in 2005. In 1862 [[Tsarist Russia]] destroyed the local fort and began to settle the area with Russian migrants. Over the years many fertile black soil farms were developed by the [[Tsar]]ists and, later, the process carried on by the [[USSR]]. In 1926, the city became the capital of the newly established [[Kirghiz Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic (1926–1936)|Kirghiz ASSR]] and was renamed Frunze after the Bolshevik hero, [[Mikhail Frunze]], who was one of [[Lenin]]'s close associates, who was born in Bishkek until Kirghiz independence in 1991.

====Tajikistan====
{{main article|Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic}}
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The '''[[Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic]]''', also named '''Tajikistan''' (or by its Russian spelling, '''Tadzhikistan''') was one of the new states created in Central Asia in 1924 was [[Uzbekistan]], which had the status of a [[Republics of the Soviet Union|Soviet socialist republic]]. In 1929 [[Tajikistan]] was detached from [[Uzbekistan]] and given full status as a Soviet socialist republic. The city of Dushanbe would become an important regional hub on the border with Afghanistan.

Tajikistan has 3 [[exclaves]], all of them located in the Fergana Valley region where Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan meet. The largest is [[Vorukh]] (with an area between 95 – 130 km²/37 – 50 sq mi, population estimated between 23,000 and 29,000, 95% Tajiks and 5% Kyrgyz, distributed among 17 villages), located {{convert|45|km|mi}} south of [[Isfara]] on the right bank of the [[Karafshin]] river, in Kyrgyz territory. Another exclave in Kyrgyzstan is a small settlement near the Kyrgyz railway station of [[Kairagach]]. The last is the village of [[Sarvan, Tajikistan|Sarvan]], which includes a narrow, long strip of land (about {{convert|15|km|mi|abbr=on}} long by 1 km (over ½ mi) wide) alongside the road from [[Angren, Uzbekistan|Angren]] to [[Kokand]]; it is surrounded by Uzbek territory. There are no foreign enclaves within Tajikistan.

In 1931, the city formerly known as "Dyushambe", was renamed "Stalinabad" (after Joseph Stalin), but in 1961, as part of [[Nikita Khrushchev]]'s [[de-Stalinization]] initiative, the city was renamed ''[[Dushanbe]]''. The [[Soviets]] transformed the area into a centre for cotton and silk production, and relocated tens of thousands of people to the city from around the Soviet Union. The population also increased with thousands of ethnic Tajiks migrating to [[Tajikistan]] following the transfer of Bukhara and Samarkand to the [[Uzbek SSR]]. [[Dushanbe]] later became the home to a university and the [[Tajik Academy of Sciences]]. Severe Tajik nationalist rioting occurred in 1990, rumor said that [[Moscow]] had planned to relocate tens of thousands of Armenian refugees to Tajikistan. Dushanbe also had a relatively high military population during the war with [[Democratic Republic of Afghanistan|Afghanistan]].

====Turkmenia====
{{main article|Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic}}
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The '''[[Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic]]''' which is also known as '''Turkmenia''' (or sometimes known as '''Turkmenistan''') was one of [[Republics of the Soviet Union|fifteen constituent republics]] of the Soviet Union. It was initially established on August 7, 1921 as [[Turkmen Oblast]] of the [[Turkestan ASSR]]. On May 13, 1925 it was transformed into Turkmen SSR and became a separate republic of the Soviet Union. Today it is the independent state of [[Turkmenistan]] in Central Asia.

The [[Communist Party of the Turkmen SSR]] was the ruling communist party of the Turkmen SSR, and a part of the [[Communist Party of the Soviet Union]]. From 1985 it was led by [[Mr]] [[Saparmurat Niyazov]], who in 1991 renamed the party to the [[Democratic Party of Turkmenistan]], which is no longer a communist party . The current [[Communist Party]] of Turkmenistan is illegal.<ref>[http://www.broadleft.org/tm.htm Leftist Parties of Turkmenistan] Leftist Parties of the World</ref>

[[Ashgabat|Ashkhabad]] has a population of 695,300 (2001 census estimate) and has a primarily [[Turkmen people|Turkmen]] population, with minorities of ethnic [[Russians]], [[Armenians]], and [[Azerbaijani people|Azeris]]. It is 920 km from the second largest city in [[Iran]], [[Mashhad]]. The principal industries are [[cotton]] textiles and metal working.

[[Merv]] / [[Mary, Turkmenistan|Mary]] is an ancient city with a Its population was 123,000 in 1999. It has interesting Regional Museum and lies near the remains of the ancient city of Merv, which in corrupted form gives its name to the modern town. [[Carpets]] from the region of Merv are sometimes considered superior to the [[Persia]]n ones.

====Uzbekistan====
{{main article|Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic}}
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The '''[[Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic]]''', also referred to as '''Uzbekistan''' was created in 1924 when the new national boundaries separating the Uzbek and Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republics cut off the eastern end of the Fergana Valley, as well as the slopes surrounding it. This was compounded in 1928 when the [[Tajik ASSR]] became a fully-fledged republic, the [[Tajik SSR]], and the area around [[Khujand|Khodjend]] was made a part of it. This blocked the valley's natural outlet and the routes to Samarkand and Bukhara, but none of these borders was of any great significance so long as Soviet rule lasted.

The Uzbek SSR included the Tajik ASSR until 1929, when the Tajik ASSR was upgraded to an equal status. In 1930, the Uzbek SSR capital was relocated from [[Samarkand]] to [[Tashkent]]. In 1936, the Uzbek SSR was enlarged with the addition of the [[Karakalpak ASSR]] taken from the [[Kazakh SSR]] in the last stages of the [[national delimitation in the Soviet Union]]. Further bits and pieces of territory were transferred several times between the Kazakh SSR and the Uzbek SSR after World War II. During the [[Great Purge]]s of Joseph Stalin, many thousands of [[Chechens]], [[Koreans]] and [[Crimean Tatars]] were exiled to the Uzbek SSR.

The State Anthem of the Uzbek SSR was the [[national anthem]] of [[Uzbekistan]] when it was a republic of the Soviet Union and known as the [[Uzbek SSR]].

The city of [[Tashkent]] began to industrialize in the 1920s and 1930s, but industry increased tremendously during [[World War II]], with the relocation of factories from western Russia to preserve the Soviet industrial capacity from the hostile invading [[Nazis]]. The [[Russia]]n population increased dramatically as well, with evacuees from the war zones increasing the population to well over a million. (The Russian community would eventually comprise more than half of the total residents of Tashkent by the 1980s.) On April 26, 1966, Tashkent was destroyed by an [[1966 Tashkent earthquake|earthquake]] and over 300,000 were left homeless. At the time of the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, Tashkent was the fourth largest [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] city and a major center of learning in the fields of science and engineering.

As the nation's capital, Tashkent is still a fairly prosperous city and the capital of Uzbekistan and has a population of the city in 2006 was 2.1 million. The city has been the target of several terrorist acts since gaining [[independence]]. These have been attributed by the Uzbek the government to Islamic insurgents aided by the Afghan [[Taliban]].

[[Samarkand]] is one of the oldest inhabited cities in the world, prospering from its location on the trade route between [[China]] and Europe ([[Silk Road]]). In 1370, Timur the Lame, or [[Tamerlane]], decided to make [[Samarkand]] the capital of his empire, which extended from [[India]] to [[Turkey]]. Despite its status as the second city of [[Uzbekistan]], the majority of the city's inhabitants are Persian-speaking [[Tājik people|Tajiks]]. The city a became rich trading center as a major capital of the [[Silk Road]] between China and [[Western world|the West]]. The [[Timurid dynasty]]'s extensive building in Samarkand produced monuments that rank amongst some of the most striking in the Islamic world.

==Nationalist rebellions==

===Kokand Autonomy===
[[File:Bandera de Kokand.svg|thumb|right 200px|Flag of Kokand Autonomy, 1917-1918]]

Kokand is a city in [[Fergana Province]] in eastern [[Uzbekistan]], at the southwestern edge of the [[Fergana Valley]]. It has a population of 192,500 bu 1999. Kokand is 228 km southeast of [[Tashkent]], 115 km west of [[Andijan]], and 88 km west of [[Fergana]]. It is nicknamed “City of Winds”, or sometimes “Town of the Boar". It is at an altitude of 409 meters.

Kokand is on the crossroads of the ancient trade routes, at the junction of two main routes into the Fergana Valley, one leading northwest over the mountains to Tashkent, and the other west through [[Khujand]]. As a result, [[Kokand]] is the main transportation junction in the Fergana Valley.

[[Russia]]n imperial forces under [[Mikhail Skobelev]] captured the city in 1876 which then became part of [[Russian Turkistan]]. With the fall of the [[Russian Empire]], a [[provisional government]] attempted to maintain control in Tashkent. It was quickly overthrown and local [[Muslim]] opposition crushed. In April 1918, Tashkent became the capital of the Turkestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic ([[Turkestan ASSR]]). It was the capital of the short-lived (1917–18) [[Russian Provisional Government|Anti-Bolshevik Provisional Government of Autonomous Turkistan]] (also known as [[Kokand Autonomy]]).

