View source for Turkmenian kulan

{{distinguish2|the related '''khulan''' or [[Mongolian wild ass]]}}
{{Taxobox
| image = Equus hemionus kulan.JPG
| image_caption = A Turkmenian kulan at Wildpark Pforzheim.
| name = Turkmenian kulan
| status = EN
| status_system = iucn3.1
| status_ref =<ref name=IUCN>{{IUCN |assessor= Kaczensky, P. |assessor2= Lkhagvasuren, B. |assessor3= Pereladova, O. |assessor4= Hemami, M. |assessor5= Bouskila, A. |last-assessor-amp= yes|year= 2016|id= 7964|title= Equus hemionus ssp. kulan|downloaded= 2 June 2016|version=2015.2}}</ref>
| regnum = [[Animal]]ia
| phylum = [[Chordate|Chordata]]
| classis = [[Mammal]]ia
| ordo = [[Odd-toed ungulate|Perissodactyla]]
| familia = [[Equidae]]
| genus = ''[[Equus (genus)|Equus]]''
| species = ''[[Onager|E. hemionus]]''
| subspecies = '''''E. h. kulan'''''
| trinomial = ''Equus hemionus kulan'' 
| trinomial_authority = [[Colin Groves|Groves]] and [[Vratislav Mazák|Mazák]], 1967
| synonyms = ''Equus hemionus finschi''<br><small>(Matschie, 1911)
}}
The '''Turkmenian kulan''' (''Equus hemionus kulan''), also called '''Transcaspian wild ass''',<ref>{{cite journal|title=The Genetics of the Horse|author=A.T. Bowling|author2=A. Ruvinsky|last-author-amp=yes|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZL3A097IbjsC&pg=PA174&lpg=PA174&dq=Transcaspian+wild+ass&source=bl&ots=IyDH19byBw&sig=SnFMzVFqworRXs3peHoAgJ0TReo&hl=en&sa=X&ei=MQiKVYr3Cczk-QGT0YOIBw&ved=0CDAQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=Transcaspian%20wild%20ass&f=false|year=2000|pages=174|accessdate=29 June 2015}}</ref> '''Turkmenistani onager''' or simply the '''''{{lang|trk|kulan}}''''', is a subspecies of [[onager]] (Asiatic wild ass) native to [[Central Asia]]. It was declared [[Endangered species|Endangered]] in 2016.<ref name=IUCN/>

The species's population had recently been in decline in the country while it slowly increases in reintroduction sites. The Turkmenian kulan has been reintroduced to [[Kazakhstan]], [[Uzbekistan]] and [[Ukraine]], where the onagers formerly existed, also in [[Israel]], where the subspecies are making hybrids with [[Persian onager]]s in the wild.

Previously in 2005, the population was estimated at 1,295-1,345 in [[Turkmenistan]]. No other data existed on the condition of the Turkmenistan populations, but hope remained that small groups of animals still resided in inaccessible areas around Badkhyz, and were thriving in the West Kopetdagh (Sumbar-Chandyr Valley) and [[Ustyurt Plateau]] around Lake Sarakamish.<ref name=WWFKulan/> However, certain fragmented populations of Transcaspian wild ass are currently on the rise to even more than 2,000 individuals in the wild.<ref name=kazakhkulan/> It is also estimated that over 6,000 kulans live in Central Asia.<ref name=kulannumbers/>

==Physical description==
[[File:Kulaani Korkeasaari.jpg|thumb|left|A Turkmenian kulan at [[Korkeasaari]] Zoo.]]
The Turkmenian kulan is one of the largest subspecies of the onagers. It is 200–250&nbsp;cm long, 100–140&nbsp;cm tall at the shoulder, and it weighs 200–240&nbsp;kg. Male onagers are larger than the females.

The Transcaspian wild ass is characterized by a pale brown coat, a dark stripe down the spine and white patches on the sides, back and belly. It also has shaggy black mane and a tuft at the tail end. During the summer, the Turkmenian kulan's coat is leaner and brown, then it turns into thick grayish-brown winter coat during the cold season.

==Habitat and range==
The Turkmenian kulan lives in Central Asian deltas, hot and cold deserts or semi-deserts, steppes, arid grasslands and shrublands.

The Turkmen specimen used to be the most widespread of the onagers, ranging from northernmost [[Iran]] and northern [[Afghanistan]], the [[Transcaspian Oblast]] and [[West China|western China]] to southern [[Siberia]]. It used to live in [[Saryesik-Atyrau Desert]] of Kazakhstan. However, it has gone extinct from that location.

==Diet and behavior==
The Turkmenian kulan are herbivorous mammals. They feed on [[herb]]s, [[shrubbery]] and [[plant]]s. Most of their liquid comes from food, although often traveling at water sources, especially when breast-feeding their offspring.

The mare lives with foals in small herds. The dominant stallion defends the surrounding areas to the water sources and tries to mate with any females that come close to drink. The mare, after a gestation period of about a year, gives birth to a single foal that stays with her mother for the first two years of life.

The scorching heat of the Central Asian deserts makes the Transcaspian wild ass mostly active at dawn and dusk when temperatures are milder. The kulans, like most onagers, are one of the fastest land mammals and can run at high speed of 70&nbsp;km/h.{{citation needed|date=September 2015}}

==Threats==
Like all onagers, the Turkmenian kulan is threatened by poaching, hunting for their meat and their coat, habitat loss and relationships with apex predators such as the [[Persian leopard]]s, [[striped hyena]]s and mostly [[Gray wolf|Asian gray wolves]]. The now-extinct Central Asian predators, the [[Caspian tiger]]s and [[Asiatic cheetah]]s also preyed on the kulans. However, like other onagers, they have anti-predatory protections. Group of stallions can cooperate and chase off the predators. The Asiatic wild ass of Central Asia is mostly threatened by illegal hunting.

