Difference between pages "My Kazakhstan (1956 song)" and "Hammer and sickle"

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{{About|the 1956 song|the 2006 song|Meniñ Qazaqstanım}}
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{{Other uses}}
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{{Refimprove|date=November 2013}}
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{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2015}}
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'''My Kazakhstan''' ({{Lang-kz|'''Менің Қазақстаным''', ''Meniñ Qazaqstanım'', مەنىڭ قازاقستانىم}}) is a Kazakh patriotic song written in 1956 in response to the [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] [[Virgin Lands]] program. There is debate over whether it was to celebrate the programme or to insist Soviet authorities should not turn Kazakhstan into Russia's corn belt.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Republic or Death! Travels in Search of National Anthems|last=Marshall|first=Alex|publisher=Random House Books|year=2015|isbn=9781847947413|location=London|pages=140-144|quote='Imagine if someone came and tried to break up London,' [Shamshi Kaldayakov's son] Mukhtar says, hitting a table in disgust. 'It's just like that. My father composed the song to stop them doing this. "Don't do it. This is our land."'|via=}}</ref> [[Shamshi Kaldayakov]] composed the music and [[Jumeken Najimedenov]] wrote the lyrics.
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[[File:Hammer and sickle red on transparent.svg|thumb|200px|A red hammer and sickle]]
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The '''hammer and sickle''' (☭)  or '''sickle and hammer''' ({{lang-ru|Серп и молот}}, ''serp i molot'') is a [[Communist symbolism|Communist symbol]] that was conceived during the [[Russian Revolution]]. At the time of creation, the [[hammer]] stood for industrial laborers and the [[sickle]] for the peasantry; combined they stood for the worker-peasant alliance for socialism.
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After [[World War I]] and the [[Russian Civil War]], the hammer and sickle became more widely used as a symbol for peaceful labor within the [[Soviet Union]] and for international [[Proletariat|proletarian]] unity. It was taken up by many Communist movements around the world, some with local variations. Today, even after the [[dissolution of the Soviet Union]], the hammer and sickle remains commonplace in [[Russia]] and other [[Post-Soviet states|former union republics]], but its display is prohibited in some other former socialist countries, as well as in countries where communism is [[Bans on Communist symbols|banned]] by the official law.
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==History==
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[[File:Starry Plough flag (1914).svg|thumb|150px|The [[Starry Plough (flag)|Plough flag]] from 1914 and flown during the [[Easter Rising]].]]
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===Worker symbolism===
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Farm and worker instruments and tools have long been used as symbols for proletarian struggle. A popular ancestor to the hammer and sickle was a hammer on a [[plough]], with the same meaning (unity of peasants and workers).
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In Ireland, the symbol of the plough remains in use. The [[Starry Plough (flag)|Starry Plough]] banner was originally used by the [[Irish Citizen Army]], a Socialist, Republican Workers militia. [[James Connolly]], co-founder of the [[Irish Citizen Army]] with [[Jack White (trade unionist)|Jack White]], said the significance of the banner was that a free [[Ireland]] would control its own destiny from the [[plough]] to the stars. A sword is forged into the plough to symbolise the end of war with the establishment of a Socialist International. This was unveiled in 1914 and flown by the [[Irish Citizen Army]] during the 1916 [[Easter Rising]].
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[[File:Coat of arms of the Soviet Union 1923–1936.svg|thumb|right|150px|The first [[State Emblem of the Soviet Union]] (1923–1936).]]
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===Inception===
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In 1917, [[Vladimir Lenin]] and [[Anatoly Lunacharsky]] held a competition to create a Soviet emblem. The winning design was a hammer and sickle on top of a globe in rays of the sun, surrounded by a wreath of grain, and under a five-pointed star, with the inscription “[[Workers of the world, unite!|proletariats of the world, unite!]]” in six languages ([[Russian language|Russian]], [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]], [[Belarusian language|Belarusian]], [[Georgian language|Georgian]], [[Armenian language|Armenian]], [[Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]]). It originally featured a sword, but Lenin strongly objected, disliking the violent connotations.<ref name="HS Role and Symbolism">{{cite web|title=The Hammer and Sickle: The Role of Symbolism and Rituals in the Russian Revolution|url=https://www.westminstercollege.edu/myriad/?parent=2514&detail=4475&content=4797|accessdate=3 August 2014}}</ref> The winning designer was [[Yevgeny Ivanovich Kamzolkin]] (1885-1957).<ref>[http://1965tribunal.org/the-spectre-of-hammer-and-sickle/ International People's Tribunal 1965, "The Spectre of Hammer and Sickle"]. {{Retrieved|access-date=6 November 2015}}</ref><ref>[http://www.picture-russia.com/en/painter/582 International Gallery of Contemporary Artists]. {{Retrieved|access-date=6 November 2015}}</ref>
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On 6 July 1923 the 2nd session of the [[Central Executive Committee of the Soviet Union|Central Executive Committee]] (CIK) adopted this emblem.<ref name="HS Role and Symbolism" />
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===Usage in the Soviet Union===
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* The [[Coat of Arms of the Soviet Union]] and the [[Coats of Arms of the Soviet Republics]] showed the hammer and sickle, which also appeared on the [[Red Star]] badge on the uniform cap of the [[Red Army]] uniform and in many other places.
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* ''Serp i Molot'' ([[Romanization of Russian|transliteration]] of {{lang-ru|Серп и молот}}, "Sickle and hammer") is the name of the [[Moscow Metallurgical Plant]].