===The Alash Autonomy===

{{main article|Alash Autonomy}}

[[File:Flag of the Alash Autonomy.svg|thumb|200px|left|The flag of the [[Kazakhs|Kazakh]]'s [[Alash Autonomy]] (Алаш аутономиясы). It was declared in 1917 and was dissolved in 1920.]]

The ''Alash Autonomy'' ({{lang-kz|''Алаш аутономиясы'', ''Alaş awtonomïyası''}}; {{lang-ru|''Алашская автономия'', ''Alashskaya avtonomiya''}}) was a [[Sovereign state|state]] that existed between December 13, 1917 and August 26, 1920, located roughly on the territory of present-day [[Republic of Kazakhstan]]. The capital city was [[Semey]] (referred to at the time as ''Alash-qala'').

The ''Alash Orda'' ({{lang-kz|''Алаш Орда''', ''Alaş Orda''}}) was the name of the provisional [[Kazakhstan|Kazakh]] [[government]] between 13 December 1917 and 26 August 1920. It was led by [[Akhmet Baytursinuli]], [[Alikhan Bokeikhanov]] and [[Mirjaqip Dulatuli]] amongst others.

The [[Alash (party)|Alash Party]] proclaimed the autonomy of the Kazakh people in December 1917. Membership consists from 25 members (10 positions reserved for non-Kazakhs) and 15 member candidates. They formed special educational commission and established militia regimentsas their armed forces.

[[File:XXth Century Citizen's Atlas map of Central Asia.png|thumb|right|200px|The borders of the [[Russia]]n imperial territories of [[Kiva]], [[Bukhara]] and [[Kokand]] in the time period of 1902-1903.]]

=== Basmachi revolt ===
{{main article|Basmachi Revolt}}

In 1897, the railway reached [[Tashkent]], and finally in 1906 a direct rail link with European Russia was opened across the [[steppe]] from [[Orenburg]] to [[Tashkent]]. This led to much larger numbers of [[Slavic peoples|Slavic]] settlers flowing into [[Turkestan]] than had hitherto been the case, and their settlement was overseen by a specially created [[Emigration|Migration]] Department in [[Saint Petersburg|St. Petersburg]] (Переселенческое Управление). This caused considerable discontent amongst the local population, [[Kyrgyz people|Kyrgyz]], [[Kazakhs]] and [[Sart]]s, as these settlers took scarce land and water resources away from them. In 1916 discontent boiled over in the [[Basmachi Revolt]], sparked by a decree conscripting the natives into [[Labour battalion]]s (they had previously been exempt from military service). Thousands of settlers were killed, and this was matched by Russian reprisals, particularly against the [[nomadic]] population. The competition for land and water which ensued between the Kazakhs and the newcomers caused great resentment against colonial rule during the final years of [[Tsarist]] Russia, with the most serious uprising, the [[Central Asian Revolt]], occurring in 1916. The Kazakhs attacked Russian and [[Cossack]] villages, killing indiscriminately. The Russians' [[revenge]] was merciless. A [[military]] force drove 300,000 Kazakhs to flee into the mountains or to [[China]]. When [[Approximation|approximately]] 80,000 of them returned the next year, many of them were slaughtered by Tsarist forces. Order had not really been restored by the time the [[February Revolution]] took place in 1917. This would usher in a still bloodier chapter in Turkestan's history, as the [[Bolsheviks]] of the [[Tashkent Soviet]] (made up entirely of Russian soldiers and railway workers, with no Muslim members) launched an attack on the autonomous [[Jadid]] government in [[Kokand]] early in 1918, which sadly left 14,000 dead. Resistance to the [[Bolsheviks]] by the local population (dismissed as '[[Basmachi Revolt|Basmachi]]' or '[[Banditry]]' by [[Soviet historians]]) continued well into the 1920s.

===Kengir Uprising===
{{main article|Kengir uprising}}

During the rule of Joseph Stalin, a prison labour camp of the Steplag division of the [[Gulag]] was set up adjacent to the village of [[Kengir]], near the River Kengir in central Kazakhstan. It was mentioned in [[Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn]]'s book, ''[[The Gulag Archipelago]]''. The location of the camp was near the city of Dzhezkazgan. Russian actor [[Oleg Yankovsky]] is the most famous of the city's natives. There was a prison revolt in 1954, by [[political prisoner]]s, [[criminals]], and other inmates.

===Exiles===
{{see also|Minorities_in_Turkey#Uzbeks|Uzbeks in Pakistan}}
Dissident Islamist and anti-Soviet Central Asians fled to Afghanistan, British India, and to the Hijaz in Saudi Arabia.<ref>http://carnegieendowment.org/files/cp_77_olcott_roots_final.pdf http://carnegieendowment.org/files/olcottroots.pdf page 8</ref><ref>https://www.worldwatchmonitor.org/research/reportcentralasiaislamicextremism.pdf page 7</ref> The last Emir of Bukhara [[Mohammed Alim Khan]] fled to Afghanistan. The Islamist Uzbek As-Sayyid Qāsim bin Abd al-Jabbaar Al-Andijaani(السيد قاسم بن عبد الجبار الأنديجاني) was born in Fergana valley's Andijan city in Turkestan (Central Asia). He went to British India was educated at Darul Uloom Deoband,<ref>http://islamhouse.com/ar/author/243088/</ref> and then returned to Turkestan where he preached against Communist Russian rule.<ref>http://vb.tafsir.net/tafsir36755/</ref> He then fled to Afghanistan, then to British India and then to Hijaz where he continued his education in Mecca and Medina and wrote several works on Islam and engaged in anti-Soviet activities.

Uzbek exiles in Saudi Arabia from Soviet ruled Central Asia also adopted the identity "Turkistani".<ref name="Schlyter2005">{{cite book|author=Birgit N. Schlyter|title=Prospects for Democracy in Central Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eZASCqNASlEC&pg=PA245&lpg=PA245&dq=bukhari+saudi+soviet&source=bl&ots=nXebqetlDc&sig=rLNsSDPlFNsnjU3t8XkjDd7Q0wA&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CEAQ6AEwBmoVChMImprn85b1yAIVCj4-Ch3LLAB-#v=onepage&q=bukhari%20saudi%20soviet&f=false|year=2005|publisher=Swedish Research Institute in Istanbul|isbn=978-91-86884-16-1|pages=245–}}</ref><ref>https://cess.memberclicks.net/assets/cesr2/CESR3/article%203%20v3n1.pdf</ref> A lot of them are also called "Bukhari".<ref name="MaiselShoup2009">{{cite book|author1=Sebastian Maisel|author2=John A. Shoup|title=Saudi Arabia and the Gulf Arab States Today: An Encyclopedia of Life in the Arab States|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uhJu2_8vMkMC&pg=PA145&lpg=PA145&dq=bukhari+saudi+samarkandi&source=bl&ots=GnxFal9mbR&sig=kDicaq-a0bt15EomhlLRh03O0SI&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CCMQ6AEwAWoVChMI6cnp45j1yAIVRJkeCh0vZwiK#v=onepage&q=bukhari%20saudi%20samarkandi&f=false|date=February 2009|publisher=Greenwood Press|isbn=978-0-313-34442-8|pages=145–}}</ref><ref>http://archive.aawsat.com/details.asp?section=43&article=473739&issueno=10783 https://bukhariyon.files.wordpress.com/2009/09/22042009.jpg?w=765 https://bukhariyon.files.wordpress.com/2009/09/n873330654_6177366_2107662.jpg?w=450&h=338 https://bukhariyon.files.wordpress.com/2009/09/4491_110812876759_697671759_3186263_7497572_n.jpg?w=338&h=450 https://bukhariyon.files.wordpress.com/2009/09/n629897282_964239_5928.jpg?w=450&h=338 https://bukhariyon.files.wordpress.com/2009/09/n615363233_1080293_6221.jpg?w=450&h=338 https://bukhariyon.wordpress.com/2009/09/20/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86-%D9%85%D9%86-%D9%87%D9%85%D8%9F/ https://bukhariyon.wordpress.com/2009/09/20/البخاريون-من-هم؟/ http://www.turkistanweb.com/?p=2156 http://turkistan.ahlamontada.com/t202-topic https://twitter.com/Abunass3r/status/726845854896820225</ref> A number of Saudi "Uzbeks" do not consider themselves as Uzbek and instead consider themselves as Muslim Turkestanis.<ref>{{cite book|author=Birgit N. Schlyter|title=Prospects for Democracy in Central Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eZASCqNASlEC&pg=PA246&lpg=PA246&dq=andijani+saudi+kokandi&source=bl&ots=nXebqeumA9&sig=8NDb5PZ6OgXYu6FWdC3F_LWmLr8&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CB8Q6AEwAGoVChMI0qGZ8Jr1yAIVij8-Ch2gugyP#v=onepage&q=andijani%20saudi%20kokandi&f=false|year=2005|publisher=Swedish Research Institute in Istanbul|isbn=978-91-86884-16-1|pages=246–}}</ref> Many Uzbeks in Saudi Arabia adopted the [[Nisba (onomastics)#Nisba to a place|Arabic nisba]] of their home city in Uzbekistan, such as Al Bukhari from Bukhara, Al Samarqandi from Samarqand, Al Tashkandi from Tashkent, Al Andijani from Andijan, Al Kokandi from Kokand, Al Turkistani from Turkistan.

