View source for International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea

{{Expert needed|Transport|talk=Edits of this date|reason=the article fails to clearly set forth what is being presented in the bulk rules presentation of the article, and how this rules content was sourced (see TALK), confusing matters all the more by providing sporadic inline citations to one or another document without page or rule numbers|date=February 2017}}
{{EngvarB|date=October 2013
}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2013}}
{{Admiralty law}}
The '''International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea 1972''' ('''Colregs''') are published by the [[International Maritime Organization]] (IMO) and set out, among other things, the "rules of the road" or navigation rules to be followed by ships and other vessels at sea to prevent collisions between two or more vessels.<ref name="imo">[http://www.imo.org/Conventions/mainframe.asp?topic_id=257&doc_id=649 ''Convention on the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea, 1972 (COLREGs)''], from the IMO (The International Maritime Organisation). Retrieved 13 February 2006.</ref><ref>[http://www.slp.wa.gov.au/pco/prod/FileStore.nsf/Documents/MRDocument:4113P/$FILE/PreventionOfCollisionsAtSeaRegs1983_01-a0-03.pdf?OpenElement ''Prevention of Collisions at Sea Regulations 1983''], from [http://www.slp.wa.gov.au/legislation/statutes.nsf/default.html Western Australian Legislation]. Retrieved 6 June 2009.</ref> COLREGs can also refer to the specific political line that divides [[Inland waterways of the United States|inland waterways]], which are subject to their own navigation rules, and coastal waterways which are subject to international navigation rules. The COLREGs are derived from a [[multilateral treaty]] called the '''Convention on the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea'''.

Although rules for navigating vessels inland may differ, the international rules specify that they should be as closely in line with the international rules as possible. In most of [[continental Europe]], the [[Code Européen des Voies de la Navigation Intérieure]] (CEVNI, or the European Code for Navigation on Inland Waters) apply. In the United States, the rules for vessels navigating inland are published alongside the international rules.<ref>[http://www.navcen.uscg.gov/?pageName=navRulesContent ''Navigation Rules''], from the U.S. Coast Guard. Retrieved 16 December 2006.</ref>

The [[Racing Rules of Sailing]], which govern the conduct of [[yacht racing|yacht]] and [[dinghy racing]] under the sanction of national sailing authorities which are members of the [[International Sailing Federation]] (ISAF), are based on the COLREGs, but differ in some important matters such as overtaking and right of way close to turning marks in competitive sailing.

==History==
Prior to the development of a single set of international rules and practices, there existed separate practices and various conventions and informal procedures in different parts of the world, as advanced by various maritime nations. As a result, there were inconsistencies and even contradictions that gave rise to unintended collisions. Vessel navigation lights for operating in darkness as well as navigation marks also were not standardised, giving rise to dangerous confusion and ambiguity between vessels at risk of colliding.

With the advent of steam-powered ships in the mid-19th&nbsp;century, conventions for sailing vessel navigation had to be supplemented with conventions for power-driven vessel navigation. Sailing vessels are limited as to their manoeuvrability in that they cannot sail directly to windward or into the eye of the wind and cannot be readily navigated in the absence of wind. On the other hand, steamships can manoeuvre in all 360 degrees of direction and can be manoeuvred irrespective of the presence or absence of wind.

In 1840 in London, the [[Trinity House]] drew up a set of regulations which were enacted by Parliament in 1846. The Trinity House rules were included in the [[Steam Navigation Act 1846]], and the Admiralty regulations regarding lights for steam ships were included in this statute in 1848. In 1849 Congress extended the light requirements to sailing vessels on US&nbsp;waters. In the UK in 1858 coloured sidelights were recommended for sailing vessels and fog signals were required to be given, by steam vessels on the ships whistle and by sailing vessels on the [[fog horn]] or bell, while a separate but similar action was also taken in the United States.

In 1850, English maritime Law was being adopted in the United States.<ref name="US Maritime Law 1850">{{cite journal |url=https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/51/557/case.html |title=St. John v. Paine, 51 U.S. 557 |journal=[[United States Reports]] |volume=51 |page=557 |publisher=[[Supreme Court of the United States]] |date=December 1850 |quote=Among the nautical rules applicable to the navigation of sailing vessels are the following, viz.: A vessel that has the wind free or sailing before or with the wind must get out of the way of the vessel that is close-hauled, or sailing by or against it and the vessel on the starboard tack has a right to keep her course, and the one on the larboard tack must give way or be answerable for the consequences. So when two vessels are approaching each other, both having the wind free and consequently the power of readily controlling their movements, the vessel on the larboard tack must give way and each pass to the right. The same rule governs vessels sailing on the wind and approaching each other when it is doubtful which is to windward. But if the vessel on the larboard tack is so far to windward that if both persist in their course, the other will strike her on the lee side abaft the beam or near the stern, in that case the vessel on the starboard tack should give way, as she can do so with greater facility and less loss of time and distance than the other. Again, when vessels are crossing each other in opposite directions and there is the least doubt of their going clear, the vessel on the starboard tack should persevere in her course, while that on the larboard tack should bear up, or keep away before the wind. ... ''no one can look through the reports in admiralty in England without being struck with the steadiness and rigor with which these general nautical rules have been enforced in cases of collision, under the advice of the Trinity Masters of that court, or fail to be impressed with the justice and propriety of such application and the salutary results flowing from it.'' [emphasis added]}}</ref>

Also in 1850, courts in the England and the United States adopted [[common law]] pertaining to reasonable speed within the [[Assured Clear Distance Ahead]].<ref name="common law">{{cite journal |url=http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=osu.32437121385120;view=1up;seq=575 |title=The Europa |journal=English Reports in Law and Equity |volume=2 |pages=557–564 |date=June 11, 1850 |author1=Great Britain. Courts. |author2=Great Britain. Parliament. House of Lords. |author3=Great Britain. Privy Council. Judicial Committee |publisher=Boston, C.C. Little and J. Brown |oclc=4370213 |quote=Pg. 564: Whether any given rate is dangerous or not must depend upon the circumstances of each individual case, as the state of the weather, locality, and other similar facts.[http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/100187260 See more English Reports in Law and Equity]}}</ref><ref name="common law2">{{cite journal |url=http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=osu.32437121385286;view=1up;seq=35 |title=The Batavier |journal=English Reports in Law and Equity |volume=40 |pages=19–27 |date=July 14, 1854 |author1=Great Britain. Courts. |author2=Great Britain. Parliament. House of Lords. |author3=Great Britain. Privy Council. Judicial Committee |publisher=Boston, C.C. Little and J. Brown |oclc=4370213 |quote=Pg. 25: At whatever rate she (the steamer) was going, if going at such a rate as made it dangerous to any craft which she ought to have seen, and might have seen, she had no right to go at that rate. ... at all events, she was bound to stop if it was necessary to do so, in order to prevent damage being done ... [http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/100187260 See more English Reports in Law and Equity]}}</ref><ref name="Newton">{{cite journal |url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/51/586 |title=Newton v. Stebbins, 51 U.S. 586 |journal=[[United States Reports]] |volume=51 |page=586 |publisher=[[Supreme Court of the United States]] |date=December 1850 |quote=...it may be a matter of convenience that steam vessels should proceed with great rapidity, but the law will not justify them in proceeding with such rapidity if the property and lives of other persons are thereby endangered. ... It is a mistake to suppose that a rigorous enforcement of the necessity of adopting precautionary measures by the persons in charge of steamboats to avoid damage to sailing vessels on our rivers and internal waters will have the effect to produce carelessness and neglect on the part of the persons in charge of the latter. The vast speed and power of the former, and consequent serious damage to the latter in case of a collision, will always be found a sufficient admonition to care and vigilance on their part. A collision usually results in the destruction of the sailing vessel, and not unfrequently in the loss of the lives of persons on board.}}</ref>

In 1863 a new set of rules drawn up by the British [[Board of Trade]], in consultation with the French government, came into force. By 1864 the regulations (or Articles) had been adopted by more than thirty maritime countries, including Germany and the United States (passed by the United States Congress as ''Rules to prevent Collisions at Sea.'' An act fixing certain rules and regulations for preventing collisions on the water. 29 April 1864, ch. 69.<ref>Library of Congress. ''Statutes at Large, 1789–1875''. http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/amlaw/lwsllink.html</ref> and signed into law by President [[Abraham Lincoln]]).

