Kazakhstan Encyclopedia - User contributions [en]

Gulzhan Karagusova

2017-04-09T20:52:51Z

AusLondonder: Correct spelling of proper name of International Labour Organization

'''Gulzhan Zhanpeiskyzy Karagusova''' ({{lang-kk|'''Қарағұсова, Гүлжан Жанпейісқызы'''}}) member of Majilis of Parliament of Kazakhstan from Nur Otan party. Has served as the Minister of Labor and Social Protection in the [[Government of Kazakhstan]] since 2001.<ref name=DATE>[http://www.guide2womenleaders.com/Kazakstan.htm Republic of Kazakstan/Qazaqstan Respublikasï/Kazakhstan] Worldwide Guide to Women in Leadership</ref> She is a speaker for Kazakhstan's [[Astana Economic Forum|Economic Forum]].<ref name=KEF>[http://www.kazeconforum.com/kef/speakers/ Speakers] Kazakhstan's Economic Forum</ref>

==Pensions and salaries==
Minister Karagusova announced on 2 March 2005 that the Labor Ministry planned to raise [[pension]]s by 1 July, as [[Kazakh President]] [[Nursultan Nazarbayev]] had promised in his address to the people in February. She said pensions would increase by 3000 tenge to 12000 tenge monthly. On 1 July state employee salaries were increased by 32%.<ref name=PENSION>[http://www.rferl.org/newsline/2005/03/2-TCA/tca-030305.asp Kazakh Ministry Prepares Pension Increases] RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty</ref> She met with [[Prime Minister of Kazakhstan|Prime Minister]] [[Daniyal Akhmetov]] on 12 July 2006 and discussed how the aging of citizenry would affect the pension system.<ref name=PMMEETING>[http://www.inform.kz/showarticle.php?lang=eng&id=143338 Kazakh PM, Labor Minister debated pension system development] Kazinform</ref>

==Labor legislation==
She gave a speech entitled "Reforming of the Kazakhstani Labor Legislation" on 27 April 2005 in the Belvedere Restaurant of the Regent Almaty hotel in an event hosted by the American Chamber of Commerce in Kazakhstan.<ref name=SPEECH>[http://www.amcham.kz/event.php?event_id=29&PHPSESSID=24e7174d91910d3cb9d8c2f0569d0c80 Business Round Table with Minister of Labor & Social Security (The Regent Almaty Hotel, Belvedere Restaurant)] American Chamber of Commerce in Kazakhstan</ref>

==Economic rights==
Karagusova and Bolat Baikadamov, Kazakhstan's [[Human Rights]] [[Ombudsman]] signed an agreement on 13 May 2004 placing a greater emphasis on protecting citizens' economic and social rights and setting the stage for changing Kazakh legislation so it conforms to international standards.<ref name=RIGHTS>[http://www.homestead.com/prosites-kazakhembus/051404.html Ombudsman, Minister Sign Cooperation Agreement] Embassy of Kazakhstan to the USA and Canada</ref>

==International Labour Organization==
On 25 June 2004 she oversaw the signing of a protocol of cooperation between the Kazakh OSH Center and the [[International Labour Organization]]'s OSH center network.<ref name=OSH>[http://www.ilo.ru/news/200406/005.htm New OSH information centre opened in Astana, Kazakhstan] International Labour Organization</ref> The Kazakh Government sent a delegation headed by Karagusova to the General Conference of the ILO in [[Geneva]] from 31 May–16 June 2005. Delegations discussed [[child labor]], [[human trafficking]], and worker safety and security among other topics. Karagusova met with F. Bottler, Executive Secretary of the ILO, Turin J. Tremo, Executive Manager of the International Labor Bureau and Director of the Education Center, delegates from [[Azerbaijan]], [[Bulgaria]], [[Lithuania]], [[Montenegro]], [[Singapore]], [[Serbia]], [[Czech Republic]], [[Estonia]], and Ambassador D. Stephenson, Permanent Representative of [[Canada]] in international organizations in Geneva. Ambassador Stephenson and Karagusova discussed possible membership for Kazakhstan in the [[World Trade Organization]].<ref name=ILO>[http://www.inform.kz/showarticle.php?lang=eng&id=127005 ILO holds 93rd session in Geneva] Kazinform</ref> She

==Work Permits==
Karagusova decided to issue more work permits to foreign workers in January 2006 after the European Business Association of Kazakhstan (EUROBAK) sent her letters, trying to convince her of the need.<ref name=PERMITS>[http://www.amcham.kz/article.php?article_id=377&PHPSESSID=47a399b1a1a09283ca19971c3ebdcf35 Kazakhstan Commercial News Update, January 2006] American Chamber of Commerce in Kazakhstan</ref>

