Kazakhs

2017-04-26T08:28:28Z

2001:E68:543C:1B5F:B120:3249:3B01:A705:

{{distinguish-otheruses|Cossacks|Kazakh (disambiguation)}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Kazakhs {{lang|kk|Қазақтар}} {{lang|kk-Latn|Qazaqtar}} 哈萨克族
| image =
| caption =
| total = {{circa|15 million}}
| popplace = {{flag|Kazakhstan}} 11,244,547 (2014)<ref name="Demogr2013">[http://www.stat.gov.kz/getImg?id=ESTAT081783 Агентство Республики Казахстан по статистике. Этнодемографический сборник Республики Казахстан 2014.]</ref>
| region2 = {{flag|China}}
| pop2 = 1,500,000
| ref2 = <ref>Census 2000 counts 1.25 million Kazakhs [http://www.china.org.cn/english/features/EthnicGroups/136924.htm The Kazak Ethnic Group], later the Kazakh population had higher birth rate, but some assimilation processes were present too. Estimates made after the 2000 Census claim Kazakh population share growth (was 0.104% in 2000), but even if this share value was preserved at 0.104% level it would be no less than 1.4 million in 2008</ref>
| region3 = {{flag|Uzbekistan}}
| pop3 = 800,000
| ref3 = <ref name="Uzb-2009">Kazakh population share was constant at 4.1% in 1959–1989, [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/uz.html#People CIA estimates] this share declined to 3% in 1996. Official Uzbekistan estimation ([https://books.google.com/books?ei=F-jgSZyCJI3aygSpidyzDQ&id=wvnqAAAAIAAJ&dq=%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%B2+%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B5+XXI+%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B0%3A+%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5+%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%B8+%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D1%8B.&q=940&pgis=1#search_anchor E. Yu. Sadovskaya "Migration in Kazakhstan in the beginning of the 21st century: main tendentions and perspectives"] ISBN 978-9965-593-01-7) in 1999 was 940,600 Kazakhs or 3.8% of total population. If Kazakh population share was stable at about 4.1% (not taking into account the massive repatriation of ethnic Kazakhs ([[Oralman]]) to Kazakhstan estimated over 0.6 million) and [http://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20091113151127/http://www.stat.uz/STAT/2008year/doklad_rus_tab.pdf the Uzbekistan population in the middle of 2008] was 27.3 million, the Kazakh population would be 1.1 million. Using the CIA estimate of the share of Kazakhs (3%), the total Kazakh population in Uzbekistan would be 0.8 million</ref>
| region4 = {{flag|Russia}}
| pop4 = 647,732
| ref4 = <ref name="Prerepis2010total">[http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/population/demo/per-itog/tab5.xls Russia National Census 2010]</ref>
| region6 = {{flag|Mongolia}}
| pop6 = 201,526
| ref6 = <ref name="Mong2010"/>
| region7 = {{flag|Kyrgyzstan}}
| pop7 = 33,200
| ref7 = <ref name="Kyrgyz">In 2009 [http://www.stat.kg/stat.files/tematika/демограф/Кыргызстан%20в%20цифрах/демо6.pdf National Statistical Committee of Kyrgyzstan. National Census 2009] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120308134750/http://www.stat.kg/stat.files/tematika/демограф/Кыргызстан%20в%20цифрах/демо6.pdf |date=8 March 2012 }}</ref>
| region9 = {{flag|United States}}
| pop9 = 24,636
| ref9 =<ref name="USCB">{{cite web |title=Place of birth for the foreign-born population in the United States, Universe: Foreign-born population excluding population born at sea, 2014 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates |url=http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_11_5YR_B05006&prodType=table |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]] |accessdate=16 July 2013 }}</ref>
| region10 = {{flag|Turkey}}
| pop10 = 10,000
| ref10 = <ref name="ottoman">{{cite web |url=http://www.inform.kz/rus/article/2207298 |title=Казахское общество Турции готово стать объединительным мостом в крепнущей дружбе двух братских народов - лидер общины Камиль Джезер |publisher= |accessdate=18 March 2015}}</ref>
| region12= {{flag|Iran}}
| pop12 = 3,000 - 4,000 to 15,000
| ref12 = <ref name="Iran">{{cite web |url=http://news.iran.ru/news/32852/ |title=Казахи "ядерного" Ирана |publisher= |accessdate=18 March 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.inform.kz/rus/article/2250506 |title="Казахи доказали, что являются неотъемлемой частью иранского общества и могут служить одним из мостов, связующих две страны" - представитель диаспоры Тойжан Бабык |publisher= |accessdate=18 March 2015 }}</ref>
| region13 = {{flag|Ukraine}}
| pop13 = 5,526
| ref13 = <ref>[http://ukrcensus.gov.ua/rus/results/nationality_population/nationality_popul1/select_51/?botton=cens_db&box=5.1W&k_t=00&p=25&rz=1_1&rz_b=2_1%20%20%20%20%20%20&n_page=2 Ukrainian population census 2001] {{dead link|date=March 2017|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}: Distribution of population by nationality. Retrieved on 23 April 2009 </ref>
| region14 = {{flag|United Arab Emirates}}
| pop14 = 5,000
| ref14 = <ref name="BQ">{{cite web |url=http://www.bqdoha.com/2015/04/uae-population-by-nationality |title=UAE´s population – by nationality |work=BQ Magazine |date=12 April 2015 |accessdate=12 July 2015 }}</ref>
| region15 = {{flag|Czech Republic}}
| pop15 = 4,821
| ref15 = <ref>{{cite web |title=Number of foreigners |url=https://www.czso.cz/csu/cizinci/number-of-foreigners-data#rok |publisher=Czech Statistical Office |accessdate=2015-07-22 }}</ref>
| region16 = {{flag|Austria}}
| pop16 = 1,685
| ref16 = <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.statistik.at/web_de/statistiken/bevoelkerung/bevoelkerungsstruktur/bevoelkerung_nach_staatsangehoerigkeit_geburtsland/ |title=Bevölkerung nach Staatsangehörigkeit und Geburtsland |publisher=[[Statistik Austria]] |accessdate=18 March 2015 }}</ref>
| region17 = {{flag|Belarus}}
| pop17 = 1,355
| ref17 = <ref>[http://belstat.gov.by/homep/ru/perepic/2009/vihod_tables/5.8-0.pdf population census 2009] {{webarchive |url=http://www.webcitation.org/65BNNIkIs?url=http://belstat.gov.by/homep/ru/perepic/2009/vihod_tables/5.8-0.pdf |date=3 February 2012 }}: National composition of the population.</ref>
| region18= {{flag|Germany}}
| pop18= 1,000
| ref18= <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.botschaft-kaz.de/de/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=24&Itemid=35/ |title=Kasachische Diaspora in Deutschland. Botschaft der Republik Kasachstan in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland }}</ref>
| languages = [[Kazakh language|Kazakh]], [[Russian language|Russian]], [[Chinese language|Mandarin]]
| religions = Predominantly [[Sunni Muslim]], minority [[Tengrism|Tengrists]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.china.org.cn/english/features/EthnicGroups/136924.htm |title=The Kazak Ethnic Group |accessdate=18 March 2015 }}</ref><ref name="Prerepis2010total"/><ref>[http://www.stat.kz/p_perepis/Documents/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%86%20%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2.rar Kazakhstan population census 2009]</ref><ref name="Everyculture.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.everyculture.com/Russia-Eurasia-China/Kazakhs-Religion-and-Expressive-Culture.html |title=Religion and expressive culture – Kazakhs |publisher=Everyculture.com |date= |accessdate=5 February 2012}}</ref><ref>"Chapter 1: Religious Affiliation". The World’s Muslims: Unity and Diversity. Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project. August 9, 2012. Retrieved 4 September 2013</ref> and [[Christianity]]<ref name="2009 Census"/>
| related =[[Kyrgyz people|Kyrgyz]], [[Karakalpaks]], [[Nogais]], [[Turkic peoples]] and [[Naimans]] of Mongol banner.
}}