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* ''Serp i Molot'' is also the name of a stop on the [[electric railway]] line from Kurski [[railway station]] in [[Moscow]] to [[Nizhny Novgorod|Gorky]], featured in [[Venedikt Yerofeyev]]'s novel, ''[[Moscow-Petushki]]''.
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==Meaning==
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At the time of creation the hammer and sickle stood for worker-peasant alliance, with the hammer a traditional symbol of the industrial proletariat (who dominated the proletariat of Russia), and the sickle a traditional symbol for the peasantry, but the meaning has since broadened to a globally recognizable symbol for [[Marxism]], [[communist party|Marxist parties]], or [[socialist state]]s.<ref name="HS Role and Symbolism" />
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In the Soviet Union the hammer and sickle came to take on a gendered meaning, with the sickle coming to be associated with women, and the hammer men.<ref name="HS Role and Symbolism" />
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==Current usage==
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===Post-Soviet states===
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[[File:Flag of Transnistria (state).svg|thumb|Flag of [[Transnistria]], formerly used by the [[Moldavian SSR]].]]
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[[File:Flag of Oryol (city).svg|thumb|Flag of [[Oryol]], formerly used by the [[Russian SFSR]].]]
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Two federal subjects of the post-Soviet Russian Federation use the hammer and sickle in their symbols: the [[Vladimir Oblast]] has them on its flag and the [[Bryansk Oblast]] has them on its coat of arms, which is also the central element of its flag. In addition, the Russian city of [[Oryol]] also uses the hammer and sickle on its flag.
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The former [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] (now Russian) national airline, [[Aeroflot]], continues to use the hammer and sickle in its symbol.
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The hammer and sickle can be found as a logo on most [[ushanka]] hats, usually the Soviet-styled ones
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The ''de facto'' government of [[Transnistria]] uses (with minor modifications) the flag and the emblem of the former [[Moldavian SSR]], which includes the hammer and sickle. The flag can also appear without the hammer and sickle in some circumstances, for example on Transnistrian-issued [[Vehicle registration plate|license plates]].
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===Communist parties===
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Three out of the four currently ruling Communist parties use a hammer and sickle as the party symbol: the [[Communist Party of China]], the [[Communist Party of Vietnam]], and the [[Lao People's Revolutionary Party]]. All of these use the yellow-on-red colour scheme. In Laos and Vietnam, the hammer and sickle flags party flags can often be seen flying side-by-side with their respective national flags.
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Many Communist parties around the world also use it, including the [[Communist Party of Greece]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kke.gr/|title=KKE - Αρχική|work=kke.gr}}</ref> [[Communist Party of Chile]], the [[Egyptian Communist Party]], the [[Communist Party of Pakistan]], the [[Communist Party of Spain (main)|Communist Party of Spain]], the [[Communist Party of Denmark]], the [[Communist Party of Norway]], the [[Romanian Communist Party]], the [[Lebanese Communist Party]], the [[Communist Party of the Philippines]] and the [[Shining Path]]. The [[Communist Party (Sweden)|Communist Party of Sweden]], the [[Portuguese Communist Party]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pcp.pt/estatutos-do-pcp#cap_13|title=Estatutos do PCP, art. 72|work=www.pcp.pt/estatutos-do-pcp}}</ref>  and the [[Mexican Communist Party]] use the hammer and sickle imposed on the [[red star]]. The hammer and sickle accompanied by the yellow star is used by the [[Communist Refoundation Party]], the main Communist party in Italy.
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==Variations==
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[[File:Logo of the Fourth International.svg|thumb|150px|[[4th International]] symbol with number 4 superimposed.]]
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Many symbols having similar structures and messages to the original have been designed. For example, the [[flag of Angola|Angolan flag]] shows a segment of a [[gear|cog]], crossed by a [[machete]] and crowned with a [[red star|socialist star]], while the [[flag of Mozambique]] features an [[AK-47]] crossed by a [[hoe]]. In the logo of the [[Communist Party USA]], a circle is formed by a half cog and a [[semicircle|semicircular]] sickle-blade. A hammer is laid directly over the sickle's handle with the hammer's [[Hammer#Designs and variations|head]] at the logo's center. The logo of the [[Communist Party of Turkey (current)|Communist Party of Turkey]] consists of half a cog wheel crossed by a hammer, with a star on the top.
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Tools represented in other designs include: the [[Ink brush|brush]], [[sickle]], and hammer of the [[Workers' Party of Korea]]; the [[spade]], [[torch|flaming torch]], and hoe [[Labour Party (UK)#The split under MacDonald|used prior to 1984]] by the British [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]] (which was a [[socialism|Socialist]] and not a Communist party); the [[monkey wrench]] and [[tomahawk (axe)|tomahawk]] of the [[Earth First!]] movement; the [[pickaxe]] and [[rifle]] used in [[Socialist People's Republic of Albania|communist Albania]]; and the hammer and [[Compass (drafting)|compasses]] of the emblem of the [[East Germany|East German]] flag. The [[Far Eastern Republic]] of Russia used an [[anchor]] crossed over a spade or pickaxe, symbolising the union of the fishermen and miners. The [[Fourth International]], founded by [[Trotsky]], uses a hammer and sickle symbol on which the number '4' is superimposed. The hammer and sickle in the Fourth International symbol are the opposite of other hammer and sickle symbols in that the head of the hammer is on the right side and the sickle end tip on the left. The Trotskyist [[League for the Fifth International]] merges a hammer with the number '5', using the number's lower arch to form the sickle.
