Sighnaq

2017-04-02T23:00:02Z

Alfons Åberg: Minor fixes

'''Sighnaq''' was an ancient city in [[Central Asia]] (in modern [[Kazakhstan]], [[Kyzylorda Region]]), it was the capital of the [[Blue Horde]] (i.e., the White Horde of Persian sources), although the city is almost unknown. The region in which Sighnaq was situated was called [[Farab]], it was located between [[Isfijab]] and [[Jand (Transoxania)|Jand]]. The name means 'place of refuge', a name that is found also in other regions, especially in [[Transcaucasia]].

According to Hathon, Sighnaq was located in the [[Karatau Mountains]], from where the river Kara Ichuk, a tributary of [[Syr Darya]], emanates. Klaproth says that the city was located on the banks of Mutkan, a right hand side tributary of Syr Darya, that emanates from the Karatau mountains, but he does not mention his source. Sherif al-Din speaks of Sabran and Sighnaq as two border cities of [[Turkestan]] and says that Sighnaq was located 40 km from [[Otrar]]; the biographical book called ''Tabakatol hanefiyet'', by Ketevi, placed it near the town of Yassy (i.e. the modern city of [[Turkistan (city)|Turkistan]]). The 19th century Hungarian turkologist and traveller [[Ármin Vámbéry|Vámbéry]] says, without mentioning the source, that Jand was connected to a channel. It seems to have been one of the main Turkish settlements of the region east of the Caspian Sea together with Yengikent, Sawran or Sabran and others. Mahmud Kashghari expressly stated it was a town of the [[Oghuz Turks|Oghuz]], [[Al-Muqaddasi|al-Muqaddasi]] also associates it with Otrar and says that it was "24 farsakhs further up the Syr Darya". On the basis of all of this information, the most reasonable localization appears to be the area around Babai Kurgan, and finally, Sunak Kurgan, a few kilometers northeast of Tyumen Arik along the [[Orenburg]]-[[Tashkent]] railway, was identified as the ruins of Sighnaq.

It is believed that in the tenth century there was a semi-sedentary city of the Oghuz Turks near the border, where they exchanged their products with those of Muslim states to the South. The ''[[Hudud al-'Alam]]'' indicates that bows were manufactured for export. The region was known as Dar al-Kufr. In the twelfth century it was the capital of the [[Kipchak Khanate|khanate of Kipchak]] (still pagan), and was exposed to raids of the 'ghazis'. At least two incursions (ghazawat) are known, one in 1152 and one in 1195, from [[Khwarezm]], the second one occurred while Kayir Toku Khan ruled Sighnaq. However, at the beginning of the thirteenth century [[Ala al-Din Muhammad]] conquered the land and annexed it to his empire; a few years later, his rule was replaced with that of [[Genghis Khan]], who conquered the region after a siege in 1220. The population was massacred.

Annexed by [[Tamerlane]] (of the Timurid dynasty) in the late fourteenth century, in 1427, [[Baraq (Golden Horde)|Baraq Khan]], khan of the Blue Horde and also of the [[Golden Horde]], claimed Sighnaq from [[Shahrukh Mirza|Shah Rukh]], the son of Tamerlane, who refused; Baraq defeated the Timurids and occupied the city; the Timurids recovered it after his death (circa 1428), but [[Abu'l-Khayr Khan|Abu'l-Khayr]], founder of the Uzbek Khanate, conquered it in turn in [[1446]]. In 1457 the battle of Kuk Kashanah, or Kök Kašane, took place 7 km to the South, in which the [[Kalmyks]] defeated the Uzbeks and Abu'l-Khayr had to accept whatever peace Uz Timur the Kalmyk would offer. [[Muhammad Shaybani]], refounder of the Uzbek khanate, was born in the region of Sighnaq. In the sixteenth century it belonged to the Kazakhs, but it lost importance and eventually disappeared.

==References==
[[Henry Hoyle Howorth|Howorth, Henry Hoyle]]: [http://www.archive.org/stream/historymongolss00howogoog#page/n6/mode/2up ''History of the Mongols, from the 9th to the 19th Century'']. Part II, division I. The so-called tartars of Russia and Central Asia. London: Longmans, Green and Co, 1880.

==External links==
[http://hordecoins.club/E-sagnaq.html Coins of the Golden Horde minted in Sighnaq]

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[[Category:Historical geography]]
[[Category:Former populated cites in Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:History of Central Asia]]

Jand (Transoxania)

2017-03-18T06:36:58Z

Alfons Åberg: Adding "See also"

'''Jand''' (also '''Jend'''), was a medieval town on the right bank of the lower [[Syr Darya|Jaxartes river]] in [[Transoxiana]]. It was the winter capital of [[Seljuk Empire|Seljuk]] power before their migration to Khurasan, and was ruined by the [[Mongols]], and is now a decayed village.

==See also==
[[Sighnaq]]

==References==
•C.F. Bosworth, ''The Ghaznavids'', Edinburgh, 1963.

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[[Category:Historical geography]]
[[Category:Former populated cites in Kazakhstan]]

{{CAsia-hist-stub}}

Kazakhstan Encyclopedia - User contributions [en]

Sighnaq

Jand (Transoxania)