==Asian Development Bank==
Marita Magpili-Jimenez, Executive Director for the [[Asian Development Bank]] in Kazakhstan, visited Kazakhstan from 21–22 April. Director Magpili-Jimenez said, "Cooperation with Kazakhstan pursues long-term development." She met with Karagusova, [[Arman Dunayev]], Kazakh Minister of Finance and ADB Governor for Kazakhstan, [[Sauat Mynbayev]], Deputy Prime Minister and concurrent Minister of Industry and Trade, and [[Aitkul Samakova]], Minister of Environmental Protection.<ref name=ADB>[http://66.218.69.11/search/cache?p=Gulzhana+Karagusova&toggle=1&ei=UTF-8&fr=yfp-t-501&u=www.adb.org/Documents/Periodicals/KARM/KARM0602.pdf&w=gulzhana+karagusova&d=GTzUy5IFNgZh&icp=1&.intl=us Cooperation with Kazakhstan Pursues Long-Term Development, ADB Executive Director Says] Asian Development Bank</ref>

==References==
{{reflist}}
{{Current Kazakh Cabinet}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Karagusova, Gulzhan}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Kazakhstani women in politics]]
[[Category:Government ministers of Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Nur Otan politicians]]
[[Category:Members of the Mazhilis]]
[[Category:Al-Farabi University alumni]]
[[Category:Women government ministers]]

Govi-Altai Province

2017-04-08T18:25:15Z

AusLondonder: Ulan Bator article renamed to Ulaanbaatar

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Govi-Altai Province
| native_name = Говь-Алтай аймаг {{MongolUnicode|ᠭᠣᠪᠢ}}{{MongolUnicode|ᠠᠯᠲᠠᠢ}}{{MongolUnicode|ᠠᠶᠢᠮᠠᠭ}}
| native_name_lang = mn
| settlement_type = [[Provinces of Mongolia|Province]]
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| image_flag = Mn flag govi-altai aimag 2011.svg
| flag_alt =
| image_seal =
| seal_alt =
| image_shield = Mn coa govi-altai aimag 2011.svg
| shield_alt =
| nickname =
| motto =
| image_map = Govi-Altai in Mongolia.svg
| map_alt =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map =
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption =
| coordinates = {{coord|45|30|N|95|30|E|display=inline,title}}
| coor_pinpoint =
| coordinates_footnotes =
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = Mongolia
| established_title = Established
| established_date = 1940
| founder =
| seat_type =Capital
| seat =[[Altai City|Altai]]
| government_footnotes =
| leader_party =
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_total_km2 = 141447.67
| area_land_km2 =
| area_water_km2 =
| area_water_percent =
| area_note =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_max_m = 3802
| population_footnotes =
| population_total = 53590
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_note =
| timezone1 = UTC+8
| utc_offset1 =
| timezone1_DST =
| utc_offset1_DST =
| postal_code_type =
| postal_code =
| area_code_type =
| area_code = +976 (0)148
| registration_plate = ГА_
| iso_code = MN-065
| website = {{URL|http://www.govi-altai.gov.mn/}}
| footnotes =
}}
'''Govi-Altai''' ({{lang-mn|Говь-Алтай}}, ''[[Gobi]]-[[Altai Mountains|Altai]]'') is one of the 21 [[Provinces of Mongolia|aimags]] (provinces) of [[Mongolia]]. The province is located in the west of the country and is home to Salkhin Sandag NGO, which works actively to protect its main water source, [[Zavkhan River]].

== Transportation ==

The [[Altai Airport]] (LTI/ZMAT) has one paved runway and is served by regular flights to [[Arvaikheer]], Bayankhongor and [[Ulaanbaatar]]. The new arrival/departure building was opened to the public in 2013.

== Administrative subdivision ==
[[File:Mongolia Govi-Altai sum map.png|thumb|right|250px|Sums of Govi-Altai]]
The capital [[Altai City|Altai]] is geographically located in [[Yesönbulag, Govi-Altai|Yesönbulag sum]], and not to be confused with the [[Altai, Govi-Altai|Altai sum]] in the south of the aimag.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
|+ The [[Sum (subnational entity)|sums]] of Govi-Altai Aimag
|-
! Sum
! [[Mongolian language|Mongolian]]
! Area (km²)<ref name="Y2007"/>
! Population 2007(est.)<ref name="Y2007">[http://www.gobi-altai.gov.mn/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=63&Itemid=54 Govi-Altai aimag official site]</ref>
! Population 2009(est.)<ref name="Y2009">[http://www.statis.mn/portal/content_files/comppmedia/cxls0x1666.xls Govi-Altai aimag statistical office annual report 2009]</ref>
! Density (/km²)
! Distance from Altai city (km)<ref name="Y2007"/>

