View source for Hamburg Rules

{{Infobox Treaty
|name                = Hamburg Rules
|long_name           = United Nationة
s Convention on the Carriage of Goods by Sea
|image               =
|image_width         =
|caption             =
|type                =
|date_drafted        = 
|date_signed         = 31 March 1978
|location_signed     = [[Hamburg]] and [[New York City|New York]]
|date_sealed         =
|date_effective      = 1 November 1992
|condition_effective = Ratification by 20 states
|date_expiration     =
|signatories         = 28
|ratifiers             = 34
|depositor           = [[Secretary-General of the United Nations|UN Secretary-General]]
|language            =
|languages           = Arabic, Chinese, English, French, Russian and Spanish
|wikisource          =
}}
{{Admiralty law}}

The '''Hamburg Rules''' are a set of rules governing the international [[shipment]] of goods, resulting from the [[United Nations]] International Convention on the Carriage of Goods by Sea adopted in [[Hamburg]] on 31 March 1978.<ref>http://www.jus.uio.no/lm/un.sea.carriage.hamburg.rules.1978/doc.html</ref> The Convention was an attempt to form a uniform legal base for the transportation of goods on oceangoing [[ship]]s. A driving force behind the convention was the attempt of  developing countries' to level the playing field. It came into force on 1 November 1992.<ref>[http://www.uncitral.org/uncitral/en/uncitral_texts/transport_goods/Hamburg_rules.html UNCITRAL Homepage]</ref>

==History==
The first of the international conventions on the carriage of goods by sea was the [[Hague Rules]] of 1924.   In 1968, the Hague Rules  were updated to become the [[Hague-Visby Rules]], but the changes were modest. The convention still covered only "tackle to tackle" carriage contracts, with no provision for multimodal transport. The industry-changing phenomenon of [[containerization]] was barely acknowledged.<ref>Hague-Visby Rules: Article IV Rule 5c</ref><ref>http://www.jus.uio.no/lm/sea.carriage.hague.visby.rules.1968/doc.html#31</ref>  The 1978 Hamburg Rules were introduced to provide a framework that was both more modern, and less biased in favour of ship-operators.  Although the Hamburg Rules were readily adopted by developing countries, they were shunned by richer countries who stuck with Hague and  Hague-Visby.  It had been expected that a Hague/Hamburg compromise might arise, but instead the more extensive [[Rotterdam Rules]] appeared.

==Relation with other conventions==
Article 31 of the Hamburg Convention<ref>[http://www.jus.uio.no/lm/un.sea.carriage.hamburg.rules.1978/ Hamburg Rules]</ref> covers its entry into force,  coupled to denunciation of other Rules. Within five years after entry into force of the Hamburg Rules, ratifying states must denounce earlier conventions, specifically the Hague and Hague-Visby Rules.

A long-standing aim has been to have a uniform set of rules to govern carriage of goods, but there are now five different sets: Hague, Hague-Visby, Hague-Visby/SDR, Hamburg and Rotterdam.  (The Rotterdam Rules are not yet in force).  Only an optimist would expect such uniform adoption within the foreseeable future.<ref> Maritime Law - 2014 - ed. Yvonne Batz</ref><ref>Maritime Law Evolving - 2013 - ed. Malcolm Clarke</ref>

==Ratifications==
As of October 2014, the convention had been ratified by 34 countries:<ref>''The Jackson Parton Miscellany'' -  http://www.jacksonparton.com</ref>
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|}

== References ==
<references/>

==External links==
*[http://www.jus.uio.no/lm/un.sea.carriage.hamburg.rules.1978/ Convention text]
*[http://treaties.un.org/pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=XI-D-3&chapter=11&lang=en Ratifications and signatures]

[[Category:Admiralty law treaties]]
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[[Category:International transport]]
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[[Category:1978 in West Germany]]
[[Category:1978 in New York]]


{{International-law-stub}}

[[de:Haager Regeln#Weitere Entwicklung (Hamburg- und Rotterdam-Regeln)]]