In 1867, [[Thomas Gray (Surveyor)|Thomas Gray]], assistant secretary to the Maritime Department of the Board of Trade, wrote ''The Rule of the Road'', a pamphlet that became famous for its well-known [[mnemonic]] verses.

In 1878, the United States codified its common law rules for preventing collisions.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://uscode.house.gov/statviewer.htm?volume=rs&page=815 |title=Revised Statutes (1878), Title XLVIII (48), Chapter 5: Navigation, Section 4233, rules for preventing collisions |publisher=[[Congress of the United States]] |date=1878 |quote=Rule twenty-one. Every steam-vessel, when approaching another vessel, so as to involve risk of collision, shall slacken her speed, or, if necessary, stop and reverse: and every steam-vessel shall, when in a fog, go at a moderate speed... }}</ref>

In 1880, the 1863 Articles were supplemented with whistle signals and in 1884 a new set of international regulations was implemented.

In 1889 the United States convened the first international maritime conference in Washington, D.C. The resulting rules were adopted in 1890 and effected in 1897. Some minor changes were made during the 1910 [[Brussels]] Maritime Conference and some rule changes were proposed, but never ratified, at the 1929 International Conference on Safety of Life at Sea&nbsp;(S.O.L.A.S.) With the recommendation that the direction of a turn be referenced by the rudder instead of the helm or tiller being informally agreed by all maritime nations in 1935.

The 1948 S.O.L.A.S. International Conference made several recommendations, including the recognition of [[radar]] these were eventually ratified in 1952 and became effective in 1954. Further recommendations were made by a S.O.L.A.S. Conference in London in 1960 which became effective in 1965

The ''International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea'' were adopted as a [[treaty|convention]] of the International Maritime Organization on 20 October 1972 and entered into force on 15 July 1977. They were designed to update and replace the Collision Regulations of 1960, particularly with regard to [[Traffic Separation Scheme]]s&nbsp;(TSS) following the first of these, introduced in the [[Strait of Dover]] in 1967.<ref name="imo"/> As of June 2013, the convention has been ratified by 155 states representing 98.7% of the tonnage of the world's merchant fleets.<ref>[http://www.imo.org/About/Conventions/StatusOfConventions/Documents/Status%20-%202013.pdf Ratification status of IMO Conventions].</ref>

They have been amended several times since their first adoption. In 1981 Rule&nbsp;10 was amended with regard to dredging or surveying in traffic separation schemes. In 1987 amendments were made to several rules, including rule&nbsp;1(e) for vessels of special construction; rule&nbsp;3(h), vessels constrained by her draught and Rule&nbsp;10(c), crossing traffic lanes. In 1989 Rule&nbsp;10 was altered to stop unnecessary use of the inshore traffic zones associated with TSS. In 1993 amendments were made concerning the positioning of lights on vessels. In 2001 new rules were added relating to [[ground effect vehicle|wing-in-ground-effect]] (WIG) craft and in 2007 the text of Annex&nbsp;IV (Distress signals) was rewritten.<ref name="imo"/>

==Jurisdictions==
{{Multiple issues|section=yes|
{{refimprove section|date=February 2017}}
{{Globalize|section|the UK|date=February 2017}}
{{overly detailed|section=yes|date=February 2017}}
{{Citations broken|section|date=February 2017}}
}}
The [[International Maritime Organization]] (IMO) convention, including the almost four dozen "rules" contained in the international regulations, must be adopted by each member country that is signatory to the convention—COLREG laws must exist within each jurisdiction.{{citation needed|date=February 2017}} Thereafter, each IMO member country must designate an "administration"—national authority or agency—for implementing the provisions of the COLREG convention, as it applies to vessels over which the national authority has jurisdiction.{{citation needed|date=February 2017}} Individual governing bodies must pass legislation to establish or assign such authority, as well as to create national navigation laws (and subsequent specific regulations) which conform to the international convention; each national administration is thereafter responsible for the implementation and enforcement of the regulations as it applies to ships and vessels under its legal authority.{{citation needed|date=February 2017}} As well, each administrations are typically empowered to enact modifications that apply to vessels in waters under the national jurisdiction concerned, provided that any such modifications are not inconsistent with the COLREGs.{{citation needed|date=February 2017}}

Typically, the COLREG rules are incorporated within each nation's regulatory instruments "by reference".{{clarify|date=February 2017}}{{citation needed|date=February 2017}}  The rules are then specified in great detail in the regulations.{{clarify|date=February 2017}}

The full texts of current rules, as they apply in various national jurisdictions, are available in book form, and likewise from various national administration websites.{{citation needed|date=February 2017}} The multiple books are thus in many languages, and not only provide the rules, but also provide discussion and examples related to interpreting the raw rules, including diagrams and hypothetical cases.{{citation needed|date=February 2017}}

Certain individuals are legally required to carry or possess a copy of the rules, such as the owners and/or operators of certain vessels, and individuals subject to the rules are expected be aware of them.{{citation needed|date=February 2017}} Copies of the complete sets of regulations, each with their official wordings, are available from government and other maritime sources.{{citation needed|date=February 2017}}

In addition to the actual rules, a body of legal precedents and case law exists; judgements on the application of the various rules with respect to specific legal and admiralty court cases have been published.{{citation needed|date=February 2017}}{{undue weight inline|date=February 2017}} Such precedents of judicial interpretation provide guidance as to how the rules were deemed to have applied given specific facts, often with a view to apportioning contributory liability or blame.{{citation needed|date=February 2017}}

===In the UK===
The UK version of the COLREGs is provided by the [[Maritime and Coastguard Agency|MCA]], in the ''Merchant Shipping (Distress Signals and Prevention of Collisions) Regulations of 1996.''<ref name="full_text_COLREGS">{{cite book|author = MCA Staff | year = 2004 | orig-year = 1996 | title=The Merchant Shipping (Distress Signals and Prevention of Collisions) Regulations 1996 | url=https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/281965/msn1781.pdf | location = Southampton, ENG | publisher=Crown Department of Transport, Maritime and Coastguard Agency (MCA)|access-date=2 February 2017}}</ref> They are distributed and accessed in the form of a "Merchant Shipping Notice" (MSN), which is used to{{quote|convey mandatory information that must be complied with under UK legislation. These MSNs relate to [[Statutory Instrument (UK)|Statutory Instrument]]s and contain the technical detail of such regulations.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mcga.gov.uk/c4mca/mcga07-home/shipsandcargoes/mcga-shipsregsandguidance/marinenotices.htm |title=M-Notices |publisher=Maritime and Coastguard Agency |author= |date= |accessdate=March 26, 2017 |archiveurl=https://archive.is/20120804141837/http://www.dft.gov.uk/mca/mcga07-home/shipsandcargoes/mcga-shipsregsandguidance/marinenotices.htm |archivedate=4 August 2012 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Material published by the MCA is subject to [[Crown copyright]] protection, but the MCA allows it to be reproduced free of charge in any format or medium for research or private study, provided it is reproduced accurately and not used in a misleading context.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mcga.gov.uk/c4mca/mcga07-home/mcga-footerpages/copyright.htm |title=Copyright Guidance |publisher=Maritime and Coastguard Agency |author= |date= |accessdate=March 26, 2017 |archiveurl=https://archive.is/20120804091021/http://www.dft.gov.uk/mca/mcga07-home/mcga-footerpages/copyright.htm |archivedate=4 August 2012 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