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The [[Communist Party of Britain]] uses the hammer and [[Peace symbol#The dove and olive branch|dove symbol]]. Designed in 1988 by Michal Boncza, it is intended to highlight the party's connection to the peace movement. It is usually used in conjunction with the hammer and sickle, and appears on all of the CPB's publications. Some members of the CPB prefer one symbol over the other, although the party's 1994 congress reaffirmed the hammer and dove's position as the official emblem of the Party. Similarly, the [[Communist Party of Israel]] uses a dove over the hammer and sickle as its symbol. The flag of the [[Guadeloupe Communist Party|Communist Party of Guadeloupe]] uses a sickle, turned to look like a [[capital letters|majuscule 'G']], to represent [[Guadeloupe]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://flagspot.net/flags/gp%7Dpcg.html|title=Parti Communiste Guadeloupéen|work=flagspot.net}}</ref>
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The flag of the [[Black Front]], founded by [[Otto Strasser]], featured a crossed hammer and sword, symbolizing the unity of the workers and military.
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The [[flag of Burma]], from 1974–2010, featured a bushel of [[rice]] superimposed on a [[cogwheel]].
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The flag of [[Chama Cha Mapinduzi]] (CCM, Party of the Revolution in [[Swahili language|Swahili]])- currently the ruling political party of [[Tanzania]] - has a slightly different symbol with a hammer and a [[Hoe (tool)|hoe]] (''jembe'') instead of a sickle to represent the most common farm tool in Africa.
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The [[National Bolshevik Party]] used the hammer and sickle in their flag, but had them colored black instead of yellow and put in the design of the Nazi swastika flag; a black hammer and sickle inside of a white circle on a red banner.
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==Art==
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The hammer and sickle has long been a common theme in socialist realism, but has also seen some depiction in non-Marxist popular culture. [[Andy Warhol]] who created many drawings and photographs of the hammer and sickle is the most famous example of this.
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<gallery class="center">
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File:Lenpl_06.jpg|The metro station, ''Ploshchad Lenina'', [[Minsk]]
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File:BWHammerSickle.jpg|Sándor Pinczehelyi, ''Hammer and Sickle''
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File:Hammer and Sickle - Kerala.jpg|A [[Tableau vivant|tableau]] in a communist rally in [[Kerala]], [[India]]
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</gallery>
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==Legal status==
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{{See also|Red star#Legal status|l1=Red star § Legal status}}
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In several countries in the former [[Eastern Bloc]], there are laws that define the hammer and sickle as the symbol of a "[[totalitarian]] and criminal ideology", and the public display of the hammer and sickle and other Communist symbols such as the [[red star]] is considered a criminal offence. [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]],<ref name="Communist symbols to be banned in Georgia">{{citation|title = Communist symbols to be banned in Georgia|url = http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-27272993|publisher = BBC News|date = 4 May 2014|accessdate = 13 May 2014}}</ref> [[Hungary]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Act C of 2012 on the Criminal Code, Section 335: Use of Symbols of Totalitarianism|url=http://thb.kormany.hu/download/a/46/11000/Btk_EN.pdf|page=97|website=Ministry of Interior of Hungary|accessdate=21 February 2017|quote=Any person who: a) distributes, b) uses before the public at large, or c) publicly exhibits, the swastika, the insignia of the SS, the arrow cross, the sickle and hammer, the five-pointed red star or any symbol depicting the above so as to breach public peace – specifically in a way to offend the dignity of victims of totalitarian regimes and their right to sanctity – is guilty of a misdemeanor punishable by custodial arrest, insofar as the did not result in a more serious criminal offense.}}</ref> [[Latvia]],<ref name="Latvia Bans Soviet, Nazi Symbols">{{citation|title = Latvia Bans Soviet, Nazi Symbols|url = http://en.ria.ru/russia/20130621/181788657/Latvia-Bans-Soviet-Nazi-Symbols.html|publisher = RIA Novosti|date = 21 Jun 2013|accessdate = 14 Sep 2014}}</ref> [[Lithuania]],<ref>{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/low/europe/7459976.stm | work=BBC News | title=Lithuanian ban on Soviet symbols | date=2008-06-17}}</ref> [[Moldova]] (October 1, 2012 - June 4, 2013)<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.rferl.org/content/moldova-bans-communist-symbols/24643461.html |work=Radio Free Europe |title=Moldovan Parliament Bans Communist Symbols |date=2012-07-12}}</ref> and [[Decommunization in Ukraine|Ukraine]]<ref>{{citation|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/ukraine-bans-soviet-era-symbols-1428606171 | title=Ukraine Bans Soviet-Era Symbols}}</ref><ref>{{citation|url=http://www.memory.gov.ua/laws/law-ukraine-condemnation-communist-and-national-socialist-nazi-regimes-and-prohibition-propagan | title=LAW OF UKRAINE. On the condemnation of the communist and national socialist (Nazi) regimes, and prohibition of propaganda of their symbols}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://zakon4.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/317-viii|title=Про засудження комуністичного та націонал-соціалістичного ... -  від 09.04.2015 № 317-VIII|work=rada.gov.ua}}</ref> have [[banned communist symbols]] including this one. A similar law was considered in [[Estonia]], but eventually failed in a parliamentary committee.
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The foreign ministers of [[Lithuania]], [[Latvia]], [[Bulgaria]], [[Hungary]], [[Romania]] and the [[Czech Republic]] called for an [[European Union|EU]]-wide ban on communist symbols in 2010, urging the EU "to criminalize the approval, denial or belittling of communist crimes" and stating that "the denial of such crimes should be treated the same way as the denial of the Holocaust and must be banned by law".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://rt.com/politics/european-commission-communist-crimes/|title=EU refuses to ban denial of communist crimes|work=RT English}}</ref>