|-
| [[Altai, Govi-Altai|Altai]] || {{lang|mn|Алтай}}||20,256||2,386||2,152 ||0.11||318
|-
| [[Bayan-Uul, Govi-Altai|Bayan-Uul]] || {{lang|mn|Баян-Уул}}||5,836||2,953||2,943 ||0.50||146
|-
| [[Biger, Govi-Altai|Biger]] || {{lang|mn|Бигэр}}||3,826||2,460||2,197 ||0.57||108
|-
| [[Bugat, Govi-Altai|Bugat]] || {{lang|mn|Бугат}}||9,921||2,461||2,257||0.23||219
|-
| [[Chandmani, Govi-Altai|Chandmani]] || {{lang|mn|Чандмань}}||4,629||2,024||2,053 ||0.44||189
|-
| [[Darvi, Govi-Altai|Darvi]] || {{lang|mn|Дарви}}||3,523||1,877||1,819 ||0.52||212
|-
| [[Delger, Govi-Altai|Delger]] || {{lang|mn|Дэлгэр}}||6,625||3,066||3,104 ||0.47||88
|-
| [[Erdene, Govi-Altai|Erdene]] || {{lang|mn|Эрдэнэ}}||26,066||2,280||2,288 ||0.09||223
|-
| [[Khaliun, Govi-Altai|Khaliun]] || {{lang|mn|Халиун}}||4,214||2,546||2,497 ||0.59||87
|-
| [[Khökh morit, Govi-Altai|Khökh morit]] || {{lang|mn|Хөх морьт}}||6,314||2,404||2,461 ||0.39||215
|-
| [[Jargalan, Govi-Altai|Jargalan]] || {{lang|mn|Жаргалан}}||3,683||1,885||1,904 ||0.52||102
|-
| [[Sharga, Govi-Altai|Sharga]] || {{lang|mn|Шарга}}||5,566||1,930||1,921 ||0.35||79
|-
| [[Taishir, Govi-Altai|Taishir]] || {{lang|mn|Тайшир}}||3,913||1,575||1,536 ||0.39||43
|-
| [[Tögrög, Govi-Altai|Tögrög]] || {{lang|mn|Төгрөг}}||5,343||1,871||1,914 ||0.36||148
|-
| [[Tonkhil, Govi-Altai|Tonkhil]] || {{lang|mn|Тонхил}}||7,322||2,388||2,402 ||0.33||218
|-
| [[Tseel, Govi-Altai|Tseel]] || {{lang|mn|Цээл}}||5,631||2,235||2,038 ||0.36||167
|-
| [[Tsogt, Govi-Altai|Tsogt]] || {{lang|mn|Цогт}}||16,618||3,950||3,697 ||0.22||187
|-
| [[Yesönbulag, Govi-Altai|Yesönbulag]]* || {{lang|mn|Есөнбулаг}}||2,161||17,527||16,243 ||7.52||0
|-
|}
* - includes the capital of Govi-Altai Aimag, [[Altai City]].

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Geographic location
|Centre = {{flag|Govi-Altai}} Province
|North = {{flag|Zavkhan}} Province
|Northeast =
|East = {{flag|Bayankhongor}} Province
|Southeast = [[Inner Mongolia]], {{flag|China}}
|South = [[Gansu]], {{flag|China}}
|Southwest = [[Xinjiang]], {{flag|China}}
|West =
|Northwest = {{flag|Khovd}} Province
}}

{{Provinces of Mongolia}}

[[Category:Govi-Altai Province| ]]
[[Category:Altai Mountains]]
[[Category:Provinces of Mongolia]]

{{Mongolia-geo-stub}}

History of the Jews in Central Asia

2017-04-08T17:29:05Z

AusLondonder: Ulan Bator article renamed to Ulaanbaatar

{{more footnotes|date=March 2016}}
The '''history of the Jews in Central Asia''' dates back centuries, where [[Jews]] <nowiki/>have lived in countries including [[Kyrgyzstan]], [[Kazakhstan]], [[Mongolia]], [[Uzbekistan]] and [[Tajikistan]].

==Kyrgyzstan==
The history of the Jews in Kyrgyzstan is linked directly to the history of the [[Bukhara|Bukharian]] [[Jews]] of [[Uzbekistan]]. Until the 20th century, most Jews living in the Kyrgyz areas were of the Bukharan Jewish community. However, during the 20th century, large numbers of European Jews began to emigrate to Kyrgyzstan which was then part of the [[Soviet Union]], and a small number still live in that country.

Archeological findings suggests that Jewish traders from [[Khazaria]] started visiting the Kyrgyz territory around the 6th century CE.

In Kyrgyz tradition, the term "Djeet" was used in order to describe Jews, and it is mentioned in the Kyrgyz epic poem [[Epic of Manas|Manas]], which dates back to the 10th century CE. In Manas, several central-Asian cities are described as having Jewish communities, among them [[Samarkand]], [[Bukhara]] and [[Baghdad]], though none of them have ever been inhabited by a majority of Kyrgyz people nor included in a Kyrgyz territory.

According to a census held in 1896, Jews represented about 2% of the region total population. It can be assumed that almost 100% of them were Bukharian Jews or at least [[Sephardic Jews]], meaning no [[Ashkenazi Jews]] were living in the Kyrgyz area before the 20th century. During [[World War II]] many Jews fled from the European parts of the Soviet Union to central Asia, including Kyrgyzstan, making the Jewish community of Kyrgyzstan combined out of an Ashkenazi community and a Bukharian Sephardic one. The two communities functioned separately and though it did occasionally happen, Ashkenazi–Sephardi intermarriages were not common.

===Bukharan Jews===
{{main|Bukharan Jews}}
[[Bukharan Jews]], also known as "Bukharian Jews" or "Bukhari Jews" are [[Jews]] from [[Central Asia]] who speak [[Bukhori]], a dialect of [[Tajik Language|Tajik]] ([[Persian language|Persian]]). Their name comes from the former Central Asian [[Emirate of Bukhara]], which once had a sizable Jewish community. Since the [[dissolution of the Soviet Union]], the great majority have [[aliyah|emigrated to Israel]] and to the United States, while others have emigrated to Europe or Australia.