===In the US===
The US version of the COLREGs is provided by the [[US Coast Guard]] of the US [[Department of Homeland Security]].{{clarify|date=February 2017}}{{citation needed|date=February 2017}}

===In Canada===
The Canadian version of the COLREGs is provided by [[Transport Canada]], which regulates Canadian vessels.{{clarify|date=February 2017}}{{citation needed|date=February 2017}}

==Misconceptions==
{{Multiple issues|section=yes|
{{unreferenced section|date=February 2017}}
{{original research | section|date=February 2017}}
{{disputed section|date=February 2017}}
}}
<!--WHO SAID THIS IS A COMMON MISCONCEPTION? IS THIS WP:OR? IS IT THE ONLY MISCONCEPTION/MISAPPLICATION OF THE RULES? DERIVE THIS CONTENT FROM A RELIABLE AUTHORITATIVE SOURCE, OR GET RID OF IT. THERE IS NO PLACE FOR INDIVIDUAL SAILOR/SEAMAN OPINION IN ARTICLE. LE PROF.-->
A commonly held misconception{{according to whom|date=February 2017}} concerning the rules of marine navigation is that by following specific rules, a vessel can gain certain [[Right-of-way (traffic)|rights of way]] over other vessels. No vessel ever has absolute "right of way" over other vessels. Rather, there can be a "give way" (burdened) vessel and a "stand on" (privileged) vessel, or there may be two give way vessels with no stand on vessel.{{clarify|date=February 2017}}{{citation needed|date=February 2017}} A stand on vessel does not have an absolute right of way over any give way vessel, for if there is a risk of collision, a stand on vessel may still be obliged under Rule 2 and Rule 17 to give way so as to avoid it, if doing so will be effective and is practicable.{<ref>http://www.nepia.com/media/73226/Colregs-Rule-02-Responsibility.PDF</ref>} {<ref>http://www.nepia.com/media/73256/Colregs-Rule-17-Action-by-Stand-On-Vessel.PDF</ref>} Two power-driven vessels approaching each other head to head, are ''both'' deemed to be "give way" and both are required to alter course so as to avoid colliding with the other. Neither vessel has "right of way".{<ref>http://www.nepia.com/media/73247/Colregs-Rule-14-Head-On-Situation.PDF</ref>}

==Example regulatory content==
{{Multiple issues|section=yes|
{{expert needed | Transport | talk = Edits of this date | reason = see above, at opening of article|date=February 2017}}
{{unreferenced section|date=February 2017}}
}}
The summary below is based upon{{clarify|date=February 2017}} but is not identical to the published text.{{citation needed|date=February 2017}}
<!--WHAT TEXT IS PRESENTED? OR IS IT SUMMARISED? SEE BLOCKQUOTE IN TALK, "EDITS OF THIS DATE", FOR TYPE OF STATEMENT THAT IS NEEDED TO SET FORTH SCOPE OF SECTIONS THAT FOLLOW. CAULFIELD CITATION MOVED TO FURTHER READING, BECAUSE WITHOUT FURTHER EXPLANATION, IT IS UNCLEAR WHY THIS PARTICULAR SINGLE, NON-AUTHORITATIVE SOURCE WAS PRESENTED HERE.-->

===Part A – General===
; 1. Application
:(a) These rules shall apply to all vessels upon the high seas and in all waters connected therewith navigable by seagoing vessels.
:(b) Nothing in these Rules shall interfere with the operation of special rules made by an appropriate authority for [[roadstead]]s, [[harbour]]s, rivers, lakes, or inland waterways connected with the [[International waters|high seas]] and navigable by seagoing vessels. Such special rules shall conform as closely as possible to these Rules.
:(c) Nothing in these Rules shall interfere with the operation of any special rule made by the government of any State with respect to additional station or signal lights, shapes or whistle signals for ships of war and vessels proceeding under convoy, or with respect to additional station or signal lights or shapes for fishing vessels engaged in fishing as a fleet. These additional station or signal lights, shapes or whistle signals shall, so far as possible, be such that they cannot be mistaken for any light, shape, or signal authorised elsewhere under these Rules
:(d) Traffic separation schemes may be adopted by the Organization for the purpose of these Rules.
:(e) Whenever the Government concerned shall have determined that a vessel of any special construction or purpose cannot comply with the provisions of any of these Rules with respect to the number, position, range, or arc of visibility of lights or shapes, as well as to the disposition and characteristics of sound-signalling appliances, such vessel shall comply with such other provisions in regard to the number, position, range or arc of visibility of lights or shapes, as well as to the disposition and characteristics of sound-signalling appliances, as her Government shall have determined to be the closest possible compliance with these Rules in respect of that vessel.
; 2. Responsibility
:(a) Nothing in these Rules shall exonerate any vessel, or the owner, master or crew thereof, from the consequences of any neglect to comply with these Rules or of the neglect of any precaution which may be required by the ordinary practice of seamen, or by the special circumstances of the case
:(b) In construing and complying with these rules due regard shall be had to all dangers of navigation and collision and to any special circumstances, including the limitations of the vessels involved, which may make a departure from these rules necessary to avoid immediate danger
[Rule 2 is sometimes referred to as the "General Prudential" rule and provides for non-conformance with stated rules to prevent a collision, because what is paramount is to avoid or minimise the damaging effects of a collision, as opposed to blindly following the rules to the letter. The overall intent is to minimise actual collision taking place rather than rule compliance in and of itself, per&nbsp;se.]
; 3. General Definitions
For the purpose of these Rules, except where the context otherwise requires:
:(a) The word “vessel” includes every description of water craft, including non-displacement craft, [[Ground effect vehicle|wing-in-ground-effect (WIG) vehicle]], and [[seaplane]]s, used or capable of being used as a means of transportation on water.
:(b) The term "power-driven vessel" means any vessel propelled by machinery.
:(c) The term "sailing vessel" means any vessel under sail provided that propelling machinery, if fitted, is not being used.
:(d) The term "vessel engaged in fishing" means any vessel fishing with nets, lines, trawls or other fishing apparatus which restrict manoeuvrability, but does not include a vessel fishing with [[Trolling (fishing)|trolling]] lines or other fishing apparatus which do not restrict manoeuvrability.
:(e) The word "seaplane" includes any aircraft designed to manoeuvre on the water.
:(f) The term "vessel not under command" means a vessel which through some exceptional circumstance is unable to manoeuvre as required by these Rules and is therefore unable to keep out of the way of another vessel.
:(g) The term "vessel restricted in her ability to manoeuvre" means a vessel which from the nature of her work is restricted in her ability to manoeuvre as required by these Rules and is therefore unable to keep out of the way of another vessel. The term "vessels restricted in their ability to manoeuvre" shall include but not be limited to:
:*(i) a vessel engaged in laying, servicing, or picking up a navigation mark, [[submarine cable (disambiguation)|submarine cable]] or pipeline;
:*(ii) a vessel engaged in dredging, surveying or underwater operations;
:*(iii) a vessel engaged in replenishment or transferring persons, provisions or cargo while underway;
:*(iv) a vessel engaged in the launching or recovery of aircraft;
:*(v) a vessel engaged in mine clearance operations;
:*(vi) a vessel engaged in a towing operation such as severely restricts the towing vessel and her tow in their ability to deviate from their course.
:(h) The term "vessel constrained by her draught" means a power-driven vessel which, because of her draught in relation to the available depth and width of navigable water, is severely restricted in her ability to deviate from the course she is following.
:(i) The word "underway" means that a vessel is not at anchor, or made fast to the shore, or aground.
:(j) The words "length" and "breadth" of a vessel mean her [[length overall]] and greatest breadth.
:(k) Vessels shall be deemed to be in sight of one another only when one can be observed visually from the other.
:(l) The term "restricted visibility" means any condition in which visibility is restricted by fog, mist, falling snow, heavy rainstorms, sandstorms, or other similar causes.
:(m) The term "Wing-In-Ground (WIG) craft" means a multimodal craft which, in its main operational mode, flies in close proximity to the surface by utilising surface-effect action.