The '''Kazakhs''' (also spelled '''Kazaks''', '''Qazaqs'''; {{lang-kk|Қазақ}}, {{lang|kk-Arab|قازاق}} {{Audio-IPA|Kk-kazakh.ogg|qɑzɑ́q}}, {{lang|kk|Қазақтар}}, {{lang|kk-Arab|قازاقتار}} {{Audio-IPA|Kk-kazakhs.ogg|qɑzɑqtɑ́r}}; the English name is [[transliteration|transliterated]] from Russian) are a [[Turkic peoples|Turkic people]] who mainly inhabit the southern part of Eastern Europe [[Ural mountains]] and northern parts of [[Central Asia]] (largely [[Kazakhstan]], but also found in parts of [[Uzbekistan]], [[China]], [[Russia]] and [[Mongolia]]), the region also known as Eurasian sub-continent. Kazakh identity is of medieval origin and was strongly shaped by the foundation of the [[Kazakh Khanate]] between 1456 and 1465, when several tribes under the rule of the sultans [[Zhanibek Khan|Zhanibek]] and [[Kerey Khan|Kerey]] departed from the Khanate of [[Abu'l-Khayr Khan]].

The Kazakhs are descendants of the Turkic and medieval Mongol tribes – [[Argyns]], [[Dughlats]], [[Naimans]], [[Jalairs]],[[Keraits]] [[Khazars]], [[Qarluqs]]; and of the [[Kipchaks]] and [[Cumans]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/318970/Kipchak |title=Kipchak (people) |work=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |date= |accessdate=5 February 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.angelfire.com/on/paksoy/ozkaz.html |first=Z. V. |last=Togan |title=The Origins of the Kazaks and the Uzbeks |journal=Central Asian Survey |volume=11 |number=3 |date=1992 }}</ref> and other tribes such as the [[Huns]], and ancient Iranian nomads like the [[Sarmatians]], [[Saka]] and [[Scythians]] from East Europe populated the territory between [[Siberia]] and the [[Black Sea]] and remained in Central Asia and Eastern Europe when the nomadic groups started to invade and conquer the area between the 5th and 13th centuries AD.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://rjgg.org/index.php/RJGG/article/download/116/131 |title=Archived copy |accessdate=16 February 2015 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109115244/http://rjgg.org/index.php/RJGG/article/download/116/131 |archivedate=9 November 2013 }}.</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.khazaria.com/genetics/kazakhs.html|title=Kazakh Genetics — DNA of Turkic people from Kazakhstan and surrounding regions |accessdate=18 March 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/kazakhstan/8039830/Kazakhs-striving-to-prove-Genghis-Khan-descent.html |title=Kazakhs striving to prove Genghis Khan descent |author=Richard Orange |date=3 October 2010 |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |accessdate=18 March 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |url=http://academicpublishingplatforms.com/downloads/pdfs/mhsj/volume6/201103290607_01_V6_MHSJ_KZ_Berezina_Svyatova_et_al_Genetic_Structure.pdf |title=The analysis of the genetic structure of the Kazakh population as estimated from mitochondrial DNS polymorphism |first1=Galina |last1=Berezina |first2=Gulnara |last2=Svyatova |first3=Zhanar |last3=Makhmutova |journal=Medical and Health Science Journal |volume=6 |date=2011 |pages=2–6 |via=academicpublishingplatforms.com |format=PDF }}</ref>

Kazakhs were one of the nations most severely affected by the [[Soviet famine of 1932–33]], with 37% of the total population dying.<ref>{{cite journal |jstor=41036834 |title=The Collectivization Famine in Kazakhstan, 1931–1933 |first=Niccolò |last=Pianciola |date=1 January 2001 |publisher= |journal=Harvard Ukrainian Studies |volume=25 |issue=3/4 |pages=237–251}}</ref>

==Etymology of ''Kazakh''==
The Kazakhs probably began using this name during either the 15th or 16th centuries.<ref>{{cite book |first=V. V. |last=Barthold |authorlink=Vasily Bartold |title=Four Studies on the History of Central Asia |translator=V. & T. Minorsky |location=Leiden |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |date=1962 |volume=vol. 3 |pages=129 }}</ref> There are many theories on the origin of the word Kazakh or Qazaq. Some speculate that it comes from the Turkish verb ''{{lang|tr|qaz}}'' ("to wander"), because the Kazakhs were wandering steppemen; or that it derives from the [[Proto-Turkic language|Proto-Turkic]] word ''{{lang|trk|khasaq}}'' (a wheeled cart used by the Kazakhs to transport their [[yurt]]s and belongings).<ref name="olcott">{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0QAraz9qVY4C&pg=PA4 |last=Olcott |first=Martha Brill |title=The Kazakhs |publisher=Hoover Press |year=1995 |page=4 |isbn=978-0-8179-9351-1 |accessdate=7 April 2009 }}</ref>

Another theory on the origin of the word Kazakh (originally ''{{lang|trk|Qazaq}}'') is that it comes from the ancient [[Turkic languages|Turkic]] word ''{{lang|trk|qazğaq}}'', first mentioned on the 8th century Turkic monument of [http://www.orientalistica.ru/resour/runica/collection/e3a.htm Uyuk-Turan]. According to the notable Turkic linguist [[Vasily Radlov]] and the orientalist Veniamin Yudin, the noun ''{{lang|trk|qazğaq}}'' derives from the same root as the verb ''{{lang|trk|qazğan}}'' ("to obtain", "to gain"). Therefore, ''{{lang|trk|qazğaq}}'' defines a type of person who seeks profit and gain.<ref>{{cite book |last=Yudin |first=Veniamin P. |title=Центральная Азия в 14–18 веках глазами востоковеда |trans_title=Central Asia in the eyes of 14th–18th century Orientalists |location=[[Almaty]] |publisher=Dajk-Press |year=2001 |isbn=978-9965-441-39-4 }}</ref>