===Medieval period===

In his memoirs, [[Marco Polo]] mentions the existence of Jewish traders along the [[silk road]] which passed through modern day Kyrgyzstan, who built [[synagogues]] and spoke [[Aramaic]]. Famous Arab geographer [[Al-Maqdisi]] (946−1000) mentioned the cities of [[Osh]], [[Uzgen]], [[Taraz]] and others as having communities of Jews.

===Modern period===

Ashkenazi Jews first arrived to Kyrgyzstan with its conquest by the Russians. In the city of [[Karakol]], one Jew was recorded in 1885. By 1900 there were seven Jews in the city and by 1910 the city had 31 Jewish inhabitants. While in 1885 [[Bishkek]] had eight Jews, by 1913 there were 43 Jews in Bishkek. The city of [[Osh]] had the biggest amound of Jews in Kyrgyzstan prior to the 20th century, due to its Sephardic Jewish community, which even had its own Jewish cemetery outside the city.

During the beginning of the 20th century, numerous Jewish Businessmen owned businesses in the Kyrgyz area − among them Yuri Davidov, who owned cotton factories in the [[Fergana]] valley, Boris Kagan who established a network of bookshops, and the Polyakov brothers who founded a branch of the "Azov-don commercial bank". Due to the need in doctors, teachers and engineers, many Ashkenazi Jews began to emigrate to Kyrgyzstan from European Russia.

===Religious life===

It is known that the Jewish community of Osh bought its [[Torah]] scrolls from its neighboring community of Uzbek [[Bukhara]].

Until 1915, there were no synagogues in Kyrgyzstan. The nearest one was in Vernyi, nowadays [[Almaty]] in Kazakhstan, [[Tashkent]], [[Samarkand]] and [[Fergana]] in [[Uzbekistan]]. A separate Jewish cemetery operated only in Osh, while in all other cities Jews were buried in separate areas of the general Muslim/Christian cemeteries.

While there was no Jewish education in Kyrgyzstan, some of the Sephardic Jews in Osh sent their children to learn at the [[Heder]] in Samarkand. Ashkenazi Jews did not practice [[Judaism]] publicly, and sent their children to Russian schools.

=== After World War I ===

After [[World War I]], more and more Ashkenazi Jews came to Kyrgyzstan. Among them many representatives of different political parties who were exiled to central Asia, or government officials who were asked to work in rural areas such as Kyrgyzstan. With the outbreak of the [[October Revolution]], many political activists were sent to Kyrgyzstan to promote the communist ideas − many of whom were Jews or of Jewish origin, such as G. Broido who was chairman of the Bishkek city soviet, and Pinchasov, Lifschitz and Frei who were members of the local city soviets of Osh, [[Djahlal-Abad]], and [[Tokmak, Uzbekistan|Tokmak]]. In 1920 the local ministry of education initiated a Jewish institute run by Simon Dimanshtein meant for alphabetization of Sephardic Jews. In 1929, Alexander Volodarsky, a former Yeshiva student from [[Vitebsk]], became the leader of the Ashkenazi Jewish community of Osh, after being exiled from [[Belarus]] due to his religious practices.

=== World War II and on ===

During the Second World War, more than 20,000 Ashkenazi Jews fled to Kyrgyzstan from the Nazi-occupied western parts of the Soviet Union. The Jewish Theater Company of [[Warsaw]] with the renowned actress [[Ida Kaminska]] (1899−1980) was evacuated to Bishkek until it was moved back to Europe after the war. During that time, the theater performed in Bishkek in [[Yiddish]] and [[Russian language|Russian]].

By 1945, some 70 Jews of the Bishkek community visited the local synagogue daily. On holidays, some 2,500{{clarify|date=December 2013}} Jews visited the synagogue. Later, the synagogue began to host also Sephardic prayers for the city's Sephardi community. During the 1950s, the Jewish community of Bishkek reached about 3% of the total population of the city. Jews became dominant in the local university, clinics and schools, living mostly at the center of Bishkek. On other cities, smaller communities of Jews had lived also in the center mostly.<ref>http://www.bh.org.il/database-article.aspx?48708</ref>

During the 1970s, some Jews began to emigrate to [[Israel]], though the Soviet government made it hard for them to emigrate. Later on, and especially from 1989 and on, the vast majority of the Kyrgyzstan Jewish community emigrated to Israel, leaving around 500 Jews living nowadays in the country.

In 2000, a rabbi was sent by the [[Chabad]] movement to the Jewish community of Bishkek, and nowadays there is a Jewish day school named "Pri Etz-Chaim", teaching some [[Hebrew]] and Jewish texts. The community is characterised by inter-religious marriage, and secular practice.

=== Cemeteries ===

Jewish graves can be found at the Bishkek old and new cemeteries, in specific sections. Local cemetery workers usually know about these areas. In Djhalal-abad, at the local cemetery, Jewish graves are scattered all around the cemetery, marked usually by the [[Magen David]] sign.

==Kazakhstan==
Kazakh Jews have a long history. There are approximately several thousand Jews in Kazakhstan right now.