===Part B – Steering and sailing===

====Section I (Conduct of vessel in any condition of visibility)====
; 4. Application
: The rules apply in any condition of visibility (e.g.,&nbsp;in sight or in restricted visibility).
; 5. Look-out
: Every vessel shall at all times maintain a proper look-out by sight and hearing as well as by all available means appropriate in the prevailing circumstances and conditions so as to make a full appraisal of the situation and of the risk of collision.
; 6. Safe speed
: Every vessel shall at all times proceed at a safe speed so that she can take proper and effective action to avoid collision and be stopped within a distance appropriate to the prevailing circumstances and conditions.
In determining a safe speed the following factors shall be among those taken into account:

(a) By all vessels:
:* (i) the state of visibility;
:* (ii) the traffic density including concentrations of fishing vessels or any other vessels;
:* (iii) the maneuvrability of the vessel with special reference to stopping distance and turning ability in the prevailing conditions;
:* (iv) at night the presence of background light such as from shore lights or from back scatter of her own lights;
:* (v) the state of wind, sea and current, and the proximity of navigational hazards;
:* (vi) the draught in relation to the available depth of water.
(b) Additionally, by vessels with operational radar:
:* (i) the characteristics, efficiency and limitations of the radar equipment;
:* (ii) any constraints imposed by the radar range scale in use;
:* (iii) the effect on radar detection of the sea state, weather and other sources of interference;
:* (iv) the possibility that small vessels, ice and other floating objects may not be detected by radar at an adequate range;
:* (v) the number, location and movement of vessels detected by radar;
:* (vi) the more exact assessment of the visibility that may be possible when radar is used to determine the range of vessels or other objects in the vicinity.
; 7. Risk of collision
: Vessels must use all available means to determine the risk of a [[Ship collision|collision]], including the use of radar (if available) to get early warning of the risk of collision by radar plotting or equivalent systematic observation of detected objects. (e.g. ARPA, AIS).
: If the distance of any vessel is reducing and [[proportional navigation|her compass bearing is not changing much]] or it is a large vessel or towing vessel at close distance, or if there is any doubt, then a risk of collision shall be deemed to exist.<ref name="full_text_COLREGS"/>{{page needed|date=February 2017}}
; 8. Action to avoid collision
: Actions taken to avoid collision should be:
:* positive
:* obvious
:* made in good time
; 9. Narrow channels
:* A vessel proceeding along a narrow channel must keep to [[starboard]].
:* Small vessels or sailing vessels must not impede (larger) vessels which can navigate only within a narrow channel.
:* Ships must not cross a channel if to do so would impede another vessel which can navigate only within that channel.
; 10. [[Traffic Separation Scheme]]s
: Ships must cross traffic lanes steering a course "as nearly as practicable" at right angles to the direction of traffic. This reduces confusion and enables that vessel to cross the lane as quickly as possible.
:Vessel entering a traffic separation scheme should do it at an angle as small as practicable.
: A traffic separation scheme does not relieve any vessel from complying with other rules.

==== Section II (Conduct of vessels in sight of one another) ====
; 11. Application
: The following rules 11–18 applies to vessels in sight of one another. (Section&nbsp;III has specific requirements for restricted visibility)
; 12. Sailing vessels
: Two sailing vessels approaching one another must give-way as follows:
:* '''[[Port (nautical)|Port]] gives way to [[starboard]].''' When each has the wind on a different side, the vessel which has the wind to port must give way;
:* '''[[Windward]] gives way to [[leeward]].''' When both have the wind on the same side, the vessel which is windward must give way to the vessel which is leeward;
:* '''Unsure port gives way.''' If a vessel, with the wind on the port side, sees a vessel to windward and cannot determine whether the other vessel has the wind on the port or the starboard side, they must give way.
; 13. Overtaking
: Notwithstanding anything contained in the Rules ...   ... an overtaking vessel must keep out of the way of the vessel being overtaken. "Overtaking" means approaching another vessel at more than 22.5&nbsp;degrees abaft<ref>''Abaft the beam'' is a [[Glossary of nautical terms|nautical term]] denoting a relative bearing greater than 90&nbsp;degrees from the [[Bow (ship)|bow]].</ref> her beam, i.e.,&nbsp;so that at night, the overtaking vessel would see only the stern light and neither of the sidelights of the vessel being overtaken.<ref name="full_text_COLREGS"/>{{page needed|date=February 2017}}   Note that the opening words of this rule make clear that this rule overrides all other rules.
; 14. Head-on situations
: When two power-driven vessels are meeting head-on both must alter course to starboard so that they pass on the port side of the other. "Head-on" means seeing the other vessel ahead or nearly ahead so that by night her masthead lights are actually or nearly lined up and/or seeing both her sidelights, or by day seeing a similar aspect of her.<ref name="full_text_COLREGS"/>{{page needed|date=February 2017}}  "If you see three lights ahead, starboard wheel and show your red."
[[File:Regla 15.png|right|thumb]]
; 15. Crossing situations
: When two power-driven vessels are crossing, the vessel which has the other on the starboard side must give way and avoid crossing ahead of her.<ref name="full_text_COLREGS"/>{{page needed|date=February 2017}} The saying is "If to starboard red appear, 'tis your duty to keep clear".<ref>{{cite web|title=Handling a Motor Boat|url=http://www.paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&d=P19080101.2.10.2|work=Papers Past|publisher=National Library of New Zealand|accessdate=30 October 2010|year=1908}}</ref> "...Act as judgement says is proper: port or starboard, back or stop her."
; 16. The give-way vessel
: The give-way vessel must take early and substantial action to keep well clear.<ref name="full_text_COLREGS"/>{{page needed|date=February 2017}}
; 17. The stand-on vessel
: The stand-on vessel shall maintain her course and speed, but she may take action to avoid collision if it becomes clear that the give-way vessel is not taking appropriate action, or when so close that collision can no longer be avoided by the actions of the give-way vessel alone. In a crossing situation, the stand-on vessel should avoid turning to port even if the give-way vessel is not taking appropriate action. These options for the stand-on vessel do not relieve the give-way vessel of her obligations under the rules.<ref name="full_text_COLREGS"/>{{page needed|date=February 2017}}
; 18. Responsibilities between vessels
: Except in narrow channels, traffic separation schemes, and when overtaking (i.e.,&nbsp;rules 9, 10, and 13)
:* A '''power-driven vessel''' must give way to:
:** a vessel not under command;
:** a vessel restricted in her ability to manoeuvre (this may include vessels towing one another<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.colregs.info/the-collisions-regulations/part-a-general/rule-3-general-definitions/ |title=Rule 3 : General Definitions |work=Colregs for the Yachties |author= |date= |accessdate=March 26, 2017 |archiveurl=https://archive.is/20110721192843/http://www.colregs.info/the-collisions-regulations/part-a-general/rule-3-general-definitions/ |archivedate=21 July 2011 |deadurl=yes |df=dmy-all }}</ref>;
:** a vessel engaged in fishing;
:** a sailing vessel.
:* A '''sailing vessel''' must give way to:
:** a vessel not under command;
:** a vessel restricted in her ability to manoeuvre;
:** a vessel engaged in fishing.
:* A '''vessel engaged in fishing''' when underway shall, so far as possible, keep out of the way of:
:** a vessel not under command;
:** a vessel restricted in her ability to manoeuvre.
:* Any vessel other than a vessel not under command or a vessel restricted in her ability to manoeuvre shall, if possible, not impede the safe passage of a vessel constrained by her [[Draft (hull)|draft]], exhibiting the signals in Rule&nbsp;28.
:* A vessel constrained by her draft shall navigate with particular caution having full regard to her special condition.<ref name="full_text_COLREGS"/>{{page needed|date=February 2017}}