===Kazakh===
Kazakh was a common term throughout medieval Central Asia, generally with regard to individuals or groups who had taken or achieved independence from a figure of authority. [[Tamerlane|Timur]] described his own youth without directory authority as his {{lang|trk|Qazaqliq}} ("Qazaq-ness").<ref>{{cite journal |title=Centralizing Reform and Its Opponents in the Late Timurid Period |first=Maria Eva |last=Subtelny |journal=Iranian Studies |volume=21 |issue=1/2: Soviet and North American Studies on Central Asia |date=1988 |pages=123–151 |jstor=4310597 |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]], on behalf of the International Society of Iranian Studies}}</ref> At the time of the Uzbek nomads' Conquest of Central Asia, the Uzbek [[Abu'l-Khayr Khan]] had differences with the Chinggisid chiefs Giray/Kirey and [[Janybek Khan|Janibeg/Janibek]], descendants of [[Urus Khan]]. [[File:SB - Inside a Kazakh yurt.jpg|280px|thumb|Kazakh family inside a [[Yurt]], 1911/1914]] These differences probably resulted from the crushing defeat of Abu'l-Khayr Khan at the hands of the Qalmaqs.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last=Bregel |first=Yuri |authorlink=Yuri Bregel |title=Abu'l-Kayr Khan |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Iranica]] |volume=1 |pages=331–332 |publisher=Routledge & Kegan Paul |year=1982 |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/abul-kayr-khan-oglan }}</ref> Kirey and Janibek moved with a large following of nomads to the region of [[Zhetysu|Zhetysu/Semirechye]] on the border of Moghulistan and set up new pastures there with the blessing of the [[Moghulistan|Moghul]] [[Descent from Genghis Khan|Chingisid]] [[Esen Buqa II|Esen Buqa]], who hoped for a buffer zone of protection against the expansion of the [[Oirats]].<ref>{{cite book |first=V. V. |last=Barthold |authorlink=Vasily Bartold |chapter=History of the Semirechyé |title=Four Studies on the History of Central Asia |translator=V. & T. Minorsky |location=Leiden |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |date=1962 |volume=vol. 1 |pages=137–65 }}</ref> It is not explicitly explained that this is why the later Kazakhs took the name permanently, but it is the only historically verifiable source of the ethnonym. The group under Kirey and Janibek are called in various sources Qazaqs and Uzbek-Qazaqs (those independent of the Uzbek khans). Later Russian language sources incorrectly termed them Kirghiz and Kirghiz-Kaisak.

In the 17th century, Russian convention seeking to distinguish the Qazaqs of the steppes from the [[Cossacks]] of the [[Imperial Russian Army|Russian Imperial military]] transforms the ending of the word to "kh" instead of "q" or "k".
* Kazakh – {{lang|ru|Казах}}
* Cossack – {{lang|ru|Казак}}

The Russian term Cossack probably comes from the same Kypchak etymological root: wanderer, brigand, independent free-booter.

===Oral history===
Due to their [[nomad]]ic pastoral lifestyle, Kazakhs kept an epic tradition of [[oral history]]. The nation, which amalgamated nomadic tribes of various Kazakh origins, managed to preserve the distant memory of the original founding clans. It was important for a Kazakh to know his or her genealogical tree for no less than seven generations back (known as ''{{lang|kk-Latn|şejire}}'', from the [[Arabic language|Arabic]] word ''{{lang|ar-Latn|shajara}}'' – "tree").

==Three Kazakh Zhuz (Hordes)==
{{main|Kazakh tribes}}
[[File:Жуз.svg|thumb|250px|right|Approximate areas occupied by the three Kazakh jüz in the early 20th century.
{|
|{{legend|#ccff99|[[Junior juz]]}}
|{{legend|#fdd99b|[[Middle Juz|Middle juz]]}}
|{{legend|#ffaaaa|[[Great juz]]}}
|}]]
In modern Kazakhstan, [[tribalism]] is fading away in business and government life. Still it is common for a Kazakh man or woman to ask another one which tribe he or she belongs to when getting acquainted with each other. Nowadays, it is more of a tradition than necessity. There is no hostility between tribes. Kazakhs, regardless of their tribal origin, consider themselves one nation.

Those modern-day Kazakhs who yet remember their tribes know that their tribes belong to one of the three ''[[Zhuz]]'' (juz, roughly translatable as "horde" or "hundred"):
* The [[Zhuz#Senior zhuz|Senior Horder (also called Elder or Great)]] (Ulı Juz)
* The [[Zhuz#Middle zhuz|Middle or (also called Central)]] (Orta juz)
* The [[Zhuz#Junior zhuz|Junior (also called Younger or Lesser)]] (Kişi juz)

===History of the Hordes===
There is much debate surrounding the origins of the Hordes. Their age is unknown so far in extant historical texts, with the earliest mentions in the 17th century. The Turkologist Velyaminov-Zernov believed that it was the capture of the important cities of [[Tashkent]], [[Turkestan (city)|Yasi]], and [[Sayram (city)|Sayram]] in 1598 by Tevvekel (Tauekel/Tavakkul) Khan that separated the Qazaqs, as only a portion of the Century possessed the cities.<ref>Russian, Mongolia, China in the 16th, 17th, and early 18th centuries. Vol II. Baddeley (1919, MacMillan, London). Reprint – Burt Franklin, New York. 1963 p. 59</ref> This theory suggests that the Qazaqs then divided among a wider territory after expanding from [[Zhetysu]] into most of the Dasht-i Qipchaq, with a focus on the trade available through the cities of the middle [[Syr Darya]], of which Sayram and Yasi belonged.

==Language==
{{Main article|Kazakh language|Kazakh alphabet}}
[[File:Kazakh-Mongolian Eagle Hunter.JPG|right|thumb|300px|Kazakh eagle hunter in [[Altai Tavan Bogd National Park]], [[Mongolia]].]]

The Kazakh language is a member of the [[Turkic languages|Turkic]] [[language family]], as are [[Uzbek language|Uzbek]], [[Kyrgyz language|Kyrgyz]], [[Tatar language|Tatar]], [[Uyghur language|Uyghur]], [[Turkish language|Turkish]], [[Azeri language|Azeri]], [[Turkmen language|Turkmen]], and many other living and historical languages spoken in [[Eastern Europe]], [[Central Asia]], [[Xinjiang]], and [[Siberia]].

