Northern river reversal

2017-02-06T00:40:34Z

Auric: merge refs

[[File:Russland Dawydow.PNG|thumb|300px|The layout of one of the main proposed water transfer routes (via a Yenisei-Ob canal, down the Ob, up the Irtysh and Ishim, and then via a canal to the Aral Sea basin). The plan would involve other canals (not shown) to take the water further south.]]
The '''Northern river reversal''' or '''Siberian river reversal''' was an ambitious project to divert the flow of the Northern rivers in the [[Soviet Union]], which "uselessly" drain into the [[Arctic Ocean]], southwards towards the populated agricultural areas of [[Central Asia]], which lack water.<ref name=time75/><ref name=time82/>

Research and planning work on the project started in the 1930s, and was carried out on a large scale in the 1960s through the early 1980s. The controversial project was abandoned in 1986, primarily for environmental reasons, without much actual construction work ever done.

==Development of the river rerouting projects==
[[File:Rs-map.png|thumb|350px|Map of [[Russia]] showing rivers that could be redirected from the [[Arctic]]]]

The project to turn Siberian rivers goes back to the 1830s when tsarist surveyor Alexander Shrenk proposed it<ref name=time82>"Making Rivers Run Backward", Time U.S., Frederic Golden; By Frederic Golden, reported by: Erik Amfitheatr, Monday, June 14, 1982; web-edition: http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,950711-2,00.html</ref> when the big canal engineering projects were conceived (i.e. the [[Suez Canal|Suez]] and [[Panama Canal|Panama]] canals).

The project of turning some of the flow of the northern rivers to the south was discussed, on a smaller scale, in the 1930s. In November 1933, a special conference of the [[USSR Academy of Sciences]] approved a plan for a "reconstruction of the [[Volga River|Volga]] and [[:Category:Volga basin|its basin]]", which included the diversion into the Volga of some of the waters of the [[Pechora River|Pechora]] and the [[Northern Dvina]] - two rivers in the north of [[European Russia]] that flow into the seas of the Arctic Ocean. Research in that direction was then conducted by the [[Hydroproject]], the dam and canal institute led by [[Sergey Yakovlevich Zhuk]] ({{lang-ru|[[:ru:Жук, Сергей Яковлевич|Сергей Яковлевич Жук]]}}). Some design plans were developed by Zhuk's institute, but without much publicity or actual construction work.<ref name=weiner>Douglas R. Weiner, "A Little Corner of Freedom: Russian Nature Protection from Stalin to Gorbachev". University of California Press, 1999. ISBN 0-520-23213-5. [https://books.google.com/books?id=2rRjx4pCEx0C On Google Books] p. 415</ref>

In January 1961, several years after Zhuk's death, [[Nikita Khrushchev]] presented a memo by Zhuk and another engineer, G. Russo, about the river rerouting plan to the [[Central Committee of the CPSU]].<ref name=weiner/> Despite the ousting of Khrushchev in 1964, talks about the projects of turning the major rivers [[Pechora River|Pechora]], [[Tobol]], [[Ishim River|Ishim]], [[Irtysh]], and [[Ob River|Ob]] resumed in the late 1960s.<ref>Michael Overman, "Water". Doubleday, 1969, no ISBN. [https://books.google.com/books?id=PRdBAAAAIAAJ On Google Books] ("Rerouting of Rivers", p. 183 and on)</ref>

Some 120 institutes and agencies participated in the [[environmental impact study|impact study]] coordinated by the Academy of Sciences; a dozen conferences were held on the matter. The promoters of the project claimed that extra food production due to the availability of Siberian water for irrigation in Central Asia could provide food for some 200,000,000 people.<ref name=weiner/>

The plans involved not only [[irrigation]] but also the replenishing of the shrinking [[Aral Sea]] and [[Caspian Sea]].

In the 1970s construction started to divert the Pechora River through Kama River toward the Volga and the Caspian Sea in the south-west of Russia. In 1971, at a meeting of the [[International Atomic Energy Agency]] in [[Vienna]], the Soviets disclosed information about [[Earthworks (engineering)|earthworks]] on the route of the [[Pechora-Kama Canal]] using detonations of three 15-kiloton [[nuclear device]]s spaced 500 feet apart, claiming negligible [[radioactive fallout]].<ref name=time75/> However, no further construction work, nuclear or otherwise, was conducted on that canal.
It was estimated that 250 more nuclear detonations would have been required to complete the levelling for the channel if the procedure had been continued. Pollution on the surface was found to be manageable. In the US, expert opinion was divided with some endorsing this project; the physicist Glenn Werth, of the University of California's [[Lawrence Livermore Laboratory]], stated that it was "both safe and economical".<ref name=time75>"[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,912998,00.html Saving the Caspian]", ''Time'' U.S., Monday, March 17, 1975</ref> Others feared climatic cooling from reduced river water flow, while others thought that increased salinity would melt ice and cause warming. Further work on this irrigation canal was soon stopped.