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In February 2013, the [[Constitutional Court of Hungary]] annulled the ban on the use of symbols of fascist and communist dictatorships, including the hammer and sickle, the red star and the swastika, saying the ban was too broad and imprecise. The court also pointed to a judgement of the [[European Court of Human Rights]] in which Hungary was found guilty of violation of [[Article 10 of the European Convention on Human Rights|article 10]], the right to [[freedom of expression]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Hungary, hammer and sickle ban declared illegal|url=http://www.ansa.it/nuova_europa/en/news/sections/news/2013/02/24/visualizza_new.html_1844118137.html|publisher=[[Agenzia Nazionale Stampa Associata|ANSA]]|date=27 February 2013|accessdate=12 November 2013}}</ref> On June 2013, the [[Constitutional Court of Moldova]] ruled that the [[Moldovan Communist Party]]’s symbols – the hammer and sickle – are legal and can be used.<ref>{{cite news|title=Constitutional Court rules that ‘hammer and sickle’ can be used|url=http://www.allmoldova.com/en/moldova-news/1249056313.html|publisher=Allmoldova.com|date=5 June 2013|accessdate=12 November 2013}}</ref>
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In [[Indonesia]], the public display of communist symbols like the hammer and sickle is prohibited by decree, after being banned following the [[Indonesian killings of 1965-66|1965-1966 killings of communists]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Artists summoned over communist symbol exhibition|url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2008/10/20/artists-summoned-over-communist-symbol-exhibition.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081026114133/http://www.thejakartapost.com:80/news/2008/10/20/artists-summoned-over-communist-symbol-exhibition.html |archive-date=2008-10-26 |dead-url=yes|author=Dickie Christanto|publisher=[[The Jakarta Post]]|date=20 October 2008|accessdate=12 November 2013}}</ref> However, the law does not explicitly declare the ban on communist symbols, and therefore considered as a less serious criminal offense.
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In [[Poland]], dissemination of items which are "mediums of fascist, communist or other totalitarian symbolism" was criminalized in 1997. However, in 2011 the [[Constitutional Tribunal (Poland)|Constitutional Tribunal]] found this sanction to be unconstitutional.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://trybunal.gov.pl/rozprawy/komunikaty-prasowe/komunikaty-po/art/2628-nowelizacja-kodeksu-karnego/s/k-1110/|title=Nowelizacja kodeksu karnego.|language=pl|date=2011-07-19|accessdate=2015-04-08}}</ref> In contrast to this treatment of the ''symbolism'', promotion of fascist, communist and other totalitarian ''ideology'' remains illegal.
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==Usage==
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===Flags===
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<gallery class="center">
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File:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg|[[Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union|Flag]] of the [[Soviet Union|USSR]] from 15 August 1980 to 25 December 1991.
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File:USSR,_Jack_and_fortress_flag_of_naval_fortresses_1964.svg|Naval Jack of the USSR from 16 November 1950 to 12 July 1992
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File:Naval Ensign of the Soviet Union.svg|Naval Ensign of the USSR from 16 November 1950 to 27 July 1992.
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File:Flag of the Communist Party of Vietnam.svg|The flag of the [[Communist Party of Vietnam]].
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File:Flag_of_the_Lebanese_Communist_Party.svg|Flag of the [[Lebanese Communist Party]].
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File:中國工農紅軍軍旗.svg|Flag of [[History of the People's Liberation Army|Chinese Workers' and Peasants' Red Army]].
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File:Flag of PCR.svg|Flag of the [[Romanian Communist Party]].
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File:KPRF_Flag.png|Flag of the [[Communist Party of the Russian Federation]].
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File:Flag of Bryansk Oblast.svg|Flag of [[Bryansk Oblast]].
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File:Flag of Vladimirskaya Oblast.svg|Flag of [[Vladimir Oblast]].
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| The flag of the [[Portuguese Communist Party]].
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File:Partito Comunista Italiano.png|Flag of the [[Italian Communist Party]].
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File:Flag of the Workers' Party of Korea.svg|Hammer, sickle and [[ink brush]] of the [[Workers' Party of Korea]]
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File:Kd pkk1.PNG|The flag of the [[Kurdistan Workers' Party]] (1978–1995).
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File:Dhkp.svg|The flag of the [[Revolutionary People's Liberation Party–Front]].
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File:Communist Party of Indonesia.png|Flag of the [[Communist Party of Indonesia]] (1914-1966).
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File:CPI-M-flag.svg|Flag of [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]]
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</gallery>
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===Coat of arms===
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====Soviet Union====<!---Placed in the constitutional order based on the sightings on the Kremlin walls--->
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<gallery class="center">
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File:Emblem of the Estonian SSR.svg|[[Emblem of the Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic|Coat of arms]] of the [[Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic]]
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File:Emblem of the Armenian SSR.svg|[[Emblem of the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic|Coat of arms]] of the [[Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic]]