Bukhari and Turkistani were labels for all the Uzbeks in general while specific names for Uzbeks from different places were Farghani, Marghilani, Namangani, and Kokandi.<ref>https://cess.memberclicks.net/assets/cesr2/CESR3/article%203%20v3n1.pdf page 16</ref><ref>http://www.academia.edu/3083768/The_Complexity_of_Central_Eurasia page 16</ref> Kokandi was used to refer to Uzbeks from Ferghana.<ref>http://www.palgraveconnect.com/pc/doifinder/view/10.1057/9780230376434</ref>

Shami Domullah introduced Salafism to Soviet Central Asia.<ref>http://pulsofcentralasia.org/2015/03/31/special-dangerous-preaching-the-role-of-religious-leaders-in-the-rise-of-radical-islam-in-central-asia-by-nurbek-bekmurzaev/</ref><ref name="KemperMotika2009">{{cite book|author1=Michael Kemper|author2=Raoul Motika|author3=Stefan Reichmuth|title=Islamic Education in the Soviet Union and Its Successor States|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-gWAAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA247&dq=bukhari+saudi+soviet&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CEMQ6AEwBTgKahUKEwi17O3xm_XIAhWI1x4KHTomBJQ#v=onepage&q=bukhari%20saudi%20soviet&f=false|date=11 September 2009|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-20731-2|pages=247–}}</ref>

Mosques in Uzbekistan are funded by Saudi-based Uzbeks.<ref>http://www.tol.org/client/article/1767-the-myth-of-militant-islam-uzbekistan.html?print.</ref>

Saudis have tried to propagate their version of Islam into Uzbekistan following the collapse of the Soviet Union.<ref>http://www.ca-c.org/journal/2001/journal_eng/cac-01/13.abbe.shtml</ref><ref>https://www.ucis.pitt.edu/nceeer/2007_819-01g_Collins.pdf page 16</ref><ref>http://www.academia.edu/273897/Hidden_Linkages_The_Republic_of_Uzbekistan_and_the_Gulf_Region_in_Changing_World_Order</ref><ref name="Gorder2008">{{cite book|author=Christian van Gorder|title=Muslim-Christian Relations in Central Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MWqTAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA80&dq=bukhari+saudi+soviet&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CE0Q6AEwCDgUahUKEwiZ8bLanPXIAhWDHB4KHbHBCRk#v=onepage&q=bukhari%20saudi%20soviet&f=false|date=5 June 2008|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-97169-4|pages=80–}}</ref>

Saudi Arabia's "Bukharian brethren" were led by Nuriddin al-Bukhari as of 1990.<ref name="Association1990">{{cite book|author=Central Asian Studies Association|title=Central Asia File: Newsletter of the Central Asian Studies Association|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PLERAQAAMAAJ&q=bukhari+saudi+soviet&dq=bukhari+saudi+soviet&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CD8Q6AEwBDgKahUKEwi17O3xm_XIAhWI1x4KHTomBJQ|year=1990|publisher=School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London|page=20}}</ref>

==Industry==
[[File:1982 expedition to Tartu Ülikool 350 (14).jpg|thumb|All of the highest peaks in the Soviet Union were located inside Central Asia. That attracted a lot of mountaineers into the area.]]

===Oil and gas===
After [[World War II]] the Soviet Union rapidly industrialized Kazakhstan and started prospecting for oil in the whole of Soviet Central Asia. Oil was found in Uzbekistan and both [[oil]] and [[gas]] were found in Turkmenistan. These fuel supplies would prove invaluable to the region over the coming years.

The central part of the [[geological depression]] that forms the Ferghana Valley is characterized by [[block subsidence]], originally to depths estimated at 6–7 km, largely filled with [[sediments]] that range in age as far back as the [[Permian-Triassic boundary]]. Some of the sediments are [[marine carbonates]] and [[clays]]. The faults are upthrusts and [[overthrust]]s. [[Anticline]]s associated with these [[fault (geology)|faults]] form traps for [[petroleum]] and [[natural gas]], which has been discovered in 52 small fields.<ref>
[http://web.archive.org/web/20091027103235/http://geocities.com/internetgeology/L34.html Petroleum Potential of Fergana Intermontane Depression] Internet Geology Newsletter
</ref>

Kazakhstan's [[Mangystau Province]] has an area of 165,600 square kilometers and a population of 316,847. It is a major [[oil]]- and gas-producing region. The city of [[Aktau]] was built in Kazakhstan's [[Mangyshlak Peninsula]] as a small village to house the region's oil workers in 1961. Over the years a large [[wikt:influx|influx]] of Russian and Ukrainian oil and [[chemical]] workers arrived. Engineers discovered large amounts of [[crude oil]] and [[petroleum]] in the area in the days of the [[Soviet Union]], and when drilling commenced, much of the area was built up around the industry. Aktau is Kazakhstan's only seaport on the Caspian Sea.

From 1964 to 1991 Aktau, which had become a city, bore the name "Shevchenko" in honour of the Ukrainian poet [[Taras Shevchenko]] (1814-1861), who had been assigned to the area on military{{cn|date=October 2016}} work. The average temperature on January is −3 °C, on July +26 °C. Annual rainfall averages 150 mm. Aktau had a population of 154,500 {{as of | 2004 | lc = on}}.

=== Transport ===
{{main article| Soviet infrastructure in Central Asia}}
Much of the [[road and railroad infrastructure]] that exists across Central Asia was developed when the areas was in the Soviet Union. As a result, it often disregards existing national borders. After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, this infrastructure has faced decline and degradation.<ref name="International Crisis Group">{{cite web|title=Central Asia: Decay and Decline|url=http://www.crisisgroup.org/en/regions/asia/central-asia/201-central-asia-decay-and-decline.aspx|publisher=International Crisis Group|accessdate=17 April 2013}}</ref>

=== Metallurgy ===
[[File:Kazakhstan-Dzhezkazgan.jpg|thumb|250px|Location of Zhezkazgan, Kazakhstan]]

Kazakhstan had started to produce and refine sizable amounts of [[tin]] and [[uranium]] by the early 1970s. [[Vanadium]] and [[cobalt]] were, and still are also mined in the south of the country. Uranium was also first produced in Uzbekistan in the 1970s.

The city of [[Zhezkazgan]] was created in 1938 in connection with the exploitation of the rich local [[copper]] deposits. In 1973 a large mining and metallurgical complex was constructed to the southeast to smelt the copper that until then had been sent elsewhere for processing. Other metal ores mined and processed locally are [[manganese]], [[iron]] and [[gold]].It is on a reservoir of the [[Kara-Kengir River]] and has a population of 90,000 (1999 census).

Its [[urban area]] includes the neighbouring mining town of [[Satpaev|Satpayev]], total population 148,700. 55% of the population are [[Kazakhs]], 30% [[Russians]], with smaller minorities of [[Ukrainians]], [[Germans]], [[Chechens]] and [[Koreans]]. Dzhezkazgan has an extreme [[continental climate]]. The average temperature ranges from +24 °C (75 °F) in July to -16 °C (3 °F) in January.

Today the city is the headquarters of the copper conglomerate [[Kazakhmys]], the city's main employer. The company has subsidiaries in [[China]], [[Russia]], [[France]] and the [[United Kingdom|UK]] and is listed on the [[London Stock Exchange]].

=== Cement ===
Cement was a major product in both the cities of [[Shymkent]] and [[Dushanbe]] in the south of the region.

=== Hydro-electricity ===
By the early 1970s, the Soviets had started to build some of their [[hydroelectric]] power stations in Eastern Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Tadjikistan as part of an overall development strategy. The waters of the [[Ili River]] and of Lake Balkhash are considered to be of a vital economic importance to [[Kazakhstan]]. The Ili river is dammed for hydroelectric power at [[Kaptchagayskoye]], and the river waters are heavily diverted for [[agriculture|agricultural]] [[irrigation]] and for [[industry|industrial]] purposes.

=== Cotton ===
The Soviets began to grow cotton in Uzbekistan after the ''[[Virgin Lands]]'' project and the mass use of the isolated and now shrinking [[Aral Sea]] for desert irrigation in the early 1950s. A massive expansion of irrigation canals during the Soviet period, to irrigate [[cotton]] fields, wrought ecological carnage to the area, with the river drying up long before reaching the Aral Sea which, as a result, has shrunk to a small remnant of its former size. With millions of people now settled in these cotton areas (and [[politically repressive]] [[post-Soviet]] regimes in power in [[Kazakhstan]] and [[Uzbekistan]]), it is not clear how the situation can be rectified..

===The Baikonur Cosmodrome===
The [[Baikonur Cosmodrome]] was founded in Kazakhstan on June 2, 1955, during the [[Cold War]], as one of many long-range [[nuclear missile]] bases in the region, but diverged into space travel.