In the 1980s at least 12 of the Arctic Ocean-bound rivers were proposed to be redirected to the south. At that time. it was estimated that an additional freeze-up would occur (delaying the spring thaw) and cut the brief northern growing season by two weeks, if 37.8 billion extra cubic meters of water were returned annually to the European side of Russia and 60 billion cubic meters in Siberia. The adverse effect of climatic cooling was greatly feared and contributed much to the opposition at that time, and the scheme was not taken up. Severe problems were feared from the thick ice expected to remain well past winter in the proposed reservoirs. It was also feared that the prolonged winter weather would cause an increase in spring winds and reduce vital rains. More disturbing, some scientists cautioned that if the Arctic Ocean was not replenished by fresh water, it would get saltier and its freezing point would drop, and the sea ice would begin to melt, possibly starting a global warming trend. Other scientists feared that the opposite might occur: as the flow of warmer fresh water would be reduced, the polar ice might expand. A British climatologist, Michael Kelly, warned of other consequences: changes in polar winds and currents might reduce rainfall in the regions benefiting from the river redirection.<ref name=time82/>

== Criticism of the project and its abandonment ==
In 1986 a resolution "On the Cessation of the Work on the Partial Flow Transfer of Northern and Siberian Rivers" was passed by the [[Politburo of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union|Political Bureau of the Central Committee of the CPSU]], which halted the discussion on this matter for more than a decade.<ref>
Michael H. Glantz, "Creeping Environmental Problems and Sustainable Development in the Aral Sea Basin", Cambridge University Press, 1999, ISBN 0-521-62086-4, ISBN 978-0-521-62086-4, 291 pages, p. 174.</ref> The [[Soviet Union]] and then [[Russia]] have continued these studies with the other regional powers weighing the costs and benefits of turning Siberia's rivers back to the south and using the redirected water in Russia and Central Asian countries plus neighbouring regions of [[China]] for agriculture, household and industrial use, and perhaps also for rehabilitating water inflow to the [[Aral Sea]].

According to [[Alexey Yablokov]], President of the NGO Centre for Russian Environmental Policy, 5-7% redirection of the Ob's water could lead to long-lasting changes in the climate of the Arctic and elsewhere in Russia and he opposes these changes to the environment affected by Siberian water redirections to the south. Despite the increase in Siberian rainfall, the redirection has become highly politicised and Yaroslav Ishutin, director of the Altai Krai Regional Department of Natural Resources and the Environment claims that the Ob has no water to spare and Siberia's water resources are threatened.<ref name="reverse">In a turn to the past, Moscow Proposes To Reverse Siberia's Rivers, Irina Zherelina, translated by Mieka Erley, Give & Take A Journal on Civil Society in Eurasia, Spring 2003, Volume 6, Issue 2, NGOS, A Natural Resource of Siberia, pp. 10-11, {{ISSN|1533-2462}}; web edition: {{PDFwayback|url=http://www.isar.org/pubs/GT/GT6-2.pdf|title=GT6-2.pdf|date=20110726190352|size=500 KB}}</ref>

== Calls for resumption of the project ==
In the early 21st century interest on this [[Siberian]] "water return" project was again resumed and the Central Asian states (President [[Nursultan Nazarbayev]] of [[Kazakhstan]], President [[Islam Karimov]] of [[Uzbekistan]]<ref name=uzbek>[http://www.hri.org/news/balkans/rferl/2002/02-09-30.rferl.html Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty Newsline, 02-09-30]</ref> as well as the Presidents of [[Kyrgyzstan]] and [[Tajikistan]]) held an informal summit with [[Russia]] and [[China]] to discuss the project.<ref name="reverse"/> These proposals met with an enthusiastic response from one of Russia's most influential politicians at the time, [[Mayor of Moscow|Moscow mayor]] [[Yury Luzhkov]].<ref name="reverse"/>

==See also==
*[[Water export]]
*[[Chicago River reversal]]
*[[Great construction projects of communism]], other ambitious Soviet projects
*[[Great Plan for the Transformation of Nature]]
*[[Indian Rivers Inter-link]] – commonly known as the ''Garland Canal'' project; a proposed project that aims to connect the [[perennial river]]s of [[northern India]] with the seasonally-dry rivers of [[southern India]]; for the purposes of water supply and flood control.
*[[Irtysh–Karamay–Ürümqi Canal]]
*[[North American Water and Power Alliance]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Irrigation by country}}

[[Category:Canals in Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Canals in Russia]]
[[Category:Cancelled projects and events]]
[[Category:Economy of Siberia]]
[[Category:Economy of the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:Interbasin transfer]]
[[Category:Irrigation in Russia]]
[[Category:Irrigation in Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Proposed canals]]

Kazakhstan Encyclopedia - User contributions [en]

Northern river reversal