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File:Emblem of the Kirghiz SSR.svg|[[Emblem of the Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic|Coat of arms]] of the [[Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic]]
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File:Emblem of the Moldavian SSR.svg|[[Emblem of the Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic|Coat of arms]] of the [[Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic]]
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File:Emblem of the Azerbaijan SSR.svg|[[Emblem of the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic|Coat of arms]] of the [[Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic]]
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File:Emblem of Kazakh SSR.svg|[[Emblem of the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic|Coat of arms]] of the [[Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic]]
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File:Emblem of the Byelorussian SSR (1981-1991).svg|[[Emblem of the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic|Coat of arms]] of the [[Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic]]
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File:Emblem of the Russian SFSR.svg|[[Emblem of the Russia Soviet Socialist Republic|Coat of arms]] of the [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic]]
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File:State Emblem of the Soviet Union.svg|'''[[State Emblem of the Soviet Union|Coat of arms]] of the [[Soviet Union|Union of Soviet Socialist Republics]]'''
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File:Emblem of the Ukrainian SSR.svg|[[Emblem of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic|Coat of arms]] of the [[Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic]]
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File:Emblem of the Uzbek SSR.svg|[[Emblem of the Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic|Coat of arms]] of the [[Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic]]
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File:Emblem of the Georgian SSR.svg|[[Emblem of the Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic|Coat of arms]] of the [[Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic]]
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File:Emblem of the Lithuanian SSR.svg|[[Emblem of the Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic|Coat of arms]] of the [[Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic]]
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File:Emblem of the Latvian SSR.svg|[[Emblem of the Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic|Coat of arms]] of the [[Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic]]
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File:Emblem of the Tajik SSR.svg|[[Emblem of the Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic|Coat of arms]] of the [[Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic]]
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File:Emblem of the Turkmen SSR.svg|[[Emblem of the Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic|Coat of arms]] of the [[Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic]]
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</gallery>
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====Other====
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<gallery class="center">
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File:Coat of arms of Transnistria.svg|[[Coat of Arms of Transnistria|Coat of arms]] of the [[Transnistria|Pridnestrovian Moldavian Republic]]
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File:Emblem of Laos 1975-1991.svg|[[Emblem of Laos|Coat of arms]] of the [[Laos|Lao People's Democratic Republic]] from 1975-1991
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</gallery>
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===Logos===
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<gallery class="center" classes="center">
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File:Danghui.svg|Emblem of the [[Communist Party of China]].
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File:Emblem of the Communist Party of Czechoslovakia.svg|Emblem of the [[Communist Party of Czechoslovakia]].
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File:Emblem of the SKJ.svg|Emblem of the [[League of Communists of Yugoslavia]].
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File:Coat of arms of PCR.svg|Emblem of the [[Romanian Communist Party]].
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File:Logo Italian Communist Party.png|Logo of the [[Italian Communist Party]].
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File:Kommunistiska Partiet.svg|Logo of the [[Communist Party (Sweden)]].
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File:CPUSA Logo.svg|Logo of the [[Communist Party USA]]
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File:Emblema PCM Mexico.svg|Logo of the [[Mexican Communist Party]].
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File:Logo of the Ethiopian Peoples Revolutionary Party.svg|Logo of the [[Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Party]], '''EPRP'''.
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File:Pce 2014.svg| Logo of the [[Communist Party of Spain]].
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File:Aeroflot.svg|Logo of [[Aeroflot]].
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File:Partido Comunista de Chile.svg|Symbol of the [[Communist Party of Chile]].
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File:Communist Party of Ireland Flag.svg|Logo of the [[Communist Party of Ireland]].
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File:PCdoB.gif|Emblem of the [[Communist Party of Brazil]], '''PCdoB'''.
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File:Partido Comunista de los Pueblos de España (logo).jpg|Emblem of the [[Communist Party of the Peoples of Spain]].
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File:Ncpnlogo-2016.png|Logo of the [[New Communist Party of the Netherlands]] '''NCPN'''
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</gallery>
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==Unicode==
 +
In [[Unicode]], the "hammer and sickle" symbol is U+262D (☭). It is part of the [[Miscellaneous Symbols]] (2600–26FF) code block.
  