====Section III (Conduct of vessels in restricted visibility)====
; 19. Conduct of vessel in restricted visibility
:(a) Rule 19 applies to vessels (not in sight of one another) in or near restricted visibility.
:(b) All ships shall proceed at a safe speed for the condition of visibility (see Rule 6). A power-driven vessel shall have her engine(s) on stand-by for immediate maneuver.
:(c) All ships shall comply with Section&nbsp;I of this Part e.g.,&nbsp;Rules 5 (lookout), 6 (safe speed), 7 (risk of collision), 8 (action to avoid collisions), 9 (narrow channels), and 10 (TSS) with due regard for the visibility conditions.
:(d) If another vessel is detected by radar alone, and a close-quarters or collision risk is suspected, a vessel should take early and substantial action to avoid the other, but:
: (i) avoid any turn to port for a vessel detected forward of the beam, except for a vessel being overtaken,
: (ii) avoid any change of course toward a vessel abeam or abaft the [[Beam (nautical)|beam]].
: When the [[fog]] signal of another vessel is heard, apparently forward of the beam, a vessel should reduce speed to the minimum at which she can maintain her course, or if necessary stop, and navigate with extreme caution until there is no risk of collision.<ref name="full_text_COLREGS"/>{{page needed|date=February 2017}}

===Part C – Lights and shapes===
; 20. Application
: Rules concerning lights apply from sunset to sunrise, in conditions of restricted visibility, and in all other circumstances when it is deemed necessary. Rules concerning shapes apply during the day.<ref name="full_text_COLREGS"/>{{page needed|date=February 2017}}
; 21. Definitions
: "Masthead light" means a white light on the centreline of the vessel showing from right ahead to 22.5&nbsp;degrees abaft the beam on either side of the vessel.
: "Sidelights" means a green light on the [[starboard]] side and a red light on the port side each showing from right ahead to 22.5 degrees abaft the beam on its respective side. If the vessel is less than {{convert|20|m|ft|0}} long, the sidelights may be combined in one fixture carried on the centreline of the vessel.
: "Sternlight" means a white light placed as nearly as practicable at the stern showing 67.5&nbsp;degrees from right aft on each side of the vessel.
: "Towing light" means a yellow light having the same characteristics as a "sternlight" defined above.
: "All-round light" means a light visible from 360&nbsp;degrees of the horizon.
: "Flashing light" means a light flashing faster than 120 flashes per minute.<ref name="full_text_COLREGS"/>{{page needed|date=February 2017}}
: "Long tow" means that the distance between the stern of the towing vessel and the after end of the towed vessel is more that 200 meters (often described as 600 feet in US publications).<ref name="full_text_COLREGS"/>{{page needed|date=February 2017}}
; 22. Visibility of lights
: Lights must be bright enough to be visible as follows<ref name="full_text_COLREGS"/>{{page needed|date=February 2017}}
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Light type
! Vessels {{convert|50|m|ft|0}} or more in length
! Vessels between {{convert|12|-|50|m|ft|0}} in length
! Vessels less than {{convert|12|m|ft|0}} in length
|- style="text-align:center" |
! style="text-align:left" | Masthead light
| 6 nautical miles
| 5 miles; except for vessels less than {{convert|20|m|ft|0}}, 3 miles
| 2 miles
|- style="text-align:center" |
! style="text-align:left" | Sidelight
| 3 miles
| 2 miles
| 1 mile
|- style="text-align:center" |
! style="text-align:left" | Towing light
| 3 miles
| 2 miles
| 2 miles
|- style="text-align:center" |
! style="text-align:left" | White, red, green or yellow all-around light
| 3 miles
| 2 miles
| 2 miles
|}
; 23. Lights displayed by power-driven vessels underway
:* A power-driven vessel underway must display:
:** a masthead light forward;
:** If over {{convert|50|m|ft|0}} length, then also a second masthead light aft and higher than the forward one; except that a vessel of less than 50 metres in length shall not be obliged to exhibit such light but may do so;
:** sidelights;
:** a sternlight.
:* A hovercraft must also display an all-round flashing yellow light.
:* A [[Wing In Ground|wing-in-ground]] craft must also display a bright all-round flashing red light when taking off, landing, or flying near the surface.
:* A power-driven vessel of less than {{convert|12|m|ft|1}} may display only an all-round white light and sidelights. However, in the case of a skiff a wooden clinker rowing boat which falls into this category only needs to be capable of showing a white light.
:* A power-driven vessel of less than {{convert|7|m|ft|1}} whose maximum speed does not exceed {{convert|7|kn|km/h mph|0}} must be capable of showing a white light
; 24. Lights for vessels towing and pushing
:* A power driven vessel when towing must show
:** two masthead lights on top of each other, instead of the masthead(s) prescribed in Rule 23;
:*** for a "long tow", three masthead lights on top of each other, instead of two, and a diamond shape.
:** sidelights;
:** a sternlight;
:** a towing light vertically above the sternlight;
:* if a pushing vessel and the vessel it is pushing are rigidly connected, they count together as a power driven vessel and must show the light prescribed by Rule 23.
:* If the pushing vessel and vessel being pushed are ''not'' rigidly connected, they must instead show:
:** two masthead lights on top of each other, instead of the masthead(s) prescribed in Rule 23;
:** sidelights;
:** a sternlight on the pushing vessel only.
:* Power driven vessels larger than {{convert|50|m|ft|0}} which are towing or pushing and are not part of a composite unit must also show:
:** a second masthead abaft of and higher than the forward one (vessels smaller than 50 metres may also show this light).
:* Vessels being towed that are not inconspicuous or partly submerged must show:
:** sidelights;
:** a sternlight;
:** a diamond shape if the tow is longer than {{convert|200|m|ft|0}}.
:* Any number of vessels being towed or pushed together shall be lit as one vessel, and
:** a vessel being pushed ahead must show sidelights at its forward end if it is not part of a composite unit;
:** a vessel being towed alongside must show a sternlight and sidelights at its forward end.
:* A vessel being towed that is inconspicuous or partly submerged must show:
:** if it is narrower than {{convert|25|m|ft|0}}, one all-round white light near the forward end (except if it is a dracone) and one near the after end;
:** if it is wider than {{convert|25|m|ft|0}}, then also two all round white lights at the extremities of its breadth;
:** if it is longer than {{convert|100|m|ft|0}}, then in a series of such all round white lights spaced no further than {{convert|100|m|ft|0}} apart;
:** a diamond shape near the end of the last vessel, and, if the tow is longer than {{convert|200|m|ft|0}}, another diamond shape as far forward as possible.
:** If for any reason it is not possible to light the vessel according to these rules, all possible measures must be taken to light the vessel and indicate its presence.
:** If the towing vessel is not normally engaged in towing operations and it is impractical to light it correctly, it is not obliged to show these lights if it is towing a vessel in distress or in need of assistance. All possible measures must be taken to show that it is towing; in particular the towline should be illuminated.
; 25. Lights for sailing and [[Watercraft rowing|rowing]] vessels
Sailing vessels underway and vessels under oars
:(a) A sailing vessel underway shall exhibit:
:: 1. sidelights;
:: 2. a sternlight.
:(b) In a sailing vessel of less than {{convert|20|m|ft|0}} in length the lights prescribed in paragraph (a) of this Rule may be combined in one lantern carried at or near the top of the mast where it can best be seen.
