View source for Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Civil Aviation

{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2013}}
{{Infobox treaty
| name                = Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Civil Aviation
| long_name           = 
| image               = 
| image_width         =
| caption             = 
| type                = [[Aviation]], [[International criminal law]], anti-[[terrorism]]
| date_drafted        = 
| date_signed         = 23 September 1971
| location_signed     = [[Montreal]], [[Canada]]
| date_sealed         =
| date_effective      = 26 January 1973
| condition_effective = 10 ratifications
| date_expiration     =
| signatories         = 
| parties             = 188
| depositor           = Governments of the [[United Kingdom]], [[United States]], and [[Russia]] (originally the [[Soviet Union]])
| language            =
| languages           = English, French, Russian, and Spanish
| website             =
| wikisource          =
}}
The '''Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Civil Aviation''' (sometimes referred to as the '''Sabotage Convention''' or the '''Montreal Convention''') is a [[multilateral treaty]] by which states agree to prohibit and punish behaviour which may threaten the safety of civil aviation.

==Content==
The Convention does not apply to customs, law enforcement or military aircraft, thus it applies exclusively to civilian aircraft.

The Convention [[criminalization|criminalises]] the following behaviour:
#Committing an act of violence against a person on board an aircraft in flight if it is likely to endanger the safety of the aircraft;
#destroying an aircraft being serviced or damaging such an aircraft in such a way that renders it incapable of flight or which is likely to endanger its safety in flight;
#placing or causing to be placed on an aircraft a device or substance which is likely to destroy or cause damage to an aircraft;
#destroying or damaging air navigation facilities or interfering with their operation if it is likely to endanger the safety of aircraft;
#communicating information which is known to be false, thereby endangering the safety of an aircraft in flight;
#attempting any of 1–5; and
#being an accomplice to any of 1–6.

The Convention sets out the principle of ''[[aut dedere aut judicare]]''—that a party to the treaty must either (1) prosecute a person who commits one of the offences or (2) send the individual to another state that requests his or her [[extradition]] for prosecution of the same crime.

==Creation and entry into force==
The Convention was adopted by the International Conference on Air Law at [[Montreal]] on 23 September 1971. It came into force on 26 January 1973 after it had been ratified by 10 states. As of 2013, the Convention has 188 state parties.

==State parties==
The Convention has 188 state parties, which includes 186 [[Member states of the United Nations|UN members]] plus the [[Cook Islands]] and [[Niue]]. The seven UN member states that are ''not'' parties to the treaty are:
{{Columns-list|2|
*{{flag|East Timor}}
*{{flag|Eritrea}}
*{{flag|Kiribati}}
*{{flag|San Marino}}
*{{flag|Somalia}}
*{{flag|South Sudan}}
*{{flag|Tuvalu}}
}}

===Former state parties and successions===
Former state parties that were not formally succeeded by any existing state include [[Czechoslovakia]], [[East Germany]], and [[Yugoslavia]]. A number of states ratified but have since been succeeded by new states: [[Serbia]] ratified as the [[Federal Republic of Yugoslavia]]; [[Russia]] ratified as the [[Soviet Union]]; [[Belarus]] ratified as the [[Byelorussian SSR]]; and [[Ukraine]] ratified as the [[Ukrainian SSR]]. Prior to the unification of [[Yemen]], both [[North Yemen|North]] and [[South Yemen]] had ratified the convention. The [[Republic of China]] signed and ratified the agreement; in 1980, the [[People's Republic of China]] approved the treaty with a statement that it declared the Republic of China's actions with respect to the convention "null and void".

==Protocol==
{{Infobox treaty
| name                = Protocol for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts of Violence at Airports serving International Civil Aviation
| long_name           = 
| image               = 
| image_width         =
| caption             = 
| type                = [[Aviation]], [[International criminal law]], anti-[[terrorism]]
| date_drafted        = 
| date_signed         = 24 February 1988
| location_signed     = [[Montreal]], [[Canada]]
| date_sealed         =
| date_effective      = 6 August 1989
| condition_effective = 10 ratifications
| date_expiration     =
| signatories         = 
| parties             = 174
| depositor           = [[International Civil Aviation Organization|ICAO]] and the governments of the [[United Kingdom]], [[United States]], and [[Russia]] (originally the [[Soviet Union]])
| language            =
| languages           = English, French, Russian, and Spanish
| website             =
| wikisource          =
}}
On 24 February 1988 in [[Montreal]], the '''Protocol for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts of Violence at Airports serving International Civil Aviation''' was signed as a supplement to the Convention.

The Protocol makes it an offence to commit similarly violent, dangerous, or damaging acts in airports that serve civil aviation.

The Protocol came into force on 6 August 1989 and as of September 2016 has been ratified by 174 states, which includes 172 UN member states plus the [[Cook Islands]] and [[Niue]]. The UN member states that are ''not'' parties to the Protocol are the seven states that have not ratified the Convention plus the following 14 states:

{{Columns-list|2|
*{{flag|Afghanistan}}
*{{flag|Burundi}}
*{{flag|Chad}}
*{{flag|Democratic Republic of the Congo}} (signed)
*{{flag|Haiti}}
*{{flag|Indonesia}} (signed)
*{{flag|Malawi}} (signed)
*{{flag|Nepal}}
*{{flag|Sierra Leone}}
*{{flag|Solomon Islands}}
*{{flag|Swaziland}}
*{{flag|Venezuela}} (signed)
*{{flag|Zambia}}
*{{flag|Zimbabwe}}
}}

==See also==
*[[Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts against the Safety of Maritime Navigation]]

==External links==
*[http://treaties.un.org/untc//Pages//doc/Publication/UNTS/Volume%20974/volume-974-I-14118-English.pdf Text of Convention].
*[http://www.icao.int/secretariat/legal/List%20of%20Parties/Mtl71_EN.pdf Signatures and ratifications of Convention].
*[http://www.refworld.org/docid/3ddcac634.html Text of Protocol].
*[http://www.icao.int/secretariat/legal/List%20of%20Parties/VIA_EN.pdf Signatures and ratifications of Protocol].

{{Commercial air travel}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Safety of Civil Aviation, Convention for the Suppression of Unlawful Acts Against the}}
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