Kazakh belongs to the [[Kipchak people|Kipchak]] (Northwestern) group of the Turkic language family. Kazakh is characterized, in distinction to other Turkic languages, by the presence of {{IPA|/s/}} in place of reconstructed proto-Turkic {{IPA|*/ʃ/}} and {{IPA|/ʃ/}} in place of {{IPA|*/tʃ/}}; furthermore, Kazakh has {{IPAslink|dʒ}} where other Turkic languages have {{IPAslink|j}}.

Kazakh, like most of the Turkic language family lacks phonemic [[vowel length]], and as such there is no distinction between long and short vowels.

Kazakh was written with the Arabic script during the 19th century, when a number of poets, educated in Islamic schools, incited revolt against Russia. Russia's response was to set up secular schools and devise a way of writing Kazakh with the Cyrillic alphabet, which was not widely accepted. By 1917, the Arabic script was reintroduced, even in schools and local government.

In 1927, a Kazakh nationalist movement sprang up but was soon suppressed. At the same time the Arabic script was banned and the [[Latin]] alphabet was imposed for writing Kazakh. The native Latin alphabet was in turn replaced by the Cyrillic alphabet in 1940 by soviet interventionists. Today, there are efforts to return to the Latin script.

Kazakh is a state (official) language in [[Kazakhstan]]. It is also spoken in the [[Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture|Ili]] region of the [[Xinjiang|Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region]] in the [[China|People's Republic of China]], where the Arabic script is used, and in western parts of [[Mongolia]] ([[Bayan-Ölgii]] and [[Khovd Province|Khovd]] province), where Cyrillic script is in use. European Kazakhs use the Latin alphabet.

==Religion==
[[File:Kazakh wedding 3.jpg|thumb|left|A Kazakh wedding ceremony in a [[mosque]].]]

Ancestors of modern Kazakhs believed in [[Shamanism]] and [[Tengrism]], then [[Zoroastrianism]], [[Buddhism]] and [[Christianity]] including [[Church of the East]]. [[Islam]] was first introduced to ancestors of modern Kazakhs during the 8th century when the [[Arab]] missionaries entered Central Asia. Islam initially took hold in the southern portions of [[Turkestan]] and thereafter gradually spread northward.<ref>Atabaki, Touraj. ''Central Asia and the Caucasus: transnationalism and diaspora'', pg. 24</ref> Islam also took root due to the zealous missionary work of [[Samanid]] rulers, notably in areas surrounding [[Taraz]]<ref>Ibn Athir, volume 8, pg. 396</ref> where a significant number of Turks accepted Islam. Additionally, in the late 14th century, the [[Golden Horde]] propagated Islam amongst the Kazakhs and other tribes. During the 18th century, Russian influence toward the region rapidly increased throughout [[Central Asia]]. Led by [[Catherine the Great|Catherine]], the Russians initially demonstrated a willingness in allowing [[Islam]] to flourish as Muslim clerics were invited into the region to preach to the Kazakhs whom the Russians viewed as "savages" and "ignorant" of morals and ethics.<ref>Khodarkovsky, Michael. ''Russia's Steppe Frontier: The Making of a Colonial Empire, 1500–1800'', pg. 39.</ref><ref name=EncycSex572>Ember, Carol R. and Melvin Ember. ''Encyclopedia of Sex and Gender: Men and Women in the World's Cultures'', pg. 572</ref> However, Russian policy gradually changed toward weakening Islam by introducing pre-Islamic elements of [[collective consciousness]].<ref name=Hunter14>Hunter, Shireen. "Islam in Russia: The Politics of Identity and Security", pg. 14</ref> Such attempts included methods of eulogizing pre-Islamic historical figures and imposing a sense of inferiority by sending Kazakhs to highly elite [[Russia]]n military institutions.<ref name=Hunter14 /> In response, Kazakh religious leaders attempted to bring religious fervor by espousing [[pan-Turkism]], though many were persecuted as a result.<ref>Farah, Caesar E. ''Islam: Beliefs and Observances'', pg. 304</ref> During the [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] era, [[Muslim]] institutions survived only in areas where Kazakhs significantly outnumbered non-Muslims due to everyday Muslim practices.<ref>Farah, Caesar E. ''Islam: Beliefs and Observances'', pg. 340</ref> In an attempt to conform Kazakhs into [[Communist]] ideologies, gender relations and other aspects of the Kazakh culture were key targets of social change.<ref name=EncycSex572 />

In more recent times however, Kazakhs have gradually employed a determined effort in revitalizing Islamic religious institutions after the fall of the [[Soviet Union]]. Some Kazakhs continue to identify with their Islamic faith,<ref>Page, Kogan. ''Asia and Pacific Review 2003/04'', pg. 99</ref> and even more devotedly in the countryside. Those who claim descent from the original [[Muslim]] soldiers and missionaries of the 8th century command substantial respect in their communities.<ref>Atabaki, Touraj. ''Central Asia and the Caucasus: transnationalism and diaspora''.</ref> Kazakh political figures have also stressed the need to sponsor Islamic awareness. For example, the Kazakh Foreign Affairs Minister, [[Marat Tazhin]], recently emphasized that Kazakhstan attaches importance to the use of "positive potential Islam, learning of its history, culture and heritage."<ref>[http://www.inform.kz/showarticle.php?lang=eng&id=154837 inform.kz | 154837] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071020120928/http://www.inform.kz/showarticle.php?lang=eng&id=154837 |date=20 October 2007 }}</ref>

Pre-Islamic beliefs—the worship of the sky, of the ancestors, and of fire, for example—continued to a great extent to be preserved among the common people, however. The Kazakhs believed in the supernatural forces of good and evil spirits, of wood goblins and giants. To protect themselves from them, as well as from the evil eye, the Kazakhs wore protection beads and talismans. Shamanic beliefs are still widely preserved among the Kazakhs, as well as belief in the strength of the bearers of this worship—the shamans, which the Kazakhs call bakhsy. In contradistinction to the Siberian shamans, who used drums during their rituals, the Kazakh shamans, who could also be men or women, played (with a bow) on a stringed instrument similar to a large violin. At present both Islamic and pre-Islamic beliefs continue to be found among the Kazakhs, especially among the elderly.<ref name="Everyculture.com" /> According to 2009 national census 39,172 Kazakhs are [[Christianity|Christians]].<ref name="2009 Census">{{cite web|url=http://www.stat.kz/news/Pages/n2_12_11_10.aspx|title=Итоги национальной переписи населения 2009 года (Summary of the 2009 national census)|language=Russian|publisher=Agency of Statistics of the Republic of Kazakhstan|accessdate=21 May 2013}}</ref>