Most Kazakh Jews are [[Ashkenazi Jews|Ashkenazi]] and speak [[Russian language|Russian]].<ref name=REPORT>[http://www.usembassy.kz/documents/irf-2006.html International Religious Freedom Report 2006] U.S. Embassy in Astana, Kazakhstan</ref><ref name=ORECK>[https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/vjw/Kazakhstan.html The virtual Jewish history tour, Kazakhstan] Jewish Virtual Library</ref>

===Jewish history in Kazakhstan===
[[File:Stamp of Kazakhstan 565.jpg|right|Chabad-Lubavitch synagogue in Almaty, depicted on a postal stamp from Kazakhstan.]]
[[General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union|General Secretary]] [[Joseph Stalin]] forcibly moved thousands of Jews from other parts of the [[Soviet Union]] to the [[Kazakh SSR]]. During [[the Holocaust]] 8,000 Jews fled to Kazakhstan.<ref name=ORECK/>

A [[Chabad-Lubavitch]] synagogue in [[Almaty]] is named after Rabbi [[Levi Yitzchak Schneerson]], father of the [[Menachem Mendel Schneerson|Rebbe]], who is buried at the city’s cemetery, close to the synagogue. Levi Yitzchak Schneerson was exiled to Kazakhstan from Ukraine, Dnepropetrovsk, where he was a chief rabbi.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jweekly.com/article/full/6483/new-kazakhstan-jewish-center-revitalizes-ex-ussr-community/|title=New Kazakhstan Jewish Center revitalizes ex-USSR community|author=admin|publisher=}}</ref> Lubavitcher Jews from all over the world come to pray at his grave.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chabad.kz/contentManagment/uploadedFiles/newspaper/53.pdf |title=ShalomR53.pmd |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=2013-04-14}}</ref>

[[Yeshaya E. Cohen]], the [[Chief Rabbi]] of Kazakhstan, told ''[[Kazinform]]'' on January 16, 2004 that a new [[synagogue]] would be built in [[Astana]]. He thanked President [[Nursultan Nazarbayev|Nazarbayev]] for "paying so much attention to distinguishing between those who truly believe and those who want to hijack their religion."<ref name=NEWSYNAGOGUE>[http://www.pressbox.co.uk/detailed/International/Chief_Rabbi_Says_Kazakhstan_Symbol_for_Others_11830.html Chief Rabbi Says Kazakhstan "Symbol" for Others] Press Box</ref> President of the [[Euro-Asian Jewish Congres]]s, presented Nazarbayev with a [[Menorah (Temple)|menorah]] on 7 September 2004.<ref>[http://www.kazakhembus.com/echo11.html Chief Rabbi Says No Anti-Semitism in Kazakhstan, Explains Why] Embassy of Kazakhstan to the USA and Canada http://www.ncsj.org/AuxPages/081001Kazakhstan.shtml Kazakhstan’s Jews Celebrate] National Coalition Supporting Soviet Jewry</ref>

===Historical Demographics===
[[Kazakhstan]]'s Jewish population rapidly increased between 1926 and 1959, being almost eight times larger in 1959 than in 1926. Kazakhstan's Jewish population slowly declined between 1959 and 1989, followed by a much larger decline after the [[fall of Communism]] between 1989 and 2002 due to massive Jewish [[emigration]], mostly [[aliyah|to Israel]].<ref name="autogeneratedil"/>
{{Historical populations
|title=Historical Kazakh Jewish population
|type=Russia
|1926|3548
|1939|19240
|1959|28085
|1970|27676
|1979|23601
|1989|20104
|2002|4500
|2010|3700
|source = 
*<ref name="demoscope1">{{cite web|url=http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/census_types.php?ct=6 |title=Приложение Демоскопа Weekly |publisher=Demoscope.ru |date=2013-01-15 |accessdate=2013-04-14 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131012173257/http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/census_types.php?ct=6 |archivedate=2013-10-12 |df= }}</ref>
*<ref name=autogenerated5>http://www.ajcarchives.org/AJC_DATA/Files/2002_13_WJP.pdf</ref>
*<ref name=autogenerated6>{{cite web|url=https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:Rv2hLhme008J:www.jewishdatabank.org/Reports/World_Jewish_Population_2010.pdf+world+jewish+population+2010&hl=en&gl=us&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEEShFmlEo2XYeBjYVUGgz_STm8ZXvaFqIMHdpfxUC8uWpDuLqb9l7GvJbF2piXHqxgDaGkOY3jfCA_RkpUlKLSByoSQC3cLV-5LcpxgXggqUIYwzK9hdfmwVv4Sz0BdeFMxJ_-2To&sig=AHIEtbT5tVUek4PSi_N_5f0Dwe-11sBzMg |title=Powered by Google Docs |publisher=Docs.google.com |date= |accessdate=2013-04-14}}</ref>
*The Jewish population data includes [[Mountain Jews]], [[Georgian Jews]], [[Bukharan Jews]] (or Central Asian Jews), [[Krymchaks]] (all per the 1959 Soviet census), and [[Tat people (Caucasus)|Tats]].<ref>[http://www.yivoencyclopedia.org/article.aspx/Population_and_Migration/Population_since_World_War_I YIVO | Population and Migration: Population since World War I]. Yivoencyclopedia.org. Retrieved on 2013-04-14.</ref>
}}

===Jewish life today===
About 2,000 Jewish Kazakhs are [[Bukharian Jews|Bukharian]] and [[Mountain Jews|Juhuro]] [[Mountain Jews]]. There are [[synagogue]]s and large Jewish communities in [[Almaty]] where there are 1,000 Jews and in [[Astana]] and [[Pavlodar]]. There are smaller communities in [[Karaganda]], [[Chimkent]], [[Semey]], [[Kokchetav]], [[Dzhambul]], [[Uralsk]], [[Aktyubinsk]], and [[Petropavl]]ovsk.