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The [[Meniñ Qazaqstanım|current national anthem]] of [[Kazakhstan]] is based on this song.
 
 
==See also==
 
==See also==
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*[[Meniñ Qazaqstanım]]
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{{portal|Communism|Soviet Union}}
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*[[Anthem of the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic]]
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* [[Communist symbolism]]
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*[[Borat: Cultural Learnings of America for Make Benefit Glorious Nation of Kazakhstan (soundtrack)]] — Contains a faux national anthem which has been confused with the official one
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* [[Red star]] (<big><span style="color: red">★</span></big>)
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* [[Red flag (politics)|Red flag]] (<big><span style="color: red">⚑</span></big>)
  
 
==References==
 
==References==
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{{reflist}}
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{{Reflist|30em}}
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==External links==
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Revision as of 05:09, 21 April 2017

Template:Other uses Template:Use dmy dates

File:Hammer and sickle red on transparent.svg
A red hammer and sickle

The hammer and sickle (☭) or sickle and hammer (Template:Lang-ru, serp i molot) is a Communist symbol that was conceived during the Russian Revolution. At the time of creation, the hammer stood for industrial laborers and the sickle for the peasantry; combined they stood for the worker-peasant alliance for socialism.

After World War I and the Russian Civil War, the hammer and sickle became more widely used as a symbol for peaceful labor within the Soviet Union and for international proletarian unity. It was taken up by many Communist movements around the world, some with local variations. Today, even after the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the hammer and sickle remains commonplace in Russia and other former union republics, but its display is prohibited in some other former socialist countries, as well as in countries where communism is banned by the official law.

History

File:Starry Plough flag (1914).svg
The Plough flag from 1914 and flown during the Easter Rising.

Worker symbolism

Farm and worker instruments and tools have long been used as symbols for proletarian struggle. A popular ancestor to the hammer and sickle was a hammer on a plough, with the same meaning (unity of peasants and workers).

In Ireland, the symbol of the plough remains in use. The Starry Plough banner was originally used by the Irish Citizen Army, a Socialist, Republican Workers militia. James Connolly, co-founder of the Irish Citizen Army with Jack White, said the significance of the banner was that a free Ireland would control its own destiny from the plough to the stars. A sword is forged into the plough to symbolise the end of war with the establishment of a Socialist International. This was unveiled in 1914 and flown by the Irish Citizen Army during the 1916 Easter Rising.