==Genetic studies==
A full study of the genetic makeup of the Kazakh population is far from being finished.
According to mitochondrial DNA studies<ref>{{cite web|url=http://elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=9184531|title=Полиморфизм митохондриальной ДНК в казахской популяции|publisher=}}</ref> (where sample consisted of only 246 individuals), the main maternal lineages of Kazakhs are: [[Haplogroup D (mtDNA)|D]] (17.9%), [[Haplogroup C (mtDNA)|C]] (16%), [[Haplogroup G (mtDNA)|G]] (16%), [[Haplogroup A (mtDNA)|A]] (3,25%), [[Haplogroup F (mtDNA)|F]] (2.44%), which is of Eastern Eurasian origin (58%), and haplogroups [[Haplogroup H (mtDNA)|H]] (14.1), [[Haplogroup T (mtDNA)|T]] (5.5), [[Haplogroup J (mtDNA)|J]] (3.6%), [[Haplogroup K (mtDNA)|K]] (2.6%), [[Haplogroup U (mtDNA)|U5]] (3%), and others (12.2%) of western Eurasian origin (41%). An analysis of ancient Kazakhs found that East Asian haplogroups such as A and C did not begin to move into the Kazakh steppe region till around the time of the [[Xiongnu]] (1st millennia BCE), which is around the onset of the Sargat Culture as well {{harv|Lalueza-Fox|2004}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://digitalcommons.wayne.edu/humbiol/vol82/iss2/2/|title="aDNA from the Sargat Culture" by Casey C. Bennett and Frederika A. Kaestle|publisher=|accessdate=18 March 2015}}</ref>

In a sample of 54 Kazakhs and 119 Altaian Kazakh. The main paternal lineages of Kazakhs are: [[Haplogroup C-M217|C]] (66.7% and 59.5%), [[Haplogroup O-M175|O]] (9% and 26%), [[Haplogroup N-M231|N]] (2% and 0%), [[Haplogroup J-P209|J]] (4% and 0% ), [[Haplogroup R-M420|R]] ( 9% and 1% ).<ref name=Zerjal2002>{{cite journal |vauthors=Zerjal T, Wells RS, Yuldasheva N, Ruzibakiev R, Tyler-Smith C |title=A genetic landscape reshaped by recent events: Y-chromosomal insights into central Asia |journal=Am. J. Hum. Genet. |volume=71 |issue=3 |pages=466–82 |date=September 2002 |pmid=12145751 |pmc=419996 |doi=10.1086/342096 |url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0002-9297(07)60328-0}}</ref>

In a sample of 409 ethnic Kazakhs the main paternal lineages of Kazakhs are [[Haplogroup C-M217|C]], [[Haplogroup R-M420|R]], G, [[Haplogroup J-P209|J]], [[N]], [[O]], [[Q]]:

# С2b - 36.4% (149/409)
# R1a - 13.9% (57/409)
# G1 - 10.3% (42/409)
# R1b - 7.1% (29/409)
# C2d - 5.6% (23/409)
# J2 - 5.6% (23/409)
# O - 5.1% (21/409)
# N1 - 5.1% (21/409)
# J1 - 2.7% (11/409)
# Q1 - 2.2% (9/409)
# R2 - 1.7% (7/409)
# D1 - 1.7% (7/409)
# E - 1% (4/409)
# I2 - 0.5% (2/409)
# L - 0.3% (1/409)
# T - 0.3% (1/409)
# I1 - 0.3% (1/409)
# G2 - 0.3% (1/409)<ref>Kazakh Family Tree DNA-project - Y-DNA - https://www.familytreedna.com/public/alash/default.aspx?section=yresults</ref>

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==Population==
{{Main article|Demographics of Kazakhstan}}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:right;"
|+Ethnic Kazakhs in percent of total population of Kazakhstan
|-
!| 1897 !! 1911 !! 1926 !! 1939 !! 1959 !! 1970 !! 1979 !! 1989 !! 1999 !! 2009
|-
|| 73.9% || 60.8% || 59.5% || 38.0% || 30.0% || 32.6% || 36.0% || 39.7% || 53.4% || 63.1%
|}

'''Historical population of Kazakhs:'''
<ref name="ReferenceA">rjgg.org/index.php/RJGGRE/article/download/129/146 Этногенез казахов с точки зрения популяционной генетики</ref>

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year !! Population
|-
| 1520 || 1,000,000
|-
| 1600 || 1,200,000
|-
| 1723 || 2,000,000
|-
| 1800 || 2,500,000
|-
| 1900 || 3,600,000
|-
| 1939 || 3,000,000
|-
| 1980 || 6,500,000?
|-
| 2013 || 13,600,000
|}

==Kazakh minorities==

=== Russia ===
{{Main|Kazakhs in Russia}}

[[File:Valikhanov.jpg|thumb|[[Shoqan Walikhanov]] and [[Fyodor Dostoyevsky]]]]
In [[Russia]], the Kazakh population lives primarily in the regions bordering Kazakhstan. According to latest census (2002) there are 654,000 Kazakhs in Russia, most of whom are in the [[Astrakhan Oblast|Astrakhan]], [[Volgograd Oblast|Volgograd]], [[Saratov Oblast|Saratov]], [[Samara Oblast|Samara]], [[Orenburg Oblast|Orenburg]], [[Chelyabinsk Oblast|Chelyabinsk]], [[Kurgan Oblast|Kurgan]], [[Tyumen Oblast|Tyumen]], [[Omsk Oblast|Omsk]], [[Novosibirsk Oblast|Novosibirsk]], [[Altai Krai]] and [[Altai Republic]] regions. Though ethnically Kazakh, after the [[dissolution of the Soviet Union]] in 1991, these people acquired Russian citizenship.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Ethnic Kazakhs of Russia<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/rus_nation.php |title=Ethnic composition of Russia (national censuses) |publisher=Demoscope.ru |date=27 May 2007 |accessdate=5 February 2012}}</ref> {{small|national censuses data}}
!align="left"|1939!!%!!1959!!%!!1970!!%!!1979!!%!!1989!!%!!2002!!%
|-
|align="left"| 356 646 ||0.33|| 382 431 ||0.33|| 477 820 ||0.37|| 518 060 ||0.38|| 635 865 ||0.43|| 653 962||0.45
|}

===China===
[[File:Kazakhs people.jpg|thumb|Kazakh family in [[Xinjiang]], China]]
{{main article|Kazakhs in China}}
{{See also|Kazakh exodus from Xinjiang}}

Kazakhs migrated into [[Dzungaria]] in the 18th century after the [[Dzungar genocide]] resulted in the native Buddhist [[Dzungars|Dzungar Oirat]] population being massacred.

Kazakhs, called Hāsàkè Zú in Chinese ([[wiktionary:哈|哈]][[wiktionary:萨|萨]][[wiktionary:克|克]][[wiktionary:族|族]]; literally "Kazakh people" or "Kazakh tribe") are among [[List of Chinese ethnic groups|56 ethnic groups]] officially recognized by the [[People's Republic of China]]. Thousands of Kazakhs fled to China during the 1932-1933 famine in Kazakhstan.

