KazCosmos

2017-01-26T07:10:51Z

AlibekKS: /* Cosmonaut corps */

{{Infobox Space agency
|name = National Space Agency of the Republic of Kazakhstan
|native_name = <small>Қазақстан Республикасы Ұлттық ғарыш агенттiгi</small>
|acronym =
|owner = Kazakhstan
|image =
|caption =
|size =
|location =
|headquarters = [[Astana]], Kazakhstan
|spaceport = [[Baikonur Cosmodrome]]
|motto =
|established = 27 March 2007
|administrator = [[Talgat Musabayev]]
|budget =
|URL = [http://kazcosmos.gov.kz/ kazcosmos.gov.kz]
}}

The '''National Space Agency of the Republic of Kazakhstan''' ({{lang-kz|Қазақстан Республикасы Ұлттық ғарыш агенттiгi}}), also known as '''KazCosmos''', or '''KazKosmos''', is [[Kazakhstan]]'s national space agency, and was officially established on March 27, 2007.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://inform.kz/eng/article/2150333|title=PM introduced new head of Kazakh National Space Agency|publisher=kazinform|date=April 12, 2007}}</ref>

==History==

===Cosmonaut corps===
On 7 January 2000, the Kazakh government decreed it would form a [[cosmonaut]] corps.<ref name=kazcosmos-140114>http://kazcosmos.gov.kz/en/news/140114.html</ref> At that time, two Kazakh cosmonauts had already flown, [[Toktar Aubakirov]] in 1991, and [[Talgat Musabayev]] (1994, 1998; later 2001).<ref name=MoscowTimes-2015-06-22>{{cite news |url= http://www.themoscowtimes.com/business/article/kazakhstans-third-ever-cosmonaut-to-replace-pop-star-brightman-on-iss-mission/524160.html |title= Kazakhstan's Third-Ever Cosmonaut to Replace Pop Star Brightman on ISS Mission |date= 22 June 2015 |publisher= The Moscow Times }}</ref> Out of 2000 candidates, two were selected, [[Aidyn Aimbetov]] and [[Mukhtar Aymakhanov]], in 2002.<ref name=AkimatAstana-2015-04-13>{{cite news |url= http://astana.gov.kz/en/modules/material/7857 |title= Aidyn Aimbetov: Flying into the Space is not Buying a Theater Ticket |date= 13 April 2015 |publisher= Akimat of Astana }}</ref> They were sent to [[Yuri Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center|Star City]] for training from 2003 until 2009, when the world financial crisis indefinitely postponed the spaceflight. In 2009, they returned to work in KazCosmos.<ref name=kazinform-2009-09-11>{{cite news |url= http://www.inform.kz/eng/article/2197108 |title= A. Aimbetov appointed Advisor to Kazkosmos Chairman |author= Sara Kabikyzy |publisher= KazInform |date= 11 September 2009 }}</ref> They had originally been projected for a spaceflight in 2005 or 2006.<ref name=Pravda-2003-03-06>{{cite news |url= http://english.pravda.ru/business/finance/06-03-2003/1919-cosmonauts-0/ |title= 2 Kazakh Cosmonauts to Undergo Training at Russia's Stellar City |date= 6 March 2003 |publisher= PRAVDA.ru }}</ref> Aymakhanov left Kazakhstan in 2012 to become a Russian citizen to pursue a cosmonaut career.<ref name=Sen-2015-06-22>{{cite news |url= http://sen.com/news/kazakh-cosmonaut-to-replace-brightman-on-space-station-trip |title= Kazakh cosmonaut to replace Brightman on space station trip |author= Anatoly Zak |date= 22 June 2015 |publisher= Sen }}</ref> Aimbetov was still ready for spaceflight in April 2015. In June 2015, he was selected as the replacement for [[Sarah Brightman]] on [[Soyuz TMA-18M]]/[[Soyuz TMA-16M]], who had declined to fly, and her backup [[Satoshi Takamatsu]] also declined. Soyuz TMA-18M will launch in September 2015.<ref name=SpaceNews-2015-06-22>{{cite news |url= http://spacenews.com/kazakh-cosmonaut-to-take-brightmans-place-on-soyuz-flight/ |title= Kazakh Cosmonaut To Take Brightman’s Place On Soyuz Flight |author= Jeff Foust |date= 22 June 2015 |publisher= Space News }}</ref> Aimbetov had originally been projected to fly on a 2017 launch.<ref name=SpaceDaily-2015-06-22>{{cite news |url= http://www.spacedaily.com/reports/Russia_eyes_Kazakh_cosmonaut_as_space_tourist_999.html |title= Russia eyes Kazakh cosmonaut as space tourist |date= 22 June 2015 |author= AFP |publisher= Space Daily }}</ref> [[Aidyn Aimbetov]] launched from Baikonaur on 2 September 2015 aboard [[Soyuz TMA-18M]], docked with the [[International Space Station]], and returned on 11 September 2015 aboard [[Soyuz TMA-16M]], touching down on the Kazakhstan Steppe, having spent 10 days in space.<ref name=NewsDaily-2015-09-11>{{cite news |url= http://newsdaily.com/2015/09/record-setting-cosmonaut-two-visiting-crewmen-head-home-from-space-station/ |title= Record-setting cosmonaut, two visiting crewmen head home from space station |date= 11 September 2015 |publisher= Science Daily |work= Reuters |author= Irene Klotz }}</ref><ref name=NasaSpaceflight.com-2015-09-03>{{cite news |url= http://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2015/09/soyuz-tma-18m-one-expedition-crewmember-iss/ |title= Soyuz TMA-18M docks to increase ISS crew size to nine |date= 3 September 2015 |author= Chris Gebhardt |publisher= NASA Spaceflight .com }}</ref>