There are twenty Jewish Kazakh organizations, including the Mitzvah Association, [[Chabad-Lubavitch]], the [[Joint Distribution Committee]], [[Jewish Agency for Israel]], and the [[All-Kazakhstan Jewish Congress]] (AKJC). The Jewish communities formed the AKJC in December 1999 in a ceremony attended by Kazakh government officials and [[United States Ambassador]] to Kazakhstan [[Richard Jones (U.S. Ambassador to Israel)|Richard Jones]].

There are fourteen [[Jewish day school]]s attended by more than 700 students. There is a Jewish kindergarten in Almaty.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chabad.org/centers/default_cdo/aid/249280/jewish/Ohr-Avner-Chabad.htm |title=Ohr Avner Chabad - Almaty, Kazakhstan |publisher=Chabad.org |date= |accessdate=2013-04-14}}</ref> Between 2005 and 2006 attendance in religious services and education in Almaty among Jews greatly increased. The [[Kazakh government]] registered eight foreign [[rabbi]]s and "Jewish missionaries" (see [[Jewish outreach]]). It has also donated buildings and land for the building of new synagogues.<ref name=REPORT/><ref name=ORECK/>

According to the [[National Coalition Supporting Soviet Jewry]], "Anti-Semitism is not prevalent in Kazakhstan and rare incidents are reported in the press," contrary to incorrect perceptions in popular culture caused by the country's fictional portrayal in the 2006 film ''[[Borat]]'' as a "hot-bed of anti-Semitism."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ncsj.org/Kazakhstan.shtml#Jewish |accessdate=January 14, 2015 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120925011925/http://www.ncsj.org/Kazakhstan.shtml |archivedate=September 25, 2012 }}</ref>

==Mongolia==
The Mongolian Jews date back to the 19th century trade routes between [[Siberia]]n-[[Jewish people|Jewish]] merchants and the [[Mongols|Mongolians]]. This resulted in some Jewish families entering [[Mongolia]].

===History===
Before 1920, most Jews that arrived in Mongolia were of [[Russian people|Russian]] background, and had fled the chaos of the [[Russian Civil War]]. Some were even elevated to [[Mongolian nobility]] as was the case of Zanzer who changed his name in honour of [[Zanabazar]], the first [[Bogd Khan]]. Unfortunately, the community was deported from the country after 1921. In 1925-6, a Russian-Jewish journalist came across a community of 50 newly settled families in a remote region of Outer Mongolia approximately {{convert|200|mi|km|sigfig=1|order=flip}} from the Manchurian border. In 1926, [[Ulaanbaatar]] had a population of 600 Russian Jews who had attempted to leave Mongolia.

A number of Jews left the country in search of better economic opportunities. Some left for [[Israel]], which had a visa agreement with Mongolia.

The Jewish population numbers less than 100{{Citation needed|date=July 2010}}. The closest Jewish community with a rabbi is the Siberian city of [[Irkutsk]], whose Chief Rabbi Aharon Wagner wants to maintain close contact with the neighboring Mongolian Jewish community.<ref>http://www.fjc.ru/news/newsArticle.asp?aid=301928</ref>

==Uzbekistan==
[[File:Jewish Children with their Teacher in Samarkand cropped.jpg|thumb|250 px|Jewish children with their teacher in [[Samarkand]]. Photograph taken by [[Sergey Prokudin-Gorsky]] sometime between 1909 and 1915.]]
Uzbek Jews have two distinct communities; the more religious and traditional [[Bukharan Jew]]ish community and the more progressive, [[Europe]]an-in-origin [[Ashkenazi Jews|Ashkenazi]] community. There were 94,900 [[Jew]]s in [[Uzbekistan]] in 1989,<ref>[http://www.ajcarchives.org/AJC_DATA/Files/2001_13_WJP.pdf World Jewish Population 2001], ''American Jewish Yearbook'', vol. 101 (2001), p. 561.</ref> but fewer than 5,000 remained in 2007 (most of them in [[Tashkent]]).<ref>[http://www.ajcarchives.org/AJC_DATA/Files/AJYB727.CV.pdf World Jewish Population 2007], ''American Jewish Yearbook'', vol. 107 (2007), p. 592.</ref> There are 12 [[synagogue]]s in Uzbekistan.<ref name=FER>[http://www.jewishtimes.com/News/6220.stm Uzbek Jewish worries] JTA</ref>

Most Uzbek Jews are now Ashkenazi due to the immigration of Bukharian Jews to [[Israel]] and the [[United States]].<ref name=RIFT>[http://www.jta.org/page_view_story.asp?intarticleid=17431&intcategoryid=2 Rift over root differences remains unmended for Jews of Uzbekistan] Jewish Telegraph Agency</ref>

===Fergana Jewish community===
Semyon Abdurakhmanov is the head of the [[Fergana Valley|Fergana]] Jewish community. There are six synagogues in the Valley. There are several hundred Jews in Fergana, [[Namangan]], and [[Kokand]], with about 800 total in the area. Abdurakhmanov has said that the biggest problem faced by the Jewish Uzbek community is the economy.