In 1936, after [[Sheng Shicai]] expelled 30,000 Kazakhs from Xinjiang to Qinghai, [[Hui people|Hui]] led by General [[Ma Bufang]] massacred their fellow Muslim Kazakhs, until there were 135 of them left.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=m98sAAAAIAAJ&q=A+group+of+Kazakhs,+originally+numbering+over+20000+people+when+expelled+from+Sinkiang+by+Sheng+Shih-ts'ai+in+1936,+was+reduced,+after+repeated+massacres+by+their+Chinese+coreligionists+under+Ma+Pu-fang,+to+a+scattered+135+people&dq=A+group+of+Kazakhs,+originally+numbering+over+20000+people+when+expelled+from+Sinkiang+by+Sheng+Shih-ts'ai+in+1936,+was+reduced,+after+repeated+massacres+by+their+Chinese+coreligionists+under+Ma+Pu-fang,+to+a+scattered+135+people|title=The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Volume 277|author=American Academy of Political and Social Science|year=1951|publisher=American Academy of Political and Social Science|location=|page=152|isbn=|pages=|accessdate=28 June 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=NnY5AAAAMAAJ&q=kazakhs+ma+pu-fang&dq=kazakhs+ma+pu-fang|title=Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Volumes 276–278|author=American Academy of Political and Social Science|year=1951|publisher=American Academy of Political and Social Science|location=|page=152|isbn=|pages=|accessdate=28 June 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=2t5VAAAAYAAJ&dq=A+group+of+Kazakhs%2C+originally+numbering+over+20000+people+when+expelled+from+Sinkiang+by+Sheng+Shih-ts%27ai+in+1936%2C+was+reduced%2C+after+repeated+massacres+by+their+Chinese+coreligionists+under+Ma+Pu-fang%2C+to+a+scattered+135+people&q=20000+expelled+repeated+massacres+ma+pu-fang+135#search_anchor|title=The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, Volume 277|author=American Academy of Political and Social Science|year=1951|publisher=American Academy of Political and Social Science|location=|page=152|isbn=|pages=|accessdate=2012-09-29|quote=A group of Kazakhs, originally numbering over 20000 people when expelled from Sinkiang by Sheng Shih-ts'ai in 1936, was reduced, after repeated massacres by their Chinese coreligionists under Ma Pu-fang, to a scattered 135 people.}}</ref>

From Northern Xinjiang over 7,000 Kazakhs fled to the Tibetan-Qinghai plateau region via Gansu and were wreaking massive havoc so Ma Bufang solved the problem by relegating the Kazakhs into designated pastureland in Qinghai, but Hui, Tibetans, and Kazakhs in the region continued to clash against each other.{{when|date=December 2015}}<ref>{{cite book|author=Hsaio-ting Lin|title=Tibet and Nationalist China's Frontier: Intrigues and Ethnopolitics, 1928-49|url=https://books.google.com/?id=osn1WrRCelcC&pg=PA112&dq=kazakhs+kansu+tibetans#v=onepage&q=kazakhs%20kansu%20tibetans&f=false|date=1 January 2011|publisher=UBC Press|isbn=978-0-7748-5988-2|pages=112–}}</ref>

Tibetans attacked and fought against the Kazakhs as they entered Tibet via Gansu and Qinghai.{{citation needed|date=December 2015}}{{when|date=December 2015}}

In northern Tibet Kazakhs clashed with Tibetan soldiers and then the Kazakhs were sent to Ladakh.{{when|date=December 2015}}<ref>{{cite book|author=Hsaio-ting Lin|title=Tibet and Nationalist China's Frontier: Intrigues and Ethnopolitics, 1928-49|url=https://books.google.com/?id=osn1WrRCelcC&pg=PA231&dq=kazakhs+kansu+tibetans#v=onepage&q=kazakhs%20kansu%20tibetans&f=false|date=1 January 2011|publisher=UBC Press|isbn=978-0-7748-5988-2|pages=231–}}</ref>

Tibetan troops robbed and killed Kazakhs 400 miles east of Lhasa at Chamdo when the Kazakhs were entering Tibet.{{when|date=December 2015}}<ref>{{cite book|title=Blackwood's Magazine|url=https://books.google.com/?id=p-LQAAAAMAAJ&q=%28I+subsequently+obtained+interesting+confirmation+of+the+Kazaks%27+sojourn+in+Kansu+;+for+one+day+the+Khan+Bahadur+brought+...+when+they+were+held+up+by+a+detachment+of+Tibetan+soldiers+and+officials,+who+killed+some+of+them+and+looted+much+of+...&dq=%28I+subsequently+obtained+interesting+confirmation+of+the+Kazaks%27+sojourn+in+Kansu+;+for+one+day+the+Khan+Bahadur+brought+...+when+they+were+held+up+by+a+detachment+of+Tibetan+soldiers+and+officials,+who+killed+some+of+them+and+looted+much+of+...|year=1948|publisher=William Blackwood|page=407}}</ref><ref>http://www.academia.edu/4534001/STUDIES_IN_THE_POLITICS_HISTORY_AND_CULTURE_OF_TURKIC_PEOPLES page 192</ref>

In 1934, 1935, 1936-1938 from Qumil Eliqsan led the Kerey Kazakhs to migrate to Gansu and the amount was estimated at 18,000, and they entered Gansu and Qinghai.<ref name="Benson1988">{{cite book|author=Linda Benson|title=The Kazaks of China: Essays on an Ethnic Minority|url=https://books.google.com/?id=ntpwAAAAMAAJ&q=%2818%29+If+one+goes+by+the+authors+or+the+documents+of+this+period,+the+number+of+Kazaks+who+went+to+Gansu+was+18+000.+...+%2821%29+While+we+were+living+there+during+these+2+years+the+people+who+were+resident+in+Qinghai+and+Gansu+were+Tibetans+.&dq=%2818%29+If+one+goes+by+the+authors+or+the+documents+of+this+period,+the+number+of+Kazaks+who+went+to+Gansu+was+18+000.+...+%2821%29+While+we+were+living+there+during+these+2+years+the+people+who+were+resident+in+Qinghai+and+Gansu+were+Tibetans+.|year=1988|publisher=Ubsaliensis S. Academiae|isbn=978-91-554-2255-4|page=195}}</ref>

In China there is one Kazakh [[autonomous prefecture]], the [[Ili Kazakh Autonomous Prefecture]] in the [[Xinjiang|Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region]], three Kazakh autonomous counties, [[Aksai Kazakh Autonomous County]] in [[Gansu]], [[Barkol Kazakh Autonomous County]] and [[Mori Kazakh Autonomous County]] in the [[Xinjiang|Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region]]. Many Kazakhs in China are not fluent in [[Standard Chinese]], instead speaking the [[Kazakh language]]. "[[In that place wholly faraway]]", based on a Kazakh [[folk song]],{{citation needed|date=December 2015}} is very popular outside the Kazakh regions, especially in the [[Far East|Far Eastern countries]] of China, [[Japan]] and [[Korea]].{{citation needed|date=December 2015}}