On June 8, 2005 the [[Russian Federation Council]] ratified an agreement between Russia and Kazakhstan extending Russia's rent term of the spaceport until 2050.

==Culture, religion and ethnicity==
[[File:Central Asia Ethnic.jpg|thumb|250px|The Ethnic and linguistic patchwork of Soviet Central Asia]]

Following a series of migrations, mostly predating Soviet rule, that displaced the autochthonous [[Iranian peoples]], most of the inhabitants of Soviet Central Asia were speakers of either [[Kipchak languages]] (such as Kazakhs) or [[Uyghuric languages]] (Uzbeks). Those populations were nomadic and settled, respectively. There remained traces of some settled [[farming]] and urban Iranian communities like the [[Tajik people|Tajiks]] and Bukhara in the south, and [[nomadic]] [[Mongol]]ic Kyrgiz on the border with [[China]].

In Kazakh [qɑzɑqtɑr]; Russian: Казахи; the English name 'Kazakh' is transliterated from Russian) are a [[Turkic people]] of the northern parts of Central Asia (largely [[Kazakhstan]], but also found in parts of [[Uzbekistan]], China, [[Russia]], and [[Mongolia]]).

According to Robert G. Gordon, Jr., editor of the Ethnologue: Languages of the World, classifies [[Kalmyk language|Kalmyk]]-[[Oirat language|Oirat]] under the Oirat-Khalkha group, since he contends that Kalmyk-Oirat is related to Khalkha Mongolian – the national language of Mongolia. The descent of the [[Kyrgyz people|Kyrgyz]] from the [[autochthonous Siberian population]] is confirmed on the other hand by recent genetic studies.

The Slavic community was would grow very rapidly under communism and Russians would eventually become a major ethnic group in the region. The [[Slavic peoples|Slavic]] population followed Orthodox [[Christianity]], while the rest were mostly [[Sunni]] Muslims. Various nationality, such as the Meskhetian [[Turkish people|Turks]] and [[Volga Germans]] would get banished to the region. Over the years ethnic groups changed. [[Uralsk]] and [[Oral, Kazakhstan|Oral]] are now Russians (54%) and Kazakhs (34%), while it's also Kazakh 43.6% and Russian 40.2% in [[Almaty]].

===Religion===

The Bolsheviks would quickly set about closing mosques and churches throughout the USSR. This became particularly prevalent in the 1930s, but had been fully abandoned by the 1980s.

===Veil===
{{main article|Paranja}}

In Uzbekistan and Tajikistan women wore veils which covered their entire face and body like the [[Paranja]] and faranji.

The traditional veil in Central Asia worn before modern times was the faranji but it was banned by the Soviet Communists.<ref name="AbdullaevAkbarzaheh2010">{{cite book|author1=Kamoludin Abdullaev|author2=Shahram Akbarzaheh|title=Historical Dictionary of Tajikistan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mC9RsIYy8m8C&pg=PA381#v=onepage&q&f=false|date=27 April 2010|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=978-0-8108-6061-2|pages=381–}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Pannier |first=Bruce |date=April 1, 2015 |title= Central Asia's Controversial Fashion Statements |url=http://www.rferl.org/content/central-asia-fashion-islamic-risque-western-national-mentality/26932437.html |newspaper=Radio Free Europe Radio Liberty |location= |access-date= }}</ref>

===Y-Haplogroups===
According to the interim results of Kazach mitochondrial DNA studies<ref>http://elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=9184531</ref> (where sample consisted of only 246 individuals), the main maternal lineages of Kazakhs are: [[Haplogroup D (mtDNA)|D]] (17,9 %), [[Haplogroup C (mtDNA)|C]] (16%), [[Haplogroup G (mtDNA)|G]] (16%), [[Haplogroup A (mtDNA)|A]] (3,25 %), [[Haplogroup F (mtDNA)|F]] (2,44 %), which is of eastern-Eurasian origin (58%), and haplogroups [[Haplogroup H (mtDNA)|H]] (13%), [[Haplogroup T (mtDNA)|T]] (4,07 %), [[Haplogroup J (mtDNA)|J]] (4,07 %), [[Haplogroup K (mtDNA)|K]] (4,07 %), [[Haplogroup U (mtDNA)|U5]] (3,25 %), [[Haplogroup I (mtDNA)|I]] (0,41 %), [[Haplogroup V (mtDNA)|V]] (0,81 %), [[Haplogroup W (mtDNA)|W]] (1,63 %), of western Eurasian origin (41%).

The on a similar level, the distribution of Y-DNA haplogroups, according to E.K. Husnutdinova,<ref>[http://www.bionet.nsc.ru/vogis/pict_pdf/2006/t10_1/vogis_10_1_02.pdf 10_1]</ref> (sample size is 331) is the following: [[Haplogroup C-M130|C]] (25,3 %), [[Haplogroup J-M267|J]] (18,2 %), [[Haplogroup N-M231|N]] (15,2 %), [[Haplogroup R-M207|R]] (10,1 %).

Genetic studies on [[mitochondrial DNA]] ([[mtDNA]]) restriction polymorphism has confirmed that Turkmen were both composed of a mixture of local Iranian mtDNA lineages, similar to the [[Eastern Iranian]] populations and high male [[Mongoloid]] genetic component observed in Turkmens and [[Eastern Iranian]] populations with the frequencies of about 20%.<ref>[http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/maik/ruge/2002/00000038/00000004/00375256;jsessionid=1i2j4imsmaj3n.alice 1 Russian Journal of Genetics, Mitochondrial DNA Polymorphism in Populations of the Caspian Region and Southeastern Europe]</ref> and created something of a hybrid [[Turko-Iranian (disambiguation)|Turko-Iranian]] culture and language.

====R1a====
The descent of the Kyrgyz from the [[Autochthon (person)|autochthonous]] [[Siberian]] population is confirmed on the other hand by the recent genetic studies ([http://hpgl.stanford.edu/publications/PNAS_2001_v98_p10244.pdf The Eurasian Heartland: A continental perspective on Y-chromosome diversity]). Remarkably, 63% of modern Kyrgyz men share [[Haplogroup R1a1 (Y-DNA)]] with [[Tājik people|Tajiks]] (64%), [[Ruthenians]] (54%], [[Poles]] and [[Hungarians]] (~60%), and even [[Icelanders]] (25%). Haplogroup R1a1 (Y-DNA) is believed to be a marker of the [[Proto-Indo-European language]] speakers.

====R-Z93 (R1a1a1b2)====
This large subclade appears to encompass most of the R1a1a found in Asia {{harv|Pamjav|2012}}.

== Multi-media ==
{{listen
| filename = Gimn Sovetskogo Soyuza (1944 Stalinist lyrics).oga
| title = Vocal (1944 lyrics)
| description = By the Red Army Ensemble
| format = [[Ogg]]
| filename2 = Ussrgymn.ogg
| title2 = Vocal (1977 Soviet national anthem's lyrics)
| description2 = By the choir and orchestra of Bolshoi Theater
| format2 = [[Ogg]]
| filename3 = Russian anthem instrumental.oga
| title3 = Instrumental
| description3 = By the United States Navy Band
| format3 = [[Ogg]]
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}
*{{cite book|author=H. B. Paksoy|title=Alpamysh: Central Asian Identity Under Russian Rule|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_KkOGNefbfsC&printsec=frontcover&dq=%D0%A3%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%B2+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8F%D1%85+%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%87%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B8,++%D0%9D%D0%B0+%D1%83%D0%B9%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2+%D0%B8+%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2,++%D0%9D%D0%B0+%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2+%5B%D0%B8%5D&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjBndi5j9bNAhUDgx4KHUU9C4wQ6AEIOzAE#v=onepage&q&f=false|year=1989|publisher=AACAR|isbn=978-0-9621379-9-0}}
* {{loc}}

== External links ==
* [http://aliciapatterson.org/stories/strange-state-soviet-central-asia The Strange State of Soviet Central Asia] Alicia Patterson Foundation Reporter
* Keller, Bill (1989). "[https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=950DE2DD1231F936A35752C0A96F948260&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=all Afghan Cadets Reportedly Riot in a Capital in Soviet Central Asia]", The New York Times.
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b0_U44QBbz8 Kazakh SSR Anthem] YouTube
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QVRL_MxdvMw Uzbek SSR Anthem] YouTube
* [http://www.oxuscom.com/lang-policy.htm#policy Soviet Language Policy in Central Asia by Mark Dickens]
* {{cite web |url=http://dissertationreviews.org/archives/13361 |title=Citizenship in Soviet Uzbekistan |last1=Hierman |first1=Brent |last2= |first2= |date=January 20, 2016 |website=Dissertation Reviews |publisher= |access-date= |quote=}}
* {{cite book |editor-last=Akyildiz |editor-first=Sevket Akyildiz |editor2-last=Carlson |editor2-first=Richard |date=2014 |title=Social and Cultural Change in Central Asia: The Soviet Legacy |url=https://www.academia.edu/3337971/Social_and_Cultural_Change_in_Central_Asia_The_Soviet_Legacy |location= |publisher=Routledge |page= |isbn=978-0-415-70453-3}}