:(c) A sailing vessel underway may, in addition to the lights prescribed in paragraph (a) of this Rule, exhibit at or near the top of the mast, where they can best be seen, two all-round lights in a vertical line, the upper being red and the lower green, but these lights shall not be exhibited in conjunction with the combined lantern permitted by paragraph (b) of this Rule.
:(d) 1. A sailing vessel of less than {{convert|7|m|ft|1}} in length shall, if practicable, exhibit the lights prescribed in paragraph (a) or (b) of this Rule, but if she does not, she shall have ready at hand an electric torch or lighted lantern showing a white light which shall be exhibited in sufficient time to prevent collision.
:: 2. A vessel under oars may exhibit the lights prescribed in this Rule for sailing vessels, but if she does not, she shall have ready at hand an electric torch or lighted lantern showing a white light which shall be exhibited in sufficient time to prevent collision.
:(e) A vessel proceeding under sail when also being propelled by machinery shall exhibit forward where it can best be seen a conical shape, apex downwards.
; 26. Lights for fishing vessels
Fishing Vessels
:(a) A vessel engaged in fishing, whether underway or at anchor, shall exhibit only the lights and shapes prescribed in this Rule.
:(b) A vessel when engaged in trawling, by which is meant the dragging through the water of a dredge net or other apparatus used as a fishing appliance, shall exhibit:
:# two all-round lights in a vertical line, the upper being green and the lower white, or a shape consisting of two cones with their apexes together in a vertical line one above the other;
:# a masthead light abaft of and higher than the all-round green light; a vessel of less than {{convert|50|m|ft|0}} in length shall not be obliged to exhibit such a light but may do so;
:# when making way through the water, in addition to the lights prescribed in this paragraph, sidelights and a sternlight.
:(c) A vessel engaged in fishing, other than trawling, shall exhibit:
:# two all-round lights in a vertical line, the upper being red and the lower white, or a shape consisting of two cones with apexes together in a vertical line one above the other;
:# when there is outlying gear extending more than 150 metres horizontally from the vessel, an all-round white light or a cone apex upwards in the direction of the gear;
:# when making way through the water, in addition to the lights prescribed in this paragraph, sidelights and a sternlight.
:(d) The additional signals described in Annex II to these Regulations apply to a vessel engaged in fishing in close proximity to other vessels engaged in fishing.
:(e) A vessel when not engaged in fishing shall not exhibit the lights or shapes prescribed in this Rule, but only those prescribed for a vessel of her length.
; 27. Lights for vessels not under command or restricted in their ability to manoeuvre
Vessels not under command or restricted in their ability to manoeuvre
:(a) A vessel not under command shall exhibit:
:: 1. two all-round red lights in a vertical line where they can best be seen;
:: 2. two balls or similar shapes in a vertical line where they can best be seen;
:: 3. when making way through the water, in addition to the lights prescribed in this paragraph, sidelights and a sternlight.
:(b) A vessel restricted in her ability to manoeuvre, except a vessel engaged in mine-clearance operations, shall exhibit:
:# three all-round lights in a vertical line where they can best be seen. The highest and lowest of these lights shall be red and the middle light shall be white;
:# three shapes in a vertical line where they can best be seen. The highest and lowest of these shapes shall be balls and the middle one a diamond;
:# when making way through the water, a masthead light or lights, sidelights and a sternlight, in addition to the lights prescribed in sub-paragraph (i);
:# when at anchor, in addition to the lights or shapes prescribed in sub-paragraphs (i) and (ii), the light, lights or shape prescribed in Rule 30.
:(c) A power-driven vessel engaged in a towing operation such as severely restricts the towing vessel and her tow in their ability to deviate from their course shall, in addition to the lights or shapes prescribed in Rule 24(a), exhibit the lights or shapes prescribed in sub-paragraphs (b)(i) and (ii) of this Rule.
:(d) A vessel engaged in dredging or underwater operations, when restricted in her ability to manoeuvre, shall exhibit the lights and shapes prescribed in sub-paragraphs (b)(i), (ii) and (iii) of this Rule and shall in addition, when an obstruction exists, exhibit:
:# two all-round red lights or two balls in a vertical line to indicate the side on which the obstruction exists;
:# two all-round green lights or two diamonds in a vertical line to indicate the side on which another vessel may pass;
:# when at anchor, the lights or shapes prescribed in this paragraph instead of the lights or shape prescribed in Rule 30.
:(e) Whenever the size of a vessel engaged in diving operations makes it impracticable to exhibit all lights and shapes prescribed in paragraph (d) of this Rule, the following shall be exhibited:
:# three all-round lights in a vertical line where they can best be seen. The highest and lowest of these lights shall be red and the middle light shall be white;
:# a rigid replica of the International Code flag "A" not less than {{convert|1|m|ft|1}} in height. Measures shall be taken to ensure its all-round visibility.
:(f) A vessel engaged in mine clearance operations shall in addition to the lights prescribed for a power-driven vessel in Rule 23 or to the lights or shape prescribed for a vessel at anchor in Rule 30 as appropriate, exhibit three all-round green lights or three balls. One of these lights or shapes shall be exhibited near the foremast head and one at each end of the fore yard. These lights or shapes indicate that it is dangerous for another vessel to approach ''within {{convert|1000|m|mi|2}}'' of the mine clearance vessel.
:(g) Vessels of less than {{convert|12|m|ft|1}} in length, except those engaged in diving operations, shall not be required to exhibit the lights and shapes prescribed in this Rule.
:(h) The signals prescribed in this Rule are not signals of vessels in distress and requiring assistance. Such signals are contained in Annex IV to these Regulations.
; 28. Lights for vessels constrained by their draught
:A vessel constrained by her draft may, in addition to the lights prescribed for power-driven vessels in Rule 23, exhibit where they can best be seen three all-round red lights in a vertical line, or a cylinder.
; 29. Lights for [[pilot (harbour)|pilot]] vessels
:(a) A vessel engaged on pilotage duty shall exhibit:
:# at or near the masthead, two all-round lights in a vertical line, the upper being white and the lower red;
:# when underway, in addition, sidelights and a sternlight;
:# when at anchor, in addition to the lights prescribed in subparagraph (1), the light, lights, or shape prescribed in Rule 30 for vessels at anchor.
:(b) A pilot vessel when not engaged on pilotage duty shall exhibit the lights or shapes prescribed for a similar vessel of her length.
; 30. Lights for vessels anchored and aground
:* A vessel at [[anchor]] must display an all-round white light or one black ball in the fore part and another all-round white light at or near the stern at a lower level than the light in the fore part. BUT if the vessel is less than 50 meters in length it may exhibit an all-round white light where it can best be seen instead of the lights foresaid.
; 31. Lights for [[seaplane]]s
:Where it is impracticable for a seaplane or a WIG craft to exhibit lights and shapes of the characteristics or in the positions prescribed in the Rules of the Part she shall exhibit lights and shapes as closely similar in characteristics and position as is possible.