===Mongolia===
In the 19th century, the advance of the [[Russian Empire]] troops pushed Kazakhs to neighboring countries. In around 1860, part of the Middle Jüz Kazakhs came to [[Mongolia]] and were allowed to settle down in Bayan-Ölgii, Western Mongolia and for most of the 20th century they remained an isolated, tightly knit community.
Ethnic Kazakhs (so-called Altaic Kazakhs or Altai-Kazakhs) live predominantly in Western Mongolia in [[Bayan-Ölgii Province]] (88.7% of total province population) and [[Khovd Province]] (11.5% of total province population, living primarily in the [[Khovd (city)|Khovd city]], [[Khovd, Khovd|Khovd]] [[Sums of Mongolia|sum]] and [[Buyant, Khovd|Buyant]] sum). In addition, a number of Kazakh communities can be found in various cities and towns spread throughout the country. Some of the major population centers with a significant Kazakh presence include [[Ulaanbaatar]] (90% in [[khoroo]] #4 of [[Nalaikh]] [[düüreg]],<ref>Education of Kazakh children: A situation analysis. Save the Children UK, 2006 [http://www2.ohchr.org/English/bodies/cerd/docs/ngos/soc.pdf]</ref> [[Töv Province|Töv]] and [[Selenge Province|Selenge]] provinces, [[Erdenet]], [[Darkhan (city)|Darkhan]], [[Bulgan (city)|Bulgan]], [[Sharyngol]] (17.1% of population total)<ref>[http://mauc.org.mn/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=40&Itemid=90 Sharyngol city review] {{dead link|date=June 2011}}</ref> and [[Berkh, Khentii|Berkh]] cities.
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Ethnic Kazakhs of Mongolia<ref name="#10">[http://www.ses.edu.mn/books/ptrc/ptrc_10.pdf "Монгол улсын ястангуудын тоо, байршилд гарч буй өөрчлөлтyyдийн асуудалд" М.Баянтөр, Г.Нямдаваа, З.Баярмаа pp.57–70] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090327100852/http://www.ses.edu.mn/books/ptrc/ptrc_10.pdf |date=27 March 2009 }}</ref> {{small|national censuses data}}
!1956!!%!!1963!!%!!1969!!%!!1979!!%!!1989!!%!!2000!!%!!2010<ref name="Mong2010">[http://www.toollogo2010.mn/doc/Main%20results_20110615_to%20EZBH_for%20print.pdf Mongolia National Census 2010 Provision Results. National Statistical Office of Mongolia] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110915000000/http://www.toollogo2010.mn/doc/Main%20results_20110615_to%20EZBH_for%20print.pdf |date=15 September 2011 }} (in Mongolian.)</ref>||%
|-
|36,729||4.34||47,735||4.69||62,812||5.29||84,305||5.48||120,506||6.06||102,983||4.35||101,526||3.69
|}

===Uzbekistan===
400,000 {{Citation needed|date=June 2010}} Kazakhs live in [[Karakalpakstan]] and 100,000 {{Citation needed|date=June 2010}} in the [[Tashkent province]]. Since the fall of Soviet Union, vast majority of Kazakh people are returning to Kazakhstan, mainly to [[Mangystau Province|Manghistau Oblast]]'. Most Kazakhs in [[Karakalpakstan]] are descendants of one of the branches of "Junior juz" (''Kişi juz'') -[[Adai people|Adai]] tribe.

===Iran===
Iran bought Kazakh slaves who were falsely masqueraded as [[Kalmyks]] by slave dealers from Khiva and Turkmens.<ref>http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/barda-iv</ref><ref name="AbbottAmanat1983">{{cite book|author1=Keith Edward Abbott|author2=Abbas Amanat|title=Cities & trade: Consul Abbott on the economy and society of Iran, 1847-1866|url=https://books.google.com/?id=1f9tAAAAMAAJ&dq=Cities+and+Trade%3A+Consul+Abbott+on+the+Economy+and+Society+of+Iran+1847-1866&q=Kuzzauks+|year=1983|publisher=Published by Ithaca Press for the Board of the Faculty of Oriental Studies, Oxford University|isbn=978-0-86372-006-2|page=20}}</ref>

[[Iranian Kazakhs]] live mainly in the [[Golestan Province]] in northern [[Iran]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.anobanini.ir/travel/fa/golestan/cat-227 |title=گلستان |publisher=Anobanini.ir |date= |accessdate=5 February 2012}}</ref> According to ethnologue.org, in 1982 there were 3000 Kazakhs living in the city of [[Gorgan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ethnologue.com/show_country.asp?name=iran |title=Ethnologue report for Iran |publisher=Ethnologue.com |date= |accessdate=5 February 2012}}</ref><ref>http://www.golestanstate.ir/layers.aspx?quiz=page&PageID=23 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091207144216/http://www.golestanstate.ir/layers.aspx?quiz=page&PageID=23 |date=7 December 2009 }}</ref> Since fall of the [[Soviet Union]] number of Kazakhs in Iran decreased due to emigration to their historical Motherland."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://jolay.blogfa.com/85093.aspx |title=قزاق |publisher=Jolay.blogfa.com |date= |accessdate=5 February 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091025195710/http://jolay.blogfa.com/85093.aspx |archivedate=25 October 2009 }}</ref>

===Afghanistan===
Afghan Kipchaks are [[Aimak]] (Taimeni) tribe of Kazakh origin that can be found in Obi district to the east of western Afghan province of [[Herat Province|Herat]], between the rivers [[Farah Rud River|Farāh Rud]] and [[Hari Rud]]. [[Afghan Kypchaks]] together with the Durzais and [[Kakars]], two other tribes of [[Pashtun people|Pushtun]] origin, constitute [[Taymani]] tribe. There are approximately 440,000 Afghan Kipchaks.