File:Coat of arms of the Soviet Union 1923–1936.svg
The first State Emblem of the Soviet Union (1923–1936).

Inception

In 1917, Vladimir Lenin and Anatoly Lunacharsky held a competition to create a Soviet emblem. The winning design was a hammer and sickle on top of a globe in rays of the sun, surrounded by a wreath of grain, and under a five-pointed star, with the inscription “proletariats of the world, unite!” in six languages (Russian, Ukrainian, Belarusian, Georgian, Armenian, Azerbaijani). It originally featured a sword, but Lenin strongly objected, disliking the violent connotations.<ref name="HS Role and Symbolism">Template:Cite web</ref> The winning designer was Yevgeny Ivanovich Kamzolkin (1885-1957).<ref>International People's Tribunal 1965, "The Spectre of Hammer and Sickle". Template:Retrieved</ref><ref>International Gallery of Contemporary Artists. Template:Retrieved</ref>

On 6 July 1923 the 2nd session of the Central Executive Committee (CIK) adopted this emblem.<ref name="HS Role and Symbolism" />

Usage in the Soviet Union

Meaning

At the time of creation the hammer and sickle stood for worker-peasant alliance, with the hammer a traditional symbol of the industrial proletariat (who dominated the proletariat of Russia), and the sickle a traditional symbol for the peasantry, but the meaning has since broadened to a globally recognizable symbol for Marxism, Marxist parties, or socialist states.<ref name="HS Role and Symbolism" />

In the Soviet Union the hammer and sickle came to take on a gendered meaning, with the sickle coming to be associated with women, and the hammer men.<ref name="HS Role and Symbolism" />

Current usage

Post-Soviet states

File:Flag of Transnistria (state).svg
Flag of Transnistria, formerly used by the Moldavian SSR.
File:Flag of Oryol (city).svg
Flag of Oryol, formerly used by the Russian SFSR.

Two federal subjects of the post-Soviet Russian Federation use the hammer and sickle in their symbols: the Vladimir Oblast has them on its flag and the Bryansk Oblast has them on its coat of arms, which is also the central element of its flag. In addition, the Russian city of Oryol also uses the hammer and sickle on its flag.

The former Soviet (now Russian) national airline, Aeroflot, continues to use the hammer and sickle in its symbol.

The hammer and sickle can be found as a logo on most ushanka hats, usually the Soviet-styled ones

The de facto government of Transnistria uses (with minor modifications) the flag and the emblem of the former Moldavian SSR, which includes the hammer and sickle. The flag can also appear without the hammer and sickle in some circumstances, for example on Transnistrian-issued license plates.

Communist parties

Three out of the four currently ruling Communist parties use a hammer and sickle as the party symbol: the Communist Party of China, the Communist Party of Vietnam, and the Lao People's Revolutionary Party. All of these use the yellow-on-red colour scheme. In Laos and Vietnam, the hammer and sickle flags party flags can often be seen flying side-by-side with their respective national flags.

Many Communist parties around the world also use it, including the Communist Party of Greece<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Communist Party of Chile, the Egyptian Communist Party, the Communist Party of Pakistan, the Communist Party of Spain, the Communist Party of Denmark, the Communist Party of Norway, the Romanian Communist Party, the Lebanese Communist Party, the Communist Party of the Philippines and the Shining Path. The Communist Party of Sweden, the Portuguese Communist Party<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> and the Mexican Communist Party use the hammer and sickle imposed on the red star. The hammer and sickle accompanied by the yellow star is used by the Communist Refoundation Party, the main Communist party in Italy.

Variations

File:Logo of the Fourth International.svg
4th International symbol with number 4 superimposed.

Many symbols having similar structures and messages to the original have been designed. For example, the Angolan flag shows a segment of a cog, crossed by a machete and crowned with a socialist star, while the flag of Mozambique features an AK-47 crossed by a hoe. In the logo of the Communist Party USA, a circle is formed by a half cog and a semicircular sickle-blade. A hammer is laid directly over the sickle's handle with the hammer's head at the logo's center. The logo of the Communist Party of Turkey consists of half a cog wheel crossed by a hammer, with a star on the top.

Tools represented in other designs include: the brush, sickle, and hammer of the Workers' Party of Korea; the spade, flaming torch, and hoe used prior to 1984 by the British Labour Party (which was a Socialist and not a Communist party); the monkey wrench and tomahawk of the Earth First! movement; the pickaxe and rifle used in communist Albania; and the hammer and compasses of the emblem of the East German flag. The Far Eastern Republic of Russia used an anchor crossed over a spade or pickaxe, symbolising the union of the fishermen and miners. The Fourth International, founded by Trotsky, uses a hammer and sickle symbol on which the number '4' is superimposed. The hammer and sickle in the Fourth International symbol are the opposite of other hammer and sickle symbols in that the head of the hammer is on the right side and the sickle end tip on the left. The Trotskyist League for the Fifth International merges a hammer with the number '5', using the number's lower arch to form the sickle.