{{Navboxes|
|list1=
{{Republics of the Soviet Union}}
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{{Turkmenistan topics}}
{{Uzbekistan topics}}
}}

[[Category:Post–Russian Empire states]]
[[Category:Soviet Central Asia| ]]
[[Category:History of Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Turkestan]]
[[Category:History of Turkmenistan]]
[[Category:History of Tajikistan]]
[[Category:History of Kyrgyzstan]]
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[[Category:Communist states]]
[[Category:Early Soviet republics]]
[[Category:Former empires of Asia]]

Shafik Chokin

2017-02-12T11:50:41Z

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{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2013}}
{{Infobox scientist
|name = Shafik Chokin
|image =
|image_size = 180px
|caption = Academician Shafik Chokin
|birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1912|10|1}}
|death_date = {{death date|df=yes|2003|7|4}}
|death_place = [[Almaty]]
|residence = [[Almaty]]
|citizenship = [[Republic of Kazakhstan|Kazakhstan]]
|nationality = [[Kazakhstan|Kazakh]]
|ethnicity =
|fields = Energy sector
|workplaces = [[Kazakhstan Academy of Sciences]], Kazakh Scientific Research Institute of Energy
|alma_mater = [[Omsk State Agrarian University|Omsk Agricultural Institute]]
|notable_students =
|known_for =
|author_abbrev_bot =
|author_abbrev_zoo =
|influences =
|influenced = [[Kanysh Satpayev]]
|awards = [[Order of the October Revolution]], [[Order of the Red Banner of Labour]], [[People's Hero of Kazakhstan]], [[Hero of Kazakhstan]]
|religion =
|signature =
|footnotes =
}}

'''Sháfik Chókinovich Chókin''' ({{Lang-kk|'''Шапық Шоқыұлы Шокин'''}}; {{lang-ru|'''Ша́фик Чо́кинович Чо́кин'''}}) (1 October 1912 – 4 July 2003) is the most recognized Kazakh scientist in the energy sector. He was a Doctor of Sciences, Professor, Founder of the Kazakh Scientific Research Institute of Power Engineering, Deputy of [[Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union|The Supreme Soviet of the USSR]], associate of the chairman of [[Soviet of the Union]] chamber, and President of [[Kazakhstan Academy of Sciences]].

== Biography ==
Shafik Chokin was born on 1 October 1912 in [[Bayanaul District]], in [[Pavlodar Province]] in a poor family. His father died in 1918, so Shafik was brought up by his older brother Riza Chokin. He was educated at [[Omsk State Agrarian University|Omsk Agricultural Institute]]. After graduation in 1937 he worked in the Kazakh Trust of Agricultural Electrification, where he enjoyed a successful career, being promoted to the positions of Chief Engineer and Deputy Director. In 1943 he was invited by [[Kanysh Satpayev]] to become the Chairman of the energy sector of Kazakh Branch of the Academy of Sciences of USSR. A year later, in 1944, Chokin established the Kazakh Scientific Research Institute of Power Engineering and served as its director till 1988. During Chokin's directorship the Institute became one of the [[USSR]]'s most recognized scientific research organizations in the energy sector. From 1954 to 1968 he was a member of the Presidium of Kazakhstan Academy of Sciences. In 1964, after the death of [[Kanysh Satpayev]], Chokin was elected as the President of the Academy <ref>{{Cite news|title = New Kazak Science Leader|url = https://www.nytimes.com/1964/04/04/new-kazak-science-leader.html|newspaper = The New York Times|date = 1964-04-04|access-date = 2015-10-15|issn = 0362-4331}}</ref> and occupied this position till 1967. During his presidency he was also elected as a deputy of [[Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union|The Supreme Soviet of the USSR]] and appointed as an associate of the chairman of [[Soviet of the Union]] chamber. From 1966 to 1971 Chokin was a member of Central Committee of [[Communist Party of Kazakhstan]].

On 14 June 1988 by the collective decision of Ministry of Energy and Electrification of USSR and the Presidium of Kazakhstan Academy of Sciences Chokin was appointed as an honorary director of Kazakh Scientific Research Institute of Energy. On 30 September 1992 by the decision of the Board of Ministers of the [[Republic of Kazakhstan]], when the academician was still alive, Kazakh Scientific Research Institute of Energy was given the name of Shafik Chokin.

In 1996 President [[Nursultan Nazarbayev]] awarded Shafik Chokin the "National Hero" award, the highest honor for citizens of Kazakhstan.

== Legacy ==
[[File:Kazakh scientific research institute.jpg|thumb|Kazakh Research Institute of Power Engineering named after Sh. Ch. Chokin]]
The following are named after Shafik Chokin:

* “Shafik Chokin” Energy Research and Design Institute, [[Nazarbayev University]], Energy Center <ref>{{Cite web|url = http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PA00JHKQ.pdf|title = Central Asian Energy Efficiency Support Program (CAEESP)|date = October 2012|accessdate = 2015-10-15|website = USAID - Central Asian Republics|publisher = |last = ICF International|first = }}</ref>
* a street in [[Pavlodar]] city
* an award in the field of energy of the Presidium of Kazakhstan Academy of Sciences
* an award in the field of energy of the National Engineering Academy of the Republic of Kazakhstan

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
* [http://www.iie.freenet.kz/nan_rk.html History of Kazakhstan Academy of Sciences (in Russian)]
* [http://www.biografija.ru/show_bio.aspx?id=135223 Biography of Shafik Chokin (in Russian)]

{{S-start}}
{{succession box|title=President [[Kazakhstan Academy of Sciences|Kazakh Academy of Sciences]]
|before= [[Kanysh Satpayev]]
|after= [[Shakhmardan Yessenov]]
|years= 1964 — 1967}}
{{S-end}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Chokin, Shafik}}
[[Category:1912 births]]
[[Category:2003 deaths]]
[[Category:Kazakhstani scientists]]
[[Category:Soviet scientists]]
[[Category:Communist Party of the Soviet Union members]]
[[Category:Heroes of Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Omsk State Agrarian University alumni]]

Rashid Nugmanov

2017-02-12T05:14:23Z

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{{Infobox person
| name = Rashid Nugmanov
| image =
| caption =
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1954|03|19}}
| birth_place = [[Alma Ata]], [[Kazakhstan]]
| othername = Rachid Nougmanov
| occupation = [[Film director]], [[political activist]]
| yearsactive = 1987-2010
}}
'''Rashid Nugmanov''' (also written '''Rachid Nougmanov'''; {{lang-ru|Рашид Мусаевич Нугманов}}; born March 19, 1954 in [[Alma Ata]], [[Kazakhstan]]) is a [[Kazakhs|Kazakh]] [[film director]], [[dissent|dissident]], [[political activist]]<ref name="drucker">Druker, Jeremy, (2003-11-17) "Creative Editing and Other Obstacles for the Kazakh Opposition", ''Transitions Online''. Retrieved on 2007-11-26.</ref> and founder of the [[Kazakh New Wave]] cinema movement.<ref>[http://ifn.org.uk/user.php?op=userinfo&uname=Rachid%20Nougmanov Profile of Rachid Nugmanov] at the International Freedom Network.</ref>

== Film career ==

After graduating in 1977 from the Architectural Institute in [[Almaty]], Nugmanov enrolled at the prestigious [[VGIK|Moscow State Film Institute]] (VGIK), the world's first institute of [[cinematography]] in 1984.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Brashinsky |first=Michael |year=2000 |title=Igla |journal=International Dictionary of Film and Filmmakers |url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_gx5212/is_2000/ai_n19127240 |accessdate= 2007-11-26}}</ref> His debut film, "Igla" (English title: ''The Needle''), premiered in September 1988 at the "Golden Duke" Festival in Odessa where it won the Un Certain Regard prize. Starring popular musician [[Victor Tsoi]], it was one of the first films to break the [[taboo]] against talking about [[drug addiction]] in the [[former Soviet Union]].<ref name="drieu">{{cite journal |last=Drieu |first=Cloe |date=October 2000 |title=Don't Blink Now, It's Kazakhstan |journal=UNESCO Courier |url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1310/is_2000_Oct/ai_66495271 |accessdate= 2007-11-26}}</ref> The film was released in the [[USSR]] in February 1989 with 1,000 prints in circulation and became a [[box office]] hit viewed by over 30 million cinemagoers.<ref name="drucker"/> The film was also a critical success, winning First Prize at the [[Perspektive - Filmfestival der Menschenrechte|Nuremberg Film Festival]] and initiating the "Kazakh New Wave". He declared, in 1990, the motto of the New Wave of Kazakh cinema: "We demand no unified philosophy nor uniform artistic views on art. We are unified, instead, in our freedom and love of art".<ref>"Tysiacha i odna zabota," ''Iskusstuo kino'' 4 [1990]: 37)</ref> Nougmanov served as President of the Union of Kazakh Filmmakers from 1989 until 1992, when he wrote, directed and produced ''Diki Vostok'' (''[[The Wild East]]''), a [[post-apocalyptic]] [[punk subculture|punk]] [[samurai]] [[Ostern]] which attracted international acclaim at [[film festival]]s from [[Venice]] to [[Los Angeles]] to [[Tokyo]], and was awarded the Prix Special du Jury in [[Valenciennes]], France. The film marked the end of both the Kazakh New Wave and Nugmanov's active directorial career,<ref>{{cite web
| last =Cheah
| first =Phillip
| title =On the Steppes of Eurasian Cinema
| publisher =20th International [[Singapore Film Festival]]
| url =http://www.filmfest.org.sg/pressrm2.php
| accessdate =2007-11-26 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20071122013838/http://www.filmfest.org.sg/pressrm2.php  |archivedate = 2007-11-22}}
</ref> although he continued to write screenplays throughout the 1990s.

