Zhetysu

2016-12-07T17:41:27Z

Bejnar: restore "Semirechye" to lead as that is the form it appears in in many older English language sources.

{{Redirect|Semirechye|the pig breed|Semirechensk}}
{{For|the football club based in Taldykorgan|FC Zhetysu}}
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[[File:Renat map.jpg|thumb|A map of the [[Zunghar Khanate]] by a [[Johan Gustaf Renat|Swedish officer]] in captivity there in 1716-1733, which include the region known today as Zhetysu]]
'''Zhetysu''' or '''Semirechye''' ({{lang-kk|Жетісу}}, pronounced {{IPA-kk|ʒi̯ɘtɘsʊw|}} meaning "seven rivers"; also transcribed '''Zhetisu''', '''Jetisuw''', '''Jetysu''', '''Jeti-su''', '''Jity-su''', '''Жетысу''', '''Джетысу''' etc. and '''Yedi-su''' in [[Turkish language|Turkish]], هفت‌آب ''Haft-āb'' in [[Persian language|Persian]]) is a historical name of a part of [[Central Asia]], corresponding to the South-Eastern part of modern [[Kazakhstan]]. It owes its name, meaning "seven rivers" (literally "seven waters") in [[Kazakh language|Kazakh]] and Persian, to the rivers which flow from the south-east into [[Lake Balkhash]].

When the region was incorporated into the [[Russian Empire]] in the 19th century, it became known in Russian (and, to an extent, in European languages) as '''Semirechye''' ({{lang-ru|Семиречье}}), which is a Russian [[calque]] of the Kazakh "Zhetysu". The name has also been transcribed as '''Semiryechye''', '''Semirech'e''', '''Semirechiye''', '''Semirechie''', '''Semirechensk''' or '''Semireche'''.

Zhetysu falls into today's [[Almaty Province]], which is part of [[Kazakhstan]]. However, the [[Semirechye Oblast]], as an administrative unit of the [[Russian Empire]], included not only Zhetysu proper but also lands that now constitute parts of northern [[Kyrgyzstan]] and adjacent provinces of Kazakhstan as well.

==Geography==
[[Image:E8405-Bishkek-Almaty-hwy.jpg|thumb|In the hills between [[Bishkek]] and [[Almaty]]]]
The lands of the 19th-century Semirechye Oblast included the [[steppe]]s south of [[Lake Balkhash]] and parts of the [[Tian Shan]] Mountains around Lake [[Issyk Kul]]. The province had an area of 147,300 km², and was bounded by the province of [[Semipalatinsk]] on the north, by [[China]] ([[Xinjiang]]) on the east and south, and by the former Russian provinces of [[Fergana Province|Fergana]], [[Syr-Darya Oblast|Syr-darya]], and [[Akmolinskaya Oblast', Kazakhstan|Akmolinsk]] on the west.

The [[Dzungarian Alatau]] Mountains, which separated it from the Chinese region of [[Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture|Kulja]], extend south-west towards the river [[Ili River|Ili]], with an average height of 2,700 m (9,000 ft) above the sea, several isolated snow-clad peaks reaching 3,400 to 4,300 m (11,000 to 14,000 ft). In the south, the region embraces the intricate systems of the [[Ala-Tau]] and the Tian Shan. Two ranges of the former, the Trans-Ili Ala-tau and the Terskey Ala-tau, stretch along the north shore of Lake Issyk Kul, both ranging from 3,000 to 4,600 m (10,000 to 15,000 ft) and both partially snow-clad. South of the lake, two ranges of the Tian Shan, separated by the valley of the [[Naryn]], stretch in the same direction, lifting up their icy peaks to 1,800 and 2,400 m (6,000 and 8,000 ft); while westwards from the lake the precipitous slopes of the Alexander chain, 2,700 to 3,000 m (9,000 to 10,000 ft) high, with peaks rising 900 to 1,200 m (3,000 to 4,000 ft) higher, extend into the former province of Syr-darya (containing the southern Kazakh cities of [[Chimkent]], [[Taraz|Auliye-ata]] and [[Hazrat-e Turkestan|Turkestan]]). Another mountain complex of much lower elevation runs north-westwards from the Trans-Ili Ala-tau towards the southern extremity of Lake Balkhash. In the north, where the province bordered Semipalatinsk, it included the western parts of the Tarbagatai range, the summits of which (3,000 m or 10,000 ft) do not reach the limit of perpetual snow. The remainder of the province consisted of a fertile steppe in the north-east ([[Sergiopol]]), and vast uninhabitable sand-steppes on the south of Lake Balkhash. Southwards from these at the foot of the mountains and at the entrance to the valleys, there are rich areas of fertile land.