===Part D – Sound and light signals===
; 32. Definitions of whistle
: short blast (1 second), and prolonged blast (4–6 seconds).
; 33. Equipment
: Vessels {{convert|12|m|ft|1}} or more in length should carry a [[whistle]] and a [[bell (instrument)|bell]] and vessels {{convert|100|m|ft|0}} or more in length should carry in addition a gong. On many vessels, a horn serves the purpose of a whistle.
; 34. Maneuvering and warning signals, using whistle or lights 
:The signals are used when vessels are in sight of one another
; 35. Sound signals to be used in restricted visibility 
:The signals are used when vessels are in restricted visibility.
; 36. Signals to be used to attract attention.
; 37. Distress signals.
:When a vessel is in distress and requires assistance she shall use or exhibit the signals described in Annex IV to these Regulations.

===Part E – Exemption===
; 38. Exemption
Any vessel (or class of vessel) provided that she complies with the requirements of the International Regulations for the Preventing of Collisions at Sea, 1960, the keel of which is laid or is at a corresponding stage of construction before the entry into force of these Regulations may be exempted from compliance therewith as follows:
:(a) The installation of lights with ranges prescribed in Rule 22, until 4 years after the date of entry into force of these regulations.
:(b) The installation of lights with color specifications as prescribed in Section 7 of Annex I to these Regulations, until 4 years after the entry into force of these Regulations.
:(c) The repositioning of lights as a result of conversion from Imperial to metric units and rounding off measurement figures, permanent exemption.
:(d) &nbsp;&nbsp;(i) The repositioning of masthead lights on vessels of less than 150 meters in length, resulting from the prescriptions of Section 3 (a) of Annex I to these regulations, permanent exemption.
::(ii). The repositioning of masthead lights on vessels of 150 meters or more in length, resulting from the prescriptions of Section 3 (a) of Annex I to these regulations, until 9 years after the date of entry into force of these Regulations.
:(e) The repositioning of masthead lights resulting from the prescriptions of Section 2(b) of Annex I to these Regulations, until 9 years after the date of entry into force of these Regulations.
:(f) The repositioning of sidelights resulting from the prescriptions of Section 2(g) and 3(b) of Annex I to these Regulations, until 9 years after the date of entry into force of these Regulations.
:(g) The requirements for sound signal appliances prescribed in Annex II to these Regulations, until 9 years after the date of entry into force of these Regulations.
:(h) The repositioning of all-round lights resulting from the prescription of Section 9(b) of Annex I to these Regulations, permanent exemption.

===Annexes===
; ANNEX I – Positioning and technical details of lights and shapes:
; ANNEX II – Additional signals for fishing vessels fishing in close proximity
; ANNEX III – Technical details of sound signal appliances
; ANNEX IV – Distress signals

1. The following signals, used or exhibited either together or separately, indicate distress and need of assistance:
:(a) a gun or other [[explosive]] signal fired at intervals of about a minute;
:(b) a continuous sounding with any fog-signalling apparatus;
:(c) [[rocket]]s or [[projectile|shells]], throwing red stars fired one at a time at short intervals;
:(d) a signal made by radiotelegraphy or by any other signalling method consisting of the [[Prosigns for Morse code|group]] &nbsp;&nbsp;'''. . . — — —  . . .''' &nbsp;&nbsp;([[SOS|<span style="text-decoration: overline">SOS</span>]]) in Morse Code;
:(e) a signal sent by radiotelephony consisting of the spoken word "Mayday";
:(f) the [[International Code of Signals|International Code Signal]] of distress indicated by NC;
:(g) a signal consisting of a square flag having above or below it a ball or anything resembling a ball;
:(h) flames on the vessel (as from a burning tar barrel, oil barrel, etc.);
:(i) a rocket [[parachute flare]] or a hand flare showing a red light;
:(j) a smoke signal giving off orange-coloured smoke;
:(k) slowly and repeatedly raising and lowering arms outstretched to each side;
:(l) a distress alert by means of digital selective calling (DSC) transmitted on
::(i) VHF channel 70, or
::(ii) MF/HF on the frequencies 2187.5&nbsp;kHz, 8414.5&nbsp;kHz, 4207.5&nbsp;kHz, 6312 kHz, 12577 kHz or 16804.5&nbsp;kHz;
:(m) a ship-to-shore distress alert transmitted by the ship's Inmarsat or other mobile satellite service provider ship earth station; (see [[GMDSS]])
:(n) approved signals transmitted by radiocommunication systems, including survival craft radar transponders. (see [[GMDSS]])
2. The use or exhibition of any of the foregoing signals except for the purpose of indicating distress and need of assistance and the use of other signals which may be confused with any of the above signals is prohibited.

3. Attention is drawn to the relevant sections of the International Code of Signals, the Merchant Ship Search and Rescue Manual, Annex III and the following signals;
:(a) a piece of orange-coloured canvas with either a black square and circle or other appropriate symbol (for identification from the air);
:(b) a dye marker.

==See also==
{{Wikisource}}
{{Portal|Nautical}}
{{colbegin|3}}
* [[Assured Clear Distance Ahead]]
* [[Brussels Collision Convention]]
* [[Navigation]]
* [[Navigational aid]]
* [[Pilotage]]
* [[Sea mark]]
{{colend}}
{{Clear}}

==References==
{{format citations | section|date=February 2017}}
{{Reflist|2}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book|author=Caufield, T.G.|year=2001|title=A Beginner's Guide to the Rules of the Road | page =  | location =  | publisher=Great Lakes Marine Transportation | isbn =  | url =  | access-date =  | quote =  }}{{full citation needed|date=February 2017}}
<!--I HAVE TRIED UNSUCCESSFULY TO TRACE THIS SOURCE. MAY BE A LOCAL OR REGIONAL PUBLICATION. WITHOUT FURTHER INFORMATION FROM THE PROVIDING EDITOR, IT SHOULD PROBABLY BE DELETED.-->

==External links==
* [[s:International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea|International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea]]. [[Wikisource]]. Retrieved 18 July 2010
* [https://books.google.com/books?ei=9PrOSZfFGoHMlQT0rdyjAQ&q=close+quarters+situation+in+restricted+visibility&btnG=Search+Books reference from Google books]
* [http://allships.com.au/selftest.html Allships - Marine Self-testing for Rules of the Road.]