== Activism ==

Nugmanov moved to [[Paris]], France in 1993 and currently serves as the General Director of the International Freedom Network, a [[London]]-based [[think tank]] created to foster [[democracy]] in the [[former Soviet Union]].<ref>[http://ifn.org.uk/sections.php?op=viewarticle&artid=1 IFN - Our Mission] - mission statement of the International Freedom Network. Retrieved on 2007-11-26.</ref> A harsh critic of the political regime of [[Nursultan Nazarbaev]], which he has decried as a [[mafia]],<ref>{{cite conference
| first =Rashid
| last =Nugmanov
| title =Virtual Democracy: The Face Behind A Thousand Masks
| booktitle =CESS 4th Annual Conference
| date =2003-10-04
| location =[[Harvard University]], [[Cambridge, Massachusetts]], United States
| url =http://ifn.org.uk/article.php?sid=1
| accessdate =2007-11-26 }}</ref> Nugmanov has been responsible for the [[international relations]] of dissident organisations including the Forum for Democratic Forces of Kazakhstan and Central Asia, Republican People's Party of Kazakhstan, [[Democratic Choice of Kazakhstan]], and [[For a Just Kazakhstan]].

== Filmography ==
* [[Igla Remix]] (2010)
* ''[[Dikiy Vostok]]'' (1993)
* ''[[Needle (1988 film)|Igla]]'' (1988)
* [[Iskusstvo byt smirnym]] (1987)
* [[Yahha]] (1986)
* [[Zgga]] (1977)
* [[The Snow Band]] (1971)

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
{{refbegin}}
*[[Andrei Plakhov|Plakhov, Andrei]], "Soviet Cinema into the 90's" in ''[[Sight and Sound]]'' (London), Spring 1989.
*Ciesol, Forrest, "Kazakhstan Wave", in ''Sight and Sound'' (London), Fall 1989.
*Horton, Andrew, "Nomad from Kazakhstan: An Interview with Rashid Nugmanov", in ''Film Criticism'', Summer 1990.
*Pruner, Ludmila Zebrina, "[http://www.jstor.org/stable/2500140 The New Wave in Kazakh Cinema]" in ''Slavic Review'', Vol. 51, No. 4. (Winter, 1992), pp. 791–801.
*Eisner, Ken, "[http://www.variety.com/review/VE1117908003.html?categoryid=31&cs=1 Legit Review]", ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]'', 1993-12-20.
{{refend}}

== External links ==
*{{IMDb name|0637835}}
*{{amg name|104743}}
*[https://movies.nytimes.com/person/104743/Rashid-Nugmanov Rashid Nugmanov] at ''[[The New York Times]]''

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nugmanov, Rashid}}
[[Category:1954 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Civil rights activists]]
[[Category:Dissidents]]
[[Category:Free speech activists]]
[[Category:Kazakhstani film directors]]
[[Category:Kazakhstani politicians]]
[[Category:Kazakhstani writers]]
[[Category:Soviet film directors]]
[[Category:Kazakhstani democracy activists]]
[[Category:New Wave]]

Sitticus inexpectus

2017-01-20T02:07:05Z

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{{Taxobox
|image = Sitticus inexpectus male.jpg
|regnum=[[Animal]]ia
|phylum=[[Arthropod]]a
|classis=[[Arachnid]]a
|ordo=[[Spider|Araneae]]
|familia=[[Jumping spider|Salticidae]]
|genus=''[[Sitticus]]''
|species='''''S. inexpectus'''''
|binomial=''Sitticus inexpectus''|binomial_authority=Logunov et Kronestedt, 1997
}}
'''''Sitticus inexpectus''''' is a species of [[spider]] from [[Jumping spider|Salticidae]] family, that can be found in [[Central Asia]], presumably in [[Kazakhstan]].<ref>[http://salticidae.org/salticid/diagnost/sitticus/inexpect.htm Distribution]</ref> It can also be found in [[Europe]], in the [[United Kingdom]].<ref name ="britishspiders">{{cite web|url= http://srs.britishspiders.org.uk/portal.php/p/Summary/s/Sitticus+inexpectus |title=Summary for Sitticus inexpectus (Araneae)|publisher=British spiders|accessdate=25 February 2012}}</ref>

==Description==
The spider has eight legs and 8 eyes. It is black coloured.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/57984606@N00/5894464115/|title=Sitticus inexpectus male|publisher=Flickr|accessdate=25 February 2012}}</ref>

==Habitat and ecology==
The species lives in [[litter]] and [[saltmarsh]]. It can be found from April to October.<ref name="britishspiders"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Animals described in 1997]]
[[Category:Salticidae]]
[[Category:Spiders of Asia]]
[[Category:Fauna of Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Jumping spiders of Europe]]

Kurban Tulum

2017-01-19T04:18:30Z

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[[File:Kurban Tulum with Mao Zedong, Hotan, China.jpg|thumb|200px|Monument of Kurban Tulum's meeting with [[Mao Zedong]] in Unity Square, [[Hotan]], China]]

'''Kurban Tulum''' ({{zh|库尔班・吐鲁木}}, 1883 - May 26, 1975), also called Uncle Kurban ({{zh|库尔班大叔}}), was a [[Uyghur people|Uyghur]] who lived in [[Keriya County|Keriya]] ({{zh|于田县}}) ), [[Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region]], [[China]]. He is treated by the [[Communist Party of China]] as a symbol of unity with the Uyghurs.<ref>[https://www.flickr.com/photos/centralasiatraveler/2265045062/in/photostream/ Kurban Tulum and Chairman Mao Zedong Monument, Unity Square, Hotan, Xinjiang, China]</ref><ref>[http://baike.baidu.com/view/1903870.htm Kurban Tulum (Baidu Encyclopedia)] (in Chinese)</ref>

He is said to have visited [[Urumuqi]], the political center of Xinjiang, by riding a [[donkey]], to show his appreciation of the [[People's Liberation Army]]'s role in the liberation of his area, was herded to [[Beijing]] by airplane, and met [[Mao Zedong]] on June 28, 1958. Today, the monuments of his shaking hands with Chairman Mao stand at the center of Keriya and in [[Union Square (Hotan)|Unity Square]] of Hotan, the center of his area.<ref>[http://www.centralasiatraveler.com/cn/xj/ky/kurban-tulum.html Kurban Tulum]</ref>

As a propaganda, a song "Where Are You Going, Uncle Kurban?" ({{zh|库尔班大叔您去哪儿？}}) was later made and a film "Uncle Kurban Visits Beijing" ({{zh|库尔班大叔上北京}}) was made in 2002. He is a well-known figure in China as his name also appears in the [[school textbooks]].

==See also==
* [[Propaganda in the People's Republic of China]]

==References==
{{commons category|Kurban Tulum}}
<references/>

[[Category:Uyghurs]]
[[Category:Hotan Prefecture]]
[[Category:Propaganda in China]]

Kenges Rakishev

2017-01-16T15:41:51Z

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{{more footnotes|date=January 2014}}
[[File:Кенес Ракишев.jpeg|thumb|Кенес Ракишев]]

'''Kenges Rakishev''', a prominent [[Kazakhstan|Kazakh]] entrepreneur and investor. He takes the top 5 spot out of 50 influential businessmen in Kazakhstan according to Forbes Kazakhstan annual ranking [http://forbes.kz/ranking/50_samyih_vliyatelnyih_biznesmenov_kazahstana_-_2015 "The top 50 most influential businessmen in Kazakhstan"] and the top 7 spot in Forbes Kazakhstan annual ranking [http://forbes.kz/leader/50_bogateyshih_biznesmenov_kazahstana_-_2016 "The 50 richest people in Kazakhstan"]. Kenges is one of the founders of the global venture fund [http://www.singulariteam.com/ SingulariTeam], a private investment fund that focuses on the development of technology based companies, by providing capital and additional supporting services all around the world. According to buzzsparks.org in 2012 he was considered among the [http://buzzsparks.org/year/2012/investors-private world's top 10 private investors] by the amount of the investments made. He serves as the chairman of the board of directors for several large companies including SAT & Company (KASE: SATC), a diversified industrial holding. Benefitting from Kenges’ leadership, SAT & Co., which has interests in mining, mechanical engineering, infrastructure projects and petrochemical operations as well as plants and projects in Turkey and China, has grown from its initial investment of $10K in 2000 to more than $500M today. He is the controlling shareholder of the largest Kazakh commercial bank - [[Kazkommertsbank|JSC "Kazkommertsbank"]] (LSE:KKB), as well as the bank's chairman of the board of Directors.