During the [[Andijan Massacre]] in May 2005, the Israeli Embassy in Tashkent asked Abdurakhmanov to make a lists of Jews "in case there will be a need to airlift people to [[Israel]]."<ref name=FER/>

===Historical demographics===
The Jewish population of Uzbekistan (then known as the [[Uzbek SSR]]) nearly tripled between 1926 and 1970, then slowly declined between 1970 and 1989, followed by a much more rapid decline since 1989, when the [[collapse of Communism]] began to occur. Between 1989 and 2002, over ninety percent of Uzbekistan's Jewish population [[emigration|left Uzbekistan]] and [[immigration|moved to other countries]], mostly [[aliyah|to Israel]].<ref name="autogeneratedil"/>
{{Historical populations
|title=Historical Uzbek Jewish population
|type=Russia
|1926|37896
|1939|50676
|1959|94488
|1970|103058
|1979|100067
|1989|95104
|2002|6000
|2010|4500
|source = 
*<ref name="demoscope1"/>
*<ref name="autogenerated5"/>
*<ref name="autogenerated6"/>
*The Jewish population data includes [[Mountain Jews]], [[Georgian Jews]], [[Bukharan Jews]] (or Central Asian Jews), [[Krymchaks]] (all per the 1959 Soviet census), and [[Tat people (Caucasus)|Tats]].<ref name="Yivoencyclopedia.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.yivoencyclopedia.org/article.aspx/Population_and_Migration/Population_since_World_War_I |title=YIVO | Population and Migration: Population since World War I |publisher=Yivoencyclopedia.org |date= |accessdate=2013-04-14}}</ref>
}}

==Tajikistan==
[[Jew]]s and [[Judaism]] in [[Tajikistan]] have a long and varied history. Many of the Tajik Jews were originally [[Bukharan Jews]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Ethnic Groups Worldwide: A Ready Reference Handbook|author=David Levinson|year=1998|publisher=Greenwood Press|isbn=1-57356-019-7}}</ref>

===History===
Jews first arrived in the eastern part of the [[Emirate of Bukhara]], in what is today [[Tajikistan]], in the 2nd century BC. After the [[Communists]] came to power they organized the country into [[republics]], including Tajikistan, which was first formed as an autonomous republic within [[Uzbekistan]] in 1924, and in 1929 became a full-fledged republic.

In an effort to develop Tajikistan, [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] authorities encouraged migration, including thousands of Jews from neighboring [[Uzbekistan]]. Most Jews settled in [[Dushanbe]], the [[Capital (political)|capital]] of Tajikistan, where they opened the [[Dushanbe synagogue]]. During [[World War II]], a second wave of [[Ashkenazic]] Jews migrated to Tajikistan.

In the [[Soviet Union]], including Tajikistan, [[Aliyah from the Soviet Union in the 1970s|beginning in the 1970s]], Jews who were able, began to [[aliyah|emigrate]] to [[Israel]], as well as to the [[United States]]. By the late 1980s, many of Tajikistan's Jews [[Aliyah from the Soviet Union in the 1990s|had left]]. After the [[dissolution of the Soviet Union]] in 1991, Tajikistan gained independence and the country fell into a state of [[civil war]] between the government and Islamist forces. Continuous military conflict kept Tajik Jews in severe poverty and in fear for their lives.<ref name=jsource>{{cite web|url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/vjw/Tajikistan.html |title=Tajikistan: Virtual Jewish History Tour |publisher=Jewishvirtuallibrary.org |date=2006-03-01 |accessdate=2013-04-14}}</ref> In 1992-1993 most of the country's Jews were [[Emergency evacuation|evacuate]]d to Israel or the US. Between 1989 and 2000, a total of 10,800 out of the country's 20,000 Jews immigrated to Israel alone.<ref name=jsource/> Those Jews who emigrated were stripped of their Tajik citizenship and no longer hold a connection to the country.