==Conservation==
[[File:Туркменский кулан Гродно.JPG|thumb|left|A Turkmenian kulan at [[Grodno Zoo]], [[Belarus]].]]
In early 1919, the [[Soviet Union]] placed the Turkmenian kulan under protection. However, the measures enacted in their favor have not saved them from local [[extinction]]s, such as in Kazakhstan, where the subspecies disappeared in 1935. The main kulan population has suffered a dramatic decline in recent years. Badkhyz was the main stronghold and the last habitat of the Transcaspian wild ass which contained a few thousands of individuals, until it was reintroduced in other protected areas in Turkmenistan and other Central Asian countries that was built purposely for the kulans, such as the [[Gaplaňgyr Nature Reserve]], the [[Çemenebit Sanctuary]] and the [[Mäne-Çäçe Sanctuary]].

As of 1996-1997 the total population of Turkmenian kulan were estimated at between 500 and 700 kulans in Kazakhstan and about 6,000 kulans in Turkmenistan. Of the latter about 5,000 to 6,000 lived in Badkhyz Zapovednik alone and about 1,000 in artificially restored populations elsewhere in Turkmenistan. In Badkhyz, the Turkmenian kulan population has decreased from 6,000 individuals as of 1993 to 2,400 in 1998 and to 650 in 2002. Currently, there are 900 kulans in Badkhyz.<ref name=WWFKulan>{{cite web|title=The Kulan in Turkmenistan|url=http://www.wwf.ru/about/where_we_work/asia/closed/kulan/eng/doc881/page3|publisher=World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF)|accessdate=1 November 2015}}</ref> Previously in 2005, there were more than 1,300 Turkmenian kulans in Turkmenistan (850-900 in [[Badhyz State Nature Reserve]] and another 445 in seven different reintroduction sites).

===Reintroduction projects===
After their local extinction in Kazakhstan in the 1930s, the kulan was reintroduced in four localities of Kazakhstan (where live about 900 specimens), and in Uzbekistan afterwards (34 specimens).

The first reintroduction site of Turkmenian kulans in Kazakhstan was the [[Barsa-Kelmes Nature Reserve]]. Another 35 were reintroduced to the Aktau-Buzachinsky Sanctuary in 1991, which have grown to a population of more than 100 individuals on the [[Mangishlak Peninsula]]. Between 1986 and 1990, 105 Turmenian kulans were reintroduced to the Andasai Sancturary, and have since increased to 200.

In 1984, 32 kulans were reintroduced to the Kapchagai Game Area, which subsequently became the [[Altyn-Emel National Park]] (over 50,000,000 hectares in area),<ref name=WWFKulan/> from southeastern Kazakhstan which consists of [[desert]], between the [[Ili River]] and the Ak-Tau mountain range, near [[Lake Kapchagai]]. The previous census revealed that more than 700 individuals lived at Altyn-Emel. The population of Turkmenian kulan are on the rise, as that said small populations of Turkmenian kulan at Altyn-Emel increased to 2,000 as of 2012.<ref name=kazakhkulan>{{cite journal|title=Kazakhstan edition 2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CH3PY_LSOlAC&pg=PA177&dq=Barsakelmes+Nature+Reserve+kulan+wild+ass&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CBwQ6AEwAGoVChMIn-arhqjwyAIVSG8-Ch0n0wE4#v=onepage&q=Barsakelmes%20Nature%20Reserve%20kulan%20wild%20ass&f=false|author=Paul Brummell|year=2012|accessdate=1 November 2015}}</ref>

The Turkmenian kulans, along with the [[Przewalski's horse]], have been reintroduced to the [[Askania-Nova Biosphere Reserve]] in southern [[Ukraine]].

===In captivity===
The Turkmenian kulans are breeding in captivity in zoos, breeding centers and wildlife parks part of the American ([[Species Survival Plan|SSP]], [[Association of Zoos and Aquariums|AZA]]) and Eurasian ([[European Endangered Species Programme|EEP]], [[European Association of Zoos and Aquaria|EAZA]]) captive breeding programs. There are over 1,000 Turkmenian kulans registered in the international studbook of the [[World Association of Zoos and Aquariums]] (WAZA).<ref name=kulannumbers>{{cite journal|title=The Donkey Companion: Selecting, Training, Breeding, Enjoying & Caring for Donkeys|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-vYhdjEHRREC&pg=PA17&dq=Turkmenian+kulan&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0CBsQ6AEwAGoVChMI_-CZxqzwyAIVhRk-Ch2_iQMm#v=onepage&q=Turkmenian%20kulan&f=false|author=Sue Weaver|year=2012|accessdate=1 November 2015}}</ref>

==Related subspecies==
* [[Mongolian wild ass]] (''khulan''), ''Equus hemionus hemionus''
* [[Persian onager]] (''gur''), ''Equus hemionus onager''
* [[Indian wild ass]] (''khur''), ''Equus hemionus khur''
* [[Syrian wild ass]] or hemippe, ''Equus hemionus hemippus'' ([[Extinction|extinct]])

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{Equus}}
{{taxonbar}}

[[Category:Equus]]
[[Category:Animals described in 1967]]
[[Category:Mammals of Asia]]
[[Category:Fauna of Central Asia]]
[[Category:Mammals of Europe]]
[[Category:Fauna of Turkmenistan]]
[[Category:Mammals of Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Mammals of Uzbekistan]]
[[Category:Fauna of Ukraine]]