He also serves as the chairman of Net Element ([http://www.nasdaq.com/symbol/nete/stock-report NASDAQ:NETE]) after acquiring $32 million in Net Element stock in 2012. The investment into Net Element is part of Kenges’ strategy to apply his expertise and access to capital to seize opportunities in the [[Commonwealth of Independent States]] (CIS) countries by leveraging advanced technologies and partnerships abroad.

Kenges is the member of directors' board and the strategic partner of one of the biggest Russian venture funds [http://www.fastlaneventures.ru/?lang=en_us Fastlane Ventures]. He also is one of the significant shareholders of the [http://www.centralasiametals.com/company-information/significant-investors/ Central Asia Metals PLC] (LSE: CAML.L) mining company, holding 19,01% shares.

Throughout his career, Kenges has served in several top positions in both the public and private sector, ranging from head of marketing for KazTransGas and Intergas Central Asia to advisor for the Kazakhstan Interior Ministry and Department of Education.

== Recent Investments ==
* [http://www.Rall.ee Rall.ee], $1 million, First Round, November 6, 2012
* [[Mobli]], $20 million, Series B, September 9, 2012
* [[TriPlay]], $5 million, Series C, August 22, 2012
* [[Net Element]], $32 million in stock acquisition, February 23, 2012
* [[Fast Lane Ventures]], $13 million, December 6, 2012
* [http://genesisangels.com/ Genesis Angels], $100 million fund, April 19, 2013
* [https://finance.yahoo.com/news/sprylogics-international-corp-announces-name-195100268.html Sprylogics International], Rakishev entered the Consultative Council of the company.
* [http://www.iqcard.ru/ IQcard.ru], $3,7 million investment in December, 2013
* [http://forbes.kz/finances/markets/rakishev_stanet_strategicheskim_investorom_seti_magnum Magnum Cash & Carry], large retail chain in Kazakhstan. In 2014 it was announced that Rakishev has non controlling stake in this company. The exact share size was not disclosed. Company's annual revenues exceed several hundred US dollars.

== Education ==
Kenges earned a diploma from the Oxford [[Saïd Business School]] in Advanced Management in 2007 and a certificate from the [[London Business School]] in Developing Strategy for Value Creation in 2007. He earned degrees in economics from the T. Ryskulov’ Kazakh Economic University in 2002 and law from the Kazakh National Law Academy in 2000.

== Personal life ==
Kenges was born in July 14, 1979 to a family of the prominent Kazakh statesman and public figure Khamit Rakishev, who, for many years was the Head of the [[Chamber of commerce|Kazakhstan's Chamber of Commerce and Industry]]. He is the son-in-law of [[Imangali Tasmagambetov|Imangali Tasmagambetov, the current Minister of Defence of Kazakhstan]].

== Industrial Assets ==
Since November 2006 Kenges Rakishev is the large shareholder and chairman of the board of SAT & Company (KASE: SATC), a diversified industrial holding combining more than 30 companies across different industrial sectors, such as mining, metallurgy, construction, mechanical engineering, oil trading, minerals exploration and recycling. From 2008 Sat & Company rapidly increased its international presence through acquisition of the new assets in China and Turkey (ferroalloy plants and mining companies exploring ferroalloys, chrome, nickel, zinc and coal). According to Bloomberg, by the beginning of 2013 market capitalization of Sat & Company made up $500 mln. By December 2015 Rakishev [http://vlast.kz/novosti/14491-rakisev-uvelicil-svou-dolu-v-sat-company.html gained control over 75,61%] of the company's shares.

In June 27, 2013 Central Asia Metals plc (LSE:CAML), an international producer of the cathode copper [http://www.morningstar.co.uk/uk/news/AN_1400596575572443000/central-asia-metals-becomes-sole-owner-of-kazakh-copper-project.aspx became the sole owner of Kounrad copper project] in Kazakhstan by exchanging 20% of CAML shares into 40% of Kounrad stake owned by Kenges. Thus, Kenges was appointed as non-executive director of Central Asia Metals plc.

On March 13, 2014 Kenges Rakishev joined the board of directors of [http://www.ke.kz/en/company/Opisanie_kompanii/ JSC "National Company "Kazakhstan Engineering"] - large holding combining 27 enterprises of the defensive industry and munitions factories of the Ministry of Defence of the Republic of Kazakhstan. He left the board one year later, upon the appointment of [[Imangali Tasmagambetov]] as the new Minister of Defence.

== Financial assets ==
In 2010 Kenges Rakishev had the status of the major participant of the "Otan" accumulative pension fund. In 2012 he became the shareholder of the "Respublika" accumulative pension fund. Currently, he is the major shareholder of the "Standard" insurance company - 22,34% shares. In March 2013 he has acquired the status of the major participant of JSC " Bank Astana-Finance" and in July 2015 he has left the register of the shareholders of this financial institution.

On February 6, 2014 JSC [[Kazkommertsbank]] and Kenes Rakishev reached a final agreement to acquire 46.5% of the shares of JSC [[BTA Bank]] each from JSC National Welfare Fund [[Samruk-Kazyna]]. The acquisition and subsequent merger of BTA and KKB were expected to create the largest universal bank in the region, creating a large-scale diversified institution with an assets more than 1.5x larger than the next competitor.

On February 14, 2014 Kenges has [http://en.tengrinews.kz/companies/Kenes-Rakishev-new-chairman-of-BTA-Bank-Board-of-Directors-26065/ become the new chairman] of Kazakhstan-based BTA Bank's Board of Directors. The decision was made during the extraordinary meeting of the bank shareholders.

On January 19, 2015 by the decision of the extraordinary meeting of JSC Kazkommertsbank shareholders, Kenges Rakishev was elected as the new member of the board of directors, representing the shareholders' interests.

In March 2015 he has become the large shareholder of JSC Kazkommertsbank, controlling the 16,02% of the shares by the acquiring 127 777 704 of the ordinary shares.

By the beginning of August 2015, Rakishev increased its stake in Kazkommertsbank to 28,67% and then [http://en.kkb.kz/page/News_070815_1 announced the preliminary agreement] with Alnair Capital Holding (another large shareholder of the bank, controlling 28,08% of its shares) to combine their respective shareholdings in Kazkommertsbank. As a result of the proposed transaction, Mr. Rakishev would acquire legal ownership over the parent entity of JSC Alnair Capital Holding, becoming its General Partner and, as such, would effectively acquire control over voting and other rights of Alnair’s shareholding in Kazkommertsbank (controlling 56.75% of bank's shares in total).

On December 29, 2015 the above-mentioned deal was closed.<ref>{{Cite news|url = http://en.kkb.kz/page/News_291215_1|title = JSC Kazkommertsbank|last = |first = |date = |work = |access-date = |via = }}</ref> Rakishev became Alnair Capital Holding's General Partner. Thus, the amount of shares under his control grew to 56,75 %.

In April 2016 Mr. Rakishev significantly increased his stake in Kazkommertsbank by reaching agreement with Mr. Nurzhan Subkhanberdin and JSC Central Asian Investment Company (CAIC) on acquisition of common shares of the Bank owned by Mr. Subkhanberdin and CAIC.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://en.kkb.kz/page/News_200416_1|title=bank press-release|last=|first=|date=|work=|access-date=|via=}}</ref> Under the terms of this transaction Mr. Kenges Rakishev acquired 115,486,789 common shares from CAIC. As a result, Mr. Rakishev’s direct holding in KKB increased from 28.67% to 43.15%, and he directly and indirectly (through JSC Qazaq Financial Group) controls 71.23% of KKB common shares. Soon after the deal announcement Kenges has been elected as the Kazkommertsbank's chairman of the Board of Directors.

== Venture Business ==
In 2012 Rakishev has expanded the range of his business interests to venture investments in the perspective innovation startups in the USA, Canada, Israel and Russia. He started to position himself as an independent investor and entrepreneur. After the acquisition of the major stake in US based Net Element company he has got the honorable nickname "the first Kazakh at NASDAQ". In March 2015 Net Element has acquired one of the Russia's e-payment market leaders - [https://payonline.ru/en/whoweare/ [[PayOnline]]] company.

On December 6, 2012 Kenges has acquired the share in the capital and joined the board of directors of the biggest Russian venture fund [http://www.fastlaneventures.ru/?lang=en_us Fastlane Ventures]. In 2011 Forbes magazine placed Fastlane Ventures second in its ranking of the largest investors in Russia, mostly due to its huge $100 million portfolio. The fund's key partners are [[VTB Capital|VTB capital]], Direct Group, [[e.ventures]].

By the end of 2012 Kenges has joined the [http://buzzsparks.org/year/2012/investors-private TOP 10 world's private investors] ranking together with such famous venture capitalists as [[Peter Thiel|Peter Tiehl]] and [[Yuri Milner]].

In April, 2013 Kenges Rakishev together with [https://www.crunchbase.com/person/moshe-hogeg#/entity Moshe Hogeg] (prominent serial technology entrepreneur) co-founded [http://www.singulariteam.com/ SingulariTeam] venture fund with the capital of $10 mln. The fund was founded with the aim of searching and financing breakthrough startups in such a disruptive industries as robotics, AI, VR, augmented reality, commercial space, etc.