Today, only a hundred Jews are left in Tajikistan.<ref>[http://www.jafi.org.il/education/100/concepts/demography/demtables.html Estimated Jewish population in Asia] as of 1 January 2002. Retrieved on 9 June 2009.</ref> Approximately 40% are Bukharan, and the rest Ashkenazi.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/vjw/Tajikistan.html#u |title=Tajikistan: Virtual Jewish History Tour |publisher=Jewishvirtuallibrary.org |date=2006-03-01 |accessdate=2013-04-14}}</ref> They are mostly elderly, poor, and subjected to Antisemitic attacks and persecution. One tragic event in the community was the murder of journalist [[Meirkhaim Gavrielov]]. The Jewish community is barely able to function, and relies on aid from world Jewish organizations to survive. The majority of the country's Jews live in [[Dushanbe]], with smaller communities in Shakhrisabz (In Uzbekistan), Leninabad Oblast, and the [[Fergana Valley]].<ref name=jsource/>

===Historical demographics===
Tajikistan's Jewish population was almost non-existent in 1926, but it increased rapidly between 1926 and 1970. In 1970, Tajikistan's Jewish population was more than 50 times larger than it was in 1926, numbering almost 15,000 people. Tajikistan's Jewish population continued growing between 1970 and 1989, but at a much slower rate. Since the [[collapse of Communism]] virtually all of the Jews in Tajikistan left and [[immigration|moved to other countries]] between 1989 and 2002.<ref name="autogeneratedil">{{cite web|url=http://www1.cbs.gov.il/publications/alia2001/pdf/tab30.pdf |title=tab30.XLS |format=PDF |date= |accessdate=2013-04-14}}</ref> Most of the Tajik Jews who [[emigrated]] moved to Israel.<ref name="autogeneratedil"/>
{{Historical populations
|title=Historical Tajik Jewish population
|type=Russia
|1926|275
|1939|5166
|1959|12435
|1970|14627
|1979|14697
|1989|14836
|2002|100
|2010|100
|source = 
*<ref name="demoscope1"/>
*<ref name="autogenerated5"/>
*<ref name="autogenerated6"/>
*The Jewish population data includes [[Mountain Jews]], [[Georgian Jews]], [[Bukharan Jews]] (or Central Asian Jews), [[Krymchaks]] (all per the 1959 Soviet census), and [[Tat people (Caucasus)|Tats]].<ref name="Yivoencyclopedia.org"/>
}}

===Dushanbe Synagogue===
{{main|Dushanbe synagogue}}
[[File:Dushanbe Synagogue Entrance.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Dushanbe synagogue|Old Synagogue, Dushanbe]] (main entrance), as seen in June 2006, two years before demolition.]]
As of 2006, the [[Dushanbe]] synagogue was the last remaining synagogue in the country, and was actively being used for worship. However, the Tajik government ordered the local Jewish community to vacate the synagogue, which was going to be demolished for a new [[Palace of Nations (Tajikistan)|presidential palace]]. After the destruction of the community's [[mikvah]], [[kosher]] butcher, and several classrooms in February 2006, the demolition was temporarily halted due to protests from the Israeli and U.S. embassies, as well as from worldwide Jewish communities. The synagogue was finally razed by municipal court order in the end of June 2008, and the community was allocated a site in the western part of Dushanbe to build a new synagogue with financing from international Jewish organizations and private donors. Because of this incident, many Israelis and Americans of Tajik Jewish descent have negative views toward the Government of Tajikistan.

The new synagogue of Dushanbe was opened on 4 May 2009 in an existing building donated for this purpose by Hasan Assadullozoda, a Tajikistani businessman and the brother-in-law of President [[Emomalii Rakhmon]].<ref name=RFE>[http://www.rferl.org/content/New_Synagogue_Opens_In_Dushanbe/1621721.html New Synagogue Opens in Dushanbe], Radio Free Europe, 5 May 2009. Retrieved on 9 June 2009</ref><ref>[http://www.asianews.it/index.php?l=en&art=14856 New synagogue of Dushanbe to open soon], AsiaNews.it, 3 March 2009. Retrieved on 9 June 2009</ref> The opening ceremony was attended by U.S. Ambassador [[Tracey Ann Jacobson]], Tajik Deputy Culture Minister Mavlon Mukhtorov, and Imam Habibullo Azamkhonov.<ref name=RFE/><ref>[http://dushanbe.usembassy.gov/pr_05042009.html Opening Ceremony of Dushanbe's New Synagogue], U.S. Embassy in Tajikistan, 2009 press releases. Retrieved on 9 June 2009</ref>

==See also==
*[[History of the Jews in the Soviet Union]]
*[[History of the Jews in Russia]]
*[[Bukharian Jews]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.chabad.org/centers/default.asp?country=Uzbekistan Chabad-Lubavitch Centers in Uzbekistan]
*[http://www.haruth.com/jw/JewsUzbekistan.html Jewish Uzbekistan]
*[https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/vjw/Mongolia.html Jewish virtual tour-Mongolia]
* [http://www.chabad.kz/index.asp?lang=English Chabad-Lubavitch in Kazakhstan.]
* [http://embassies.gov.il/astana/Pages/default.aspx Embassy of Israel in Kazakhstan]
* [http://www.mitsva.kz/club_e.shtml Mitzvah Club Association.]

{{Asia in topic|History of the Jews in}}

[[Category:History of the Jews in Central Asia]]
[[Category:Jewish Kyrgyzstani history| ]]
[[Category:Bukharan Jews|*]]
[[Category:Jews and Judaism in Uzbekistan|*]]
[[Category:Uzbekistani Jews|*]]
[[Category:Jewish Tajikistani history| ]]
[[Category:Jews and Judaism in Kazakhstan| ]]
[[Category:Jewish Kazakh history]]