===Climate===
[[Image:IMG 9366-Kaindy.jpg|thumb|left|[[Lake Kaindy]]]]
The climate in Zhetysu is thoroughly continental. In the Balkhash steppes the winter is very cold. The lake freezes every year, with temperatures falling to -11 °C (13 °F). In the Ala-kul steppes the winds blow away the snow. The passage from winter to spring is very abrupt, and the steppes are rapidly clothed with vegetation, which, however, is soon scorched by the sun. The average temperatures are: at [[Almaty]] (733 m, 2,405 ft high), for the year {{convert|8|°C|°F|abbr=on}}, for January -8 °C (17 °F), for July 23 °C (74 °F); at [[Przhevalsk]] (1,660 m, 5,450 ft), for the year 2.5 °C (36.5 °F), for January -5 °C (23 °F), for July 17 °C (63 °F); still higher in the mountains, at [[Naryn]] (2,100 m, 6,900 ft), the average temperatures are only, for the year 6.5 °C (43.7 °F), for January -17 °C (1.4 °F), for July 18 °C (64.4 °F).

===Bodies of water===
The most important river is the [[Ili River|Ili]], which enters Zhetysu from the Tian Shan mountains of China's [[Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture]] in northern [[Xinjiang]], and drains it for 250 km before it enters Lake Balkhash. The [[Chu River]] also rises in the Tian Shan mountains and flows north-westwards through the former Akmolinsk province of the [[Governor-Generalship of the Steppes]]. The [[Naryn River]] flows south-westwards along a [[longitudinal valley]] of the Tian Shan, and enters the [[Fergana Valley]] to join the [[Syr Darya]]. The major lakes of the area include Lake Balkhas (or Denghiz) and Lake Ala Kul, which was connected with Balkash in the post-Pliocene period but now stands some hundred feet higher, connected by a chain of smaller lakes with Sissyk Kul, Lake [[Issyk-Kul]], and the alpine lakes of [[Son-Kul]] and [[Chatyr-Kul]].

==History==

===Population===
The population was estimated in 1906 as 1,080,700. [[Kazakhs]] formed 76% of the population, [[Russians]] 14%, [[Taranchi]] 5.7%.

===Administration and history===
In the VI-III vv. BC. e. the [[Iranian peoples|Iranian]] [[Sakas]] ([[Scythians]]) established their first state, whose center was in Zhetysu.<ref>http://kazembro.kz/?kazakhstantype=history&lang=en</ref> In the mid 6th century, the Turkic nomads subordinated Zhetysu (Semirechie), Central Kazakhstan, and [[Khorezm]].<ref>[http://www.scientificfund.kz/index.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26view%3Darticle%26id%3D43:history-of-states-on-the-territory-of-kazakhstan%26catid%3D5:2%26Itemid%3D27 HISTORY OF STATES ON THE TERRITORY OF KAZAKHSTAN ]</ref>

[[File:Семиреченская область 1900.svg|thumb|left|The Semirechye Oblast as it existed in 1900]] [[File:Zakaukazie-Turkestan1903-Semirechye.jpg|thumb|left|A 1903 map in Polish showing both the large Semirechye Oblast (''Semirjeczeńsk'' in Polish) and its neighbors. The map also shows a much smaller historical area labeled ''Siedmiorzecze'' (Polish translation for Russian "Semirechye", i.e. Zhetysu proper) southeast of Lake Balkhash]]
[[Image:E8476-Almaty-Ascension-Cathedral.jpg|thumb|Ascension Cathedral, Almaty (modern view)]]
The area belonged to [[Dzungar Khanate]] in the 17th century. When [[Dzungar Khanate]] was eliminated by [[Qing China]] in 1755 the area formed part of empire and was under the direct rule by General of Ili ({{zh|[[:zh:总统伊犁等处将军|伊犁将军]]|Yīlí Jiāngjūn}}), headquartered at the fort of [[Huiyuan, Xinjiang|Huiyuan]] (the so-called "Manchu Kuldja", or Yili), 30 km west of [[Yining City|Ghulja]] (Yining). Most of Zhetysu was annexed by the [[Russian Empire]] from [[Qing China]] in 1854.<ref>{{cite book|title=Historical Atlas of the 19th Century World, 1783-1914|url=|year=1998|publisher=Barnes & Noble Books|isbn=978-0-7607-3203-8|page=5.19}}</ref> before the outbreak of the [[Crimean War]], which delayed the southern advance. The two major Russian fortresses and garrisons in the region, [[Verniy]] and [[Bishkek|Pishpek]], were founded in 1854 on the sites of former Kokandian fortresses on the Steppe frontier.