The Communist Party of Britain uses the hammer and dove symbol. Designed in 1988 by Michal Boncza, it is intended to highlight the party's connection to the peace movement. It is usually used in conjunction with the hammer and sickle, and appears on all of the CPB's publications. Some members of the CPB prefer one symbol over the other, although the party's 1994 congress reaffirmed the hammer and dove's position as the official emblem of the Party. Similarly, the Communist Party of Israel uses a dove over the hammer and sickle as its symbol. The flag of the Communist Party of Guadeloupe uses a sickle, turned to look like a majuscule 'G', to represent Guadeloupe.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

The flag of the Black Front, founded by Otto Strasser, featured a crossed hammer and sword, symbolizing the unity of the workers and military.

The flag of Burma, from 1974–2010, featured a bushel of rice superimposed on a cogwheel.

The flag of Chama Cha Mapinduzi (CCM, Party of the Revolution in Swahili)- currently the ruling political party of Tanzania - has a slightly different symbol with a hammer and a hoe (jembe) instead of a sickle to represent the most common farm tool in Africa.

The National Bolshevik Party used the hammer and sickle in their flag, but had them colored black instead of yellow and put in the design of the Nazi swastika flag; a black hammer and sickle inside of a white circle on a red banner.

Art

The hammer and sickle has long been a common theme in socialist realism, but has also seen some depiction in non-Marxist popular culture. Andy Warhol who created many drawings and photographs of the hammer and sickle is the most famous example of this.

  • Lenpl 06.jpg

    The metro station, Ploshchad Lenina, Minsk

  • BWHammerSickle.jpg

    Sándor Pinczehelyi, Hammer and Sickle

  • Hammer and Sickle - Kerala.jpg

    A tableau in a communist rally in Kerala, India

Legal status

Template:See also In several countries in the former Eastern Bloc, there are laws that define the hammer and sickle as the symbol of a "totalitarian and criminal ideology", and the public display of the hammer and sickle and other Communist symbols such as the red star is considered a criminal offence. Georgia,<ref name="Communist symbols to be banned in Georgia">Template:Citation</ref> Hungary,<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> Latvia,<ref name="Latvia Bans Soviet, Nazi Symbols">Template:Citation</ref> Lithuania,<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> Moldova (October 1, 2012 - June 4, 2013)<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> and Ukraine<ref>Template:Citation</ref><ref>Template:Citation</ref><ref>Template:Cite web</ref> have banned communist symbols including this one. A similar law was considered in Estonia, but eventually failed in a parliamentary committee.

The foreign ministers of Lithuania, Latvia, Bulgaria, Hungary, Romania and the Czech Republic called for an EU-wide ban on communist symbols in 2010, urging the EU "to criminalize the approval, denial or belittling of communist crimes" and stating that "the denial of such crimes should be treated the same way as the denial of the Holocaust and must be banned by law".<ref>Template:Cite web</ref>

In February 2013, the Constitutional Court of Hungary annulled the ban on the use of symbols of fascist and communist dictatorships, including the hammer and sickle, the red star and the swastika, saying the ban was too broad and imprecise. The court also pointed to a judgement of the European Court of Human Rights in which Hungary was found guilty of violation of article 10, the right to freedom of expression.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> On June 2013, the Constitutional Court of Moldova ruled that the Moldovan Communist Party’s symbols – the hammer and sickle – are legal and can be used.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref>

In Indonesia, the public display of communist symbols like the hammer and sickle is prohibited by decree, after being banned following the 1965-1966 killings of communists.<ref>Template:Cite news</ref> However, the law does not explicitly declare the ban on communist symbols, and therefore considered as a less serious criminal offense.

In Poland, dissemination of items which are "mediums of fascist, communist or other totalitarian symbolism" was criminalized in 1997. However, in 2011 the Constitutional Tribunal found this sanction to be unconstitutional.<ref>Template:Cite web</ref> In contrast to this treatment of the symbolism, promotion of fascist, communist and other totalitarian ideology remains illegal.

Usage

Flags

Coat of arms

Soviet Union

Other

Logos

Unicode

In Unicode, the "hammer and sickle" symbol is U+262D (☭). It is part of the Miscellaneous Symbols (2600–26FF) code block.

See also

Template:Portal

References

Template:Reflist

External links

Template:Spoken Wikipedia

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