In 2013, Mobli - the visual social platform application in which Kenges has a major stake, attracted the then most richest person in the world [[Carlos Slim]] as the new investor. He put $60 mln. in Mobli and it is worth mentioning that Mobli became the only second investment of Carlos Slim in the hi-tech market after Shazam. [[Mobli]] and Slim's [[América Móvil|America Movil]] reached an agreement to preinstall the application on all the new smartphones sold by this mobile operator.

In December 2013 Rakishev took part in the Russian IQCard financing round, putting $3,7 mln. in to its capital. Created in 2012 IQCard specializes in developing and servicing various loyalty programs for retail chains on the basis of prepaid bank cards. In 2013 the company started collaboration with Visa, by releasing the first Russian gold prepaid card and realized partnership with world's biggest tourist operator TUI Russia & CIS as well as Russian bookstores chain "Respublika". Thanks to agreement with Samsung, IQCard will also be featured in Samsung Wallet app.

== Media business ==
In December 2015 mr. Rakishev announced a deal of acquiring 100% shares of [http://tv7.kz/ru "Sedmoy Kanal"], national TV channel. The amount of transaction was not disclosed. [http://kapital.kz/business/46212/kenes-rakishev-priobretet-100-akcij-sedmogo-kanala.html According to comments from Rakishev's advisor], the deal should be closed by the end of the year.

== Public Life ==
Kenges is the member of presidium of the National Economic Chamber "Atameken Union" and member of Youth Policy Council "Zhas Kenes" working under the auspices of the President of Kazakhstan. In November 2013 he became the Chairman of the Board of Directors of [[Enactus Kazakhstan]] non-commercial organization. In December 2014 he became the Head of the Youth Entrepreneurship Development Council at the National Chamber for Entrepreneurship.

Kenges Rakishev is known as big Maecenas: he actively supports all the initiatives of [http://eng.saby.kz/ "Sabi" charity fund]. He takes active part in the development of Kazakh sports. His Sat & Company holding was the official sponsor of Kazakh Football Federation and Kazakh Federation for Professional Boxing. In 2012 by the initiative of Kenges, Sat & Company became the General Sponsor of Rapid Chess World Championship and FIDE 2012 Blitz, held in Astana city.
* in 2004 - Kenges is elected as the vice-president of National Sports Association of Kazakhstan. He is the co-author of "Kazanat" book, dedicated to the history and the development of horse-breeding in Kazakhstan, and "Berkut" book, dedicated to the history and traditions of Kazakh national falcon hunting.
* in 2009 - Kenges heads the Almaty city branch of Kazakhstan Boxing Federation.
* in 2010 - Kenges is elected as vice-president of [http://www.kfb.kz/eng Kazakhstan Boxing Federation].
* in 2011 - Kenges is elected as vice-president of the (ASBC) Asian Boxing Confederation.
* in 2012 Kenges is elected as the new President of [[Kazakhstan Judo Federation]]

== Honors & Awards ==
Kenges was designated by [[Forbes]] as one of the 50 most influential people in [[Kazakhstan]], was awarded the medal of "20 years of independence of the Republic of Kazakhstan", the medal of "10 years of the city of [[Astana]]", and was awarded a special appreciation letter from the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Mr. Nursultan Abishevich Nazarbayev. He owns the highest award of the Chechen Republic - the Order of Akhmat Kadyrov. In December 15, 2015 he was awarded "Kurmet" Order.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* SAT & Co. [http://www.sat.kz/en/about/management]
* Net Element [http://www.netelement.com/about-us/board-of-directors/]
* "Kazakhstan Business Leader Kenges Rakishev Buys $32M in Net Element" [https://finance.yahoo.com/news/noted-kazakhstan-business-leader-kenges-143000622.html]
* "Jewels of Central Asia: The Discover Kazakhstan Benefit at the New York Public Library" [http://observer.com/2012/02/jewels-of-central-asia-the-discover-kazakhstan-benefit-at-the-new-york-public-library/]
* Forbes [http://finapps.forbes.com/finapps/jsp/finance/compinfo/insider/InsiderTrn.jsp?tkr=TOTY]
* Market Watch [http://www.marketwatch.com/story/noted-kazakhstan-business-leader-kenges-rakishev-acquires-32-million-in-net-element-stock-appointed-to-the-companys-board-of-directors-2012-05-01]
* InsideView [http://www.insideview.com/directory/net-element-inc]
* Saby Foundation [http://eng.saby.kz/]
* Embassy of the Republic of Kazakhstan [http://www.kazakhembus.com/index.php?mact=News,cntnt01,detail,0&cntnt01articleid=904&cntnt01origid=15&cntnt01returnid=201]
* Shalkiya Zinc [http://www.zinc.kz/eng/119.htm]
* Asian Boxing Confederation [http://www.facebook.com/pages/ASBC-Asian-boxing-confederation/209670919061981]
* "TriPlay Rakes In $5M And A New Oligarch Investor To Take Its Consumer Cloud To Europe + Asia" [http://techcrunch.com/2012/08/22/triplay-rakes-in-15m-and-a-new-oligarch-investor-to-take-its-consumer-cloud-to-europe-asia/]
* Photo- And Video-Sharing App Mobli Raises $22M From Kazakhstan Investor Kenges Rakishev And Others [http://techcrunch.com/2012/09/19/mobli-takes-money-from-some-random-kazakhstan-dude/]
* Fastlane Ventures Raises 13 Mln USD from the Leading CIS Entrepreneur and Investor Kenges Rakishev [https://news.yahoo.com/fastlane-ventures-raises-13-mln-105800499.html]

==External links==
* http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/ex-israeli-leader-ehud-olmert-to-head-multimillion-dollar-venture-into-high-tech-innovation/2013/04/18/0760b9d6-a81c-11e2-9e1c-bb0fb0c2edd9_story.html
* http://thenextweb.com/insider/2013/04/20/genesis-angels-israel/
* http://techcrunch.com/2013/04/19/meet-genesis-angels-a-new-100m-fund-for-ai-and-robotics-from-investor-kenges-rakishev-and-led-by-israels-ex-pm/
* http://finapps.forbes.com/finapps/jsp/finance/compinfo/insider/InsiderTrn.jsp?tkr=TOTY
* http://buzzsparks.org/year/2012/investors-private
* http://www.netelement.com/about-us/board-of-directors/
* http://southflorida.citybizlist.com/6/2012/5/1/Kazakhstan-Business-Leader-Kenges-Rakishev-Buys-32-Million-in-Net-Element.aspx
* http://www.sat.kz/en/about/management
* http://observer.com/2012/02/jewels-of-central-asia-the-discover-kazakhstan-benefit-at-the-new-york-public-library/
* http://www.kazakhembus.com/index.php?mact=News,cntnt01,detail,0&cntnt01articleid=904&cntnt01origid=15&cntnt01returnid=201
* http://www.zinc.kz/eng/119.htm
* http://www.insideview.com/directory/net-element-inc
* http://www.netelement.com/about-us/board-of-directors/
* http://www.asiaboxing.org/en/asbc/committee.html
* http://www.facebook.com/pages/ASBC-Asian-boxing-confederation/209670919061981
* http://eng.saby.kz/
* http://techcrunch.com/2012/08/22/triplay-rakes-in-15m-and-a-new-oligarch-investor-to-take-its-consumer-cloud-to-europe-asia/
* https://finance.yahoo.com/news/noted-kazakhstan-business-leader-kenges-143000622.html
* http://techcrunch.com/2012/09/19/mobli-takes-money-from-some-random-kazakhstan-dude/

{{DEFAULTSORT:Rakishev, Kenges}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Alumni of Saïd Business School]]
[[Category:Kazakhstani businesspeople]]
[[Category:Kazakhstani investors]]

Yevgeni Pupkov

2017-01-15T10:48:55Z

Bender the Bot: /* top */HTTP→HTTPS for Yahoo! using AWB

'''Yevgeni Borisovich Pupkov''' (born January 18, 1976) is a [[Kazakhs]]tani ice hockey [[defenseman]] who was a member of the [[Kazakhstan men's national ice hockey team]] at the [[2006 Winter Olympics]].<ref>{{cite web | url = https://sports.yahoo.com/olympics/torino2006/kaz/Yevgeniy+Pupkov/607383 | title = Yevgeniy Pupkov | work = 2006 Winter Olympics profile | publisher = [[Yahoo! Sports]] | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20121025215119/http://sports.yahoo.com/olympics/torino2006/kaz/Yevgeniy+Pupkov/607383 | archivedate = 2012-10-25}}</ref> He last played for the [[Voskresensk Khimik]] in the [[KHL]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.hockeydb.com/ihdb/stats/pdisplay.php?pid=59109 | title = Evgeny Pupkov | publisher = hockeydb.com}}</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Pupkov, Yevgeni}}
[[Category:1976 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Kazakhstani ice hockey players]]
[[Category:Olympic ice hockey players of Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Ice hockey players at the 2006 Winter Olympics]]