===Turkey===
Turkey received refugees from among the Pakistan-based Kazakhs, Turkmen, Kirghiz, and Uzbeks numbering 3,800 originally from Afghanistan during the [[Soviet war in Afghanistan]].<ref>{{cite book|title=News Review on South Asia and Indian Ocean|url=https://books.google.com/?id=B5AgAQAAMAAJ&q=kayseri+unhcr+pakistan&dq=kayseri+unhcr+pakistan|date=July 1982|publisher=Institute for Defence Studies & Analyses.|page=861}}</ref> Kayseri, Van, Amasva, Cicekdag, Gaziantep, Tokat, Urfa, and Serinvol received via Adana the Pakistan-based Kazakh, Turkmen, Kirghiz, and Uzbek refugees numbering 3,800 with UNHCR assistance.<ref>{{cite book|title=Problèmes politiques et sociaux|url=https://books.google.com/?id=pWWzAAAAIAAJ&q=kayseri+unhcr+pakistan&dq=kayseri+unhcr+pakistan|year=1982|publisher=Documentation française.|page=15}}</ref>

In 1969 and 1954 Kazakhs migrated into Anatolia's Salihli, Develi and Altay regions.<ref name="Espace">{{cite book|title=Espace populations sociétés|url=https://books.google.com/?id=RCkkAQAAIAAJ&q=kayseri+diaspora+pakistan&dq=kayseri+diaspora+pakistan|year=2006|publisher=Université des sciences et techniques de Lille, U.E.R. de géographie|page=174}}</ref> Turkey became home to refugee Kazakhs.<ref name="Forbes1986">{{cite book|author=Andrew D. W. Forbes|title=Warlords and Muslims in Chinese Central Asia: A Political History of Republican Sinkiang 1911-1949|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IAs9AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA156#v=onepage&q&f=false|date=9 October 1986|publisher=CUP Archive|isbn=978-0-521-25514-1|pages=156–}}{{cite book|author=Andrew D. W. Forbes|title=Warlords and Muslims in Chinese Central Asia: A Political History of Republican Sinkiang 1911-1949|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IAs9AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA236#v=onepage&q&f=false|date=9 October 1986|publisher=CUP Archive|isbn=978-0-521-25514-1|pages=236–}}</ref>

The Kazakh Turks Foundation (Kazak Türkleri Vakfı) is an organization of Kazakhs in Turkey.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kazakturklerivakfi.org/index.php?limitstart=118 |date= |website=Kazak Türkleri Vakfı Resmi Web Sayfası |publisher= |access-date= |quote= |title=Kazakh Turks Foundation Official Website}}</ref>

==Culture==
{{Main article|Culture of Kazakhstan}}

== Music ==

Many are also skilled in the performance of Kazakh traditional songs. One of the most commonly used traditional musical instruments of the Kazakhs is the ''[[dombra]]'', a plucked lute with two strings. It is often used to accompany solo or group singing. Another popular instrument is ''[[kobyz]]'', a bow instrument played on the knees. Along with other instruments, these two instruments play a key role in the traditional Kazakh orchestra. A notable composer is [[Kurmangazy Sagyrbayuly|Kurmangazy]], who lived in the 19th century. After studying in Moscow, [[Gaziza Zhubanova]] became the first woman classical composer in Kazakhstan, whose compositions reflect Kazakh history and folklore. A notable singer of the Soviet epoch is [[Roza Rymbaeva]], she was a star of the trans-Soviet-Union scale. A notable Kazakh rock band is [[Urker]], performing in the genre of ethno-rock, which synthesises rock music with the traditional Kazakh music.

== See also ==
* [[Kazakh Americans]]
* [[Kazakhs in Canada]]
* [[Turkic peoples]]
* [[List of Kazakhs]]

==Notable Kazakhs==
{{Main article|List of Kazakhs}}

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Kazakh people}}
* [http://www.mfa.kz/ Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Kazakhstan]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080410091956/http://clp.arizona.edu/cls/kaz.htm Kazakh Language Courseware from University of Arizona Critical Languages Series]
* [http://www.hunmagyar.org/turan/turk.html Ethnographic map of Kazakhstan]
* [http://www.akft.org Kazakhs in France – AKFT]
* [http://www.kazaktar.kz/ World Association of the Kazakhs]
* http://sana.gov.kz/showarticle.php?lang=eng&id=342
* [http://www.massagan.com Massagan.com (The largest web site in kazakh language)]
* [http://www.suhbat.com Suhbat (Atameken Toby)]
* [http://www.elim.kz/ Kazakh tribes]
* ‘Contemporary Falconry in Altai-Kazakh in Western Mongolia’''The International Journal of Intangible Heritage (vol.7)'', pp. 103–111. 2012. [http://www.ijih.org/volumeMgr.ijih?cmd=volumeView&volNo=7&manuType=02]
* ‘Ethnoarhchaeology of Horse-Riding Falconry’, ''The Asian Conference on the Social Sciences 2012 - Official Conference Proceedings'', pp. 167–182. 2012. [https://web.archive.org/web/20131203091424/http://iafor.org/offprints/acss2012-offprints/ACSS2012_offprint_0271.pdf]
* ‘Intangible Cultural Heritage of Arts and Knowledge for Coexisting with Golden Eagles: Ethnographic Studies in “Horseback Eagle-Hunting” of Altai-Kazakh Falconers’, ''The International Congress of Humanities and Social Sciences Research'', pp. 307–316. 2012. [http://www.analytrics.org/Documents/HSS_Actes_Proceedings_2012.pdf]
* ‘Ethnographic Study of Altaic Kazakh Falconers’, ''Falco: The Newsletter of the Middle East Falcon Research Group 41'', pp. 10–14. 2013. [http://www.mefrg.org/images/falco/falco41.pdf]
* ‘Ethnoarchaeology of Ancient Falconry in East Asia’, ''The Asian Conference on Cultural Studies 2013 - Official Conference Proceedings'', pp. 81–95. 2013. [https://web.archive.org/web/20141218143204/http://www.iafor.org/offprints/acas2013-offprints/ACAS_2013_Offprint_0108.pdf]
* Soma, Takuya. 2014. 'Current Situation and Issues of Transhumant Animal Herding in Sagsai County, Bayan Ulgii Province, Western Mongolia', E-journal GEO 9(1): pp. 102–119. [https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/ejgeo/9/1/9_102/_pdf]
* Soma, Takuya. 2015. Human and Raptor Interactions in the Context of a Nomadic Society: Anthropological and Ethno-Ornithological Studies of Altaic Kazakh Falconry and its Cultural Sustainability in Western Mongolia. University of Kassel Press, Kassel (Germany) [ISBN 978-3-86219-565-7].
{{Kazakhstan topics}}
{{Turkic peoples}}
{{Ethnic groups in Kazakhstan}}
{{Ethnic groups in China}}
{{European Muslims}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2011}}

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{{DEFAULTSORT:Kazakh}}
[[Category:Turkic peoples]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Russia]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Kyrgyzstan]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Mongolia]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Tajikistan]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Turkmenistan]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Uzbekistan]]
[[Category:Muslim communities of China]]
[[Category:Muslim communities of Russia]]
[[Category:Ethnic Kazakh people| ]]
[[Category:Kazakhstani people]]
[[Category:Turkic tribes]]
[[Category:Ethnic groups in Iran]]

Kazakhstan Encyclopedia - User contributions [en]

Kazakhs