===Satellites===
The year prior to establishment, on June 18, 2006, the [[communications satellite]] [[KazSat-1]] was launched from [[Baikonur Cosmodrome]], marking the beginning of Kazakhstan's independent inflight space operations.<ref name=MusabayevInt>{{cite web|url=http://www.interfax.kz/?lang=eng&int_id=13&category=exclusive&news_id=28|title=BAIKONUR IS STILL THE CORE OF KAZAKH-RUSSIAN COOPERATION IN SPACE|publisher=interfax.kz|date=February 2008}}</ref> In 2008 communications with the satellite ended, and it was declared lost.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.russianspaceweb.com/kazsat.html|title=KazSat|publisher=russianspaceweb.com}}</ref> The next planned satellite, [[KazSat-2]], experienced a series of delays, but was launched on July 16, 2011 on board a Proton rocket. KazSat-2 was built by Krunichev and Thales Alenia Space Italy.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ilslaunch.com/newsroom/news-releases/ils-proton-successfully-launches-ses-3-satellite-ses|title=First ILS Proton Shared Launch with the KazSat-2 Satellite - Kazkosmos|publisher=ILS website|date=July 16, 2011}}</ref> KazCosmos signed a contract with ISS-Reshetnev and Thales Alenia Space Italy on June 21, 2011 for the third telecommunications satellite, named [[KazSat-3]].

==Operations==
The head of the agency, [[Talgat Musabayev]], is a veteran of three spaceflights, including two long-duration stays aboard the [[Russia]]n [[space station]] ''[[Mir]]''. Musabayev says that the [[Baikonur Cosmodrome]], which is in Kazakhstan, is the main component of the cooperation between the Russian and Kazakh space programs.<ref name=MusabayevInt/> The Russians still heavily use Baikonur for launches.

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|KazKosmos}}
*[http://kazcosmos.gov.kz/en/ Kazcosmos website]

{{Public sector space agencies}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kazcosmos}}
[[Category:Space program of Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Space agencies]]

Democratic Choice of Kazakhstan

2016-02-04T05:14:39Z

AlibekKS: /* Origin */

{{Refimprove|date=April 2013}}
'''Democratic Choice of Kazakhstan''' (''Demokraticheskii Vybor Kazakhstana'', ''Qazaqstannyn Demokratiyalyk Tandau'') was a political party in [[Kazakhstan]]. It was disbanded in February 2005 before the presidential elections.