The [[Semirechye Cossack Host]] was created in 1867 as a branch of the [[Siberian Cossack Host]].

From 1867-1884 this province was made part of [[Russian Turkestan]], and from then until 1899 it was incorporated in the [[Governor-Generalship of the Steppes]] before reverting to Russian Turkestan that year. The province was divided into six districts, the chief towns of which were [[Almaty|Verny]] (the capital), [[Jarkent]], [[Qapal|Kopal]], [[Bishkek|Pishpek]], [[Przhevalsk]] and [[Sergiopol]].

Before the [[Russian revolution of 1917|Russian revolution]] the chief occupation of the Russians, the Taranchis and the Dzungars, and partly also of the Kazakhs of the region, was [[agriculture]]. The most important crops were wheat, barley, oats, millet, rice and potatoes. A variety of oil-bearing plants and green fodder, as also cotton, hemp, flax and poppies, were grown. Livestock breeding was very extensively carried on by the Kazakhs, namely, horses, cattle, sheep, camels, goats and pigs. [[Orchards]] and fruit gardens were well developed; and the Russian Imperial crown maintained two model gardens. [[Bee-keeping]] was widely spread. The factories consisted of flour-mills, distilleries, tanneries and tobacco works; but a great many domestic trades, including carpet-weaving and the making of felt goods, saddlery and iron goods, were carried on, among both the settled inhabitants and the nomadic Kazakhs. There was also trade with [[China]], valued at less than half a million sterling annually in 1911. From 1905, after the [[Russian-Japanese war]] and the construction of the [[Trans-Aral Railway]], the settlement of Russian people in the area increased greatly under the guidance of the new Migration Department in [[St. Petersburg]] (Переселенческое Управление). The province was administered by [[Vasile Balabanov]] under General [[Alexander Dutov]] until the Bolshevik take-over in 1921, when both Dutov and Balabanov escaped to China.

[[Image:Magasin kupza Gabdulwakijewa.jpeg|thumb|A shop in 19th century Almaty]]
After the [[Central Asian Revolt]] of 1916 and the [[Russian Revolution of 1917]] the [[Provisional Government]]'s authority in the region collapsed. Approximately 2,500 Russian settlers are thought to have been killed by the Kazakhs in the violence that followed in Zhetysu, and this was followed by equally bloody reprisals against the nomadic population, led by the (all-Russian) workers' & soldiers' [[Soviets]] in [[Tashkent]] and Verny. Bolshevik control was reimposed in 1918-21 in a series of campaigns led by [[Mikhail Frunze]], after whom the town of [[Bishkek|Pishpek]] in Zhetysu was renamed. In 1924, Zhetysu was incorporated in the southern portion of the new [[Kazakh ASSR]] by the new [[Soviet Union]], and, in 1931, this was made a full [[Republics of the Soviet Union|Soviet Republic]] and nominally independent of Russia. In 1936 the [[Kirghiz Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic (1926–1936)|Kyrgyz ASSR]], which incorporated the southern portion of Zhetysu, also became a Soviet Republic. In late 1991, both republics declared their independence from the Soviet Union, forming the new nations of [[Kazakhstan]] and [[Kyrgyzstan]] respectively.

==Derived names==
The [[Semirechensk|Semirechensk pig]] and the [[Semirechensk Salamander]] are named after the region.

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Wikivoyage|Zhetysu}}
*{{EB1911}} (Article on "[https://web.archive.org/web/20090526070640/http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/Semiryechensk Semiryechensk]")
* [http://7rivers.kz/ Miracles of the Zhetysu (Russian)]

{{Kazakhstan topics}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:History of Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:History of Kyrgyzstan]]

Kazakhstan Encyclopedia - User contributions [en]

Zhetysu