{{DEFAULTSORT:International Regulations For Preventing Collisions At Sea}}
[[Category:Admiralty law treaties]]
[[Category:International Maritime Organization treaties]]
[[Category:Naval architecture]]
[[Category:Traffic law]]
[[Category:International transport]]
[[Category:Treaties concluded in 1972]]
[[Category:Treaties entered into force in 1977]]
[[Category:Treaties of Albania]]
[[Category:Treaties of Algeria]]
[[Category:Treaties of the People's Republic of Angola]]
[[Category:Treaties of Antigua and Barbuda]]
[[Category:Treaties of Argentina]]
[[Category:Treaties of Australia]]
[[Category:Treaties of Austria]]
[[Category:Treaties of Azerbaijan]]
[[Category:Treaties of the Bahamas]]
[[Category:Treaties of Bahrain]]
[[Category:Treaties of Bangladesh]]
[[Category:Treaties of Barbados]]
[[Category:Treaties of Belarus]]
[[Category:Treaties of Belgium]]
[[Category:Treaties of Belize]]
[[Category:Treaties of the People's Republic of Benin]]
[[Category:Treaties of Bolivia]]
[[Category:Treaties of the Brazilian military government]]
[[Category:Treaties of Brunei]]
[[Category:Treaties of the People's Republic of Bulgaria]]
[[Category:Treaties of Cambodia]]
[[Category:Treaties of Cameroon]]
[[Category:Treaties of Canada]]
[[Category:Treaties of Cape Verde]]
[[Category:Treaties of Chile]]
[[Category:Treaties of the People's Republic of China]]
[[Category:Treaties of Colombia]]
[[Category:Treaties of the Comoros]]
[[Category:Treaties of the Republic of the Congo]]
[[Category:Treaties of the Cook Islands]]
[[Category:Treaties of Ivory Coast]]
[[Category:Treaties of Croatia]]
[[Category:Treaties of Cuba]]
[[Category:Treaties of Cyprus]]
[[Category:Treaties of the Czech Republic]]
[[Category:Treaties of Czechoslovakia]]
[[Category:Treaties of North Korea]]
[[Category:Treaties of Zaire]]
[[Category:Treaties of Denmark]]
[[Category:Treaties of Djibouti]]
[[Category:Treaties of Dominica]]
[[Category:Treaties of the Dominican Republic]]
[[Category:Treaties of Ecuador]]
[[Category:Treaties of Egypt]]
[[Category:Treaties of El Salvador]]
[[Category:Treaties of Equatorial Guinea]]
[[Category:Treaties of Eritrea]]
[[Category:Treaties of Estonia]]
[[Category:Treaties of the Derg]]
[[Category:Treaties of Fiji]]
[[Category:Treaties of Finland]]
[[Category:Treaties of France]]
[[Category:Treaties of Gabon]]
[[Category:Treaties of the Gambia]]
[[Category:Treaties of Georgia (country)]]
[[Category:Treaties of West Germany]]
[[Category:Treaties of East Germany]]
[[Category:Treaties of Ghana]]
[[Category:Treaties of Greece]]
[[Category:Treaties of Grenada]]
[[Category:Treaties of Guatemala]]
[[Category:Treaties of Guinea]]
[[Category:Treaties of Guyana]]
[[Category:Treaties of Honduras]]
[[Category:Treaties of the Hungarian People's Republic]]
[[Category:Treaties of Iceland]]
[[Category:Treaties of India]]
[[Category:Treaties of Indonesia]]
[[Category:Treaties of Iran]]
[[Category:Treaties of Ireland]]
[[Category:Treaties of Israel]]
[[Category:Treaties of Italy]]
[[Category:Treaties of Jamaica]]
[[Category:Treaties of Japan]]
[[Category:Treaties of Jordan]]
[[Category:Treaties of Kazakhstan]]
[[Category:Treaties of Kenya]]
[[Category:Treaties of Kiribati]]
[[Category:Treaties of Kuwait]]
[[Category:Treaties of Latvia]]
[[Category:Treaties of Lebanon]]
[[Category:Treaties of Liberia]]
[[Category:Treaties of the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya]]
[[Category:Treaties of Lithuania]]
[[Category:Treaties of Luxembourg]]
[[Category:Treaties of Malaysia]]
[[Category:Treaties of the Maldives]]
[[Category:Treaties of Malta]]
[[Category:Treaties of the Marshall Islands]]
[[Category:Treaties of Mauritania]]
[[Category:Treaties of Mauritius]]
[[Category:Treaties of Mexico]]
[[Category:Treaties of Moldova]]
[[Category:Treaties of Monaco]]
[[Category:Treaties of Mongolia]]
[[Category:Treaties of Montenegro]]
[[Category:Treaties of Morocco]]
[[Category:Treaties of Mozambique]]
[[Category:Treaties of Myanmar]]
[[Category:Treaties of Namibia]]
[[Category:Treaties of the Netherlands]]
[[Category:Treaties of New Zealand]]
[[Category:Treaties of Nicaragua]]
[[Category:Treaties of Nigeria]]
[[Category:Treaties of Niue]]
[[Category:Treaties of Norway]]
[[Category:Treaties of Oman]]
[[Category:Treaties of Palau]]
[[Category:Treaties of Pakistan]]
[[Category:Treaties of Panama]]
[[Category:Treaties of Papua New Guinea]]
[[Category:Treaties of Peru]]
[[Category:Treaties of the Philippines]]
[[Category:Treaties of the Polish People's Republic]]
[[Category:Treaties of Portugal]]
[[Category:Treaties of Qatar]]
[[Category:Treaties of South Korea]]
[[Category:Treaties of the Socialist Republic of Romania]]
[[Category:Treaties of the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:Treaties of Saint Kitts and Nevis]]
[[Category:Treaties of Saint Lucia]]
[[Category:Treaties of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines]]
[[Category:Treaties of Samoa]]
[[Category:Treaties of São Tomé and Príncipe]]
[[Category:Treaties of Saudi Arabia]]
[[Category:Treaties of Senegal]]
[[Category:Treaties of Serbia and Montenegro]]
[[Category:Treaties of Seychelles]]
[[Category:Treaties of Sierra Leone]]
[[Category:Treaties of Singapore]]
[[Category:Treaties of Slovakia]]
[[Category:Treaties of Slovenia]]
[[Category:Treaties of the Solomon Islands]]
[[Category:Treaties of South Africa]]
[[Category:Treaties of Spain]]
[[Category:Treaties of Sri Lanka]]
[[Category:Treaties of the Republic of the Sudan (1985–2011)]]
[[Category:Treaties of Sweden]]
[[Category:Treaties of Switzerland]]
[[Category:Treaties of Syria]]
[[Category:Treaties of Thailand]]
[[Category:Treaties of Togo]]
[[Category:Treaties of Tonga]]
[[Category:Treaties of Trinidad and Tobago]]
[[Category:Treaties of Tunisia]]
[[Category:Treaties of Turkey]]
[[Category:Treaties of Turkmenistan]]
[[Category:Treaties of Tuvalu]]
[[Category:Treaties of Ukraine]]
[[Category:Treaties of the United Arab Emirates]]
[[Category:Treaties of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Treaties of Tanzania]]
[[Category:Treaties of the United States]]
[[Category:Treaties of Uruguay]]
[[Category:Treaties of Vanuatu]]
[[Category:Treaties of Venezuela]]
[[Category:Treaties of Vietnam]]
[[Category:Treaties of South Yemen]]
[[Category:Treaties of Yugoslavia]]
[[Category:1972 in London]]
[[Category:Treaties extended to Jersey]]
[[Category:Treaties extended to Guernsey]]
[[Category:Treaties extended to the Isle of Man]]
[[Category:Treaties extended to Bermuda]]
[[Category:Treaties extended to the British Virgin Islands]]
[[Category:Treaties extended to the Cayman Islands]]
[[Category:Treaties extended to the Falkland Islands]]
[[Category:Treaties extended to Gibraltar]]
[[Category:Treaties extended to Montserrat]]
[[Category:Treaties extended to the Pitcairn Islands]]
[[Category:Treaties extended to Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha]]
[[Category:Treaties extended to the Turks and Caicos Islands]]
[[Category:Treaties extended to Puerto Rico]]
[[Category:Treaties extended to Guam]]
[[Category:Treaties extended to the United States Virgin Islands]]
[[Category:Treaties extended to American Samoa]]
[[Category:Treaties extended to Midway Atoll]]
[[Category:Treaties extended to Wake Island]]
[[Category:Treaties extended to Johnston Atoll]]
[[Category:Treaties extended to Palmyra Atoll]]
[[Category:Treaties extended to Kingman Reef]]
[[Category:Treaties extended to Baker Island]]
[[Category:Treaties extended to Howland Island]]
[[Category:Treaties extended to Jarvis Island]]
[[Category:Treaties extended to Navassa Island]]
[[Category:Treaties extended to the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands]]
[[Category:Treaties extended to the Netherlands Antilles]]
[[Category:Treaties extended to Aruba]]
[[Category:Treaties extended to the Panama Canal Zone]]
[[Category:Treaties extended to British Honduras]]
[[Category:Treaties extended to the Gilbert and Ellice Islands]]
[[Category:Treaties extended to the British Solomon Islands]]
[[Category:Treaties extended to British Hong Kong]]
[[Category:Treaties extended to Portuguese Macau]]
[[Category:Aids to navigation]]