==Origin==
It was founded as a result of a split within ruling elite that erupted into a full-scale crisis in November 2001. The roots of the crisis is not clear, yet it appears that a conflict of interests between a group of reformist bureaucrats, including the governor of [[Pavlodar]] region, [[Galymzhan Zhakiyanov]], deputy premier [[Oraz Zhandosov]] and [[Mukhtar Ablyazov]], former minister of Energy and the owner of Astana holding, and President Nazarbayev’s son-in law [[Rakhat Aliyev]] prompted the former to declare establishment of a pro-business, pro-reform movement called Democratic Choice of Kazakhstan. Founders of the movement included deputy defense minister [[Zhannat Yertlesova]], deputy finance minister [[Kairat Kelimbetov]], and leading businessmen, the head of the Kazkommertz bank [[Nurzhan Subkhanberdin]] and [[Bulat Abilov]]. The then prime minister, [[Kassym-Jomart Tokayev|Tokaev]] harshly criticized the movement and asked the founders to resign from their government posts. The crisis was contained as a result of the intervention of [[Nazarbayev]]. Tokaev was reassigned as the foreign minister, while [[Rakhat Aliyev]] was transferred to Vienna as ambassador. [[Zhakiyanov]], [[Zhandosov]], [[Ablyazov]] and others were fired from their government positions.<ref>Barbara Junisbai, Azamat Junisbai, Democratic Choice of Kazakhstan: A Case Study in Economic Liberalization, Intraelite Cleavage, and Political Opposition, Demokratizatsiya, Summer 2005.</ref>

==Evolution==
DCK, from its foundation, embraced a number of influential politicians and wealthy businessmen of the country who grew disillusioned with the inner circles of president [[Nazarbayev]]. The movement adopted a strong anti-Nazarbayev stance and criticized the corruption and nepotism of the president and his clique. Despite repeated attempts, authorities did not register DCK as a political movement. A party, Democratic Choice of Kazakhstan; was founded out of the movement and participated in the 2004 parliamentary elections in a bloc with [[Serikbolsin Abdildin]]’s [[Communist Party]]. The bloc failed to win any seats in the parliament. Two founding members of the movement, [[Galymzhan Zhakiyanov]] and [[Mukhtar Ablyazov]] were convicted of embezzlement and misuse of their position for private gain and were sentenced to seven and six years prison terms. .<ref>Nurbulat Masanov, Political development of sovereign Kazakhstan, (Years 1992 through 2002),International Eurasian Institute for Economic and Political Research, http://www.iicas.org/english/publ_24_12_02.htm, (accessed on February, 05, 2007)</ref> Ablyazov was released on health reasons and Zhakiyanov was pardoned in the winter of 2006.

==Reformation==
DCK was disbanded in February 2005 before the presidential elections. But the party-led coalition of opposition forces, [[For a Just Kazakhstan]], nominated former deputy chair of the [[OTAN party]], [[Zharmakhan Tuyakbay]] as a presidential candidate in the elections held on 4 December 2005. [[Tuyakbay]] received 6% of the votes. DCK was split in the spring of 2002 as a group of moderate members, including [[Oraz Zhandosov]], [[Bulat Abilov]] and [[Alikhan Baimenov]] established the center- right [[Ak Zhol Party]]. Later, Ak Zhol also gave birth to another party, [[Naghyz Ak Zhol]], led by [[Bulat Abilov]], [[Altynbek Sarsenbaev]] and [[Oraz Zhandosov]]. DCK leaders have been trying to reregister the party with a new name [[Alga! Kazakhstan]].<ref>Cengiz Surucu, 4 Aralık 2005 Kazakistan Başkanlık Seçimleri Üzerine Gözlemler, OAKA, vol: 1, No: 1, 2006, pp. 153-158</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Kazakhstani political parties}}

[[Category:Political parties in Kazakhstan]]

Kazakhstan Encyclopedia - User contributions [en]

KazCosmos

Democratic Choice of Kazakhstan